International Finance Introduction

Todays Objectives
Understand the syllabus and how it works Understand my goals for this course (teaching and learning objectives) Understand my philosophy of teaching Understand the focus of the course Understand FOREX transactions and the role of arbitrage.
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Learning Objectives and Philosophy

I want you to learn how to DO things
Perform codified practices such as calculating cross-exchange rates, currency and intertemporal arbitrage, currency hedging Understand when and why to perform them, as well as how

Watch, Do, Teach

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Our Focus
We will focus on the institutions and markets that connect nations economies, especially financial sector linkages. More specifically, we will concentrate on FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT.

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Real and Financial Sectors

Real Sector: Production and sale of goods and services; acquisition and divestiture of capital assets. Financial Sector: Transactions in financial assets: currency, bank deposits, bonds, stocks, futures and options, etc.

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International Economic Integration

International economic integration refers to the extent and strength of real- sector and financial-sector linkages among national economies. Real-sector linkages occur through the international transactions in goods and services while the financial-sector linkages occur through international transactions in financial assets.

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The Rise of Multinational Firms

Changes our definition of comparative Advantage
Relative value-added -- product development, design, logistics, assembly, marketing -- depends less on national differences and more on firm-specific competencies and investments, although these latter reflect national differences in factor endowments The range of a nations exports is equivalent to the range of its exports

Comparative Advantage in a world of multinationals

Most cross-border trade involves intermediate products, much of it takes place within the boundaries of a single firm (a single Barbie doll is made in 12 countries)

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Evolution of the Multinational Corporation (FDI)

Raw materials seekers. Market seekers. Cost minimizers/product enhancers
Coase -- firms exist where they reduce transactions (search, bargaining, monitoring and enforcement costs) and logistics costs, otherwise transactions would take place through markets. They internalize externalities, economies of scale and scope (which give rise to non-exhaustibility), thru creation of effective governance institutions, that would obtain in a world without organizations. Some of these potential economies can be obtained by locating operations where factor costs are lower.

Flexibility, adaptability, & speed of response

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International Financial Management: Why?

Financing & investment decisions that maximize value added by firm Asset deployment & utilization to increase PV future cash flows
You must create value first before you can distribute it

True of Corp. Finance in general, so why study IFM? What makes it different?
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International Financial Management: Why?

Borders, different currencies BUT, if financial markets were completely integrated, different currencies wouldnt matter. (Of course, if there were no real exchanges, you wouldnt need financial markets.) IN NEITHER CASE WOULD WE BOTHER TO STUDY IFM! IFM deserves a special course only because integration has gone far enough to give it meaning, but not far enough to make it just like domestic finance.
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Functions of Financial Management: Acquisition & Investment of Funds

Differences relevant to international financial management Exchange risks, taxes, multiple money markets (often w/limited access to credit, some w/currency controls), political risks Access to segmented money markets, shift profits to lower taxes, reduce risk thru international diversification of markets & production sites
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Constants relevant to international financial management Arbitrage (APT) Market efficiency

Herd behavior

CAPM
Systematic (undiversifiable) risk Unsystematic (diversifiable) risk

Total risk You cannot create value with smoke and mirrors

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FOREX

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Multinational Policymaking
The International Financial Architecture

International Financial Architecture

The international financial architecture is comprised of the institutions, governmental and non-government organizations, and the policies that govern activity in the international monetary and financial markets. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system that most important aspect of the international financial system is the growth of capital flows among nations.

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Capital Market Liberalization

Advocates of liberalized capital flows argue that unhindered capital flows allow savings to flow to their most productive use, resulting in the development of real resources and higher productivity. Financial market imperfections may result in capital misallocations and financial instability.
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Financial Instability and Financial Crisis

Financial instability occurs when the financial sector is unable to allocate funds to their most productive use. A financial crisis is a situation where a nations financial system is no longer able to function. A financial crisis typically involves
a banking crisis, a currency crisis, and a foreign debt crisis.
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Capital Flows and Financial Crisis

International capital flows consists of shortterm (primarily portfolio) capital flows, and long-term (primarily foreign direct investment) flows. An excessive reliance on portfolio capital can be destabilizing and may contribute to financial crises.
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Multilateral Policymaking
The two organizations at the center of efforts to stem international financial crises are: The International Monetary Fund: a multinational organization the promotes international monetary policy cooperation, exchange arrangements, and economic growth. The World Bank: A sister institution that specializes in making loans to developing nations to promote development and growth.

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Can these Organizations Predict a Crisis?

To predict a crisis, policymakers must have an idea of their cause. Potential sources of financial crisis are:
An inconsistency between the exchange rate and economic fundamentals. Speculative attacks. Structural moral hazards.
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Balance-ofBalance-of-Payments Accounts and Net Financial Flows

Financial Inflow
Balance of Payments is a flow account, which consists of the current account and the capital and financial account A flow of capital, real and/or financial, into a country, takes the form of increased purchases of domestic assets by foreigners and/or reduced holdings positive, of foreign assets by domestic residents. Inflows are recorded as positive, or a credit, credit, in the capital and financial account. Each country also has an international balance sheet, which is a stock account which shows assets and liabilities abroad and foreign assets and liabilities at home -- Called the international investment positions accounts in the U.S. (the accumulated stocks of U.S.-owned assets abroad and of foreignU.S.foreignowned assets in the United States) . The net change in the international investment positions accounts from the beginning of one year to the end of the next is the net capital/financial flow for the year

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Exchange and Net Flows

Exchange of Real Assets exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or for financial claims (will give rise to a net change in financial claims if xm) Exchange of Financial Assets Exchange of financial claims for other financial claims (net financial claims are unchanged) Hence, m-x = net capital flow, also = I-S mI[ignoring reporting errors and official settlements]

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Balance of Payments Statistics for the United States, 1966

(Amounts in millions of dollars)

Sources of Foreign Exchange Uses of Foreign Exchange Exports of Goods and Services $43,142 Imports of Goods and Services $38,063 Remittances and Pensions $1,015 Balance on goods, services, remittances, and pensions +$4065 Foreign Capital Flow, net $2,532 U.S. Government grants, net $3,444 U.S. private Capital Flow, net $4,298 Errors and Omissions $210

Balance of all of the above -$1357

.

Change in U.S. Reserve Assets $568 Change in Liquid Liabilities of Foreign Accounts $789
Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin, April 1969, pp A70-71

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The Balance of Payments Accounting System

International Bookkeeping

International Transactions Accounts (Balance of Payments)

A quarterly statistical summary of transactions between U.S. and foreign residents organized into three major categories:
The current account The capital account The financial account

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Balance of Payments
System of accounts which is a subset of the National Income and Production Accounts
A double-entry bookkeeping system. Debit Entries: Transactions that generate a payment outflow (e.g., import). Credit Entries: Transactions that generate a payment inflow (e.g., export).

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Balance of Payments
The current account includes exports and imports of goods, services, income, and current transfers.
Goods Services Income Receipts and Payments Unilateral Transfers
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Balance of Payments
Goods: Exports and imports of tangible items. Services: Exports and imports of services, for example:
Typical business services such as banking and financial services, insurance, and consulting. Tourism
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Balance of Payments
Income Receipts: Includes items such as
Investment income on US-owned assets abroad. Receipts of income on US direct investment abroad. Government income receipts

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Balance of Payments
Income Payments: Includes items such as
Investment income on foreign-owned assets in the United States. Payments of income on foreign direct investment in the United States US Government income payments

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Balance of Payments
Unilateral Transfers: Includes items such as:
Government grants abroad Private remittances Private grants abroad

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Balance of Payments (2000)

Exports Millions Goods Services Income Receipts 1,414,925 773,304 296,227 345,394 -1,797,061 -1,222,772 -215,239 -359,050 -53,241 -435,377
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Imports Goods Services Income Payments Unilateral Transfers Current Account Balance
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Balance of Payments
The Financial Sector
In June 1999, US capital account definitions were modified to bring them more in line with definitions recommended by the International Monetary Fund. Now there are two accounts:
The capital account includes capital transfers, such as debt forgiveness. The financial account includes transactions for official assets, for U.S. Government assets other than official reserve assets, for direct investment, for portfolio investment, and for other investment.

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Balance of Payments
The Financial Sector The new Capital Account includes items that were previously included in unilateral transfers, such as:
Debt forgiveness Migrants transfers (as they leave the country).

The new capital account is small for the US (< 0.1 percent of capital flows), but expected to grow.
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Balance of Payments
The Financial Sector The Financial Account
Records international transactions in the financial sector Includes portfolio and foreign direct investment Includes changes in banks and brokers cash deposits that arise from international transactions.

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Balance of Payments
The Financial Sector US-Owned Assets Abroad: Increase or decrease in US ownership of foreign financial assets. Foreign-Owned Assets in the US: Increase or decrease in foreign ownership of domestic assets. Reserve Assets: Primarily the assets of central banks.
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Balance of Payments
The Financial Sector Portfolio Investment: Individual or business purchase of stocks, bond, or other financial assets or deposits. (An income strategy) Foreign Direct Investment: Purchase of financial assets that results in a 10 percent or greater ownership share. (A financial control strategy)
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Capital and Financial Account (2000)

Capital Account, Net Financial Account US-Owned Assets Abroad US Official Reserve Assets US Government Assets US Private Assets Foreign-Owned Assets Foreign Official Assets Other Foreign Assets Net Financial Flows 680 -553,349 -290 -715 -552,344 952,430 35,909 916,521 399,761

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The Balance of Payments

The Statistical Discrepancy
Balance on Current Account Capital Account, net Net Financial Flows Statistical Discrepancy -435,377 680 399,081 35,616

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International Allocation of Capital

Feldstein - Horioka
Savings and Investment Relation Based on a closed economy income condition: y = c + i + g. Rearrange as: y - c - g = i.
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Feldstein - Horioka
Rearranged as: y - c - g = i. Note that y - c - g equals savings, s. Then: s = i. In a closed economy, domestic investment is equal to domestic saving by definition, but is also correlated in practice, i.e., correlation coefficient is necessarily close to 1 in value.

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International Flow of Goods, Services, & Capital

Domestic Savings and Investment & NFF
National Income (GNY) = Consumption (C) + Savings (S) National Spending (GNE) = Consumption (C) + Investment (I) GNY - GNE = S - I GNY - GNE = Exports (x) - Imports (m) S-I=x-m Net Foreign Investment = x - m

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Government Budget Deficits and NFF

GNE = Household spending + Private I + Government spending = GNY - Private S - Taxes + Private I + Government spending GNE - GNY = Private (I - S) + GovDeficit/Surplus
NFF = Private savings surplus - GovDeficit
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US Balance of Payments

U.S. TRADE AND CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCES EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP

4%

2%

0%

C/A TB

-2%

-4%

-6% 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98 2
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Basic Premise
A current account deficit must be financed by capital inflows, or it cannot be incurred in the first place

FACT Over 1982-2003, U.S. current 1982account deficits have averaged $183 billion per year. $4 trillion worth of assets have been transferred to foreign ownership.

Trade and Scale Variables I

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

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Scale Variables I
U.S. monthly GDP: $1 trillion Monthly goods and services exports: $130 billion = 13% Monthly goods and services imports: $185 billion = 18.5% Balancing item: net capital flow: $55 billion = 5.5%
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Scale Variables II
U.S. GDP per worker: $84,000 per year Exports of $10,900 per year Imports of $15,500 per year

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Result: Result: Foreign claims on U.S. assets now exceed U.S. claims on foreign assets by about $2.7 trillion.
Storing up purchasing power for the future Private political risk insurance Public political risk insurance

International Investments
(market value, end-2003) endU.S. foreign investments: Foreign investments in U.S.: Net: $7.9 trn $10.5 trn -$2.7 trn

Much of this capital inflow has been portfolio investment. Some has been direct investment. investment.

Foreign Direct Investment

(market value, end-2003) endU.S. DI abroad: Foreign DI in U.S.: Net: $2.7 trillion $2.4 trillion $0.3 trillion

Direct Investment Positions

At current market value, $ trillion
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.

86

90

94

00

84

88

92

96

98

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US f o re ign dire c t inv e s t m e nt , 2 0 0 1

Asia,Pacif ic 11% Japan 5% Caribbean 8% L.America 12% Canada 10%

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Ot her 2%

U.K. 18%

Europe 34%

Foreign direct investment in US, 2001

Japan Other 12% 5% Caribbean 3% Canada 8%

UK 16%

other Europe 56%

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