Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal Pythagorean Negative Angle

sec x tan x cot x

= = =

1 cos x cos x 1 tan x sin x

csc x cot x tan x

= = =

1 cos x sin x 1 cot x sin x

2 sin x

+ + +

cos

= = =

1 sec csc
2 2

1 1

2 tan x 2 cot x

x x

x) cos (x) tan (x)

sin (

= = =

sin x
cos x

tan x

Addition and Subtraction

sin (x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y cos (x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y cos (x y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin (x
Periodicity

tan (x + y ) = tan (x

y) = 1 + tan x tan y
 

tan x tan y tan x tan y

tan x + tan y

Cofunction

sin (x + 2 ) csc (x + 2 ) tan (x +  )

= = =

sin x csc x tan x

cos (x + 2 ) sec (x + 2 ) cot (x +  )

= = =

cos x sec x cot x

sin x tan x sec x

= = =

x 2   cot x 2   x csc 2
cos

cos x cot x csc x

= = =

sin

x 2   tan x 2   sec x 2
   



Product

Factoring

sin x cos y = sin x sin y = cos x cos y = cos x sin y =

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

(sin(x + y ) + sin(x (cos(x

y)) y))

sin x + sin y = 2 sin sin x

x+y x+y
2 2

 
cos sin

 

xy xy
2 2

y) cos(x + y)) sin(x y))

sin y = 2 cos

(cos(x + y ) + cos(x (sin(x + y )

cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos x

x+y
2

cos y = 2 sin

2  x+y

cos sin

xy
2 2

xy

Double Angle

sin (2x) = 2 sin x cos x

2 cos (2x) = cos x

cos (2x) = 1 tan (2x) =

2 sin2 x

sin2 x 2 cos (2x) = 2 cos x 1

2 tan x 1 tan2 x

sin cos

x
2

= =

r r

Half-Angle

cos x
2 2

tan tan

x
2

= =

cos x
sin x sin x

x
2

1 + cos x

x
2

1 + cos x