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Basics of Communications
Basics of Communications
Communications
Elements of Communication
System
Signals
Analog Signals
Digital Signals
Pulse Code Modulations
ItConverts Analog signal to Digital
Signal
Why PCM ?
Practical implementation
– Sampling
– Quantizing
– Encoding
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Contd..
PCM uses non-linear encoding, i.e.,
amplitude spacing of levels is non-linear.
– There is a greater number of quantizing steps
for low amplitude.
– This reduces overall signal distortion.
This introduces quantizing error (or noise).
PCM pulses are then encoded into a digital
bit stream.
8000 samples/sec x 8bits/sample = 64
Kbps for a single voice channel.
DATA TRANSMISSION
ParallelTransmission
Serial Transmission
– Synchronous Transmission
– Asynchronous Transmission
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Multiplexing
Multiplexing Techniques:
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Why 4KHz
In Practical Communication Allotted
0-4KHz
In Frequency shifting process two
new Frequency Bands will be added
1.Lower Side Band (LSB)
2.Upper Side Band (USB)
Time Division Multiplexing
PCM Sampling in Time
The Samples are taken in Higher
rates
i.e. 8 Samples/Cycle in 1KHz.
So its 8KHz
Must Provided Synchronizing Mechanism
TDM in T1 Carrier
Error Detection and Correction
ERROR DETECTION
– errors caused by signal attenuation, noise.
– receiver detects presence of errors
ERROR CORRECTION
receiver identifies and corrects bit error's
without resorting to retransmission
Types Of Error
Single bit error
Multi bit error
Burst error
Single-bit error
Multiple-bit error
Burst error
Error Detection
EDC= Error Detection and Correction
bits (redundancy)
D = Data protected by error
checking, may include
header fields
B 192.168.3 50 215.37.32. 2
2.13 203
Reliability
Scalability
Network management
Policy management
Types of VPN
Three types
Remote VPN
Intranet VPN
Extranet VPN