Chng V

Cm bin o bin dng

Di tc ng ca ng lc c hc, trong mi trng chu ng lc xut hin bin dng. S bin dng ca cc cu trc nh hng rt ln ti kh nng lm vic cng nh an ton khi lm vic ca kt cu chu lc. Mt khc gia ng lc v bin dng c mi quan h vi nhau, da vo mi quan h ngi ta c th xc nh c ng lc khi o bin dng do n gy ra. Bi vy o bin dng l mt vn c quan tm nhiu trong k thut. 5.1. Bin dng v phng php o 5.1.1. ng ngha mt s i lng c hc Bin dng : l t s gia bin thin kch thc (l) v kch thc ban u (l).

l l

(5.1)

Bin dng gi l n hi khi m ng lc mt i th bin dng cng mt theo. Bin dng m cn tn ti ngay c sau khi ng lc mt i c gi l bin dng d.
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Gii hn n hi: l ng lc ti a khng gy nn bin dng do vt qu 2%, Mun Young (Y): xc nh bin dng theo phng ca ng lc.
|| = 1 F 1 = YS Y

tnh bng kG/mm2. V d gii hn n hi ca thp ~20 - 80 kG/mm2.

(5.2)

F - lc tc dng, kG. S - tit din chu lc. mm2. - ng lc, =F/S. n v o moun Young l kG/mm2. Moun Young ca thp ~ 18.000 29.000 kG/mm2.
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H s poison : h s xc nh bin dng theo phng vung gc vi lc tc

= ||

dng. (5.3)

Trong vng bin dng n hi 0,3.

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5.1.2. phng php o bin dng

Tc ng ca ng lc gy ra s bin dng trong kt cu chu ng lc. Gia bin dng v ng lc c quan h cht ch vi nhau, bng cch o bin dng ta c th tnh c ng lc tc ng ln kt cu. o bin dng ngi ta s dng cc cm bin bin dng hay cn gi l u o bin dng. Hin nay s dng ph bin hai loi u o bin dng:
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u o in tr: y l loi u o dng ph bin nht. Chng c ch to t

vt liu c in tr bin thin theo mc bin dng, vi kch thc nh t vi mm n vi cm, khi o chng c dn trc tip ln cu trc bin dng.
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u o dng dy rung c dng trong ngnh xy dng. u o c lm bng

mt si dy kim loi cng gia hai im ca cu trc cn o bin dng. Tn s ca dy rung l hm ca sc cng c hc, tn s ny thay i khi khong cch hai im ni thay i. Trong chng ny cp n cc u o bin dng thng dng trong cng nghip nh u o in tr kim loi, u o in tr bn dn - p in tr, ng sut k dy rung v cc u o trong ch ng.
5.2. u o in tr kim loi 5.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

u o in tr kim loi c cu to dng li. i vi u o dng li dy, c lm bng dy in tr c tit din trn (ng knh d 20 m) hoc tit din ch nht axb (hnh 5.1a). u o dng li mng ch to bng phng php mch in (hnh 5.1b). S nhnh n ca cm bin thng t 10 - 20 nhnh.

a)

b)

Hnh 5.1 S cu to ca u o kim loi a) u o dng dy qun b) u o dng li mng

Cm bin c c nh trn cch in mng b dy ~ 0,1 mm lm bng giy hoc ~ 0,03 mm lm bng cht do (polyimide, epoxy). Vt liu lm in tr thng thuc h hp kim Ni ( bng 5.1). - 91 -

Bng 5.1 Hp kim Constantan Isoelastic Karma Nicrome V Bch kim - vonfram Thnh phn 45%Ni, 55%Cu 52%Fe, 36%Ni, 8%Cr, 4%(Mn+Mo) 74%Ni, 20%Cr, 3%Cu, 3%Fe 80%Ni, 20%Cr 92%Pt, 8%W H s u o K 2,1 3,5 2,1 2,5 4,1

Khi o cm bin c gn vo b mt ca cu trc cn kho st (hnh 5.2), kt qu l cm bin cng chu mt bin dng nh bin dng ca cu trc.

5 7

Hnh 5.2 Cch c nh u o trn b mt kho st 1) B mt kho st 2) Cm bin 3)Lp bo v 4) Mi hn 5) Dy dn 6) Cp in 7) Keo dn

in tr ca cm bin xc nh bi biu thc :

R= l S

(5.4)

Phng trnh sai phn:

R l S = + R l S Bin dng dc l ca dy ko theo bin dng ngang ca tit din, quan h gia bin dng ngang v bin dng dc c dng:
a b d l = = = a b d l

Tit din ngang ca dy S = ab hoc S = d2/4, ta c: S l = 2 S l Mt khc, i vi u o kim loi:

V =C V

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C - hng s Bridman. V - th tch dy. V V = S.l, ta c: V l = (1 2) V l V:

l = C (1 2) l

Vy ta c:
R l l = {(1 + 2 ) + C (1 2 )} = K. R l l

(5.5)

H s K c gi l h s u o, gi tr xc nh theo biu thc:

K = 1 + 2 + C (1 2 )

(5.6)

V 0,3, C 1, nn u o kim loi c K 2.

5.2.2. Cc c trng ch yu in tr sut : in tr ca vt liu lm dy phi ln dy khng qu di

lm tng kch thc cm bin v tit din dy khng qu b lm gim dng o dn n lm gim nhy.

H s u o: thng thng K = 2 - 3, ngoi tr isoelastic c K = 3,5 v platin-

vonfram K = 4,1.

nh hng ca lc n tuyn tnh: trong gii hn n hi, h s u o khng

i do quan h tuyn tnh gia in tr v bin dng. Ngoi gii hn n hi, khi l/l > 0,5% - 20% tu theo vt liu, h s u o K 2.

nh hng ca nhit : ni chung K t chu nh hng ca nhit , ngoi tr

isoelastic. Trong khong nhit t - 100oC 300oC s thay i ca h s u o K theo nhit c th biu din bi biu thc:

K (T ) = K 0 { + K (T T0 )} 1 K0 - h s u o nhit chun T0 (thng T0 = 25oC).

(5.7)

K - h s, ph thuc vt liu. Vi Nichrome V th K = -0,04%/oC, constantan K = +0,01%/oC

nhy ngang: ngoi cc nhnh dc c in tr RL cm bin cn c cc on

nhnh ngang c tng di lt , in tr Rt, do in tr tng cng ca cm bin

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bng R = RL + Rt. Trong qu trnh bin dng cc on ngang cng b bin dng, Rt thay i cng lm cho R thay i. Tuy nhin do Rt << RL, nh hng ca bin dng ngang cng khng ln.
5.3. Cm bin p tr silic 5.3.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

u o bn dn c lm bng n tinh th silic pha tp. Cu to ca chng ph thuc cc ch to. u o loi ct: ch to bng cc mu ct t tm n tinh th silic pha tp c s cu to nh hnh 5.3. Cc mu ct n tinh th c ly song song vi ng cho ca tinh th lp phng i vi silic loi P v song song vi cnh lp phng nu l silic loi N. Mu ct c chiu di t 0,1 mm n vi mm v chiu dy c 10-2mm. Cc mu ct c dn trn cch in bng nha.

P N P N N

Hnh 5.3 u o ch to bng cc mu ct

u o khuch tn: in tr ca u o ch to bng cch khuch tn tp cht vo mt tm n tinh th silic pha tp. S cu to ca loi ny trnh by trn hnh 5.4.
SiO2

Si-N

Si-P

Hnh 5.4 u o loi khuch tn

in tr loi N nhn c bng cch khuch tn vo silic loi P mt tp cht thuc nhm V trong bng tun hon (nh P, Sb), cn in tr loi P khuch tn tp cht thuc nhm III (nh Ga, In) vo silic loi N. Chuyn tip gia v vng khuch tn to nn mt iot v lun c phn cc ngc (vng P m hn vng N) cho in tr ca cm bin cch bit vi silic. - 94 -

Bin thin in tr ca u o bn dn xc nh bi cng thc tng t u o kim loi:

R l S = + R l S

i vi u o bn dn, bin thin in tr sut do tc dng ca ng lc c dng:

l = = Y l

Trong l h s p in tr, l ng lc tc dng. Vy:

l R = {(1 + 2 ) + Y} R l

(5.8)

v h s u o:
K = 1 + 2 + Y

(5.9)

Thng thng K = 100 - 200.

5.3.2. Cc c trng ch yu

i vi u o bn dn, pha tp l yu t quyt nh n cc c trng ca chng. - in tr:

nh hng ca pha tp: khi tng pha tp, mt ht dn trong vt liu tng

lnv in tr sut ca n gim xung. Biu thc chung ca in tr sut c dng:

= 1 q ( n n + p p )

q - gi tr tuyt i ca in tch in tr hoc l trng. n, p - mt in t v l trng t do. n, p - linh ng ca in t v l trng.

(cm) (cm)

1 10-1 10-2 10-3 1014

7 6 5 4 3 2

1014 1016 101 1020 0 100 200 300 400 500 ToC

1015

1016

1017 1018 1019 Nng tp cht/cm3

-100

Hnh 5.5 S ph thuc ca in tr sut vo nng pha tp v nhit

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nh hng ca nhit : khi nhit nh hn 120oC h s nhit in tr c gi tr

dng v gim dn khi pha tp tng ln.

nhit cao h s nhit
K
240 200 180 160 120 80 40 5.1018 3.1019 1020

in tr c gi tr m v khng ph thuc vo pha tp. - H s u o K:

nh hng ca pha tp: H s

1017/cm3

u o ph thuc vo pha tp,

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ToC

khi pha tp tng ln, h s u o gim (hnh 5.6).

Hnh 5.6 S ph thuc ca K vo pha tp

nh hng ca bin dng: H s u o ph thuc vo bin dng, quan h c

dng:
K = K1 + K 2 + K 2 2

Tuy nhin vi bin dng di mt gi tr cc i no c th coi K khng i.

nh hng ca nhit : Khi nhit tng h s u o gim, tuy nhin khi pha

tp ln (c Nd = 1020cm-3) h s u o t ph thuc nhit .

5.4. u o trong ch ng

Khi o bin dng trong ch ng, u o phi tho mn mt s yu cu nht nh nh tn s s dng ti a, gii hn mi.
5.4.1. Tn s s dng ti a

Tn s ca u o khng ph thuc vo vt liu ch to, silic c th truyn khng suy gim cc dao ng vi tn s ln hn 106 Hz. Tuy nhin tn s lm vic li ph thuc vo phng php gn u o v kch thc ca n. cho cc bin dng o c gn nh ng b trong phm vi ca u o, chiu di l ca cc nhnh phi nh hn nhiu ln bc sng ca dao ng c hc. Quan h gia kch thc l v chiu di bc sng phi tho mn iu kin:
l 0,1

Chiu di bc sng ca dao ng c hc c xc nh bi cng thc:

= v f

(5.10)

Trong v l vn tc truyn sng v f l tn s dao ng. - 96 -

v=

Y 1 . d (1 + )(1 2 )

Y - l mun Young. - h s poisson. d - trng lng ring vt liu ch to dy. Vy tn s cc i fmax ca dao ng khi chiu di nhnh ca u o l l bng:
fmax = v 10.l

5.4.2. Gii hn mi

Bin dng nhiu ln lm tng in tr u o do hiu ng mi, hiu ng ny cng ln khi bin bin dng cng ln. Gii hn mi c xc nh bi s chu k bin dng N vi bin cho trc gy nn bin thin in tr bng 10-4 ng vi chu k bin dng gi nh. i vi bin bin dng c 2.10-3 gii hn mi nm trong khong t 104 (constantan) n 108(isoelastic) chu k.
5.5. ng sut k dy rung ng sut k dy rung c dng theo di kim tra cc cng trnh xy dng

nh p, cu, ng hm ... Cu to ca ng sut k dy rung gm mt dy thp cng gia hai gi gn vo cu trc cn nghin cu bin dng. Khi c bin dng, s cng c hc ca dy ko theo s thay i tn s dao ng N ca dy, bng cch o tn s dao ng ca dy c th bit c ln ca bin dng. Tn s dao ng ca si dy xc nh theo cng thc:
N= 1 F 2 l Sd

(5.11)

l - khong cch gia hai im cng dy. F - lc tc dng. S - tit din dy. d - khi lng ring ca vt liu ch tody. Di tc dng ca lc F, di dy bin thin mt lng l xc nh t biu thc: l 1 F = l YS - 97 (5.12)

Do tn s dao ng ca dy:
N= 1 Y l 2l d l

Suy ra: l 4 l 2 d 2 = N = K.N 2 l Y

l 0 2 = K .N 0 l

(5.13)

Gi s l0 l ko di ban u v N0 l tn s tng ng khi cha c bin dng:

Khi c bin dng, ko di tng cng ca dy l l1 v tn s l N1, ta c:

l1 2 = K .N 1 l

V ko di do bin dng l = l1 - l0, suy ra:

l 2 2 = K N1 N 0 l

(5.14)

o N0 v N1 ta c th tnh c bin dng ca cu trc.

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