Transmission System Reactive Compensation and Stability Enhancement Using 4848-pulse Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Outline
Objectives FACTSFACTS-Technology SSSCSSSC-Device Digital Simulation Model 48 pulse-GTO VSC Converter pulseDecoupled d-q Current Control dResults Conclusion Future Work

Paper Objectives
This paper presents the concept of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (Facts) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) device comprising a 48 pulse-GTO DC-AC VSC converter model. pulseDCThis SSSC-compensator device can provide a fully controllable series injected SSSC(Buck/Boost) compensating voltage over an identical specified capacitive and inductive range, independently of the magnitude of the transmission line current. In addition to series reactive/capacitive compensation using an external dc sustained power supply, it can also compensate for any feeder voltage drop (VL across the inductive component of the transmission line impedance. This paper presents a novel d-q decoupled controller using Phase Locked Loop d(PLL). SSSCSSSC-Device Performance and Control Validation.

FACTSFACTS-Technology

Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new integrated concept based on power electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC system interconnections

Use
Power Flow Control Series Compensation Voltage Regulation of Long Transmission System Economic Operation Voltage Stability Enhancement Harmonic SSR Torsional Mode Damping by Detuning Resonance Conditions

FACTS KEY DEVICE Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

A static synchronous Series Compensator operated without an external energy source as Reactive Power with output voltage is in quadrature with and fully controllable independently of the transmission line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop across the transmission line and thereby controlling the electric power flow. The SSSC FACTS device can provide either capacitive or inductive injected voltage compensation, if SSSC-AC injected voltage, (Vs), lags the line current IL by 90, a capacitive SSSCseries voltage compensation is obtained in the transmission line and if leads IL by 90, an inductive series compensation is achieved.

Theory of the SSSC

Figure 1 shows a single line diagram of a simple Transmission line with an inductive transmission reactance, XL, connecting a sendingsendingend (S.E.) voltage source, , and a receiving end (R.E.) voltage source, respectively.

S.E.

R.E.

VsVr V2 P! sin(H s  H r ) ! sin H XL XL

(1)

Figure 1: A Sample Power Transmission System.

V sV r V2 (1  cos(H s  H r )) ! (1  cos H ) (2) Q! XL XL

H ! HS  Hr
VS ! Vr ! V

(3)

(4)

The expression of power flow given in eq.1 and eq. 2 become

V2 sin H ! Pq ! Xeff V2 X L (1  Xq XL )

sin H

(5)

Qq !

V2 (1  cos H ) ! X eff

V2 X L (1  Xq XL )

(1  cos H )

(6)

Where Xeff is the effective total transmission line reactance between its sending and Receiving power system ends, including the equivalent variable reactance inserted by the equivalent injected voltage (Vs) (Buck or Boost) by the SSSC-FACTS Compensator.

Digital Simulation Model

Figure 2 shows a simple power system 230-kV network grid equipped with SSSC rated at 23070 Mvar and its novel controllers which connected in series with the transmission system. The 48 pulse (VSC) SSSC connected in series with transmission line at bus B1 by coupling transformer T1.

Linear Load

Figure 2: The single line diagram representing the SSSC interface at S.E. of a Radial Distribution System.

The feeding AC network is represented by an equivalent Thevenin is at (bus B1) where the voltage source is a 230 kV with 10000 MVA short circuit level (resistor 0.1 pu and an equivalent reactance of 0.3 pu) followed by the 230 kV radial transmission line connected to bus B2. The full system parameters are given in Table 1.
Table 1 The power system parameter
Voltage Source
Rated Voltage MVA S.C Resistance Reactance RatedVoltage 230 kV 10e4 MVA 0.1 pu 0.3 pu 230 kV Valves No. of pulses dc voltage Rated Power GTOs Rf

SSSC
GTO 48 1 kV 35 MVAR 1m

Transmission line
Xl RL Rated Voltage 0.25 pu 0.05 pu 230 kV

Capacitor bank (dc)

Capacitance dc voltage 20mF 1 kV

Coupling Transformer
Rated Voltage Rated Power Resistance XL 6.6/36 kV 35 MVA 0.001 pu 0.02 pu

Transformwer
Rated Voltage Rated power XL

230/33 kV 300 MVA 0.01 pu

High pulse 48-Pulse Voltage Source Converter VSC-Building Block 48VSC-

Figure 3 shows the 48-pulse voltage 48converter comprises four identical 1212-pulse GTO converters linked by the four 12-pulse transformers with proper 12phasephase-shifted windings to ensure the 48 pulse operation.

Figure 3: 48 pulse GTOs Voltage source Converter VSC-Cascade of (4) 12 pulse Converters

Figure 4 depicts the net resultant 48- line-to-neutral voltage of the 48-pulse GTO-Converter scheme 48- line-to48GTOrepresenting the SSSC compensator scheme.

1.5

48 pulse converter output voltage

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5 0.6

0.61

0.62

0.63

0.64

0.65

0.66

0.67

0.68

Time (sec)

Figure 4: 48-pulse GTOs converter output line to neutral voltage (Vph).

Basic Control Scheme of the SSSC

The direct power flow control is not effective under some AC network contingencies. Therefore the equivalent (or injected voltage) control level that maintains the desired dynamic impedance of T.L is recommended. Figure 5 shows the basic function of effective decoupled control system to keep the SSSC voltage, Vc, in quadrature with the transmission line current, and only control the magnitude of Vc injection to meet the desired reactive capacitive compensation level.

Figure 5: Decoupled Control Structure of the SSSC.

The SSSC equivalent impedance Xs is measured as the ratio of the q-axis voltage of the SSSC qdevice, VCq, to the magnitude if line current. This equivalent inserted impedance is then compared with reference level of the compensation impedance, (SXL). A PI controller generates the required small phase displacement angle, to charge or discharge the dc capacitor (C). The final output of the control system is the desired phase angle of the SSSC device output voltage, U * ! s T s (E  U .
2

The novel decoupled control strategy for the SSSC device is validated for both capacitive and inductive operating modes under severe network disturbances and switching load contingencies.

The main function of the SSSC device is to regulate the feeder power flow PL. This can be accomplished by either direct control of the AC line current or indirect control by compensating the impedance, Xs via a Buck/Boost compensating injected voltage, Vs.

Xref = positive ;

Vs lags IL by 90 plus 90

(Capacitive Compensation) (Inductive Compensation)

Xref = Negative ; Vs Leads IL by 90 plus 90

Validation Testing Capacitive Operation The SSSC device is connected at time t = 0.1 sec, while only load 1 ( P = 0.5 pu and Q = 0.15 pu) is in attached to the system.


At t = 0.5 sec, load 2 ( P = 0.235 pu and disconnected at t =0.9 sec.

Q = 0.135 pu) is switched on for a duration 0.4 sec and then

The SSSC device operates in the capacitive mode with phase angle of at almost -90. The SSSC device while operating in this capacitive mode also injects an equivalent capacitive reactance of -0.35 pu in series with the transmission line. When load 2 is switched on, the capacitor Vdc and therefore the reactive power are increased in order to satisfy the specify . Since the SSSC device is in the capacitive mode, the injected voltage, Vq, lags the line current by 90 as shown in Figure 5(g).

Digital Simulation Results

The Phase of the Injected Voltage of the SSSC
-85 -86 -87 -88 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 S SS C Connec ted

Series Injected Reactance Xser vs t

9000 8000

Capacitor DC V oltage vs t 1.2

Active & Reactive Power of the SSSC (pu)

Qs
1

P s & Q s o f th e S S S C (p u )

7000 6000 Load 2 Injec ted

Load 2 Rejec ted

0.8 Load 2 Injec ted 0.6

Load 2 Rejected

E in (D eg ree)

-89 -90 -91 -92 -93 -94 0

X ser (p u )

-0.15

5000 V dc
-0.2 -0.25 -0.3 -0.35 -0.4 -0.45 0 Load 2 Injec ted

4000 3000 S SS C Connec ted

0.4 SSS C Connec ted

Load 2 Rejec ted

0.2

2000 1000 0

Ps

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.1

0.2

0.4

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

0.5 0.6 Tim e (sec )

0.8

0.9

1.2

-0.2

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

Time (sec)

(a)
Active & Reactive Power of the Trans. Line (pu)
0.9 0.8 1.1

(b)
Line Voltage in (pu) vs t
0.8 0.6 Load 2 Injec ted

(c)
Seies Injected Voltage & Line Current vs t
3.5 3

(d)
Total Harmonic Distorsion

PL
Load 2 Injec ted 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1

P L & Q L o f th e T ran s.L in e (p u )

IL
0.4

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 S SS C Connec ted

L in e V oltag e (p u)

Load 2 Rejec ted

Vs

2.5

V s & IL (p u )

Load 2 Rejec ted

0.2 2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1

THD
0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5

QL

0.95

1.5

0.9

S SS C Connec ted

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.85 0

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

-0.8 0.4

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Figure 6 : Digital simulation results of the sample study 230 kV radial transmission system attached to the SSSC device at bus B1 & operating in capacitive mode.

The digital simulation is carried out for an inductive load 1 with (P = 0.167pu and Q = 0.017 pu) (at rated voltage) while this load is fully connected from the start point of the digital simulation. In the case of an overvoltage state, an inductive series compensation is required to decrease the voltage at load bus. When load 2 a capacitive load with (P = 0.6 pu and Q = -0.45 pu) is switched in at t = 0.5 sec for duration 0.4 sec to the distribution network, this is cause overvoltage so the inductive compensation is also required. The SSSC FACTS device is switched to the power system at time t = 0.1 sec and the dc capacitor is charged by the real power flow from the transmission line to the dc-side capacitor. dcWhen load 2 is switched on at t = 0.5 sec the SSSC device operates in the inductive mode and the series injected voltage, Vs, leads the transmission line current, , by 90 as shown in Figure 6(g). The SSSC FACTS device provides a fast inductive series compensation for the power system.

Digital Simulation Results

The phase of the Injected Voltage of the SSSC
95 94.5 94 93.5 0.25

Series Injected Reactance (pu) vs t

6000

Capacitor DC Voltage vs t
0.4 5000

Active & Reactive Power of the SSSC vs t

0.2

Load 2 Rejected

Load 2 Rejected

Load 2 Injected Ps

Load 2 R ejec ted

4000 0.2

P s & Q s o f th e S S S C (p u )

E in (D eg ree)

X ser (p u )

93 92.5 92 91.5 91 90.5 90

3000 0.15

-0.2

Vdc

2000

-0.4

0.1

SSSC Connected Load 2 Injected

SSSC Connected
1000

Load 2 Injected

-0.6

0.05

Qs
0 -0.8

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

-1000

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

-1

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

(a)
Active & Reactive Power in Trans. Line vs t
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1.1 1.08 1.06

(b)
Line Voltage vs t
1 0.8 0.6 Load 2 Rejec ted 0.4

(c)
Series Injected Voltage & Line Current (pu) vs t
2.5

(d)
Total Harmonic Distortion

IL PL

P L & Q L o f th e T ran s. Lin e (pu )

L ine V oltag e (p u )

Load 2 Rejec ted

1.04

Vs
1.5

Load 2 Injected

V s & IL (p u )

SSSC 1.02 Connected

1 0.98 0.96 0.94

Load 2 Injected

0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0.6

THD
1 0.5 0.65 0.7 0 0.5

QL

0.92 0.9

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Figure 7 : Digital simulation results of the sample study 230 kV radial system attached to SSSC device at bus B1 & operating in Inductive mode.

Conclusions

1-

The SSSC device is a controlled/injected voltage source that injects a near sinusoidal AC voltage in series with the transmission line.

2- This controlled voltage (Vs) is almost in quadrature with the transmission line current, thereby can effective as an inductive or a capacitive equivalent reactance in series with the transmission line. 3- The dynamic power flow in the Transmission line always decreases when the injected voltage by the SSSC in an inductive reactance mode and the power flow increases when the injected voltage by the SSSC in a capacitive reactance mode. 4- The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) has an block inherent time delay (about 8 millisecond). This has a great effect on the dynamic performance of the SSSC device. 5- The paper presents a novel high pulse 48 pulse GTO full model of the SSSC FACTS device as well as the new dynamic decoupled controller that minimizes the PLLPLL-loop effect on controller fast response robustness.

Future Work
Extensions of control strategies to reduce inherent nonlinearities and AC week network interactions with controller causing sluggish/unstable operation

References
12N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE press 2000. L. Gyugyi, K.K. Sen, "Static Synchronous Series Compensator: A Solid-State Approach to Solidthe Series Compensation of Transmission Lines", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 406-417, 1997. 406Amir H. Norouzi, A.M. Sharaf, " An Auxiliary regulator for the SSSC Transient Enhacement", IEEE 35th North American Power Symposium, Rolla, Missouri, Oct, 2003. Kalyan K. Sen" SSSC-Static Synchrounous Series Compensator: Theory, Modeling, and SSSCApplications" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No.1, January 1998. Amir H. Norouzi, thesis " Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Theory, Control and Simulation of the STATCOM and SSSC" Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, University of New Brunswick, 2003. Ekanayake, J. B., Jenkins, N., "A three advanced static var compensator", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, no.1, pp.540-545. pp.540C.Schauder, H. Mehta, " Vector analysis and control of advanced static var compensator". Proc. IEE International Conference on AC and DC Transmission Paper No. 345, pp. 299299309, 1991.

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