MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

By
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sittichai Seangatith
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SURANAREE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

6.4 Flexural Formula

linear elastic
strain stress

max = max

I
1. Analysis: M

My
I

M =
max =

M max c
I

y = neutral axis
stress
I = moment of inertia

strain Hookes law, = E

2. Design: allow

 6-9

10.125 kN

3.375 kN

c1 =

c1 =

bending moment
M max = 3.375 kN-m

y1 A1 + 2 y2 A2
A1 + 2 A2

6(276)12 + 2(40)80(12)
276(12) + 2(80)12

= 18.48 mm

c2 = h c1 = 80 18.48 = 61.52 mm

I = ( I + ad 2 )

y A
A

I = (276)123 + 276(12)(18.48 6) 2
12

+2 (12)803 + 80(12)(40 18.48) 2

12

I = 2.469(106 ) mm 4 = 2.469(106 ) m 4

max =

M max c
I

18.48 mm

61.52 mm

Mmax
25.3 MPa
neutral axis

( t ) max =

3.375(103 )(0.01848)
= 25.3 MPa
2.469(106 )

( c ) max =

3.375(103 )(0.06152)
= 84.2 MPa
2.469(106 )

max < y = 250 MPa

linear elastic

84.2 MPa

6.5 Unsymmetrical Bending

flexural formula
moment principal axes
Moment Applied Along Principal Axis
moment principal axes flexural formula

Moment Arbitrary Applied: moment

principal axes
principle of superposition flexural formula

Comp. y +

M y M z
= z + y
Iz
Iy

Orientation of the Neutral Axis

neutral axis = 0
0=

Mz y M yz
+
Iz
Iy

y (M y I z )
=
z (M z I y )
y Iz
=
tan
z Iy

Tens z +

Example

neutral axis

M y = M sin
M z = M cos

tan =

tan =

y
z

Iz
tan
Iy

neutral
axis +z

+z

moment of inertia

neutral axis

9.60 kN-m

7.20 kN-m

Example

b = 0.4 m
h = 0.8 m

Example

neutral axis

0.115 m
0.05 m

= 0.089 m

 moment of inertia

0.115-0.089 m
0.089-0.050 m

= 0.0890 m

neutral axis

tensile stress B compressive stress

C

6-11
L = 4 m, w = 1 kN/m, F.S. = 2.0, ult = 10 MPa
P

P
x

z
y
z

0.20 m
0.10 m

1. moment
moment ???
x

principle of superposition
=

y
a

z
x

0.20 m

d
0.10 m

Mz =

wL2 1000(4) 2
=
= 2000 N-m
8
8
PL
My =
= P N-m
4

1.0 kN/m

0.667 kN
2m

4m

allow =

Iy =

Mz y M yz
+
Iz
Iy

ult

10
= 5 MPa
F.S. 2
=

0.2(0.1)3
= 16.67(106 ) m 4
12

0.1(0.2)3
Iz =
= 66.67(106 ) m 4
12

a = allow = 5 MPa

2000(0.1) ( P )(0.050)
+
= 5(106 )
6
6
66.67(10 ) 16.67(10 )

P = 0.667 kN

6.6 (Composite Beams)

(strengthening)
(repairing)

h1

ds

h
h2

tCFRP
bCFRP

flexural formula composite beam

(homogeneous material)
(transformed section method)
linear elastic
transform 1 (:
) 2 (: )
n
load 1 ,
load 1 2 ,
dF = dA = ( E2 )n dzdy

dF = dF'

n=

E1
>1
E2

200 GPa
= 10
20 GPa

dF = dA = dA

dzdy = n dzdy

dF = dA = ( E1 ) dzdy

n=

()
transformation factor ( n )

= n

: transform : :
n

transform 2 (: ) 1 (:
) n'
n = E2 / E1 < 1

b2 = nb

= n

Example

B C Ew = 12 GPa Est = 200 GPa

b1 = nb

= n

transform
0.15/2+0.02 m

0.02/2 m

 moment of inertia

: B' C
B'

0.095-0.03638 m

0.095 m
0.03638 m

0.03638 m

: B

1.71 MPa

=

12
3.50 MPa = 0.210 MPa
20

neutral axis

0.21 MPa

3.50 MPa
7.78 MPa

 6-12
Timber beam: b = 0.10 m, d = 0.20 m, ult = 10 MPa, Ew = 10 GPa

shear diagram moment diagram

Steel plate: bpl = 0.100 m,

t pl = 5 mm, y = 250 MPa,
Est = 200 GPa

P %
P

=

P
max =

5.0 MPa
y

0.20 m
0.10 m

( w ) allow I 5(10 )66.67(10 )

= 3,333 N-m
=
c
(0.2 / 2)
6

Pmax = 3.333 kN

3.333 kN 3.333 kN

Mmax

M max c
I

bd 3
0.10(0.20)3
I=
=
= 66.67(106 ) m 4
12
12

M max =

M max = P

10
= 5 MPa
F.S. 2.0

250
= y =
= 125 MPa
F.S. 2.0

( w ) allow =
( st ) allow

ult

bending moment diagram

neutral axis

5.0 MPa

neutral axis
0.10 m

E
200
n = st =
= 20
Ew 10

y2 = 0.005 / 2 m

bst ,transformed = nb = 20(0.10) = 2.0 m

Neutral axis

0.10 m

y1 = 0.1 + 0.005 m

0.20 m

0.105- y

y1

0.005 m

2.0 m

0.20 m

(c)

0.20 m
Neutral axis

y=

0.005 m

2.0 m

0.10 m

y=

moment of inertia neutral axis

0.10 m

y1 A1 + y2 A2
A1 + A2

0.1(0.2)(0.1 + 0.005) + 0.005(2)(0.005 / 2)

= 0.0708 m
0.1(0.2) + 0.005(2)

?
1.
( w ) allow =

Neutral axis

0.20 m

0.105- y

y = 0.0708 m

M=

M (0.1 + 0.0342)
I

( w ) allow I 5(106 )136.73(106 )

= 5.09 kN-m
=
0.1342
0.1342

0.005 m

2.0 m

0.10 m

(c)

I NA

0.1(0.2)3

=
+ 0.1(0.2)(0.105 0.0708) 2
12

2(0.005)

+
+ 2(0.005)(0.0708 0.0025) 2
12

6
4
= 136.73(10 ) m
3

max =

0.105-0.0708 = 0.0342 m
Neutral axis
0.0708 m

0.20 m
C
2.0 m

0.005 m

M max c
I

 = 5.0 MPa

0.10 m

0.10 m

0.20 m
Neutral axis
0.0708 m

0.105-0.0708 = 0.0342 m
Neutral axis

0.005 m

0.0708 m

0.20 m
C

2.0 m

0.005 m

2.0 m

2.
( st ) allow = n

M=

max

M (0.0708)
I

M c
= max
I

( st ) allow I 125(106 )136.73(106 )

= 12.07 kN-m
=
n(0.0708)
20(0.0708)

M (0.0708) 5090(0.0708)
= 2.636 MPa
=
I
136.73(10 6 )

st = n = 20(2.636) = 52.72 MPa < Y

Pmax = M max = 5.09 kN

Mmax
5.0 MPa

% P
5.09 3.333
(100) = 52.7 %
3.333

3.333 kN 3.333 kN
neutral axis

??.? MPa

??.? MPa
52.7 MPa

5.09 kN

5.09 kN

End of Chapter 6