M U

1. Xut x d n Th x Ayunpa nm pha ng Nam tnh Gia Lai, nm trn sn ng ca dy Trng Sn, cch thnh ph Pleiku 90 km v pha Nam. Cng nh cc huyn, th x khc trong a bn tnh Gia Lai th x Ayunpa c tc th ho v s gia tng dn s kh nhanh dn ti nhng p lc v nhu cu s dng t ca nhn dn a phng cho mc ch xy dng nh cng nh sn xut nng nghip. Nhm n nh cuc sng ca nhn dn trn a bn Th x, nng cao nng sut sn xut v tin n hnh thnh mt vng trng cy cng nghip tp trung, UBND th x Ayunpa quyt nh chuyn i mc ch s dng t ti tiu khu 1276, x Ch Bh t t lm nghip km hiu qu sang t nng nghip thc hin vic ti nh canh, nh c cho cc h b thu hi t xy dng kho n Qun khu V. Trc nhu cu trn v ng thi thc hin kin ch o ca UBND tnh Gia Lai ti cng vn S: 2397/UBND-NL ngy 8/12/2009 v vic chuyn t lm nghip sang t nng nghip th vic thc hin d Chuyn i t rng thnh t nng nghip ti tiu khu 1276 x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai l rt cn thit. Thc thi Lut Bo v Mi trng, cn c ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng, Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 2 nm 2008 v sa i b xung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP; Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng, i vi d n trng cy cng nghip tp trung, din tch t 100 ha tr ln th phi tin hnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM). 2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic nh gi tc ng mi trng a. Cn c php lut

- Cn c Lut Bo v mi trng do Quc hi Nc Cng ha X hi Ch nghaVit Nam thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc ngy 01/7/2006; - Cn c Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 v Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/2/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng; - Cn c Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 08 thng 12 nm 2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng; - Cn c Thng t lin tch s 114/2006/TTLT-BTC-TNMT ngy 29/12/2006 ca B Ti chnh v B Ti nguyn & Mi trng v hng dn s dng kinh ph trong nhim v bo v mi trng; - Cn c Quyt nh s 186/2006/Q-TTg ngy 14/8/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l rng; Quyt nh 682/QKT ban hnh Quy phm thit k kinh doanh rng ca B Lm nghip ngy 01/8/1984 (QPN 6-84); - Cn c Lut t ai nm 2003 v Ngh nh 181/2004/N-CP ngy 29/10/2004 ca Chnh ph V/v thi hnh Lut t ai v Lut bo v v Pht trin rng; - Cn c Thng t s 34/2009/TT-BNNPTNT, v vic quy nh tiu ch xc nh v phn loi rng; - Cn c cng vn s: 248/UBND-TH ngy 8/6/2009 ca UBND th x Ayunpa v vic chuyn t lm nghip, t rng ngho kit sang sn xut nng nghip; - Cn c cng vn s : 2397/UBND-NL ngy 12/8/2009 ca UBND tnh Gia Lai v vic chuyn t lm nghip sang t nng nghip; b. Cac tiu chun, quy chun ap dung - QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT: Quy chu n ky thu t qu c gia v ch t l ng n c m t;

- QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT: Quy chu n ky thu t qu c gia v ch t l ng n c ng m; - QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - Quy chu n ky thu t qu c gia v mt s cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh; - QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT: Quy chu n ky thu t qu c gia v cht lng khng kh xung quanh; - QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c; - Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v gii han cho phep cua kim loai nng trong t; - Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt; - Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm; - Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun ky thut quc gia v nc thai sinh hoat. c. Cac ngun tai liu, d liu s dung - Cc s liu kh tng thy vn ca i kh tng thy vn tnh Gia Lai v ca mt s ti, d n c lin quan; - Lun chng kinh t k thut d n; - Cc ti liu hng dn v TM ca WB, ADB, JBIC; - Hng dn v phng php nh gi nhanh nhim mi trng do T chc Y t th gii (WHO) ban hnh 1993; - Hng dn v quan trc mi trng ca h thng quan trc ton cu (GEMS), 1987; - Cc Tiu chun v Quy chun Vit Nam v mi trng ang c p dng; 3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM Phng php thng k: Thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin t nhin,

kinh t x hi, mi trng ti khu vc thc hin d n. Phng php bn , h thng a l: S dng cc phng php xy dng bn a hnh, bn hin trng mi trng; S dng cc phn mm (MapInfo, Microstation, Autocad) xy dng bn chuyn lin quan n mi trng t, nc, khng kh... Phng php m hnh ho: S dng cc phng trnh ton hc m t qu trnh bin i cc cht nhim khng kh, cc cht nhim nc, v hin tng xi mn t. Qua c th nh gi v d bo s lan truyn v nng ca cc cht nhim khng kh, s thay i cht lng nc, mc nghim trng ca xi mn. Phng php chuyn gia: Thng qua trao i t vn vi cc chuyn gia u ngnh trong lnh vc lin quan nh gi tc ng v xy dng cc bin php gim thiu. Phng php lit k: Ch ra y cc tc ng cn ch do cc hot ng ca d n gy ra. Phng php iu tra x hi hc: iu tra cc vn v mi trng v kinh t x hi qua phng vn chnh quyn v nhn dn a phng ti khu vc thc hin d n. Phng php tng hp, so snh: Tng hp cc s liu thu thp c, so snh vi Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam. T nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng nn ti khu vc nghin cu, d bo nh gi v xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng ca d n. Phng php nh gi nhanh trn trn c s h s nhim ca WHO: c s dng c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh khi trin khai xy dng v thc hin d n. Phng php ly mu v phn tch trong phng th nghim: on cn b Trung tm k thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Gia Lai kt hp vi Trung tm t vn chuyn giao cng ngh thnh ph H Ch Minh (CTC) tin hnh ly mu, o c v phn tch cht lng mi trng khu vc d kin thc hin d n v khu vc xung

quanh bao gm: cht lng mi trng nc, khng kh, t lm c s nh gi cc tc ng ca vic trin khai d n ti mi trng. 4. T chc thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng Ch u t: UBND th x Ayunpa C quan qun l thc hin d n: Phng TN v MT th x Ayunpa a ch: Th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai in thoi: n v t vn: Trung tm K thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Gia Lai. i din ng: V Vn Min Chc v: Gim c a ch: 110A, ng Phm Vn ng, TP. Pleiku, tnh Gia Lai. Danh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia lp bo co TM ca d n Stt I 1 II 1 III 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chu Vn Trang Nguyn Vn Li Nguyn Ngc Sinh L Minh Sn Nguyn nh Hu Nguyn Vn Tm H v tn V Vn Min Trn Quc Khnh Nm Sinh Nm Trnh Cng tc chuyn mn Cn b qun l 1964 28 C nhn kinh t Ch nhim kho st 1975 11 Chc v Gim c

K s qun l t ai P.gim c

Cn b trc tip thc hin C nhn khoa hc Chuyn vin 1980 4 (a l Ti nguyn v k thut Mi trng) C nhn khoa hc Chuyn vin 1987 2 (a l Ti nguyn v k thut Mi trng) K s Cng ngh mi Chuyn vin 1983 1 trng k thut C nhn khoa hc Chuyn vin 1985 1 (a l Bn v k thut Vin thm) Chuyn 1986 1 K s mi trng vin k thut Chuyn 1987 1 K s mi trng vin k thut

CHNG 1 M T TM TT D N
1.1. Tn d n Chuyn i mc ch s dng t t t rng sang t nng nghip ti tiu khu 1276 thuc Ban qun l rng phng h Ch A Thai trn a gii hnh chnh x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai. 1.2. Ch d n - Tn n v ch qun: UBND th x Ayunpa - C quan qun l thc hin d n: Phng TN v MT th x Ayunpa - a ch: Th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai - in thoi: - Fax: - i din l: - Chc v: 1.3. V tr a l ca d n Khu vc iu tra, kho st ti tiu khu 1276 thuc BQLRPH Ch A Thai trn a gii hnh chnh x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa. Cch th x Ayunpa khong 15 km v pha Ty. Trong v xung quanh khu vc d n khng c cc cng trnh vn ho, cc im khong sn, cng nh m m ca ngi dn, to ranh gii ca khu vc d n theo h to VN-2000 nh sau: - im 1: X = 1480325 - im 6: X = 1480818 Y = 0482219 Y = 0484167 - im 2: X = 1480689 - im 7: X = 1480828 Y = 0482203 Y = 0483707 - im 3: X = 1481766 - im 8: X = 1480823 Y = 0482 237 Y = 0483601 - im 4: X = 1482116 - im 9: X = 1480710 Y = 0484126 Y = 0483546 - im 5: X = 1481025 - im 10: X = 1480407 Y = 0484187 Y = 0483146 Gii cn: - Pha Bc: Gip huyn Ph Thin - Pha Nam: Gip khonh 2 tiu khu 1279, khonh 1, 2 tiu khu 1281 - Pha ng: Gip khonh 3 tiu khu 1276 - Pha Ty: Gip huyn Ph Thin

1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n 1.3.2.2. Hin trng t ti khu vc d n a. Hin trng s dng t t ti khu vc d n ch yu l t trng cy hng nm (sn, la nng, u, bp, v.v..), cc loi cy bi v mt s cy thn g nhng phm cht xu, c th nh sau: - t trng cy hng nm (NHK): 76,9 ha, trng ch yu l cy sn, la nng, u , bp. Phn din tch ny phn b tp trung ch yu v hng Ty Bc ca tiu khu, do khu vc ny a hnh bng v t . - Nhm I (nhm cha c rng): + Loi RIA: din tch 1,6 ha, khu vc c thc b l c, cy bi, chim din tch rt t. + Loi RIb: din tch 4,1 ha, khu vc c thc b, cy bi, c mt s cy g ng knh ngang ngc < 8 cm. - Nhm II (nhm rng phc hi): + Loi IIB: din tch 6,9 ha, y l rng phc hi sau khai thc kit, bao gm qun th non vi nhng cy tng i a sng, khng u tui, u th khng r rng, cn st li mt s cy qun th c nhng tr lng khng ng k. - Nhm III (nhm rng th sinh b tc ng): + Loi IIIA1: din tch 169,2 ha chim s lng ng k trn ton khu vc kho st. y l rng b khai thc kit, tn b ph v tng mng ln, tng trn cn st li mt s cy cao, to nhng phm cht xu. Bng 3.1: Hin trng s dng t ti khu vc Stt Hin trng s dng t 1 t nng nghip 2 t rng 2.1 t cha c rng 2.2 t c rng phc hi 2.3 t rng th sinh 3 t giao thng, sng sui Tng cng 1.4.1. Mc tiu ca d n Chuyn i mc ch s dng t t t rng sang t nng nghip cp cho Din tch (ha) 76,6 181,8 5,7 6,9 169,2 2,3 260,7

ngi dn n nh sn xut nng nghip. Trnh tnh trng du canh du c, t nng, lm ry lm suy gim cht lng rng. 1.4.2. Quy m d n Chuyn i 260,710 ha din tch t rng sang t nng nghip ti tiu khu 1276 thuc BQLRPH Ch A Thai trn a gii hnh chnh x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa cp cho ngi dn a phng n nh sn xut. 1.4.3. Cc gii php thc hin d n 1.4.3.1. B tr s dng t 1.5 T chc qun l thc hin Hnh thc qun l d n: UBND th x Ayunpa giao cho phng Ti nguyn v mi trng th x thc hin v qun l. Phng thc thc hin: u thu theo quy nh hin hnh ca Nh nc. Tin thc hin: T nm 2010 tr i.

CHNG 2

IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI

2.1. V tr a l v c im iu kin t nhin 2.1.1. V tr gii hn khu t Khu vc iu tra, kho st ti tiu khu 1276 thuc BQLRPH Ch A Thai trn a gii hnh chnh x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa, cch th x Ayunpa khong 15 km v pha Ty, c ranh gii c xc nh nh sau: - Pha Bc: Gip huyn Ph Thin - Pha Nam: Gip khonh 2 tiu khu 1279, khonh 1, 2 tiu khu 1281 - Pha ng: Gip khonh 3 tiu khu 1276 - Pha Ty: Gip huyn Ph Thin Vi v tr ny th vic thc hin d n khng lm nh hng nhiu n mi trng khu vc xung quanh v trn a bn x Ch Bh. 2.1.2. c im v a hnh, a mo a hnh khu vc thc hin d n ch yu l i ni xen ln thung lng. a hnh khng bng phng, b chia ct bi cc sng sui v cc trin i. cao thp dn t Bc xung Nam. C cc dng a hnh nh sau: - a hnh bng phng: dc t 0 - 80, phn b trin sui, thung lng, cao <300 m, t ai mu m thun li cho pht trin nng nghip. - a hnh i ni thp: phn b ch yu v pha Ty Nam ca khu vc kho st, dc t 8 - 200, thng b chia ct bi h thng i chy qua.

2.1.3. c im th nhng Phu din t thng c tng mn th, mn than bn ri n tng t mng ln nhiu mnh vn, nguyn sinh, khng c kt von, mc lin kt v gia nc yu, t cha phong ho hon ton. Qu trnh hnh thnh mn l qu trnh chim u th, qu trnh feralit yu. t c thnh phn c gii tht nh, t l ct tng mt t 60 - 76% thay i dn theo su. tng mt t c mu xm tro v xm en, t ti xp v c ln r cy nhiu. t c phn ng chua (pHKCl t 3,8 5,0), hm lng mn ngho (di 2%) v gim t ngt theo su, hm lng m gim dn t kh xung ngho theo chiu su. Hm lng ln trung bnh cc tng giu, chua thy phn v no baz tng i kh, tng cation trao i trung bnh 49 mE/100g t. (tnh cht l ho ca t ti khu vc d n c nh km phn ph lc) iu kin v Kh tng - Thu vn 2.1.3.1. Kh hu X Ch Bh ni chung v khu vc kho st ni ring l vng t nm trn sn ng ca dy Trng Sn, kh hu nm trong vng nhit i gi ma cao nguyn, mang sc thi ng Trng Sn. Kh hu trong nm chia lm hai ma r rt: Ma ma v ma kh. a. Nng v bc x Khu vc d n nm vng ni ch tuyt Bc bn cu, hng nm u c hai ln mt tri i qua thin nh nn nhn c mt lng bc x tng i ln, trn 100kcal/cm2/nm, ng thi c mt nn nhit tng i ln, nhng do v tr lnh th nm trn vng c cao ln nn lng bc x c xu hng thp hn i vi khu vc cng v . Mt khc khu vc Ayun Pa c a hnh tng i bng phng c bao bc xung quanh l cc di ni cao, lng bc x c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh phn hy cng nh pht tn cht thi, nht l cht thi kh. Lng bc x cng ln lm cho cc cht phn hy nhanh hn, qu trnh pht tn ra xa hn so vi lng bc x nh.

- S gi nng trung bnh trong nm: 1.588 gi - S gi nng trung bnh ln nht trong thng: 187 gi - S gi nng trung bnh nh nht trong thng: 46 gi - Bc x trung bnh nm: 122 kcal/cm2/nm Bng 2.2. Bc x trung bnh cc thng trong nm trong nhng nm gn y
Thng 2005 2006 2007 2008 T0tb I 237, 0 150, 3 117, 3 166, 6 167, 8 II 248, 0 197, 9 250, 7 155, 5 213 III 246, 0 256, 5 225, 0 207, 4 233, 7 IV 252, 0 245, 7 230, 2 261, 8 247, 4 V 282, 0 251, 9 253, 7 217, 7 251, 3 VI 237, 0 241, 9 220, 0 238, 0 234, 2 VII 183, 0 159, 3 188, 2 234, 3 191, 2 VIII 136, 0 164, 8 150, 1 194, 6 161, 4 IX 149, 0 183, 3 170, 6 130, 1 158, 3 X 114, 0 200, 5 115, 4 145, 7 158, 4 XI 136, 0 240, 9 89,7 86,2 138, 2 XII 132, 0 188, 0 169, 9 123, 2 153, 3

Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh Gia Lai 2008 (trm o Ayunpa) b. Nhit khng kh

Ti khu vc d n kh hu trong nm c s phn ha thnh hai ma r rt (ma kh v ma ma). Trong ma kh bt u t thng XII v ko di n thng IV nm sau, trong thi gian ny nhit khng kh kh cao v cao nht l vo thng III v thng IV. Ngc li, vo ma ma (t thng V - XI), nhit khng kh thng xung kh thp. Bin nhit ngy m v gia cc ma kh ln. Mt s gi tr v nhit ti khu vc nh sau: + Nhit trung bnh nm: 25,50C. + Nhit cao nht tuyt i: 40,80C. + Nhit thp nht tuyt i: 8,50C. Bng 2.1. Nhit trung bnh cc thng trong nm trong nhng nm gn y Thng 2005 2006 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

22,5 25,7 26,1 28,6 29,7 29,0 27,7 26,6 26,6 25,9 25,0 23,0 23,2 24,5 26,3 28,5 28,3 29,0 26,8 26,6 26,6 25,7 25,2 23,6

2007 2008

22,8 24,2 27,0 28,6 28,1 28,2 27,2 26,7 27,1 25,3 23,2 23,2 23,1 22,7 20,3 25,3 28,3 27,3 28,3 27,5 27,1 26,3 26,0 22,7

T0tb 22,9 24,3 24,9 27,8 28,6 28,4 27,5 26,9 26,9 25,8 24,9 23,1 Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh Gia Lai 2008 (trm o Ayunpa) c. m khng kh m khng kh ti khu vc c s phn ha rt ln gia cc ma. Trong ma kh, cng vi vic t ma, m khng kh khu vc xung rt thp c khi ch cn khong 50%. Ngc li, trong ma ma, m khng kh nhiu khi xp x 90%. Do , trong qu trnh vn hnh d n phi ch n m khng kh c s chnh lch ln ti khu vc c cc bin php phng chng, BVMT mt cch hp l nht. Mt s c trng v m khng kh ti khu vc d n: - m tng i trung bnh nm ca khng kh: 82% - m khng kh ti cao: 89% - m khng kh ti thp: 50% d. Lng ma Trn a bn th x Ayunpa ni chung v x Ch Bh ni ring, lng ma phn b khng u theo thi gian. Lng ma trn ton khu vc th x c phn b theo 2 ma r rt: ma ma ko di t thng V n thng XI, lng ma tng dn t u ma ti gia ma v t ti cc i vo cc thng cui ma l thng X v thng XI (thng nhiu bo nht trong vng), trong thi k ny lng ma chim hn 75% lng ma c nm dn n nhiu qu trnh xi mn ra tri khu vc t dc, ng thi gy lt li cc vng trng. Ma kh (t ma) ko di t thng XII n thng IV nm sau. Trong , thng hn nht l khong thng III, thng IV lng ma ch chim di 25%. Vo thi gian ny ton khu vc thng thiu nc. - Lng ma trung bnh hng nm - S ngy ma trong nm : khong 1225 mm : 144 ngy

- Lng ma cao nht - Lng ma thp nht e. Tc gi v hng gi

: 1.989 mm : 799 mm

Cng nh ton th x Ayunpa, khu vc d n nm pha ng dy Trng Sn mang c im chung ca vng l nhit rt phong ph v thiu m (ma t). Kh hu trong nm chia thnh 2 ma r rt, ma kh t thng XII n thng IV nm sau vi hng gi thnh hnh l ng - Bc. Ma ma t thng V n thng XI vi hng gi thnh hnh l Ty - Nam. Mt s c trng v gi ti khu vc. - Tc gi trung bnh trong nm: 1,1 m/s - Tc gi ln nht 2.1.3.2. Thu vn Th x Ayunpa l ni c nhiu mng li sng sui dy c, c ngun d tr thu nng ln; nc sng, nc sui mang nhiu ph sa bi p cho thung lng, thun li cho vic xy dng cc cng trnh thu nng quan trng. Tuy nhin cng gy rt nhiu kh khn nht l v ma ma nh hin tng ngp ng, xi l, v.v.. Cc con sng v sui ln nh hng n khu vc th x Ayunpa l sng Ba, sng Ayun, sui Ia Hiao, Ia Sol, Ia Tul v cc sui nh khc. Sng Ayun (bt ngun t ni Kng Lk c cao 1.720 m chy dc theo Ql25) qua a phn th x Ayunpa vo h Ayun H. Sng Ayun c lu lng nc bnh qun 56,3 m3/s. Ma cn lu lng ch t 11,2 m3/s, trong khi ma ma 188,0 m3/s v thng xut hin l. Ma ma lu lng dng chy chim 75% lng dng chy c nm. Sng Ba (bt ngun t ni Ngc R - huyn Kon Plong - tnh Kon Tum) l 02 con sng ln chy ngang qua th x, cng vi h thng knh mng thu li Ayun H to nn mt vng t ai mu m, ph nhiu t hng bao i nay, l iu kin thun li cho s pht trin nng nghip - nht l la nc v cc loi cy cng nghip kh pht trin, chn nui gia sc, gia cm kh thun li, c bit y l : 24 m/s

vng c ngun d tr thu nng cho pht trin thu in ti khu vc trong nhng nm ti. Trong a bn x Ch Bh c nhiu sui ln, nc chy quanh nm, phn b tng i u, cc sui ln nh Ea Yao, Ia Th. T Mum, v.v Ngoi ra trn khu vc thc hin d n cn c cc khe, sui nh phn b khp khu vc. 2.1.6. Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin c th nh gi ton din c cc tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh th hin d n cng nh khi d n i vo hot ng, ch d n cng vi n v t vn lp bo co Trung tm k thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Gia Lai phi hp vi Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam tin hnh ly mu v phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng. Kt qu thu c dng nh gi cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng hin ti (so snh vi cc Tiu chun) cng nh trong vic kim sot, phng nga cc vn nhim mi trng sau ny. Cc v tr ly mu c la chn l cc v tr i din trong v xung quanh khu vc d n. Kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng c th hin trong cc bng di y: 2.1.6.1. Hin trang mi trng khng kh Bng Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh trong khu vc d n Ch tiu phn tch Bi l lng (mg/m3) n (dBA) NO2 (mg/m3 SO2 (mg/m3) CO K1 X = 0483052 Y = 1481207 0,15 46,9 0,035 0,042 1,05 Phng php th nghim TQKT-1993 TCVN 5965-1995 TQKT-1993 TQKT-1993 TQKT-1993 Tiu chun khng kh xung quanh (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT, trong 1h) 0,3 75 (TCVN 5949-1998) 0,2 0,35 30

(mg/m3) NH3 0,2 <0,01 TQKT-1993 3 (mg/m ) (QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT) Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam Ghi ch: * Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * K1 mu khng kh trong khu vc d n X = 0483052 Y = 1481207 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009 * Tiu chun so snh: TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05,06:2009/BTNMT Nhn xt: Qua kt qu o v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh trong khu vc d n cho thy tt c cc ch tiu o c v phn tch v bi, kh c, ting n c 3 khu vc u nm trong gii hn cho php ca cht lng mi trng khng kh tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05,06:2009/BTNMT). iu chng t, hin ti th mi trng khng kh hon ton khng b nhim, cc cht nhim pht sinh c kh quyn pht tn v ng ho t mc yu cu. Kh nng chu ti ca mi trng khng kh cn tng i tt. Bng Kt qu phn tch cht lng khng kh ngoi khu vc d n Ch tiu phn tch Bi l lng (mg/m3) n (dBA) NO2 (mg/m3 SO2 (mg/m3) CO (mg/m3) K2 X = 04839339 Y = 1480843
0,13 45,2 0,029 0,037 1,13

Phng php th nghim TQKT-1993 TCVN 5965-1995 TQKT-1993 TQKT-1993 TQKT-1993

Tiu chun khng kh xung quanh (TCVN 5937- 2005, trong 1h) 0,3 75 (TCVN 5949-1998) 0,2 0,35 30

NH3 0,2 <0,01 TQKT-1993 3 (mg/m ) (TCVN 5938-2005) Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam Ghi ch: * Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * K1 mu khng kh trong khu vc d n: To X = 0483052 Y = 1481207 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009 * Tiu chun so snh: TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05,06:2009/BTNMT Nhn xt: Cng nh kt qu o v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh trong khu vc d n, kt qu o v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh ngoi khu vc d n u nm trong gii hn cho php ca cht lng mi trng khng kh tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05,06:2009/BTNMT). 2.1.6.2. Hin trng mi trng t Sau khi d n i vo hot ng s c cc tc ng n mi trng t, nhm nh gi kh nng gy nhim mi trng t chng ti tin hnh ly mu t khu vc trong v ngoi a bn thc hin d n, t a ra c mt s quy trnh qun l, x l cc ngun x thi lm nhim mi trng t mt cch cht ch. Bng 2.7. Cc thng s v phng php th nghim mi trng t Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ch tiu phn tch Pb Cd pH K2O tng ClCaO MgO P2O5 tng Nit tng Phng php th SMEWW3130 SMEWW3130 TOA TCVN 5815:2001 TCVN 6194:1996 TCVN 7131:2002 TCVN 7131:2002 TC: 010/Q-TN TCVN 5815:2001

Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng - chi nhnh pha Nam

Bng..Kt qu phn tch cht lng t trong khu vc d n V tr ly mu (1) X = 0483052 Y = 1481207 Tiu chun so snh Tng s (%) pHKCl Cl 4,81
-

Pb CaO 1,12 MgO 0,5

(mg/kg TLK)

Cd
(mg/kg TLK)

Tng N 0,09

P2O5 0,03

K2 O 1,09

2,10

0,02
70 QCVN 03:2008

<0,01
2 QCVN 03:2008

Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam * Ghi ch: - pHKCL ch th chua trao i -TLK: Trng lng kh * Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009 Bng. Kt qu phn tch cht lng t ngoi vng d n V tr ly mu (2) X = 0483897 Y = 1480787 Tiu chun so snh Tng s (%) pHKCl 4,52 Cl2,21 Tng N 0,07 P2O5 0,04 K2 O 1,16 CaO 1,18 MgO 0,2 Pb
(mg/kg TLK)

Cd
(mg/kg TLK)

0,02
70 QCVN 03:2008

<0,01
2 QCVN 03:2008

Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam * Ghi ch: - pHKCL ch th chua trao i -TLK: Trng lng kh

* Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009 Nhn xt: Qua bng kt qu o c v phn tch mu t trong v ngoi khu vc d n cho thy: cc tiu phn tch u thp hn Quy chun cho php. Qua thy c mi trng t ti khu vc cn rt tt. iu ny m bo rng mi trng t hon ton c kh nng chu ti v ng ho c cc cht nhim pht sinh. 2.1.6.3. Hin trng mi trng nc Bng. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt trong vng d n Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tiu phn tch pH TSS (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) DO (mg/l) T-N (mg/l) T-P (mg/l) NM1 7,2 3,5 17 7 4,3 0,24 1,73 Phng php th TCVN 6492:1999 TCVN 6625:2000 APHA 5220 APHA 5210 TCVN 5499:1995 APHA 4500 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Ct Ct Ct Ct A1 A2 B1 B2 6-8,5 20 10 4 6 6-8,5 30 15 6 5 5,5-9 50 30 15 4 5,5-9 100 50 25 2 -

APHA 4500 JIS K 8 As (mg/l) KPH 0,5 1 1,5 2 0102:1998 Coliform TCVN 9 190 2500 5000 7500 10000 (MPN/100ml) 6178/1:1996 Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam Ghi ch: * NM1: Mu nc mt trong vng d n, ta X=0483094, Y=1481137 * Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009

A1: S dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot v cc mc ch khc nh loi A2, B1 v B2. A2: Dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot nhng phi p dng cng ngh x l ph hp, bo tn ng thc vt thy sinh hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B1, B2 B1: Dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li hoc cc mc ch s dng khc c yu cu cht lng nc tng t hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B2; B2: Giao thng thy v cc mc ch khc vi yu cu nc cht lng thp Nhn xt: T kt qu o v phn tch cht lng nc mt trong khu vc d n, cho thy: cc kt qu thu c u thp hn nhiu ln so vi Quy chun so snh (QCVN 08:2009/BTNMT), v c cht lng hu ht nm ct A1 (mt t ch tiu nm ct B1) iu khng nh rng cht lng nc ngoi khu vc d n ti thi im ly mu cn rt tt. Kt qu phn tch trn l cn c quan trng nh gi mc tc ng ca nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh canh tc sn xut nng nghip ca ngi dn sau ny. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt ngoi khu vc d n c trnh by trong bng sau: Bng Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt ngoi d n Ch tiu phn tch pH TSS (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) DO (mg/l) Tn mu NM2 6,8 2,7 9 5 4,2 TCVN 6492:1999 TCVN 6625:2000 APHA 5220 APHA 5210 TCVN 5499:1995 Phng php th Ct A1 6-8,5 20 10 4 6 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Ct A2 6-8,5 30 15 6 5 Ct B1 5,5-9 50 30 15 4 Ct B2 5,5-9 100 50 25 2

Stt 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

T-N (mg/l) T-P (mg/l)

0,15 1,36

APHA 4500

APHA 4500 JIS K 8 As (mg/l) KPH 0,5 1 1,5 2 0102:1998 Coliform TCVN 9 160 2500 5000 7500 10000 (MPN/100ml) 6178/1:1996 Ngun: Trung tm t vn, chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng (CTC) - chi nhnh pha Nam Ghi ch: * NM2: Mu nc mt ngoi vng d n, ta X = 0484112, Y = 1480787 * Ngy ly mu: ngy 13/12/2009 * Ngy phn tch: 13/12/2009 n 21/12/2009 A1: S dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot v cc mc ch khc nh loi A2, B1 v B2. A2: Dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot nhng phi p dng cng ngh x l ph hp, bo tn ng thc vt thy sinh hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B1, B2 B1: Dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li hoc cc mc ch s dng khc c yu cu cht lng nc tng t hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B2; B2: Giao thng thy v cc mc ch khc vi yu cu nc cht lng thp Nhn xt: So snh kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt ngoi khu vc d n vi kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt trong khu vc d n v vi QCVN cho thy . Cc ch tiu phn tch cht lng nc mt ngoi khu vc d n nm trong gii hn cho php so vi Quy chn so snh (QCVN 08/2008) v mt s ch tiu phn tch thp hn so vi ch tiu phn tch cht lng nc mt trong khu vc d n. Mi trng sinh vt

2.2. iu kin kinh t - x hi 2.2.1. iu kin v kinh t 2.2.1.1. Nghnh nng - lm nghip - thu sn - Nng nghip: Trong nhng nm qua sn xut nng nghip ca th x ni chung cng nh x Ch Bh ni ring t nhng bc tng trng vng chc. C cu cy trng, vt nui chuyn dch theo hng sn xut hng ho, trnh thm canh c nng ln, cc tin b khoa hc k thut, cng ngh mi c trin khai ng dng vo sn xut. Mt s chng trnh kinh t nng nghip trng im c trin khai c kt qu, hnh thnh mt s vng sn xut chuyn canh phc v nhu cu th. Nhiu m hnh sn xut nng nghip t nng sut v thu nhp cao, tng gi tr trn mt n v din tch t canh tc c trin khai th nghim. Gi tr sn xut bnh qun/ha t canh tc c nng dn nm 2008 t 15 triu ng/ha. C cu sn xut nng nghip cng c nhng bc chuyn dch theo hng gim dn t trng ngnh trng trt, tng t trng ngnh chn nui nhng chm. + Trng trt: Trong nhng nm gn y, mc d sn xut cn gp rt nhiu kh khn do nh hng ca thin tai hn hn, su bnh, din tch t sn xut nng nghip lin tc b thu hp do nhu cu pht trin h thng kt cu h tng v pht trin th nhng nh y mnh thm canh, nng cao h s ma v, h thng thu li Ayun H cung cp nc ti, chuyn dch c cu cy trng ng hng, ph hp vi tim nng v nhu cu th trng nn ngnh trng trt vn t mc tng trng vng chc. Din tch gieo trng ca x Ch Bh tnh n 30/06/2009 l 126 ha. Trong din tch la ng xun t 88 ha, cy sn l 55 ha, ma 5 ha, ng cc loi 5 ha, rau cc loi 5,5 ha v u cc loi l 6,5 ha. Nng sut la v ng Xun t 6,5 tn/ha tng sn lng c tnh t 481,8 tn. Din tch t cy lu nm v cy cng nghip c xu hng tng vi nhiu loi cy trng ch o nh iu, ma, thuc l, u, rau, v.v.. p ng yu cu

ca th trng v cc c s ch bin trn a bn. + Chn nui: Tng n gia sc, gia cm tng kh, trong 5 nm qua tng bc pht huy c tim nng th mnh ca cc x khu vc i ni khu vc ngoi th. Nm 2008 tng n gia sc ca th x c 19.836 con (trong n tru c 35; n b c 9596 con, n ln c 9.289 con; n d 916 con). Sn lng tht hi xut chung t 855,7 tn. Tng n gia cm c 57.783 con, trong : n g c 38.118 con, n vt ngan c 19.665 con. Tng sn lng tht gia cm xut chung t 30,1 tn. Tng n gia sc v gia cm ca ring x Ch Bh tnh n ngy 30/06/1009 l 9.713 con trong c 1.630 con b, 583 con heo, 7.500 con vt. Trong 6 thng u nm 2009 thc hin tim t huyt trng v dch l mm, long mng b 2 t vi 1.400 con, tim vacxin heo 200 con. T chc tim phng cc loi vacxin cho gia sc, gia cm, phun thuc tiu dit c chung tri dt 100%. Hin cha pht hin thy dch bnh trn gia sc v gia cm. Nhn chung, xu hng pht trin gia sc, gia cm vi m hnh chn nui trang tri nh vn cha c do iu kin cn hn ch, kinh t nhn dn chm pht trin, vic p dng nhng tin b KHKT vo chn nui cha c ch trng ng mc. - Nghnh lm nghip: Tng din tch t lm nghip c rng hin nay trn a bn ton huyn l 4.794,3 ha, chim 24,9% tng din tch t lm nghip ca thi x, phn ln din tch ny c giao cho Ban qun l rng phng h Ayunpa v Ban qun l rng phng h Ch A Thai qun l. Trong nhng nm qua, cng tc qun l bo v rng cng t c nhng mt tch cc trong vic tuyn truyn php lut v qun l v bo v rng trong nhn dn, kim lm a bn thng xuyn kim tra bo v rng, phi hp cng vi cng an, x i, cc c quan chc nng Th x i kim tra x l v ngn chn tnh trng ph rng lm nng ry. ng thi ngn chn vic

khai thc g ci, ph rng lm nng ry tri php, cng tc chng chy rng c tng cng, t chc phng chng chy rng x. - Nui trng v nh bt thu sn: 2.2.1.2. Ngnh cng nghip v tiu th cng nghip a. Cng nghip b. Tiu th cng nghip 2.2.1.3. Ngnh thng mi v dch v Cc loi hnh kinh t ny gn nh cha pht trin trn a bn x. Hin nay, ch c mt s h kinh doanh dch v bn l phc v nhu cu thit yu hng ngy ca nhn dn ang hot ng trong cc ngnh kinh t ny. 2.2.1.4. H thng c s h tng a. Giao thng b. Y t 2.2.2. iu kin x hi 2.2.2.1. Dn s - Dn tc 2.2.2.2. Lao ng v gii quyt vic lm L x thun nng nn vic lm ch yu l nng nghip (95%), mt s bun bn nh v cng vic khc. Trnh ngun lao ng cn hn ch, cha c o to chuyn mn, vic p dng cc tin b khao hc k thut vo sn xut cn t. Ngun lao ng ch yu tp trung trong cc h gia nh, lao ng trong cc t chc rt t. y l x vng 3, dn s a phn l dn tc Jarai, trnh canh tc lc hu, i sng ngi dn gp nhiu kh khn. 2.2.2.3. Pht trin th 2.2.2.4. Vn ho x hi 2.2.2.5. Gio dc

CHNG 3 NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
i vi d n chuyn i mc ch s dng t t t rng sang t nng nghip, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n ch tp trung vo nh gi tc ng mi trng trong giai on khai hoang, gii phng mt bng v giai on canh tc, sn xut nng nghip sau ny. 3.1. nh gi cc tc ng 3.1.1. nh gi cc tc ng trong giai on pht quang, san i mt bng 3.1.1.1. Ngun gy tc ng a. Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Ngun pht sinh cc cht thi trong giai on ny ch yu l cc hot ng nh: pht quang, khai hoang, san i mt bng, vn chuyn g tn thu; Vn chuyn nguyn liu, my mc phc v thi cng; sinh hot ca cng nhn. Cc cht thi pht sinh trong giai on ny ch yu l cc cht kh c hi, bi, ting n v nc thi sinh hot. Cc ngun tc ng lin quan n cht thi c th hin qua bng 3.1: Bng 3.1. Cc ngun tc ng lin quan n cht thi Stt 1 Ngun gy tc ng Pht quang, khai hoang, lm t h ng ng mc, vn chuyn g tn thu... Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, thit b, my mc phc v d n Hot ng d tr, bo qun nhin nguyn vt liu phc v thi cng Sinh hot ca cn b v cng nhn Cht gy nhim - Kh thi, bi t xe san i, cy xi, vn chuyn g; thu gom v x l g tp trong qu trnh khai hoang. - Kh thi, bi t xe vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v thit b, my mc. - Cc thng cha xng du, sn v kho cha VLXD (xi mng, st,...) - Nc thi sinh hot. - Rc thi sinh hot.

2 3 4

- Ngun pht sinh kh thi, bi, ting n:

+ Ngun pht sinh kh thi: Ngun pht sinh kh thi ch yu l t cc hot ng vn chuyn vt liu, my mc thit b thi cng v g tn thu. Cc cht kh c sinh ra l cc cht kh c hi nh COx, NOx, SOx, v.v.. Cc cht kh ny sinh ra pht tn vo mi trng khng kh gy nhim mi trng khng kh v nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn v nhng ngi dn hai bn ng vn chuyn.

+ Ngun pht sinh bi: Qu trnh pht quang, san i mt bng v vn chuyn vt liu my mc phc v thi cng s lm pht sinh ra mt lng bi nht nh vo mi trng khng kh ti khu vc d n v cc vng ln cn. Loi bi ny c thnh phn ch yu l t, kch thc nh. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh bi pht sinh t qu trnh t chy nhin liu ca cc phng tin thi cng, loi bi ny c thnh phn ch yu l mui cacbon c kch thc nh. Lng bi pht sinh trong qu trnh ny mt phn ng trn thn cy, l, mt phn khuch tn vo khng kh v pht tn ra cc vng xung quanh. + Ngun pht sinh ting n: Hot ng ca cc phng tin, my mc thi cng trn cng trng, cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu nh my ca, my xc, my i, xe trng ti nng lm pht sinh mt lng ting n kh ln v nh hng trc tip n cng nhn vn hnh cc thit b my mc v ngi dn hai bn ng vn chuyn vt liu ca cc phng tin giao thng. - Ngun pht sinh nc thi: + Nc thi sinh hot: m bo tin d n n v thi cng s s dng lao ng ti a phng pht dn thc b. Hu ht cc lao ng sinh hot ti gia nh ca h, thng h ch li vo bui tra v vy nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny l rt t. + Nc ma chy trn: Trong giai on ny ngun pht sinh nc thi ch yu l do nc ma chy trn. Nc ma vn khng cha cht nhim, nhng vo ma ma nc ma chy qua khu vc thi cng s mang theo du m, rc thi v cc vt cht khc c trn b mt t, gy nhim ngun nc. + Nc thi ra my mc, phng tin vn chuyn v thay du nht: Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh ra, bo tr my mc c cha cc ho cht c hi nh xng du, m, nht cc mui kim loi. - Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn:

+ Cht thi rn xy dng: Trong khi thi cng cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n, cc vt liu xy dng nh g, kim loi (khung nhm, st, inh, v.v..), carton, g dn, x bn, dy in, ng nha, knh, va, gch, v ng cc vt liu b v vn hoc ri vi s pht sinh cht thi rn trn cng trng. Nhng loi cht thi ny nu khng c thu gom hp l s c cun i theo nc ma chy trn vo cc con sui lm nh hng n cht lng mi trng nc ti ni tip nhn. + Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn t qu trnh pht quang, san i mt bng: Qu trnh pht quang, san i mt bng s lm pht sinh mt lng ln thn cy, r cy, l cy, v.v.. Lng g pht sinh s c tn thu, vn chuyn v bn cho cc n v c nhu cu g sn xut, lm vt liu, cc tiu, v.v.. phn cn li s c phi kh v t. + Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot: Cc cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn ch yu l ti nilon, chai l ng nc ung, v.v.. Tuy nhin, nh phn tch trn lng cng nhn ch yu l ngi dn a phng nn hu ht h sinh hot ti gia nh. V vy, lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh ti khu vc d n l rt nh v khng ng k. b. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Qu trnh pht quang, san i mt bng cc cng trnh ca d n s lm mt 1 phn din tch thm ph rng, ng thi ko theo mt s tc ng tiu cc n mi trng xung quanh. Qua phn tch cc hng mc v cc hot ng ca d n, cc ngun tc ng chnh n mi trng trong giai on ny nh sau: Bng 3.2. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on pht quang, san i mt bng Stt 1 Ngun gy tc ng Tc ng Pht quang thm thc - Bin i a dng sinh hc ti khu vc: vt + Mt thm thc vt rng trong ranh gii d n + ng vt s di c sang khu vc khc. + Suy gim thnh phn loi thu sinh trn cc con

Chuyn i t rng sang t sn xut nng nghip Thu ht lao ng - nh hng n kinh t - x hi khu vc: phc v d n v - Gii quyt cng n vic lm, tng thu nhp, ci u t nng cp thin i sng cho ngi dn ng s. - nh hng an ninh trt t a phng. - Pht quang thm thc vt: Vic pht quang thm thc vt vi mt din tch

sui + Mt cn bng sinh thi - Nguy c gy xi mn trt l t, - Suy gim ti nguyn nc - Bin i iu kin vi kh hu khu vc. - Thay i mc ch, c cu s dng t - Nng cao hiu qu s dng t.

ln s lm bin i a dng sinh hc ti khu vc, mt thm thc vt rng ti khu vc, lm suy gim thnh phn ca cc loi thu sinh ti cc con sui. Bn cnh vic pht quang thm thc vt s lm giam che ph dn ti nguy c xi mn, st l t , suy gim ti nguyn nc, bin i iu kin vi kh hu ti khu vc. - Chuyn i mc ch s dng t: Vic thay i mc ch s dng t s lm mt mt din tch ln t rng t ko theo s thay i h sinh thi khu vc t h sinh thi t nhin sang h sinh thi nng nghip lm nh hng n s sinh sng ca cc loi ng vt ti khu vc d n. Tuy nhin, din tch rng c pht quang chuyn i thnh t nng nghip ch yu l rng ngho kit v cy bi v vy vic chuyn i sang t nng nghip s nng cao c hiu qu s dng t ti khu vc. - Thu ht lao ng phc v d n: Vic tp kt cng nhn phc v cho d n bn cnh vic gii quyt c cng n vic lm cho ngi dn, ci thin i sng ca ngi dn a phng th vn an ninh trt t x hi ti khu vc d n cng l mt vn ng quan tm, cc t nn x hi cng c nhiu kh nng pht sinh nh trm cp nguyn vt liu, c bc, ru ch... nu khng c bin php qun l tt v ngn chn kp thi. 3.1.1.2. i tng v quy m b tc ng

Bng 3.3. i tng v quy m tc ng ca d n trong giai on khai hoang, xy dng cc cng trnh c bn Stt i tng Quy m tc ng I Mi trng t nhin Ch yu khu vc khai hoang, dc tuyn ng 1 Mi trng khng kh giao thng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu... 2 3 4 5 II 1 2 3 4 Mi trng nc Mi trng t Thm thc vt H ng vt Ch yu l ngun nc mt (cc con sui). Ngun nc ngm trn khu vc d n v ln cn. Khu vc pht quang, khai hoang, khu vc thi cng xy dng, khu vc bi t thi. Ton b thc vt trn din tch 260,710 ha rng v khu vc thi cng xy dng c s h tng d n. S lng ng vt sng trong khu vc khai hoang Kinh t - x hi

Th trng, dn s, Khu vc d n v cc vng ln cn. vic lm Sc kho cng nhn Cng nhn khai hoang, xy dng v ngi dn a v ngi dn phng. C s h tng Ch yu l h thng giao thng. An ninh trt t v an Khu vc d n v cc vng ln cn. ton x hi a. i vi mi trng t nhin - i vi mi trng khng kh: Trong giai on pht quang, san i mt bng, cc tc ng n mi trng

khng kh ch yu l bi, kh thi v ting n: + Bi pht sinh trong cc qu trnh san i mt bng, qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu, my mc thit b thi cng; + Kh thi (ch yu l kh SO2, NO2, CO,...) v ting n, rung ch yu pht sinh t cc phng tin thi cng v phng tin giao thng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu;

Tt c cc cht thi pht sinh ra trong giai on ny u c thi vo mi trng khng kh v s gy nhim khng kh xung quanh khu vc d n. i tng b nh hng trc tip l nhng cng nhn ang tham gia xy dng. Ngoi ra khi tin hnh chuyn i 260,710 ha din tch t rng sang t nng nghip s lm mt thm thc vt rng lm tng nhit khng kh v m dn ti s thay i iu kin vi kh hu ti khu vc. - i vi mi trng nc: Khi thc hin pht quang, san i mt bng, mi trng nc mt b tc ng nhiu hn. Nguyn nhn gy nhim nc mt c th l: + Nc ma chy trn qua khu vc d n cun theo t , cht cn b, du m; + Nc ra my mc, thit b thi cng, cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, g tn thu; Khi lng nc ny chy vo cc lu vc chng s ko theo mt lng ln cc cht cn b, ct si, t , cc cht c hi nh du m t hot ng bo tr my mc. Cc ngun nc mt b nh hng trc tip l nc ca cc con sui xung quanh khu vc d n. V vy cn c bin php hp l nhm gim thiu nhim cho ngun nc mt ti khu vc thi cng. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi thi ra trong qu trnh ny (c bit l cc cht thi nguy hi t qu trnh v sinh, bo tr my mc, thit b thi cng) mt phn s c thm vo cc mch nc ngm gy nhim ngun nc ngm. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca cc cht thi ny ti ngun nc ngm l khng ng k. Bn cnh cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng nc th vic pht quang 260,710 ha din tch rng s lm suy gim ti nguyn nc khu vc. - i vi mi trng t: Cc hot ng xy dng ca d n u gy nh hng n mi trng t: + Vic pht quang san i s lm cho a hnh khu vc b thay i mt phn v tim n nguy c gy xi mn b mt;

+ nhim du m, ho cht, kim loi do qu trnh bo tr, sa cha my mc thi cng v phng tin giao thng; Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng ny ch mang tnh cc b, n ch gy nhim vng t ca khu vc d n. Mc d vy cng cn phi c bin php gim thiu ti a kh nng pht sinh ra cht thi t hn ch c nhim cho mi trng t. ng ch l vic pht quang, san i mt bng s lm mt lp ph thc vt trn b mt t t lm tng nguy c xi mn t, cc cht dinh dng trong t mt phn b bc hi mt phn s b nc ma cun tri dn ti nguy c thoi ho t. - i vi thm thc vt: D n s pht quang ton b thm thc vt trn din tch 260,710 ha rng s lm gim a dang sinh hc do chuyn h sinh thi rng sang h sinh thi nng nghip, mt s loi thc vt trong h sinh thi rng c th b mt i, mt thm thc vt i c. - i vi h ng vt: Ti khu vc d n h ng vt y ch yu l cc loi ng vt nh v cc loi chim, khng c cc loi ng vt qu him c gi tr cn c bo v. Tuy nhin, khi thc hin d n ting n ca thit b my mc, ca cng nhn lm vic v c bit din tch rng khu vc mt i th s lng chim chc, ng vt s di chuyn sang khu vc bn cnh, t b quy nhiu v an ton hn. Mt s loi th nh, loi chim khu vc c th b suy gim do hot ng sn bt ca cc cng nhn lm vic v ngi dn a phng. b. i vi mi trng kinh t - x hi Trong qu trnh thi cng d n, hng ngy c nhiu lt xe t ti ra vo cng trng, ti cc tuyn ng xung quanh khu vc mt xe s tng ln nh hng n vic i li ca ngi dn, tng cc cht nhim trong khu vc nh ting n, bi, thm ch lm h hng cc tuyn ng khu vc nu khng c s kt hp hi ha v sp xp hp l, khoa hc trong qu trnh thi cng v iu ng xe ca

cc n v tham gia. Bn cnh s tp trung cng nhn vi s ng s xy ra cc t nn x hi v mu thun gia cc cng nhn thi cng. Tuy nhin, i vi ngi dn a phng, trong giai on khai hoang, xy dng cng nh thi gian d n i vo hot ng, mc tiu ca d n l s dng lao ng ca a phng. Nn d n s gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm, nng cao thu nhp cho ngi dn. 3.1.1.3. nh gi cc tc ng a. Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh - Tc ng do kh thi: + Tc ng ca kh thi pht sinh do cc phng tin giao thng: Hin nay, cha c s liu chun ha v tiu chun ngun thi do cc loi xe gy ra, do c th s dng phng php nh gi nhanh ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO) v mt s ti liu khc c lin quan xc nh c h s nhim khng kh i vi xe ti nh sau: Bng 3.3. H s nhim khng kh i vi xe ti St t 1 2 3 4 Cc loi xe Xe ti chy xng > 3,5 tn n v (U) 1000 km tn of Fuel SO2 kg/U 4,5*S 20*S 1,16*S 20*S 4,29*S 20*S 7,26*S 20*S NOx kg/U 4,5 20 0,7 12 11,8 55 18,2 50 CO kg/U 70 300 1 18 6 28 7,3 20 VOC kg/U 7 30 0,15 2,6 2,6 12 5,8 16

Xe ti nh ng c Diesel 1000 km < 3,5 tn tn of Fuel Xe ti ln ng c Diesel 3,5 n 16 tn 1000 km tn of Fuel

Xe ti ng c Diesel >16 1000 km tn tn of Fuel - tn of Fuel = tn du DO

Ngun s liu: T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) Ghi ch:

- S: Hm lng Sulfure trong du (S = 1%)

Vi S l hm lng Sulfure trong xng du (S = 1%), ta tnh c ti lng nhim kh thi cho 1 t ti chy du Diesel vi tc trung bnh 25 km/h, trng ti 3,5 16 tn, c ly trung bnh 1 km l: SO2 : 4,29S g/km

NOx : 11,80 g/km CO : 6,00 g/km

Trong giai on khai hoang, gii phng mt bng, xe ti ch yu vn chuyn vt liu, my mc, thit b thi cng v g tn thu. Tuy nhin, vng trin khai d n l vng kinh t km pht trin mt xe tham gia giao thng cn t do vy tc ng ca xe ti phc v d n i vi mi trng l khng ln; nh gi tc ng mc thp. + Tc ng ca kh thi pht sinh t hot ng khai hoang, san i mt bng: Kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng, ng c t trong gp phn lm thay i nhit kh quyn nh hng n qu trnh cn bng nhit ca bu kh quyn. i vi qu trnh khai hoang v san i, lng kh thi pht sinh ch yu t cc phng tin my mc thi cng, vn chuyn. Nhn chung, ti lng pht thi cht nhim l khng ln, cng vi xung quanh khu vc d n c thm ph rng, thnh phn mi trng nn khu vc d n tng i tt, kh nng lan truyn v pha long ti khu vc mnh, nn nh gi tc ng mc trung bnh. - Tc ng do bi: + Tc ng ca bi do qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu, my mc thit b thi cng: Nh chng ta bit bi c th lm gim chc nng h hp, cc bnh ngoi da, cc bnh v mt, v.v.. bn knh nh hng ca bi ti khong cch 500m xui theo chiu gi, tc ng mnh v ch yu nht l cng nhn trc tip tham gia khai hoang, san i mt bng. hn ch tc hi n con ngi, ch d n cn c gii php khai hoang v vn chuyn hp l. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn g tn thu, vt liu phc v xy dng cc cng trnh, hot ng cy xi, san gt t s pht sinh ti lng bi v lm tng nng

 bi khu vc. Tuy nhin, kh nng pht thi bi cn ph thuc vo iu kin nhit, m, gi theo ma nn nng bi gy nhim mi trng khng kh trong ma kh c kh nng ln hn ma ma. Qu trnh vn chuyn g tn thu, nguyn vt liu phc v d n lm tng thm mt giao thng trn cc tuyn ng i vo khu vc d n, ng ngha sinh ra mt lng bi tng i bm vo cy ci, hoa mu dc theo tuyn ng v lm gim tc sinh trng ca cy xanh. + Tc ng ca bi do qu trnh pht quang, khai hoang: Cng vic ny tin hnh ch yu bng th cng kt hp thi cng c gii (my o gc, my cht h cy, v.v..). Lng bi pht sinh trong qu trnh ny mt phn ng trn thn cy, l; mt phn khuch tn vo khng kh v pht tn ra cc vng xung quanh. Theo tnh ton vi tng din tch cn san i pht quang l 260,710 ha. Do c im ca khu vc d n c a hnh i ni xen vi thung lng nn cng tc khai hoang cn kt hp gia c gii v th cng; tuy nhin lng bi pht sinh trn ton b din tch d n l khng ng k. - Tc ng do ting n: Ting n pht sinh ca d n ch yu t s dng my ca, my xc, my i, xe ti nng. Tc hi ca ting n l lm gim chc nng ca thnh gic, gy nh hng n tm sinh l ca con ngi, gy ra cc cm gic s hi, u lo, mt mi, mt ng, git mnh, gim nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn v gia tng t l tai nn lao ng. Ngoi ra, ting n t cc thit b my mc, xe vn chuyn ca d n s tc ng xu n vic c tr n nh cng nh s sinh tn v pht trin ca cc loi chim, loi th ang sinh sng ti khu vc d n. Cc ng vt, chim chc xung quanh khu vc s suy gim dn hoc di chuyn n ni khu rng xa t b quy

nhiu v yn tnh hn sinh sng. tnh nh hng ca ting n, s dng cng thc Markemin ze, 1985 tnh ton: Lp(X) = Lp(X0) + 20lg(X0/X) Trong : Lp(X0): Mc n cch ngun 1m (dBA) Lp(X): Mc n ti v tr cn tnh ton (dBA) X: V tr cn tnh ton; X0 = 1m Bng 3.4. Kt qu tnh ton v d bo tc ng ting n cho khu vc d n Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 Loi my mc
Xe ti My trn b tng My o t My xc My ca My i

Mc n ng vi khong cch 1m
108 98 118 116 105 116

Mc n ng vi khong cch (m) 5

94,0 84,0 104,0 102,0 91,0 102,0

15
85,0 75,0 95,0 93,0 82,0 93,0

30
78,0 68,0 88,0 86,0 75,0 86,0

45
75,0 65,0 85,0 83,0 72,0 83,0

60
73,0 63,0 83,0 81,0 70,0 81,0

100
68,0 58,0 78,0 76,0 65,0 76,0

Ghi ch: - TCVN 5949 - 1998: Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c: 75 dBA (6 18h), p dng mc n ti khu vc 3. - TC B Y t: Ting n khu vc sn xut, thi gian tip xc 8h l 85 dBA. Qua kt qu tnh ton trn ta thy, so vi tiu chun cho php v ting n th bn knh nh hng t cc thit b my mc v xe ti nng tham gia d n ngoi 100 m (cha tnh s cng hng khi c nhiu my mc hot ng cng lc). Tuy nhin, vng d n dn c tha tht li cch khu vc d n >500m nn tc ng ca ting n l khng ng k. Ngi chu nh hng ca ting n ch yu l nhng ngi trc tip iu khin cc my mc v phng tin trn. - Lm bin i iu kin vi kh hu:

Nh chng ta bit rng c tc dng tch cc rt ln trong iu ho kh hu cho khu vc, ch yu t qu trnh thot hi nc t cy ci, to my ma. Theo thng k ca cc nh khoa hc, t 1 ha rng trn t kh lng nc thot ra khong 2.100 m3/nm, tng ng vi lng ma 210 mm; cn nu trn t m s thot ra gn 4.000 m3/nm, tng ng vi lng ma 400 mm. Ngoi ra, nhit khng kh trong rng, vn cy thng thp hn ch trng l 2 - 3 , nhit mt c thng nh hn nhit mt t kh l 3 - 6 . Cy xanh ngui i rt nhanh khi ht nng trong khi b mt t vn tip tc ko di vi gi. Nh vy, rng c kh nng lm gim nhit khng kh khu vc, tng m khng kh khu vc t qu trnh bc hi b mt ca l, to ra kh hu mt m, trong lnh v gim cc nng nhim khng kh c hi. Khi thc hin d n thm ph rng b mt i s lm kh nng tng nhit v gim m khng kh khu vc. Tuy nhin, so vi tng din tch rng t nhin ca khu vc d n th tc ng ca d n n vic bin i vi kh hu khu vc l khng ng k. b. Tc ng ti mi trng nc - Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot: Nh phn tch trn hu ht cc lao ng l nhng ngi dn a phng, nn mi sinh hot ca h u ti gia nh, thng h ch li vo bui tra v vy nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny l rt t v tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot l khng ng k. - Tc ng ca nc ma chy trn:

Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch kh hu khu vc. Lng ma trung bnh ca vng d n l 1.225 mm s ngy ma trung bnh l 144 ngy. Ma ma bt u t thng V n thng XI, thng ma nhiu nht l thng X v thng XI. Trong thi gian thi cng, cc cht nhim ny s lm tng lng cn l lng, cht rn khng tan, du m v vi khun trong ngun nc mt ti im nhn thi. Tng din tch khu vc d n l 260,710 ha, khi khai hoang che ph rng s < 10%. Theo Vososki vi che ph <10% th dng chy b mt chim 80%, ta tnh c ti lng nc ma chy trn: Q = 268,62 x 1.225 x 80% = 263247,6 m3/nm Nh vy, lng nc ma chy trn khong 263247,6 m3/nm. Theo s liu ca T chc y t th gii (1993) thnh phn ca nc ma chy trn gm: Bng 3.5. Nng cc cht c trong nc ma chy trn Stt 1 2 3 4 Tng Nit Tng Phospho COD TSS Ch tiu n v tnh mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Nng 0,5 - 1,5 0,003 - 0,004 10 - 20 10 - 20

Ngun: T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), 1993 Ngun nhim do nc ma chy trn thay i theo ma, vo ma ma ti lng nhim s cao hn hn ma kh, mt khc nng cc cht nhim c trong nc ma chy trn thp hn nhiu ln so vi nng trong nc thi sinh hot. Ngoi ra, do thi gian khai hoang ch yu din ra vo cc thng ma kh nn lng nc ma chy trn qua khu vc s t hn rt nhiu nn tc ng ca ngun thi ny l khng ng k. - Tc ng ca nc thi ra my mc v du nht thi:

Vic khai hoang tin hnh bng phng php th cng l chnh, my mc ch yu c s dng h ng ng mc nn s lng my mc s dng l khng nhiu, cht thi pht sinh t nh gi tc ng l khng ng k. Du nht thi pht sinh t vic bo tr v sa cha c kh trung bnh l 16 lt/xe v 4 ln/nm, thi gian khai hoang san i mt bng l 5 thng (thay nht 2 ln) nh vy lng du nht thi pht sinh tnh cho 1 xe l: Q = 2 x 16 = 32 lt Mc d cht thi ny c nng cht nhim ln nhng lng du nht sau khi thay c thu gom v x l hp l nn tc ng ny khng ln v ngn hn nn hon ton c th khc phc c. - Tng kh nng suy gim ngun nc: Qu trnh khai hoang, xy dng d n pht sinh cnh cy, l cy, gc cy, t , v.v Khi gp ma ln dng chy s cun tri xung sui lm thu hp, bi lp lng sui Ea L v sui Ea Pp. Khi cc cnh l cy, r cy b thi ra s lm nhim ngun nc, nh hng xu n mi trng sinh thi khu vc. Rng c vai tr bo v ngun nc, thm thc vt c chc nng quan trng trong vic ngn cn mt phn nc ma trc tip ri xung t v c vai tr phn phi li lng nc ny. Khi hm lng nc tng cnh kh l rng vt qu lng gi nc ln nht, nc bt u thm vo tng t. Do tc dng ci to t ca rng lm cho t c kt cu ht tt hn, kh nng thm nc ln hn. Kt qu nghin cu t vng cao nguyn, lng nc thm vo t rng gp 1,6 - 4,7 ln so vi t nng nghip, t c th thy t rng mang mt b phn dng chy b mt chuyn bin thnh nc trong t v mch nc ngm. Tuy nhin, d n ch lm mt 260,710 ha t rng trn tng din tch 19.295,7 ha t rng ca th x. Nn nh gi tc ng n ti nguyn nc l khng ng k

c. Tc ng ti mi trng t - Tc ng bi cht thi rn xy dng: Nh phn tch trn cht thi rn xy dng bao gm nh g, kim loi (khung nhm, st, inh, v.v..), carton, g dn, x bn, dy in, ng nha, knh, va, gch, v ng cc vt liu, v.v.. b v vn hoc ri vi s pht sinh cht thi rn trn cng trng. Da theo nh mc lng v gi nguyn vt liu trc tip sn xut mt sn phm, c 1 kg nguyn liu cho 1 sn phm th nguyn liu hao ht 0,05 kg, lng hao ht chnh l ph thi xy dng. Nh vy, c 1 tn nguyn liu s pht sinh 10 kg cht thi xy dng. Vi lng pht sinh nh vy kt hp iu kin tri ma cc cht thi rn ny s c cun i theo dng nc lm nh hng xu ngun nc mt khu vc. Nu khng c bin php thu gom, x l s tc ng ng k n mi trng xung quanh. - Tc ng bi cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh pht quang, khai hoang: thc hin d n, Ch u t s hp ng thu cc n v khai thc tn thu g, pht quang v khai hoang cho khong 169 ha ha rng t nhin. Theo kt qu iu tra hin trng rng, th khu vc d n ch yu t rng khp ngho thuc kiu rng khp ngho (RIIIA1) c tr lng bnh qun l 25,6m3/ha, gi tr kinh t thp. Trong qu trnh thc hin khi lng thn cy, cnh cy, r cy, l cy, pht sinh rt ln. Tng tr lng g pht sinh ca d n l 4.326 m3, d kin khi lng thn cy c tn thu, vn chuyn bn cho cc n v c nhu cu g sn xut, lm vt liu, cc tiu, v.v.. Ngoi ra, khi khai hoang rng c pht sinh thm cnh, l, r cy: Theo phng trnh Brown, S. 1997. c tnh sinh khi v thay i sinh khi rng nhit i. S lc. n phm lm nghip FAO 134. FAO, Rome, Italy. E(t) = SV x WD x BEF

E(t): c tnh sinh khi trn mt t ti thi im t do hot ng d n to ra (t tn/ha) SV: th tch cy ng (m3/ha) WD: t trng g c bn (tn/m3), WD = 0,7 BEF: H s chuyn i sinh khi (t l sinh khi trn mt t vi sinh khi g c gi tr thng mi), BEF = 1,2 E= 25,6 x 0,7 x 1,2 = 21,504 tn/ha. Nh vy vic khai thc tn thu, pht quang v khai hoang 169 ha rng ca d n th tng sinh khi thc vt pht sinh l khong 3.718 tn. D kin khi lng thn cy c tn thu, vn chuyn bn cho cc n v c nhu cu g sn xut, lm vt liu, cc tiu, v.v... Ring cnh, l, r cy s thu gom phi kh ri em t. - Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot: Cht thi rn sinh hot ca cng nhn khai hoang, xy dng ch yu l bao ni lng, chai l, v.v... Theo bo co din bin mi trng Vit Nam 2004, mi ngi dn Vit Nam nng thn trung bnh pht thi khong 0,3 kg cht thi sinh hot mi ngy, trong thnh phn hu c chim 60 - 65%. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht d n l s dng nhng lao ng a phng cho cng tc khai hoang, cht ph rng nn hu ht cng nhn sinh hot ti nh. Lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh ti khu vc d n c coi l khng ng k (ch yu l cc ti nilon, chai l ng nc ung ca cng nhn, v.v..). V vy, c th nh gi tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot ln mi trng t ti khu vc d n l khng ng k. - Tc ng ca nc thi: Nh phn tch trn do tnh cht ca d n nn hu ht cng nhn thc hin cng tc khai hoang, san i mt bng u sinh hot ti nh nn ti lng nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn l khng ng k. Tc ng ca nc thi ln mi trng t trong giai on khai hoang, san i mt bng cha yu l nc ma chy

trn ko theo cc bn (xng du, nht thi, v.v..) ngm vo t lm suy thoi cht lng t ti khu vc d n. Tuy nhin, lng xng du, nht thi ri vi l khng ng k nn tc ng ca loi cht nhim ny ti mi trng t l khng ng k. - Tng nguy c gy xi mn t: Thm thc vt rng khu vc d n b ph hu (c bit l mt i lp thm c, cy bi) lm mt kh nng thm v gi nc ca t, tng dng chy trn mt, chnh v vy s lm tng ng k lng t b xi mn. Khi hin tng xi mn xy ra hu ht N, P, K v nguyn t vi lng u b ra tri, mi trng sinh thi t v nc b xu ha, sc sn xut nc gim bt, cht nc b nhim cc dng sui h u bi lp, uy hip n s an ton trong phng l lt ca khu vc d n v cc x ln cn. D n s thc hin pht quang, khai hoang rng, dn sch r cc loi cy rng, cy c di,Nh vy, thm thc vt rng khu vc d n b ph hu, lm mt kh nng thm v gi nc ca t, tng dng chy trn mt, chnh v vy s lm tng ng k lng t b xi mn. p dng phng php tnh xi mn t do ma theo TCVN 5299 : 1995, nh sau: A = 2,47. R.K.L.S.C.P R - Yu t kh nng xi mn ca ma; K - Yu t tnh xi mn ca t; L - Yu t di sn dc; S - Yu t dc; C - Yu t thc vt v lun canh; P Yu t hiu qu ca cc bin php chng xi mn. Vng d n ch yu phn b a hnh dc cp I, II (0 - 80), chiu di dc l 200 m; Vi lng ma 1225 mm/nm cho php tnh c:

Ch s R c Elilsion a vo nm 1980 c p dng cho rng ma nhit i R = 0,5 x P = 0,5 x 1225mm = 612,5; cn ch s xi mn K c tnh bng 0,22 do t khu vc d n l t xm. LS=( 22 ,13 )m (0,065+0,045S+0,0065S2) = 0,207581 X-Chiu di dc, ly trung bnh 200m S- di sn dc =9% (do khu vc c dc 0-80) m-h s m (xc nh 0,5 vi S>=5%) Nu thm thc vt rng b khai hoang th h s C = 1,0 (c tnh cho t hoang); Gi d y cha c p dng mt bin php bo v t no c, do vy h s P nhn gi tr bng 1. Thay cc gi tr vo phng trnh ta c: A = 2,47.R.K.LS.C.P = 2,47 612,5 0,22 1,0 0,207581 1,0 = 69,09 tn/ha/nm i chiu vi tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5299: 1995, th mc xi mn t thuc cp III, v vy cn c bin php bo v. Bng 3.6. Tiu chun cc cp xi mn t. Cp xi mn Cp I Cp II Cp III Cp IV Ngun: TCVN 5229-1995 Do mt s iu tit dng chy trn khu vc d n, vo ma ma vn tc dng chy trn cc sui khu vc tng ln ng k, ko theo qu trnh xi l b v trt l Ch tiu 0-10 tn/ha/nm 10-50 tn/ha/nm 50-200 tn/ha/nm >200 tn/ha/nm
X

t . c bit l i vi vng b c cu to bi nhng vt cht b ri, kt cu v mc lin kt yu, c dc ln qu trnh st l c th xy ra mnh hn. Tuy nhin, xi mn ch tc ng mnh vo thi k khai hoang, san i khi din tch t c giao cho nng dn canh tc nng nghip, thc hin cc bin php k thut chng xi mn th kh nng xi mn t s gim dn. d. Tc ng ti mi trng sinh thi khu vc v a dng sinh hc - Tc ng tch cc: Do t rng ch yu l rng khp, hiu qu kinh t khng cao, do vy khi chuyn i mc ch sang sn xut nng nghip s lm tng hiu qu kinh t cho khu vc, gp phn xo i gim ngho. - Tc ng tiu cc: D n chuyn i mc ch s dng t t t lm nghip sang sn xut nng nghip s trc tip v gin tip tc ng ti h sinh thi v a dng sinh hc trong khu vc ch yu thng qua cc tc ng c th ghi nhn c di y: + Tc ng n h thc vt: Vic khai hoang cc din tch rng trong vng d n s ko theo mt s loi cy c trong vng d n suy gim v s lng cc th loi, c th: Vic khai hoang 260,710 ha rng khp rng l (RIIb,RIIIa1), lm mt i mt s loi u th nh: Du ng (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus), C cht (Shorea obtusa), Cm lin (Shorea siamensis), Chiu liu (Terminalia tomentosa), Du tr ben (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius), Du trai (Dipterocarpus intricatus)... v mt s loi tng di tn rng cy nh nh: M tin (Strychnos nux-blanda), Me rng (Phyllanthus emblica), My (Calamus spp). Ngoi cc loi cy g b mt, vic chuyn i t rng cn lm mt tng cy bi v thm ti l cc loi c kh phong ph nhng ph bin nht l Le l c (Vietnamosasa pusilla) v St c (arundinaria pusilla), Rau Sng (Melientha

suavis) mc thnh nhng din tch ng k trn t khng b ngp nc v loi S t (Dillenia hookeri), nhng ni d b ngp nc. Qu trnh pht quang, khai hoang trn din tch 268,62,4 ha chuyn sang sn xut nng nghip lm mt nhiu loi thc vt trong khu vc lm cho h sinh thi b suy gim v mt tnh a dng. + Tc ng n h ng vt: Do khu vc d n c nhiu tc ng ca con ngi v xung quanh vng d n c cc h dn sinh sng, canh tc nng nghip nn h ng vt y b suy gim v cn kit, mt s loi ng vt ln hu nh khng cn, m ch cn li cc loi ng vt nh, ng vt khng xng sng v khng c cc loi ng vt qu him hoc c gi tr cn c bo v. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai d n s mt i din tch rng r nhin khu vc d n, mc d l rng ngho kit, b tc ng nhiu bi con ngi nhng cng t nhiu tc ng n cc loi ng vt trong vng d n v cc vng ln cn, c bit l lm mt ngun thc n phong ph c trong cc thm thc vt v trong t rng. Mt s loi c kh nng di c c nh lp chim, lp th s di c i ni khc. Cc loi cn li, c bit l nhng loi lm hang sng di t nh: cc, ch, nhi, rn, tc k, v.v.. thuc lp ch nhi v lp b st ti khu vc san i s b mt, b suy gim. + Tc ng n h thu sinh: Qu trnh khai hoang, xy dng lm mt h sinh thi trn cn, ko theo h thu sinh cng chu tc ng theo. Thm thc vt rng mt i, kh nng lm tng tc dng chy ca cc sui trong khu vc vo ma ma, cn vo ma kh gim s iu tit ngun nc v kh nng bc thot hi nc tng cao dn n kh cn dng sui. Chnh cc tc ng lm cho thnh phn loi thu sinh trn khu vc gim i mt cch ng k.

Ngoi ra, hin tng t b cun theo dng nc xung cc con sui khu vc, lm tng c v gim din tch mt nc, ng ngha vi mt s loi thu sinh b tiu dit, kh nng pht trin thnh phn cc loi gim. + Tc ng n s cn bng sinh thi: Khai hoang 260,710 ha t rng s lm mt che ph rng ca khu vc d n. Lm mt i cc c th loi thc vt c trong vng d n, c bit l gim i din tch rng khp l kiu rng tha cy l rng h Du (Dipterocarpaceae) c mt khng hai ca t nc. T vic mt rng s lm mt i ngun cung cp thc n qu bu cho cc loi ng vt, t s lm suy gim h ng vt ca vng do phi di chuyn sang vng khc hoc b tiu dit. V vy vic ph rng khng nhng tc ng n s a dng trong khu vc d n m cn c th nh hng n phm vi rng ln hn, nh ton b vng thuc th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai (chia ct s phn b ca cc loi v ph v tnh nguyn vn ca h sinh thi rng t nhin v thay vo l h sinh thi nng nghip). Ngoi ra vic suy gim din tch rng t nhin s tc ng n s cn bng sinh thi ca khu vc, lm gim kh nng chng chu trc cc tc nhn gy hi nh su, bnh, hn hn, gi bo, l lt, t iu tit, bo v t, bo v nc, v.v.. Tuy nhin, do c im rng ti vng d n l rng khp ngho, t trng chim phn ln v h sinh thi t a dng do tc ng ca dn c ln cn, nn nh hng n h sinh thi vng d n l mc trung bnh. Hn na, sau khi pht quang, khai hong xong din thc t c chuyn giao cho ngi dn sn xut nng nghip dn dn h sinh thi mi c thit lp, cc chui thc n mi hnh thnh, s phong ph hn v s lng v chng loi. T hnh thnh h sinh thi mi, h sinh thi nng nghip. e. Tc ng ti mi trng kinh t - x hi - i vi ngi dn a phng: trong giai on khai hoang, xy dng v thi gian d n i vo hot ng, mc tiu ca d n l s dng lao ng ca a

phng, c bit l nhng h b mt t khi thc hin d n. Bn cnh , theo nh gi ca UBND x th hin nay trn a bn x c 5.384 lao ng trong tui. Khi d n i vo hot ng s thu ht s lao ng ny vo tham gia, gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm, nng cao thu nhp cho h. - Trong qu trnh thi cng d n, hng ngy c nhiu lt xe t ti ra vo cng trng, ti cc tuyn ng xung quanh khu vc mt xe s tng ln lm nh hng n vic i li ca ngi dn, tng cc cht nhim khu vc nh ting n, bi, thm ch lm h hng cc tuyn ng khu vc nu khng c s kt hp hi ha v sp xp hp l, khoa hc trong qu trnh thi cng v iu ng xe ca cc n v tham gia. - Vic chuyn i 260,710 ha t rng sang t nng nghip s gip cho ngi dn c t sn xut nng nghip tng bc ci thin i sng ca b con nng dn, gp phn xo i gim ngho bn cnh s trnh c tnh trng du canh du c, t nng lm ry ca ngi dn. f. nh gi s c mi trng - Tai nn lao ng trong khai hoang, san i mt bng v tn thu g t nhin: + Nguyn nhn: * Do b cc loi cn trng nh rn rt, b cp, v.v.. cn trong lc lm vic; * Do bt cn, ch quan ca cng nhn khi khai thc vn chuyn g; * Nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng ti cc a im thi cng, nht l trong qu trnh san gt, o p; * Nguy c xy ra tai nn do thit b thc hin cha m bo thng s k thut; * Cng trng thi cng s c nhiu phng tin vn chuyn ra vo c th dn n cc tai nn giao thng. Khi cng trng thi cng trong nhng ngy ma th

kh nng gy ra tai nn lao ng cn c th s cao hn v cc s c v in d xy, t mm v d ln s gy ra cc s c cho ngi v cc my mc thit b thi cng. Cc vn v tai nn lao ng c th xy ra bt c lc no nu cc quy nh v an ton lao ng khng c cc n v chp hnh nghim chnh. + Tc hi: * Cc nhim mi trng c kh nng lm nh hng xu n sc khe ca ngi lao ng trn cng trng. Ty thuc vo thi gian v mc tc dng c kh nng lm nh hng n ngi lao ng nh gy chong vng, mt mi; * S c tai nn xy ra khng d on trc c, khi xy ra s gy thit hi rt ln v ngi v ti sn, nh hng n tin thi cng ca d n. - S c chy n v chy rng: + Nguyn nhn: * Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho thi cng, my mc, thit b k thut (sn, xng, du, v.v..) l cc ngun gy chy n. Khi s c xy ra c th gy ra nh hng v ngi, kinh t v mi trng; * Trong qu trnh thi cng do bt cn ca cng nhn c th gy ra s c chy rng. * Trong khu vc khai hoang, co rt nhiu cac loai cy, bui kh a phat quang, s c chay n trong khu vc d an c nguy c chay lan ra cac khu rng ln cn nu khng co cac bin phap bao v. + Tc hi: * Khi s c xy ra s gy thit hi n tnh mng v ti sn, nh hng n mi trng khu vc d n. V vy, ch d n v n v thi cng cn c cc bin php phng chng s c chy, n c th xy ra. - S c l qut:

+ Nguyn nhn: * Do c im ca khu vc d n, nm trong khu vc c kh nng xy ra l qut v ngp ng khi ma ma n. Do a hnh vng d n thp, s ngy ma tp trung v ko di, lng nc tp trung thng ngun v gy ra l qut; * Do hot ng khai hoang gy ra qu trnh xi mn t, lng bn ct s bi lng trong sui, thu hp dng chy gy ra l; * Trn nhng loi t c thnh phn c gii nh, lp ph thc vt mt i cng lm gia tng nguy c l qut. Chnh v vy ch d n cn ch trng trong vic thit k l tha ph hp vi a hnh a vt, xy dng h thng thot nc m bo tiu nc tt trong ma ma gim thiu nguy c l qut v ngp ng. + Tc hi: Vic xy ra l qut s gy tc ng rt ln trong qu trnh khai hoang, v lc ny khu vc d n b i trng, do kh nng gi nc km, nn c th s gy thit hi n tnh mng v vt cht ca cng ty. - S c khi cy trng khng sinh trng v pht trin c trn vng d n: Vic chuyn i 260,710 ha t rng khu vc d n sn xut nng nghip s c nhiu tc ng n mi trng t nhin kinh t x hi ca khu vc d n. Qua kt qu iu tra nh gi t, iu kin t nhin khu vc d n cho thy, mt s yu t hn ch i vi yu cu sinh thi ca cy trng nn s c nhiu nh hng n vic sinh trng v pht trin. Trong trng hp cy trng sinh trng tt s b p li mt phn nhng tc ng do vic ph rng gy ra. Trng hp cy trng khng sinh trng c s gy ra nhng tc ng ln i vi mi trng t nhin - kinh t x hi d khu vc d n nh nh gi mc 3.1.1.3. nh lm gim i din tch rng khp ca vng d n m nu mt i s khng ti sinh c. Khi cy trng khng sinh trng c th

t d n s tr thnh t trng i ni trc, kh nng gi nc km dn n l lt hng nm din ra, lm tng nguy c xi mn t. Tuy nhin do qu trnh chun b u t ch d n phi hp vi cc n v chc nng tin hnh iu tra nh gi t, kh hu, thi tit so snh vi yu cu sinh thi ca cy trng (). Kt qu iu tra cho thy c mt s ch tiu v ho tnh t t thch hp, cn li l ph hp vi cy trng. g. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng Bng 3.7. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng n mi trng trong giai on khai hoang, san i mt bng Tc ng Stt Hot ng Khai hoang, gii phng mt bng, ui va cay t, xi t San lp mt bng. Xy dng nha lam vic va nha tp th. Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, thit b phc v d n (my mc, g, nhin liu). Hot ng d tr, bo qun nhin nguyn vt liu phc v cng trnh Sinh hot ca cng nhn. Tng hp Khng kh +++ +++ +++ Nc ++ + + t +++ ++ + TN sinh hc +++ +++ ++ Sc kho ++ +++ +++

1 2 3

4 5

++ + +++

+ + ++

++ + ++

+ + ++

++ + ++

Ghi ch:

+ ++ ++

t tc ng Tc ng trung bnh Tc ng mnh

+ 3.1.2. nh gi tc ng trong giai on canh tc, sn xut nng nghip 3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng

a. Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Bng 3.8. Cc ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ngun gy tc ng Cht thi Hot ng phng tin vn chuyn sn - Kh thi, bi, ting n. phm sau thu hoch. - Rc thi bao b ng phn bn, Trng cy trn 260,710 ha thuc BVTV..., Nc ma chy trn cun theo phn, - Nc c cha cc cht nhim thuc BVTV. Hot ng chm sc cy trng. - Kh thi, rc thi, nc thi. - Mi ha cht pha ch thuc Lu tr phn bn, thuc BVTV. BVTV. - Mi ca phn bn ho hc. Hot ng khai thc sn phm nng - Phn d tha ca thc vt nghip - Ngun pht sinh kh thi, bi, ting n v mi: + Ngun pht sinh kh thi: Trong giai on ny ngun pht sinh kh thi ch yu l do qu trnh vn chuyn phn bn, thuc BVTV v sn phm sau thu hach ca b con nng dn. Cc loi kh thi pht sinh nh CO2, NOx, CO,... nhng cht kh ny kh pht sinh vi mt lng ln s lm nh hng n sc kho ca ngi dn, cng nh s sinh trng, pht trin ca cc loi cy trng. + Ngun pht sinh bi: Bi ch yu pht sinh t qu trnh vn chuyn phn bn, thuc BVTV, sn phm sau thu hoch v qu trnh cy xi lm t ca b cn nng dn. Bi pht sinh s theo chiu gi gy nhim mi trng khng kh tc ng n sc kho ca ngi dn. Bn cnh bi bm vo b mt l ca cy trng lm gim kh nng h hp ca cy, nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng pht trin cha cy trng. + Ngun pht sinh ting n:

Ting n pht sinh bi hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn phn bn, thuc BVTV v phng tin k thut nh my cy,... Ting n s tc ng n sc kho ca nhng ngi trc tip vn hnh cc phng tin . + Ngun pht sinh mi: cy trng sinh trng v pht trin tt, ngi nng dn hng nm phi s dng mt lng ho cht thuc BVTV, thuc tr su khi c dch su v bnh hi. Trong qu trnh phun xt s pht sinh mi hi ca thuc nh hng n sc kho cng nhn v mi trng khng kh khu vc. Mi hi thuc BVTV rt c hi cho con ngi khi ht phi, c bit nhng ngi trc tip s dng thuc. Mi hi gy ra kh chu, au u v chng mt cho con ngi khi ht phi. - Ngun pht sinh nc thi: + Nc thi pht sinh qu trnh phun xt thuc BVTV, thuc tr su: Qu trnh S dng thuc BVTV c lin quan trc tip ti mi trng nc. Nc c th b nhim trong cc trng hp sau: * Pha ch v sc ra cc dng c phun xt dn n kt qu l mt s lng ln dung dch Thuc BVTV phi c gi li v x l; * Thuc BVTV b ri vi, r r hoc ra tri t thit b phun xt, kho cha c kh nng nhim vo ngun nc mt hoc nc ngm; * nc ra dng c cha thuc BVTV xung sui. + Nc ma chy trn: Trong qu trnh canh tc ngi dn s s dng mt lng nht nh phn bn ho hc, thuc BVTV, thuc tr su. Khi tri ma lng nc ma chy trn s cun theo cc ho cht d tha vo cc con sui xung quanh khu vc lm nhim c cho cc loi thu sinh vt sng ti . Mt khc qu trnh thm thu ca nc vo t cng ko theo cc cht c hi vo t v nc ngm lm nhim mi trng t v nc ngm ti khu vc.

- Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn: + Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn trong qu trnh chm sc v bo v cy trng: Nhng loi cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh ny ch yu l cc bao b cha phn bn, cc v chai ng thuc dit c, thuc BVTV, thuc tr su,... Nhng loi cht thi ny s theo nc ma chy vo cc con sui xung quanh khu vc gy nhim mi trng nc v lm mt m quan khu vc. + Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn trong qu trnh thu hoch: Trong qu trnh thu hoch ca b con nng dn s lm pht sinh ra mt lng kh ln thn, cnh cy, l cy, r cy, v.v.. Nhng sn phm d tha ny nu khng c thu gom x l chng s theo nc ma chy trn vo cc con sui xung quanh gy nhim ngun nc mt v lm mt m quan khu vc. Tuy nhin, nhng sn phm d tha ny thng c b con tn dng lm phn bn cho cy trng hoc thu gom em t. b. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi Bng 3.9: Ngun gy nhim mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai on canh tc, sn xut nng nghip Stt 1 2 Ngun gy tc ng Khi thc hin canh tc nng nghip trn din tch 260,710 ha t rng - Cc hot ng trong qu trnh chm sc v bo v cy trng c nhng tim nng nguy c dn n xi mn t. - Phun thuc bo v cy trng li d lng thuc trong t s lm cho t b nhim c. - Qu trnh bn phn cho cy trng c mt s tc dng tch cc nh lm cho t ti xp v tng ph nhiu ca t. Tuy nhin, nu s dng phn bn ho hc qu mc khng ng quy trnh k thut s c kh nng dn n Tc ng Thay i ch vi kh hu khu vc nh hng n ti nguyn t khu vc.

thoi ho t. - Khi thc hin canh tc trn din tch t mi c khai hoang, hnh thnh thm thc vt trng ti khu vc d n s gp phn iu tit li dng chy v lm gim kh nng mt nc khu vc. - Lng phn bn, thuc BVTV pha long hoc thm vo ngun nc, lm nhim ngun nc khu vc. - Khi hot ng canh tc sn xut nng nghip c tin hnh s hnh thnh nn mt h sinh thi mi, h sinh thi nng nghip. H sinh thi ch yu l cc thm thc vt trng, cc sinh vt cn trng sng trn thn cy, l cy v trong lng t. - Qu trnh phun xt thuc BVTV s tiu dit mt s cc loi vi sinh vt, su hi trong khu vc. - Hot ng chm sc, khai thc, vn chuyn ca con ngi trong khu vc d n s lm cn tr qu trnh di c, sinh sn ca mt s ng vt sng cc khu rng xung quanh d n. - Khi cc loi cy trng n thi k thu hoch s to ra ngun thu nhp cho gia nh, ci thin i sng, tng bc xo i, gim ngho. - B tr t sn xut nng nghip cho khong 174 h dn thuc x Ch Bh.

nh hng n ngun nc khu vc.

Tc ng ti a dng sinh hc ca khu vc

nh hng n kinh t - x hi khu vc.

3.1.2.2. i tng v quy m b tc ng Bng 3.10. i tng v quy m b tc ng trong giai on canh tc, sn xut nng nghip Stt I 1 2 i tng Mi trng khng kh Mi trng nc Quy m tc ng Mi trng t nhin Cht lng mi trng khng kh, vi kh hu khu vc ni vng d n v vng ln cn Ch yu l ngun nc mt sui tip nhn t,

3 4 5 II 1 2

Mi trng t Thm thc vt H sinh vt, ng vt Sc kho ca nng dn Lao ng, vic lm v thu nhp - Mi trng khng kh:

ct, ph sa, phn bn v thuc BVTV... Ch yu khu vc ni vng d n Thc vt cn trong khu vc d n S lng thu sinh vt, ng vt sng trong khu vc d n Kinh t - x hi 174 h nng dn c t sn xut nng nghip thuc x Ch Bh Khu vc d n v cc vng khc trn a bn x Ch Bh

a. i vi mi trng t nhin

Trong giai on ny mi trng khng kh b tc ng bi kh thi, bi t qu trnh vn chuyn phn bn, thuc BVTV, mi, hi ca phn ho hc, thuc BVTV t qu trnh chm sc, bo v cy trng. Cc loi cht thi ny c tnh c hi cao khi pht sinh s gy nhim n mi trng khng kh quanh khu vc v nh hng n sc kho ca ngi dn. - Mi trng nc: Trong giai on ny mi trng nc b tc ng bi nc ma chy trn, nc thi t qu trnh chm sc, bo v cy trng (ti tiu, phun xt ho cht BVTV, v.v..). Nhng loi nc thi ny khi chy vo cc con sui xung quanh s ko theo cc tn d ho cht BVTV, phn ho hc v gy nhim c ngun nc mt ti khu vc lm nh hng n s sinh trng pht trin ca cc loi thu sinh vt sng cc con sui . - Mi trng t: Khi din tch 260,710 ha t rng c giao cho ngi n sn xut nng nghip. Nhng ngi nng dn s tin hnh cc bin php canh tc trn mnh t ca mnh. Trong thi gian ny ngi dn s s dng cc loi ho cht BVTV, cc loi phn ho hc nhm tng nng sut ca cy trng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc loi ho cht, phn bn nu khng ng k thut s gy nh hng

ln n cht lng mi trng t, chng c th gy nhim c cho t, tng kh nng xi mn t, thoi ho t, nhim kim loi nng trong t. Ngoi ra qu trnh chm sc, bo v cy trng s thi ra mt lng nht nh cht thi rn nh: bao b ng phn bn, chai l ng ho cht BVTV, thuc tr su. Cc loi cht thi ny nu khng c thu gom hp l s gy tc ng khng nh ti mi trng xung quanh khu vc. - Thm thc vt: - H sinh vt, ng vt: b. i vi mi trng kinh t - x hi 3.1.2.3. nh gi cc tc ng a. Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh - Tc ng ca kh thi: - Tc ng ca bi: - Tc ng ca mi: - Tc ng ca ting n: b. Tc ng n mi trng nc c. Tc ng n mi trng t d. Tc ng n ti nguyn sinh hc v h sinh thi khu vc e. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi f. nh gi s c mi trng g. nh gi tng hp cc tc ng 3.2. Nhn xt mc chi tit, tin cy ca bo co TM Cc phng php c s dng nh gi tc ng d n chuyn i 260,710 ha din tch t rng sang t nng nghip ti x Ch Bh, th x Ayunpa, tnh Gia Lai n mi trng l cac phng phap nghin cu khoa hoc t cn ban

n nng cao, cac phng nay a c cac chuyn gia co nhiu kinh nghim trong linh vc mi trng s dung. - Phng php lit k, phng php so snh v phng php nh gi nhanh tng i n gin, c s dng mt cch ph bin, khng i hi qu nhiu s liu v mi trng, sinh thi, cho php phn tch mt cch r rng tc ng ca cc hot ng khc nhau ca d n ln cc yu t mi trng v kinh t - x hi. - Phng php khao sat thc a, kim tra, anh gia tai khu vc d an, ly y kin cua cac cp chinh quyn a phng va t chc xa hi l cc phng php c tin cy cao. tin cy ca cc phng php c s dng trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c trnh by c th trong bng sau: Bng 3.21. tin cy ca cc phng php TM Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Phng php TM Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii thit lp Phng php bn - h thng thng tin a l Phng php m hnh ho Phng php thng k Phng php tng hp, so snh Phng php iu tra x hi hc Phng php ly mu v phn tch trong phng th nghim Phng php lit k Phng php chuyn gia Mc tin cy Trung bnh Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao

CHNG 4 BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA V NG PH S C MI TRNG

Nhng tc ng ca d n n mi trng ty thuc vo thi gian cng nh mc m s to nn nhng hu qu khc nhau. bo v mi trng trong sut giai on bt u tin hnh khai hoang v san i mt bng cho n khi giao t cho nng dn canh tc, sn xut nng nghip, ch u t tin hnh xy dng v thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhim m bo khng gy nh hng n cht lng mi trng. Sau y l cc bin php gim thiu c xut: 4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng 4.1.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng xu trong giai on khai hoang, san i mt bng 4.1.1.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng lin quan n cht thi a. Bin php gim thiu kh thi, bi, ting n - Bin php gim thiu kh thi v bi: khng ch nhim bi v kh thi t cc ngun pht sinh trong qu trnh khai hoang, san i mt bng. Bi pht sinh do qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, ch yu l cc phng tin vn ti gy nh hng trn din rng. Mc nhim bi nhiu hay t tu thuc vo yu t thi tit v tuyn vn chuyn. hn ch mc nhim kh thi, bi n v thi cng phi m bo thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nh: + Tt c cc xe vn chuyn v thit b thi cng c gii a vo s dng ti khu vc d n, phi t tiu chun quy nh ca Cc ng kim v mc an ton k thut v an ton mi trng;

+ Cc phng tin giao thng, my mc, thit b xy dng, thi cng phi c kim nh thng xuyn, bo dng nh k ti cc trm bo dng my mc, thit b khu vc d n; + n v thi cng c k hoch iu tit lng xe ra vo ph hp trnh lm gia tng mt xe. - Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca ting n: + iu tit ch lm vic ca cc phng tin my mc khai hoang, vn chuyn ph hp, theo cc hot ng khai hoang, xy dng ca d n ch nn tp trung vo ban ngy v cn hn ch hot ng vo cc gi ngh ngi ca cng nhn; + Quy nh tc xe, my mc khi hot ng trong khu vc ang thi cng; + Thng xuyn bo dng v nh k kim tra cc phng tin giao thng, m bo t tiu chun mi trng theo quy nh v lun m bo my mc hot ng tt. Tuyt i khng s dng phng tin, my mc thi cng qu c, km cht lng. b. Bin php gim thiu tc ng ca nc thi giai on ny nh phn tch trn lng nc thi pht sinh ch yu l nc ma chy trn v nc thi t qu trnh ra xe, bo tr sa cha phng tin my mc thit b thi cng. Trong giai on pht quang, san i mt bng nu co ma thi nc ma chy trn qua mt bng thi cng s cun theo t, ct, rc thi v c bit l du nht ri vi... d gy tc ng tiu cc cho mi trng nc mt ca khu vc. Vic thu gom, x l nc ma chy trn c hn ch bi cc bin php sau: c. Bin php gim thiu tc ng ca cht thi rn 4.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi

CHNG 5 CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TTRNG

Ch u t s iu chnh kp thi cc h thng x l cht thi nhm thi hnh nghim chnh cc cam kt a ra trong bo co TM ca d n; Ch u t kt hp cng cc n v thi cng thng xuyn kim tra cng tc bo v mi trng, thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng, tin thc hin cc cng trnh x l mi trng nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt v tun th tiu chun mi trng; Thng xuyn ph bin, tuyn truyn cho cng nhn v dn c gn khu vc d n v bo v a dng sinh hc, phng v chng chy rng, x rc ng ni quy nh; u t cc thit b chng chy n ti cc khu vc kho cha hng ho nhin liu. B tr h thng chng chy n xung quanh khu vc d n; Mua sm dng c bo h lao ng v dng c phng chy cha chy; Xy dng pan, p phch, cc loi bin bo tuyn truyn v t cc tuyn truyn php lut v rng, tuyn truyn cc vn bn, ch th,... cho nhn dn trn a bn ca cc cp trn loa pht thanh; Phi hp vi S Ti nguyn - Mi trng, cc n v chuyn mn tin hnh gim st cht lng mi trng nh k trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca d n; qun l v mi trng trong sut qu trnh hot ng, d n s c mt b phn chuyn v cng tc qun l, bo v mi trng. B phn ny gm 3 ngi, chuyn tham gia hot ng gim st v bo co kt qu mi trng ca d n ln lnh o d n, ln S Ti nguyn - Mi trng gim st mi trng. Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 di dng bng sau: