Name : Rianty Puspita Rahayu NPM : 083112350750020 Paper of English III

OUTLINE: GLOBALIZATION Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Most often, it refers to economics: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. Globalization accompanied and allegedly contributed to economic growth in developed and developing countries through increased specialization and the principle of comparative advantage. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, and popular culture. A. Definitions The United Nation says globalization is: A widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour... although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labour... Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It began towards the end of the nineteenth century, but it slowed down during the period from the start of the first World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century. This slowdown can be attributed to the inward-looking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective industries... however, the pace of globalization picked up rapidly during the fourth quarter of the twentieth century... B. Causes 1. Information Revolution The considerable expansion and development of information technology has turned the world into a global village and it is no more possible just like in the past to close the doors and follow policies hidden from the eyes of others. The growing power of computers,

computer software and revolution in the realm of information technology in various ways has in effect helped the condensation of the world. The transportation of goods, financial and personal currents have become very rapid due to the technological progress (particularly in the field of information technology) to the extent that information revolution has prepared the most appropriate grounds for acceleration and signification of globalization. 2. Economic backgrounds Free flow of capital and goods, considerable increase in the commercial and economic communications on global scale, rapid growth of multinational corporations, dilution of national borders, growth of the volume of financial markets, more and more internationalization of capital, dilution of the indigenous nature and color of the goods, reduction of expenses, and finally integration of industrial and economic markets of the world, all and all have played an important role in signification of this process. 3. Intellectual-political background The disintegration of Soviet Union, the decline of communism, and introduction of liberal democracy as the dominant ideology of the world prepared a suitable ground for globalization. With the decline of communism, the rival model of capitalism, liberal democracy came to the fore as the only model that claims to be able to fulfill all demands of man and tries to expand its domain across the globe.

C. Effects 1. Economic In the economic commercial fields, globalization expansion of free trade across the globe, more interdependence of the world economies compared to the past and ever expansion of financial and commercial deals, expansion of technology beyond the limit of the developed countries, considerable growth of transportation, communication and tourism. According to Jagdish Bhagwati, a former adviser to the U.N. on globalization, although there are obvious problems with overly rapid development, globalization is a very positive force that lifts countries out of poverty. According to him, it causes a virtuous economic cycle associated with faster economic growth. The costs and benefits of globalization have not been equally distributed across regions and nations. For example, manufacturing employment in

the Midwestern section of the United States declined while growing exponentially in developing countries. 2. Politics From political point of view, globalization means dilution of national borders, move towards a global government and reduction of the roles of nation-states in the interest of the transnational corporations. In political aspect of globalization attention is paid to the role of governments in the new world and many maintain that globalization will weaken or even cause the disintegration of the states. Globalization reduced the importance of nation states. Sub-state and supra-state institutions such as The United Nations, European Union, The G8 or The International Criminal Court, replace national functions with international agreement. Globalization facilities international measures and coordination to face off international threats (AIDS, environmental pollution, terrorism, etc.), for the governments are not able to thwarts such threats individually. In effect the international measures will be more useful in a globalized world due to coordination among the international players. 3. Cultural Today more than ever there exists a global culture; to the extent that most of the urban areas in the world seem similar. The world enjoys a common culture most of which stem from Hollywood. The world is becoming more and more homogenous and the differences are vanishing away. The enhancement of global awareness, international interdependence due to international contacts, expansion of a cosmopolitan culture, etc. are all the outcomes of globalization. Human beings think globally and act locally and this is why the world is moving towards peace and stability.

Name : Angga Pratama NPM : 083112350750075 Paper of English III

OUTLINE: WAR War is an organized, armed, and often a prolonged conflict that is carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence. A. Definitions In the 1832 treatise "On War", Prussian military general and theoretician Carl Von Clausewitz defined war as follows: War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.

B. Causes