Baigiangtintronghoa

Tin hc ng dng trong ging dy ho hc
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PHN MM CHEMOFFICE 2006

Chng trnh Chemoffice (http://www.camsoft.com) l mt phn mm ha hc rt mnh vi
rt nhiu tnh nng, v h tr nhiu cho nhiu phn mm ha hc khc, phin bn mi nht cho n
thi im hin ti l Chemoffice 2008. Trong ti liu ny chng ti tp chung chnh vo vic bin
son ti liu (mc c bn nht) nhm phc v cho vic son tho cng thc ha hc dng khng
gian 2 chiu (2D), dng khng gian 3 chiu (3D) v cch lu tr mt s nh dng file ph bin.
Cc ti liu nng cao s c chng ti cp nht sau.

A. Ci t phn mm
1. Nhp p vo biu tng bt tin hnh ci t, khi xut hin ca
s u tin

2. Chn Next tip tc


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3. Chn Iccept ther terms in the license agreement

4. in bn ng k theo mu
y l phn mm bn c bn quyn, v vy s dng hp php, hy ng k mua bn
quyn ti www.cambridgesoft.com. Vi kh nng ti chnh khng cho php v ch s dng cho mc
ch gio dc, c th s dng:
S Serial number: 7654321
Registration: VLPG- CG5O-5K22-VKVK-RF


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Ch : Cn phi nhp y Serial number v Registration ri mi nhn Next, nu khng khi
Back li nhp chng trnh s khng chp nhn. Khi phi tin hnh ci t t u

5. Chn Next tip tc

6. Chn install

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7. Chng trnh ci t vo my

8. Nhn Finish kt thc qu trnh ci t


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B. S dng
Chng trnh Chemoffice c rt nhiu tnh nng v h tr nhiu chng trnh Ha hc khc,
tuy nhin do mc ch s dng ca gio vin trng ph thng v thi gian c hn, tm thi chng
ti ch vit ti liu hng dn son tho ha hc v chuyn i cng thc sang dng 3D (khng gian
3 chiu) mc c bn nht

I. Vit cng thc ha hc
1. Khi ng chng trnh: Chn Start \Program\Chemoffice 2006\ChemDraw Ultra 10.0


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2. Mn hnh lm vic ca chng trnh

3. Thc hnh
tin cho vic theo di v thao tc, chng ti tm thi qui c nh sau:
Nhp chut: nhp chut tri mt ln, nhp p: nhp lin tip chut tri hai ln, nhp phi:
nhp chut phi mt ln
V d 1: V phn t 2,4,6-tribromphenol
Bc 1: V vng benzen
Nhp chut vo biu tng vng benzen trn thanh cng c (khi biu tng s b chm xung
so vi ban u), sau a con tr ra ngoi mn hnh son tho, nhp chut vo v tr cn v

Bc 2: V lin kt n
Thanh Menu
lnh
Thanh tiu
Thanh trt
dc
Thanh trt ngang
Thanh cng c
Mn hnh soan tho

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Nhp chut vo biu tng lin kt n (\),sau a con tr vo v tr cn lin kt (thy xut
hin mt vung nh bao quanh v tr cn lin kt) v nhp chut

Ch : Khi a tr vo v tr cn lin kt, nu cha thy xut hin vung m vn nhp chut,
chng trnh s hiu rng y l 2 i tng hon ton ring bit
Bc 3: V nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t
Nhp chut vo biu tng text (A), sau a con tr vo v tr cn lin kt v nhp chut, g
vo nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t (cn ch n ch hoa v ch thng).

Mun copy sang Word hoc PowerPoint ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- Nhp chut vo mt trong hai biu tng trn thanh cng c la chn phn t.
- Sau khi chn phn t cn copy, vo menu Edit chn ln coppy hoc s dng t hp phm
Ctrl + C
- M chng trnh Word, t con tr vo v tr cn dn trn mn hnh son tho, sau vo
menu Edit chn lnh Paste hoc nhn ng thi t hp phm Ctrl + V
V d 2: V phn t Stiren
Bc 1: V vng benzen (nh v d 1)
Bc 2: V lin kt n (nh v d 1)

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Bc 3: V nhm nguyn t CH -ch hoa, khng dng ch thng (nh v d 1)

Bc 4: V lin kt i
Nhp chut vo biu tng lin kt i trn thanh cng c (\\),khi chng trnh s t
ng bo li ha tr k (nhm nguyn t CH c bao quanh bi mt hnh vung mu ).
a con tr vo v tr cn lin kt v v lin kt i

Bc 5: V nhm nguyn t CH
2

II. V hoc chuyn cng thc dng 2D sang 3D
1. Khi ng chng trnh:
Chn Start \Program\ChemOffice 2006\Chem3D Ultra 10.0


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Khi xut hin hp thoi Chem 3D to chem 3D 10.0! la chn chc nng 2 (nh hnh v), nhp chut
chn vo I have read. khng hin th thng bo trong cc khi ng tip theo, sau nhp OK bt
u.



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3. M hnh phn t (dng 3D)
a) V cc phn t n gin, VD: CH
4
; C
2
H
4

Cch 1: Nhp chut vo biu tng (A), sau a ra ngoi mn hnh, n v tr cn v v nhp
chut, s xut hin mt khung mu trng cho php nhp k t t bn phm

G C
2
H
4
t bn phm, sau nhn Enter, chng trnh s hin th phn t dng que (mc nh)

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xem phn t cc gc khc nhau, nhp chut vo biu tng trn thanh cng c, sau
a con tr ra ngoi mn hnh ti v tr c phn t nhn gi chut tri v di chut.
xem phn t dng cc nh dng khc chn ch' hin th trn thanh cng c, v d: dng cu
v que (Ball & Stick)


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Cch 2: Chn biu tng lin kt i trn thanh cng c sau a ra ngoi mn hnh, gi
v di chut tri.
b) Vi nhng phn t phc tp, thc hin theo cc bc
Bc 1: Dng chng trnh ChemDraw Ultra 10.0 v cng thc dng 2D

Bc 2: Coppy phn t va v v Paste vo Chem 3D Ultra 10.0
- Copy phn t v trong ChemDraw
M chng trnh Chem 3D, vo menu Edit chn lnh Paste hoc nhn ng thi t hp
phm Ctrl+ V

Phn t c th hin dng que


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Nhn vo biu tng trn thanh cng c hin th tn cc nguyn t

4. Lu tr File vi cc nh dng khc nhau
Chem 3D cho php lu tr File rt nhiu nh dng khc nhau, ty thuc vo mc ch s dng
m ngi dng chn nh dng lu tr cho ph hp.


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lu tr File cc nh dng khc ngoi nh dng chun ca phn mm, chn Menu File\Save
As

Trong dy hc ha hc thng s dng hai nh dng File l nh (Image): Bitmap, GIF, JPEG
(nh dng thng dng l JPEG) hoc phim (Movie) chn vo tp tin trnh din bng MicroSoft
PowerPoint
V d: Lu tp tin nh dng Movie (*.avi)
- Chn kiu chuyn ng quanh trc: t Menu Movie chn Spin about X, Y hoc Z axis (v d:
chn trc Z)


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i vi Chemoffice 2004:
- Sau khi xem chuyn ng ca phn t chn nt stop trn thanh iu khin

- Nhn nt ghi , sau chn Menu File\Save As, khi xut hin hp thoi Save As chn
Windows AVI Movie (*.avi), ri lu li tp tin nh dng ny.

i vi Chemoffice 2006 sau khi chn trc ri ch vic nhn menu File\Save As, khi xut hin hp
thoi Save As chn Windows AVI Movie (*.avi), ri lu li tp tin nh dng ny.

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PHN MM ISIS DRAW (VERSION 2.4)

1. Gii thiu
L phn mm vit cng thc ha hc kh mnh, s dng min ph, c th download ti Website:
http://www.mdli.com vi mt tp tin duy nht l: draw24.exe c kch tht 7,24Mb ( km theo
mt s plugin h tr nh Wiew in RasMol hay Generate Name with AutoNom).
Phin bn mi nht cho n thi im hin ti l ISIS Draw 2.5. chuyn cc cu trc di dng
hnh hc 2 chiu thnh cng thc lp th (3 chiu) cn ci t plugin 3ddraw ca ACD

2. Khi ng chng trnh
Cch 1: Np p vo biu tng trn mn hnh
Cch 2: Start>Programs> ISIS Draw 2.4 Standlone> ISIS Draw 2.4

Mn hnh lm vic ca chng trnh

4. Thanh cng c v

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Biu tng cc cng c trn thanh ngang

Biu tng cc cng c trn thanh dc
5. V d minh ho
a) Biu din phn t toluen
- V vng ben zen (dng cng c v vng benzen)

- V lin kt n (dng cng c Single Bond).

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- Ghi k hiu nhm nguyn t -CH
3 (dng cng c Atom).

-
C th c tn t ng (sau khi dng cng c chn ton b phn t, ri nhp vo phn c tn t
ng).

C th chuyn cng thc va v thnh cng thc khng gian 3 chiu vi Plug-in Rasmol tch hp
khi ci t hoc Plug-in 3ddraw ca ACD- ci t thm (xem ph lc hng dn ci t).
S dng 3ddraw: Dng cng c la chn chn phn t, sau chn ACD 3D Viewer t Menu
Object.


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Chn ACD 3D Viewer t Menu Object

Nhp chut tri vo biu tng (3D-Optimize) ti u ha cch sp xp trong khng gian ca
phn t.
Sau chn cc kiu biu din phn t nh: Sticks (hnh que), spacefill (m hnh c)

Chn cc kiu hin th phn t t thanh cng c
V d nu ta chn m hnh c s thu c hnh sau


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Phn t toluen dng hnh cu c

b) Biu din phn t phenolphtalein
Bc 1:V vng benzen, dng cng c v vng benzen.

Bc 2: V vng 5 cnh: Dng cng c v vng 5 cnh(nhp vo bn phi ca vng benzen)

Bc3: Thm 2 nhm th: Dng cng c v ni n, lin tc

Bc 4: V thm hai vng benzen: Dng cng c v vng benzen

Bc 5:Thm cc nhm th, Dng cng c v ni n v ni i

Bc 6: Thm cc k hiu nguyn t, nhm chc v tn: Dng cng c v nguyn t

Phn t phenolphtalein


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PHN MM VIOLET

1. Gii thiu VIOLET v cch ci t
Gii thiu phn mm VIOLET
Phn mm VIOLET ca Cng ty c phn Tin hc Bch kim l cng c gip cho cc gio
vin c th t xy dng c phn mm h tr dy hc theo tng ca mnh mt cch nhanh
chng. So vi cc cng c khc, VIOLET ch trng hn trong vic to ra cc bi ging c m
thanh, hnh nh, m phng, chuyn ng v tng tc...
VIOLET c vit tt t cm t ting Anh: Visual & Online Lecture Editor for Teacher
(cng c son tho bi ging trc tuyn dnh cho gio vin).
Tng t phn mm thit k trnh din Microsoft PowerPoint, VIOLET c y cc chc
nng dng to cc trang ni dung bi ging nh nhp cc d liu vn bn, cng thc ton, cc d
liu multimedia (nh, m thanh, phim, hot hnh Flash...), sau lp ghp cc d liu, sp xp th
t, cn chnh hnh nh, to cc chuyn ng v hiu ng, x l cc tng tc vi ngi dng. Ring
i vi vic x l d liu multimedia. So vi PowerPoint, vic s dng VIOLET cn cha c
thun li v d dng cho ngi dng nh PowerPoint, tuy nhin chng trnh ny c mt s chc
nng tt hn nh cho php nhp v th hin cc file Flash hoc cho php iu khin qu trnh chy
ca cc on phim v.v...
VIOLET cung cp sn nhiu mu bi tp chun thng c s dng trong cc SGK v
sch bi tp nh:
- Bi tp trc nghim, gm c cc loi: mt p n ng, nhiu p n ng, ghp i, chn
ng sai, v.v...
- Bi tp ch: hc sinh phi tr li cc ch ngang suy ra ch dc.
- V th hm s: c th v c th bt k hm s no, c bit cn th hin c s
chuyn ng bin i hnh dng ca th khi thay i cc tham s ca biu thc.
- Bi tp ko th ch / ko th hnh nh: hc sinh phi ko th cc i tng ny vo ng
nhng v tr c quy nh trc trn mt hnh nh hoc mt on vn bn. Bi tp ny cn
c th th hin di dng bi tp in khuyt hoc n/hin.
VIOLET cho php chn nhiu kiu giao din (skin) khc nhau cho bi ging, ty thuc vo
bi hc, mn hc v thch ca ngi son. Ngi son cng th t to ra c trang ba ghi cc
thng tin cn thit cho mi sn phm bi ging.
Sau khi son tho xong bi ging, VIOLET s cho php xut bi ging ra thnh mt file
EXE hoc file HTML chy c lp, tc l khng cn VIOLET vn c th chy c trn mi my
tnh, hoc a ln my ch thnh cc bi ging trc tuyn s dng qua mng Internet.
VIOLET c giao din c thit k trc quan v d dng, ngn ng giao tip v phn tr gip
ca VIOLET hon ton bng ting Vit. V vy, mt gio vin khng gii tin hc v ngoi ng vn c
th s dng c VIOLET mt cch d dng. Mt khc, do s dng Unicode nn font ch trong
VIOLET v trong cc sn phm bi ging u p, d nhn v c th th hin c mi th ting trn
th gii. Thm na, Unicode l bng m chun quc t nn font ting Vit lun m bo tnh n nh
trn mi my tnh, mi h iu hnh v mi trnh duyt Internet.
1.1. Ci t v chy chng trnh
C th download bn dng th ti a ch http://www.vicosoft.com hoc
http://forum.dhsphn.edu.vn

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Phin bn 1.5 tch hp b g ting vit theo chun Unicode v vy khi g ting Vit, bn
phi tt cc chng trnh b g nh ABC, VietKey, UniKey,... s dng ch g ting Vit ca
Violet.
Chy chng trnh Violet, giao din chnh ca chng trnh s hin ra. Hnh di y l
giao din chng trnh Violet khi ang son bi Nguyn t - Ha hc lp 8.

2. Cc chc nng ca VIOLET
1.2. Nhp cc d liu hnh nh, m thanh, phim
VIOLET cho php nhp c nhiu d liu multimedia (nh JPEG, phim Flash Video, hot
hnh Shockware Flash, m thanh MP3) v cc on vn bn ngn ln cng mt trang mn hnh. Cc
d liu a vo u c th chnh sa c v tr, kch thc, th t v rt nhiu cc thuc tnh cn
thit khc.
Ring i vi vic nhp phim, c th xem chi tit v cch to ra cc file phim ti phn Ph
lc 1: s dng video trong VIOLET.
Cch dng chc nng ny nh sau:
Vo menu Ni dung Thm mc, mn hnh nhp liu u tin s xut hin. G tn Ch
v tn Mc, chn loi mn hnh hin th l Hnh nh, m thanh, phim..., sau nhn nt Tip
tc. Mn hnh nhp liu hin ra nh sau:

2. Cu trc bi ging
4. Danh sch cc file d liu
3. Giao din bi ging
1. Menu v cc nt chc nng
Hnh 1: Giao din ca chng trnh VIOLET

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Mn hnh nhp cc d liu multimedia v vn bn
Cc phn tip sau y s m t chc nng ca 3 nt nhp liu: Thm nh, Thm ch v Xa
trong mn hnh trn.
1.2.1. Nt Thm nh
Click chut vo nt Thm nh, bng nhp d liu hnh nh s hin ra nh sau:

Tn file d liu: Cho bit file d liu no s c hin th trong mc ny. VIOLET h tr 4
nh dng multimedia (nh JPEG, hot hnh Flash, m thanh MP3 v Video). C th nhn vo nt
"" m ra hp Open File ging nh trong cc ng dng Windows.

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V tr d liu trong file: Vi file Flash c th cha c nhiu nh, phim, ti nhiu v tr
(frame) khc nhau, nn phn ny s cho bit v tr ca d liu trong file Flash (c th l tn frame
hoc ch s ca frame).
Cc d liu multimedia ny s do chnh ngi son bin tp, to ra bng cc chng trnh v
hnh, x l nh nh Corel Draw, Paint Brush, Photoshop, hoc cc chng trnh to nh ng nh
Flash, Swish,... Ngun hnh nh nhp vo y c th l qut (scan) t sch bo ti liu, hoc
copy t cc a CD th vin hnh nh, hoc bng phng php hin i nht l tm kim thng tin
trn Internet.
a) Dch chuyn, co gin i tng
Sau khi nhp nh, ngi dng c th dng chut ko, dch chuyn cc hnh nh ny, hoc
thay i kch thc, t l co gin bng cc im nt gc, gia cnh v im nt gia hnh.

Vi mt trong 8 im nt bin, ngi dng c th dng chut ko (drag) n lm cho
hnh dng, kch thc i tng cng thay i theo.
Vi im nt tm i tng, khi ngi dng nhn chut vo ri di ln th hnh s phng
to, di xung th hnh thu nh. y l thao tc phng to thu nh n thun. Khi nhn chut vo i

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tng (m khng nhn vo bt k im nt no) sau ko chut th c i tng cng s c ko
theo. y l thao tc thay i v tr n thun.
Nu click vo nt , bng iu chnh thuc tnh ca i tng hin ra ngay bn cnh nh
sau:

Trong :
Hai nhp liu u tin l t l co gin theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc ca nh (trong
hnh trn bc nh c co nh li 60%). Cc nhp liu ny gip cho ngi dng bit hoc thit
lp t l co gin ca nh mt cch chnh xc ch khng c lng nh vic co gin bng cch ko
cc im nt nh cp phn trn.
Hp kim tra Gi nguyn t l di rng, c tc dng quyt nh khi ko cc im nt th t
l chiu di / chiu rng c thay i hay khng, hoc khi sa trong cc nhp t l co gin th 2 con
s ny c cng thay i hay khng. Thng thng nn thit lp ch Gi nguyn t l trnh khi
co ko, hnh nh khng b mo.
sng: Ton b mu trong nh u cng sng ln hoc cng ti i. Vic chnh sa ny s
c tc dng khi cc nh t liu u vo qu sng hoc qu ti, hoc khi ngi dng c ch ch
trong vic chnh sng ti.
tng phn: Nhng mu sng no sng th cng sng hn, mu ti th cng ti i, hoc
ngc li, mu sng bt sng, mu ti bt ti. Vic tng tng phn lm cho mu sc ca nh
thm r rt v nh cng sc nt hn. Thng thng khi iu chnh sng th tng phn mu
sc cng m nht i nn cng phi iu chnh tng tng phn na.
C th tham kho ng dng ca vic iu chnh sng nh phn Chn trang ba.
c) Thay i th t sp xp v kha i tng
Nu c nhiu hnh nh, phim, vn bn,... trn mt mn hnh th s c nhng i tng trn
v i tng di (v d trong hnh di y th hnh con chu chu trn hnh hai con ong). Bn
chn mt i tng, sau click nt bn phi (nt thay i th t), th s hin ra mt thc n
nh sau:

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Bn mc menu u tin dng thay i th t. Mc Ln trn cng l a i tng ang
chn ln th t cao nht m khng i tng no c th che ph c n, cn mc Ln trn l
a i tng ln trn mt bc th t. Tng t nh vy vi cc chc nng Xung di v
Xung di cng.
Mc menu th 5 dng kha i tng li, ngha l vn cho php chn i tng, thay i
thuc tnh, th t, nhng khng cho thay i v tr v kch thc na. Chn mc ny ln th 2 th
i tng c m kha v c th dch chuyn, co ko nh bnh thng.
1.2.2. Nt Thm ch
Sau khi click vo nt ny, th trn bng trng s xut hin mt son tho c khung mu
xm. Ngi dng c th son tho cc vn bn ca mnh trc tip trn ny, v c th iu chnh
cc tham s ca vn bn nh font ch, kch thc, mu sc,...

C th nhn chut ln ng vin mu xm v dch chuyn i tng, hoc nhn chut vo
gc tri di ca khung xm ny thay i kch thc. Lu vi mt on vn bn th nn iu
chnh kch thc ca khung xm cho n rng hn hn on ch phng xy ra trng hp mt
cc ch cui cng.
Click chut vo nt , hp thuc tnh ca vn bn s hin ra bn cnh nh sau:

Trong , cc thuc tnh t tri qua phi, t trn xung di ln lt l: mu sc, font ch,
kch thc ch, ch m, ch nghing, ch gch chn, cn l tri, cn l gia, cn l phi, gch u
dng, khong cch gia cc dng.
Nt thay i th t ca i tng c chc nng hon ton ging vi nt tng ng ca
i tng hnh nh.

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1.2.3. Nt Cng thc
Dng nhp cc cng thc v cc phng trnh Ton hc, Vt l, Ha hc,... gm c cc
k t Hy Lp, cc ton t, k hiu so snh, tng quan, cc hm chun, cc k hiu trn di ch,
mi tn, k hiu logic v nhiu k hiu c bit khc. Bn phi g theo chun LaTex to ra cc
k hiu ny (xem Ph lc 2).
1.2.4. Nt Xa
Nhn vo y xa i tng (nh, phim, vn bn,...) ang c chn. Nh vy, nu
mun xa i tng no th phi chn i tng ri nhn nt ny th mi xa c.
1.3. Vn bn nhiu nh dng
Vn bn nhiu nh dng c s dng cho cc trang bi ging m ni dung ca trang th
hin vn bn l chnh. y, trong cng mt nhp text, ngi dng c th nh dng vn bn ca
mnh theo nhiu kiu khc nhau, ging nh khi trnh by vn bn trong cc cng c ca Microsoft
Office.
1.3.1. Cch dng
Vo menu Ni dung Thm mc, g tn Ch v tn Mc, chn Loi mn hnh hin
th l Vn bn nhiu nh dng, sau nhn nt Tip tc. Mn hnh nhp liu hin ra v bn c
th nhp d liu nh sau:

Cc chc nng ca cc nt thuc tnh y u ging nh trong hp thuc tnh vn bn
gii thiu phn trn, gm c: font ch, kch thc ch, mu sc, ch m, ch nghing, ch gch
chn, cn l tri, cn l gia, cn l phi, nh du gch u dng, khong cch dng. Cng c
thc k pha trn hp nhp liu dng to l cho vn bn ging nh trong Microsoft Word.
Khi thc hin nhng chc nng ny th ch nhng vng ch ang c la chn trong hp
son tho di s c tc ng m thi. o thay i thuc tnh ca nhng ch no, trc
tin phi la chn (bi en ging nh trong Word), ri mi nhn nt chc nng.
1.3.2. Chn nh vo vn bn
Trong ch son vn bn ny, ngi dng cng c th chn c nh vo. Sau khi chn
nh th c th iu chnh kch thc ca nh ny v chn mt trong hai ch cn l: cn l tri
hoc cn l phi. V kh nng s dng nh trong mn hnh nhp liu vn bn tng i hn ch nn
vi nhng trang bi ging c nhiu hnh nh th bn khng nn s dng loi mn hnh vn bn ny.

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Cc thao tc x l i tng nh trong vn bn
- Thay i kch thc nh: Sau khi chn nh vo nh trn, c th click vo nh chn, sau
ko cc im nt bin iu chnh kch thc nh (phng to, thu nh,...). Tuy nhin,
y ta khng th dch chuyn c nh (mun dch chuyn nh n ch khc th phi xa
nh ch ny v chn li vo ch khc).
- Xa nh: ta chn i tng nh bng cch click chut vo , ri nhn nt Delete trn bn
phm.
- V tr nh: Khi chn mt nh vo vn bn th v tr nh c chn vo s ngay di dng
vn bn m ang c con tr nhp nhy.
- Cn v tr nh: Chn i tng nh, nhn vo cc nt cn l tri hoc cn l phi a nh
vo cc v tr bn tri hoc bn phi. Lu l VIOLET khng cho php cn gia i vi
nh.
1.4. To cc mn hnh bi tp
1.4.1. To bi tp trc nghim
VIOLET cho php to c 4 kiu bi tp trc nghim:
Mt p n ng: Ch cho php chn 1 p n
Nhiu p n ng: Cho php chn nhiu p n mt lc
ng/Sai: Vi mi phng n s phi tr li l ng hay sai
Cu hi ghp i (sp xp th t): Ko th cc ct phi vo cc tng ng ct tri
c kt qu ng.
V d 1: To mt bi tp trc nghim nh sau:
Cc cu tr li sau y l ng hay sai?
a) Cc obitan p c cng s nh hng trong khng gian.
b) Theo m hnh Bo: trong nguyn t cc electron chuyn ng trn nhng qu o xc
nh
c) Nhng electron chuyn ng gn ht nhn chim mc nng lng cao
d) Obitan s c dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t
Vo menu Ni dungThm mc, nhp tn Ch v tn Mc, chn loi mn hnh hin
th l Bi tp trc nghim, ri nhn nt Tip tc, mn hnh nhp liu cho loi bi tp trc nghim
s hin ra. Ta son tho bi tp trn nh sau:

29

thm phng n, ta nhn vo nt + gc di bn tri, bt phng n th nhn vo
nt . Sau khi nhp xong, ta nhn nt "ng " s c mn hnh bi tp trc nghim nh sau:

V d 2: Kiu bi trc nghimGhp i.
Cho 1 nguyn t c k hiu nh di y. Hy ghp cu tr li ng cho nhng cu sau:
S khi l:.. 35
Lp v c:.. 17e
Ht nhn c: ... 17 p,18 n
n v in tch ht nhn l: ... 17
17 +
52
35 p, 18 n

30
Ta thc hin cc bc nh bi tp trn, chn kiu bi tp trc nghim l Ghp i, v ch
khi son tho phi lun a ra kt qu ng ng sau mi phng n. Sau , VIOLET s trn ngu
nhin cc kt qu ngi lm bi tp sp xp li.
Nhn nt ng ta s c bi tp hin th ln mn hnh nh sau:

Khi lm bi tp loi ny, hc sinh phi dng chut nhc gi tr ct phi t vo ct tr li,
ri nhn vo nt kt qu nhn c cu tr li l ng hay sai. HS c th lm tng cu mt ri
xem kt qu ngay, hoc c th lm ht cc cu ri mi xem kt qu u c.
Cch g mt s k hiu c bit trong bi trc nghim:
g gc ABC/gc B, ta nhp trong Violet: (gc)(ABC)/(gc)(B)
g k t , v d 30, ta nhp trong Violet l 30()
to k hiu cn, v d 961 , ta nhp trong Violet: (cn)(961)
to k hiu ly tha: e
x
ta g e^x hay vi 2
10
ta g 2^(10)
to ch s di: H
2
SO
4
ta g H_2SO_4, hay N
20
ta g N_(20)
V d 3: To bi trc nghim c cc k hiu c bit v hnh v:
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, c AB = 2 v AC= 12 , s o gc C l:
C
= 30
= 60
= 70

y l kiu bi trc nghim Mt p n ng, ch c p n a) l ng. Ta son tho trn
mn hnh nh sau:

31

S dng hnh nh trong bi tp trc nghim:
Dng Macromedia Flash, Corel Draw v hnh v to ra mt file .swf, hoc dng mt phn
mm x l nh (chng hn nh Paint Brush, Photoshop,...) v hnh v to ra mt file nh JPEG.
Nhp tn file ny vo nhp liu nh, nh ny s c hin ra trong bi trc nghim ngay pha
di ca cu hi.
Ngoi Flash, Corel v cc chng trnh x l nh, ta cng c th v bt k chng trnh no:
Sketchpad, Geocabri, Word, v.v nhng kt qu phi ghi dng nh JPEG (bng cch dng chc
nng chp hnh v ghi nh thng qua cc phn mm nh Paint, Photoshop,...). Chng hn vi bi
tp v d 3, ta chn thm tam gic vung ABC vo mn hnh trc nghim bng cch v Sketchpad
mt tam gic vung, sau chp hnh v (nhn nt PrintScreen), dn (Paste) sang Paint v ghi
dng JPEG.
Sau vo VIOLET, hp nhp liu nh, ta nhp tn file nh JPEG nh hnh trn, hoc
nhn nt ba chm ... chn file nh . Nhn nt ng ta c mn hnh bi tp sau:

i vi bi tp nhiu p n ng, ta cng lm tng t nh i vi bi tp mt p n
ng v bi tp ng/sai.

32
1.4.2. To bi tp ch
V d 4: To mt bi tp ch da theo sch gio khoa Ha hc 8. Khi to bi tp ny,
ngi son tho phi bit trc v ch ct dc v cc cu tr li hng ngang.
Tr chi gii ch.
1. Nguyn t ny c dng sn xut x, chu, m un nc....
2. Lng ngh truyn thng v sn xut gm s ca H Ni.
3. Nguyn t ny c dng chnh sn xut dy dn in.
4. Hi thi ht quan h hng nm Bc Ninh.
5. Nguyn t ny c trong thnh phn ca mui n.
Cc cu tr li hng ngang ln lt l: Nhm; Bt Trng; ng; Hi Lim; Natri..
Ch ct dc l: HNI.
Cc thao tc trong VIOLET
Vo menu: Ni dung Thm mc. Nhp tn ch v tn mc, chn "Loi mn hnh
hin th" l Bi tp ch, ri nhn nt Tip tc. Mn hnh nhp liu cho bi tp ch hin ra,
nhp cc tham s (hnh sau th hin vic nhp liu ca hai cu hi hng ngang u tin).

Trong :
"T tr li" l p n ng ca cu hi
"T trn ch" l tp hp cc ch ci s c hin ln ch, v vy thng l ch hoa
v khng c du cch.
"V tr ch" l v tr ca ch ci trong "T trn ch" m s thuc vo dc.

33
Ta ln lt nhp nm cu hi v nm cu tr li tng ng trong bi vo cc hp nhp
liu. Tip cn c vo ch ct dc cn ly mi dng hng ngang, ta s xc nh c V tr
ch.

Nu khng nhp g vo T trn ch th d liu nhp ny s c t ng sinh ra t
T tr li. Do , nu khng c g c bit, ta c th b qua phn T trn ch nhp d liu
cho nhanh.
Cui cng, nhn nt ng ta s thu c mt trang bi tp ch. Khi gii ch ta click
chut vo cu hi, ri g cu tr li tng ng vo hp, nhn Enter ta c kt qu trn ch nh sau:

2.3.3. Bi tp ko th ch
To cc dng bi tp ko th ch
L nhng bi tp trong , trn mt on vn bn c cc ch trng (...), ngi son c th
to ra 3 dng bi tp nh sau:
1. Ko th ch: nhim v ca hc sinh l ko cc t tng ng th vo nhng ch trng.
Ngoi cc t phng n ng ca on vn bn cn c nhng phng n nhiu khc.
2. in khuyt: Khng c sn cc t phng n, hc sinh phi click chut vo trng
g (nhp) phng n ca mnh vo.
3. n/hin ch: Khi click chut vo ch trng th p n s hin ln (nu ang n), hoc n
i (nu ang hin).
V d 7: To bi tp ko th ch vo on vn nh sau

34
on vn
n cht l nhng cht c to nn t ........................................ cn hp cht
c to nn t ........................................
Kim loi ng, kh oxi, kh hiro l nhng ........................................ cn nc, kh
cacbonic l nhng ........................................
Cc t
n cht, mt nguyn t, hai nguyn t tr ln, hai cht tr ln,
hp cht, hai nguyn t tr ln, mt cht, mt nguyn t.

Cc thao tc trong VIOLET
Vo menu: Ni dung Thm mc. Nhp tn ch v tn mc, chn "Loi mn hnh
hin th" l Bi tp ko th ch, ri nhn nt Tip tc. Mn hnh nhp liu cho bi tp ko th
ch hin ra, nhp cc tham s nh sau:

nhp liu, ta s g cu hi v ton b ni dung vn bn (c c cc t m sau ny s c
n i) vo nhp liu. Sau chn cc t n ny (bi en t) ri nhn nt "Chn ch". Hoc n
gin hn, chn mt t ta g 2 cp k hiu x dc cnh nhau 2 u ca t : ||<t c
chn>||.
Sau khi chn t bng bt k cch no, trn nhp liu t s c mu nn rt d nhn
ra. Nu thi khng chn t na, ta ch vic xa cc cp k hiu || i l c.
Trong cc dng bi tp ny, ta cng c th chn thm hnh nh vo pha di cu hi ging
nh trong phn to bi tp trc nghim.
i vi bi tp ko th ch, ta c th nhp thm cc phng n nhiu bng cch nhn nt
Tip tc. Nu khng cn phng n nhiu hoc vi cc bi tp in khuyt v n/hin ch th ta
c th nhn lun nt ng kt thc qu trnh nhp liu. Di y l mn hnh nhp phng
n nhiu cho loi bi tp ko th ch.

35

Trong :
- Nt "Thm ch" dng thm mt phng n nhiu, sau khi click nt ny ta s g trc tip
ni dung phng n ln danh sch.
- Nt "Quay li" tr v mn hnh nhp liu trc.
- Nt "ng " kt thc qu trnh nhp liu v to bi tp. Vi cch nhp liu nh trn
VIOLET s sinh ra mt bi tp ko th ch nh hnh di y.

Bi tp ko th ch
V d 8: Bi tp in khuyt
Ta c th sa li bi tp trn thnh dng bi tp "in khuyt" (vo menu Ni dung mc
Sa i thng tin Nhn Tip tc Chn kiu in khuyt Nhn nt ng ). Cc t
phng n lc ny s khng c hin ra ngay t u. Ngi dng khi click chut vo cc trng
ca bi tp th ngay ti s xut hin mt nhp liu cho php nhp phng n ng vo.


36

Bi tp in khuyt
Khi kim tra chnh xc ca cc phng n, my tnh s b qua s khc bit v ch hoa,
ch thng v s lng du cch gia cc t.
to ra loi bi tp "n/hin ch" th cng thao tc hon ton tng t nh trn.
1.4.3. V th hm s
Chc nng ny cho php v th hm s theo 2 dng: th hm s y = f(x) v th hm
ph thuc tham s x = X(t) v y = Y(t). Khi nhp cc hm s, ngoi bin s, c th s dng cc
tham s a v b. Cc tham s ny s c nhp mt gi tr hoc mt khong gi tr. Nu l mt
khong th khi v th, hnh dng th s thay i theo s bin i ca cc tham s t gi tr th
nht n gi tr th hai.
Vo menu: Ni dung Thm mc, nhp tn ch v tn mc, chn loi mn hnh V
th hm s, ri nhn Tip tc, mn hnh nhp liu sau s hin ra:
Ch : nhp chui k t biu din hm s phi theo ng quy tc:
- Ton t: cng (+), tr (-), nhn (*), chia (/), ly tha (^)
- Ton hng: s, tham s, bin s (x, t), hng s (pi, e)
- Cc hm s: sin, cos, tg, cotg, arcsin, arccos, arctg, arccotg, ln, abs (gi tr tuyt i),
sqrt (cn bc hai).
Chng hn v th hm s y = 2x
2
- 4x + 1 ta phi g 2*x^2 - 4*x + 1
V d cc hm s khc:
- x + 1/x
- (x-2) * (x-1) * x * (x+1) * (x+2)
- sin(pi*x) / x
- e^(2/x)
V d 5:
v th y = ax
2
+ bx + c, ta phi gn gi tr cho cc h s, nn chn h s a c c gi tr
m v dng hc sinh c th quan st c khi a<0 th quay b lm xung di, a > 0 quay
b lm ln trn, a = 0 th l ng thng.
Trong bng nhp liu th, chn th hm s y = f(x)
Nhp hm s a*x^2 + b*x + c
Nhp gi tr a = -1 1; b = -1 2; c = 0 2.

37
Sau khi nhp hm s v cc tham s nh trn, nhn nt "ng ", chng trnh s v mt
th Parabol c b lm quay xung di, nhn vo nt Play , th s bin i thnh ng thng
ri thnh ng Parabol c b lm quay ln trn:
V d 6:
th ca hm ph thuc tham s:
+ =
+ =
t) * cos(a t) * sin(b y
t) * cos(b t) * sin(a x
(t = 02t)
Vi tham s b = 1, cn tham s a chy t 0 4, ta s c mt th bin i t ng trn,
on thng, hoa 3 cnh, hoa 4 cnh v cui cng l hoa 5 cnh nh hnh di y.

Cc th ca cc hm ph thuc tham s thng c hnh dng rt p, l mt. Bn hon ton
c th t pht minh ra rt nhiu dng th hp dn bng cch th cc hm s khc. V d th
=
+ =
t) * cos(a * t) * sin(b y
t) * cos(b t) * sin(a x
(t = 02t)
vi cc tham s b = 1, a = 4, th s c hnh dng mt bng hoa sen trng rt p.

1.5. Cc chc nng khc x l mc d liu
Sau khi to xong mt mc d liu, nu mun sa li th vo menu Ni dungSa i thng
tin, hoc nhn F6, hoc click p vo mc cn sa u c. Nu mun xa mc, ta chn mc ri
vo Ni dungXa mc hoc nhn phm Delete.
Sau khi to xong mt hoc mt s mc, c th phng to bi ging ra ton mn hnh
xem cho r bng cch nhn phm F9 (hoc vo menu Hin thXem ton b). Sau nhn tip F9
hoc nt Close trn bi ging thu nh tr li. Khi bi ging ang phng to ton mn hnh, ngi
dng vn c th gi c cc chc nng khc ca phn mm bng cc phm tt.

38
1.6. Chc nng chn trang ba
1.6.1. Trang ba
V ni dung thng tin, trang ba ca l trang gii thiu bi ging (cha tiu bi ging, tn
gio vin ging dy, tn ngi son bi ging,...). V hnh thc, y l mn hnh khng c giao din
ngoi (ni dung phng to ton mn hnh). Khi mi bt u tit hc, phn mm bi ging ch hin
trang ba. Khi gio vin bt u dy bng phn mm th ch cn click chut, lc y ni dung bi
ging mi hin ra.

1.6.2. Cch to trang ba:
Vo menu Hin thChn trang ba, sau chn 1 trong 2 loi trang ba l d liu hnh nh
v d liu vn bn nhiu nh dng.
V d: to ra mt trang ba nh hnh trn ta lm nh sau:
- Chn loi mn hnh hin th l d liu hnh nh,... nhn nt Next (tip tc) vo tip mn
hnh son trang ba.
- Nhn nt Thm nh a bc nh nn vo, click vo nh, click tip nt hin bng
thuc tnh ca nh, v iu chnh sng ln cao cho tm nh trng m i (vi mc ch
lm ni r ch ln).
- Sau Thm ch v thay i v tr, nh dng v cc thuc tnh ca ch c mn hnh
trang ba nh trn.
- Nhn ng .
i vi cc trang ba khng c nh, ta nn dng loi mn hnh Vn bn nhiu nh dng
th d cn chnh v thay i thuc tnh ch hn.

39
1.7. ng gi phn mm bi ging
Sau khi son tho xong v lu bi ging, ta vo mc Bi ging ng gi (phm tt F4)
chn Xut ra file chy (EXE). Chc nng ny s xut bi ging ang son tho ra thnh mt sn
phm chy c lp, c th copy vo a mm hoc a CD chy trn cc my tnh khc m khng
cn chng trnh VIOLET.
Nu ng gi dng: Xut ra dng HTML, phn mm s chy di dng giao din Web, v c
th a ln Website ca trng, Website c nhn hoc mt h thng E-learning no . Nh vy,
gio vin c th truy cp, s dng bi ging ca mnh thng qua Internet mi ni, mi lc m
khng cn mang theo a mm hay CD.

1.8. S dng Tr gip
C hai cch s dng Tr gip trong VIOLET:
1) Vo menu Tr gipTr gip sau c th ln lt c qua cc phn hoc c th tm
kim, truy cp n ng phn cn thit.
2) Khi cn tr gip phn no, hy m mn hnh ca phn ra (v d mn hnh ng gi, mn
hnh to bi tp trc nghim, ch,) ri nhn phm F1, phn tr gip s c m ra vi ni dung
tng ng vi mn hnh hin hnh.

40
2. Ph lc: S dng video trong VIOLET
2.1. S cn thit ca vic s dng Video trong to bi ging
Trong xu hng to bi ging in t hin nay, vic s dng cc on phim (video) ang
ngy cng tr nn ph bin v:
- Video l t liu bi ging c hiu qu hn nhiu so vi mt bc nh tnh v n phn nh
trung thc cc i tng thc t, to c s chc chn v khch quan ca t liu i vi
ngi hc, mt khc li lm cho bi ging thm sinh ng, hp dn.
- Bng t, a CD t liu c th d dng tm kim cc hng phim, cc i l pht hnh bng
a hoc cc nh quay phim t do.
- Cc thit b quay phim cng bt u ph dng vi nhng my quay phim c nh, my nh
s, my in thoi di ng, my vi tnh b ti,... m bt k gio vin no cng c th thc
hin vic i quay cc on phim t liu cho bi ging bng cc thit b ca mnh, ca nh
trng hoc i thu, i mn.
Tuy nhin, khng phi cng c to bi ging no cng cho php s dng video d dng. V
d: MS Powerpoint, l cng c c cho php nhp m thanh v video, tuy nhin ngi dng khng
th iu chnh cc thng s ca video, hoc cng khng th iu chnh c qu trnh trnh chiu
ca video khi n ang thc hin.
2.2. S dng video trong VIOLET
VIOLET cho php nhp v hin th cc d video, ngoi ra cn cho php chnh sa c
nhiu thuc tnh khc na. Tuy nhin, v c pht trin trn nn Macromedia nn nhp video
vo VIOLET, ta ch c th s dng nh dng phim Flash Video (*.FLV)
(
1
)
. i vi cc nh dng
khc nh AVI, MPEG, WMV,... th phi s dng cng c chuyn i sang FLV l Flash Video
Exporter 1.2
(
2
)
.
Flash Video Exporter c s dng thng qua mt phn mm x l phim c h tr
QuickTime (mt nh dng phim chun ca my tnh). y, chng ti s dng QuickTime Player
6.52. B ci ca hai phn mm Flash Video Exporter 1.2 v QuickTime Player 6.52 u c copy
km theo a CD VIOLET 1.0.
2.2.1. Ci t cng c QuickTime Player v Flash Video Exporter
Chy file QuickTimeFullInstaller.exe trn a CD. Nu khng c a CD, c th download file ny
ti a ch: http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/standalone/
Chy file Flash_Video_Exporter.exe trn a CD. Nu khng c a CD, hy download file ti a
ch di y, ri gii nn th s c file Flash_Video_Exporter.exe.
http://download.macromedia.com/pub/flash/updates/mx2004/video_update/flash_video_update.zip
Cc qu trnh ci t, ch cn nhn nt Next (tip tc) v Yes (c), cho n khi nhn nt Finish (kt
thc) l xong.
2.2.2. Cch s dng
Chy QuickTime Player 6.52, vo mc File Open Movie... v m mt file video.

1 V nh dng Flash Video, bn c th tham kho mt bi bo in t ti a ch sau: http://www.vnn.vn/cntt/ thegioiso/2004/08/228507/, hoc phn
gii thiu bng ting Anh ca hng Macromedia v FLV v cc k thut lin quan ti a ch:
http://www.macromedia.com/devnet/mx/flash/video.html#exporter.
2 Theo gii thiu ca hng Macromedia (hng sn xut Macromedia Flash) th ngoi Flash Video Exporter 1.2, cn c th dng Sorenson Speeze 4.0
chuyn i cc nh dng file phim khc nhau v nh dng FLV. Tuy nhin, theo khuyn ngh ca chng ti th nn dng cng c th nht Flash
Video Exporter v n l cng c chun ca chnh hng Macromedia nn cht lng c th m bo 100%.


41
Sau khi m xong, vo mc File Export...
Trong hp chn Export (th 2 t di ln) chn Movie to Macromedia Flash Video (FLV).
Nhn nt Option (cc la chn) bn cnh, bng nhp liu sau s hin ra:

Bn nn chn cc tham s nh trn hnh v c cht lng phim cao (trong trng hp lu
bi ging trn a cng hoc a CD). Cn i vi cc bi ging a ln Web th ta phi thay i
cc tham s (nht cc l tham s Quality v Limit data rate) lm gim kch thc ca file phim
xung. Bn ch cn iu chnh 1 trong 2 thuc tnh Quality v Limit data rate l c v chng lin
quan n nhau.
- Quality (cht lng): C 3 mc High (cao), Medium (trung bnh) v Low (thp). ng vi
mi mc Quality s c mt gi tr Limit data rate nht nh. Nu bi ging ca bn khng
a ln Web th c yn tm chn Quality l mc High.
- Limit data rate (gii hn t l d liu): l s lng d liu (tnh bng kbyte hoc kbit) dnh
cho 1 giy phim. Nu mc Quality l High vn cha lm bn tha mn v cht lng phim
th bn s phi t thit lp Limit data rate. Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti th nn chn gi
tr cho thuc tnh ny l khong gp 1,5 2 ln gi tr ca chnh n khi ta chn mc
Quality l High. Nu chn thp th cht lng hnh nh km, nu chn cao qu th file xut
ra ln khng cn thit.
Sau khi chn cc tham s ca Flash Video trong hp Option, nhn OK tr v mn hnh
Export, nhn Save bt u chuyn file video sang nh dng FLV. Lu l qu trnh chuyn ny
kh lu, vi nhng file video ln c th mt ti vi gi.
2.3. Mt s ch khc
2.3.1. Chuyn i sang FLV bng cng c Macromedia Flash
Nu my tnh ci Macromedia FlashMX th c th thc hin vic chuyn i cc file
video sang dng FLV bng chng trnh ny. Cc thao tc chuyn i nh sau:
Vo menu File New
Vo menu File Import... v chn mt file phim (avi, mpg, mov, wmv,...). Bng sau s
hin ra, chn cc tham s nh hnh di y:

42

Tham s Quality c th iu chnh cho hp l gia cht lng phim v kch thc file phim.
Quality bng 90 nh trn l u tin cht lng cao, ph hp vi cc bi ging khng chy trn
Internet.
Vo menu Windows Library (hoc nhn F11) hin ca s Library.
Click phi chut ln tn on phim trong ca s Library ny, ri chn Properties. Bng
thuc tnh ca phim hin ra nh sau:

Nhn vo Nt Export, bng Save As s hin ra, bn hy t tn cho file FLV, chn ng
dn v cui cng nhn nt Save.
2.3.2. S dng cc nh dng FLV phin bn c trong VIOLET
Nu s dng Flash Video Exporter 1.0 hoc dng Macromedia Flash
(
3
)
m khng ci Flash
Video Exporter 1.2 th file FLV xut ra s c nh dng FLV 1.0
(
4
)
. i vi cc file FLV ny th n
khng cha thng tin v di ca on phim, v th c th s khng s dng c thanh iu
khin khi ang trnh chiu phim.
Trong trng hp ny, sau khi nhp video vo VIOLET, ngay ti mn hnh son tho, bn
phi chy ht c on phim (ch cho n khi kt thc phim v cc ch s thi gian dng hn li), th
cc ln sau mi c th s dng c thanh iu khin.
2.4. S dng phi hp phn mm PowerPoint vi phn mm VIOLET
Nh chng ti trnh by trn, vic s dng VIOLET khng d dng v thun tin nh
Powerpoint, tuy nhin VIOLET cho php to h thng bi tp trc tuyn rt mnh, do vy c th kt
hp vic s dng hai phn mm ny nh sau.
- Bin son ni dung ch yu bng PowerPoint

3 Nu s dng Macromedia Flash 7.2 (bn chnh thc, khng phi bn update) th nh ng FLV mc nh l 1.2 ri. V th khng cn phi ci
Flash Video Exporter 1.2 na.
4 http://www.swfx.org cung cp cng c flv-duration1.1 chuyn FLV 1.0 thnh FLV 1.1 c cha thng tin v di phim.

43
- S dng phn mm VIOLET bin son phn bi tp h tr sau xut thnh tp tin
exe.
- S dng HyperLink lin kt gia PowerPoint vi h thng bi tp xy dng bng
VIOLET

Ph lc 2: Bng k hiu v cch g chun LaTex
Cc k t Hi lp
Nhp KQ
alpha
beta
chi
delta
Delta
epsilon
varepsilon
eta
gamma
Gamma
iota
kappa
lambda
Lambda
mu
nu
omega
Omega
phi
varphi
Phi
pi
Pi
psi
rho
sigma
Sigma
Tau
theta
vartheta
Theta
upsilon
Xi
Xi
zeta
Cc ton t
Nhp KQ
Sqrt

rootn(a)
n
a
+ +
- -
*
**
// /
\\ \
Xx
-:
@
o+
Ox
o.
Sum
Prod
^^
^^^
Vv
Vvv
Nn
Nnn
Uu
Uuu
Cc k t quan h
Nhp KQ
= =
!=
< <
> >
<=
>=
-<
>-
In
!in
Sub
Sup
Sube
Supe
-=
~=
~~
Prop

Cc loi du ngoc
Nhp KQ
( (
) )
[ [
] ]
{ {
} }

K t mi tn
Nhp KQ
uarr
darr
rarr
->
Cc hm chun
Nhp KQ
Sin Sin
Cos Cos
Tan Tan
Csc Csc
Cc k hiu khc
Nhp KQ
a^n a
n

a_n a
n

a/n
n
a


44
|->
larr
harr
rArr
lArr
hArr

Cc k hiu logic
Nhp KQ
and and
Or or
Not
=>
If if
Iff
AA
EE
_|_
TT
|-
|=

Sec Sec
Cot Cot
Sinh Sinh
Cosh Cosh
Tanh Tanh
Log Log
Ln Ln
Det Det
Dim Dim
Lim Lim
Mod Mod
Gcd Gcd
Lcm Lcm
Min Min
Max Max

Cc k hiu trn
Nhp KQ
hat x x^
bar x x
ul x x
vec x X
dot x x.
ddot x x..
int
oint
del
grad
+-
O/
oo
aleph
|...| |...|
|cdots| | |
vdots
ddots
|\ | | |
|quad| | |
diamond
square
|_
_|
|~
~|


45
PHN MM ORBITAL VIEWER
1. Gii thiu:
y l phn mm min ph minh ha cc obitan nguyn t khi bit cc s lng t: n, l, m..,
c vit bi David Manthey c kch thc rt b (590 KB), c th dowload ti Website:
http://www.orbitals.com/orb.
Sau khi ci t, khi ng chng trnh bng cch nhp chut chn Start>Programs>
Orbital Viewer> Orbital Vaiewer, hoc nhp p vo biu tng ca chng trnh.

Hnh 1: Khi ng chng trnh

Hnh 2: Mn hnh khi ng ca chng trnh

3. V d:


46
Chn Mene File>New (Ctrl+N) bt u chng trnh.

Hnh 3: Bt u chng trnh t File>New

Khi chng trnh s a ra hnh dng mt obitan mc nh l Obital 4f ca nguyn t
hidro (hnh 5) tng ng vi cc s lng t (theo hnh 4):

Hnh 4: Ca s thit lp thng s ban u (mc nh)


47
Hnh 5: Obitan 4f ca nguyn t hidro dng polygon
a chut vo obitan v r chut theo cc hng ta s nhn c hnh dng obitan cc v
tr khc nhau trong khng gian lp th (3 chiu)

Hnh 6: Obitan 4f ca nguyn t hidro dng polygon gc nhn khc

Hnh dng obitan lun c biu din mc nh di dng polygon. C th thay i cch
biu din ny bng cch chn Display>Render Option (hoc phm R) hoc biu tng trn
thanh cng c.

Hnh 7: Thay i mc nh biu din obitan
Khi xut hin hp thoi Rendering method

Hnh 8: Hp thoi Rendering method chn cch biu din


48
Ty theo yu cu biu din chn cch biu din khc nhau, v d biu din obitan bng
cc im ta chn points.

Hnh 9: La chn biu din obitan nguyn t bng cc im

Hnh 10: Biu din obitan nguyn t bng cc im
thay i s im trong obitan ta chn menu Display>Point Option (hoc phm P) hoc
biu tng trn thanh cng c, sau khi thay i nhn Done xc nhn.

Hnh 11: Chn s im t hp thoi


49

Hnh 12: Biu din obitan nguyn t bng s lng ln cc im

Mun thay cc thng s lng t, ta chn t menu Display>orbital hay biu tng trn
thanh cng c

Hnh 13: Thay i c c thng s cho obitan

lu li tp tin chn t Menu File>Save, chng trnh cho php lu tp tin di nhiu
dng khc nhau nh *.orb, *.bmp v c bit l dng thc t o *.vrl hay dng phim *.avi

PHN MM M PHNG CHUN (TITRATION)


50
1. Gii thiu: y l chng trnh m phng chun axit-baz n gin do 2 tc gi l Robert
J.Lancashire (Jamaica) v Andrew G. Booth (Anh) thc hin vi kch thc rt b (98KB).
Chng trnh khng cn ci t, khi ng chng trnh ta nhp p vo biu tng
titration:

3. Mn hnh ca chng trnh:

Hnh 1: Mn hnh lm vic ca chng trnh Titrations

4. Lm vic vi chng trnh:
Bc 1: Chn menu Titration>Reactant thit lp tham s cho qu trnh chun .

th v ng cong chun

1.
2.
th ca ng cong chun


51

2.4.1. Hnh 2: Thit lp tham s u tin cho qu trnh chun

Bc 2: Chn chun theo yu cu:
La chn chun trong bng Titrate, ri nhn OK chp nhn
VD: chun axit mnh vi baz mnh (strong acid with strong base)

Hnh 3: La chn cht chun

Bc 3: Chn nng mol ca axit v baz (g t bn phm)


52

Hnh 4: Chn nng cht chun

Bc 4: Nhp chut tri lin tc vo biu tng kha buret s thu c ng cong chun bn
phi, tuy nhin v dung dch chun khng c khuy u nn ta thu c ng cong chun
khng t yu cu

Hnh 5: ng cong chun khng ph hp

khuy u dung dch chun ta nhp chut phi vo biu tng c t m my khuy t, khi
ta s thu c th v ng cong chun ph hp.


53

2.4.2. Hnh 6: ng cong chun ph hp

Bc 5: Chn th nh trong thc t (Chn menu Option>show Grid)

2.4.3. Hnh 7: ng cong chun trong li

Bc 6: Ly s liu x l- chn Menu Results>copy data as text sau paste vo Word ly
s liu x l, khi ta c bng s liu nh hnh 8.

Concentration of strong acid (in burette) = 0.1M

Concentration of strong base (in beaker) = 0.1M

Burette pH
2.40 13.00
2.89 12.98
3.43 12.96
7.88 12.81

46.92 1.55

54

Hnh 8: Ly s liu x l kt qu

Bc 7: Copy th ca ng cong chun
Chn Menu Results>copy graph as picture sau paste vo Word

Hnh 9: th biu din kt qu chun

Hnh 9: th biu din kt qu chun

a/ Lp t projector
Vic lp t my chiu s liu (data projector) ty thuc kiu my nhng c nhng
nt chung cn lu nh sau
- Khng ni vi ngun in v cng tc ngun ca my phi v tr OFF trc khi
thao tc.
- Kim tra in th li c ph hp vi in th hot ng ca my hay khng.
- Cn thn khi cm cc cp ni sao cho ng chiu khng gy ra nhng h hng
vt l m nhiu khi khng th sa cha c
p
H
volume
(cm)
Titration of strong base (25 cm) with
strong acid.
10 20 30 40 50
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14


55
b/ An ton chung khi s dng
- Nu vng cht lng vo my cn ct in ngay v chuyn n ni bo hnh k
thut vin xem xt.
- Nu khng s dng trong vi ngy, cn rt dy cm ca my chiu ra khi in.
- Khng nhn vo ng n chiu khi my ang hot ng v c th hng mt do
cng nh sng qu ln
c/ S dng mychiu th no c hnh nh tt nht (r nt v p)
- Khng nn chiu sng mnh vng t mn hnh v nh chiu s khng r nt
- Nn chiu sng va bng n m trn hoc c th s dng n chnh sng bng
cng tc chnh sng (dimmer switch)
- Khng cho php nh sng mnh pha i din vi mn nh . Nu c ca s, ca
ra vo cn ng li hoc che sng nu l ca knh
- Sn v tng ca phng chiu khng nn s dng vt liu phn chiu nh sng (qu
bng).
d/ Ch thng gi
- Khng che chc cc ch thng gi ca my
- Khi Tt my vn gi nguyn dy cm ti in qut lmmt my chiu tip tc
ht ng gii nhit. Sau khong 3-10 pht khi qut ngng mi c rt dy cm
khi ngun
e/ V tr t my
- Ty thuc loi my c ng knh vi kh nng chnh tiu c khc nhau m c th
xc nh v tr dt mn hnh trc hay sau mn chiu , t thp hay trn cao.
- Khong cch gia my chiu Sony VPL- CS1 vi mn chiu khong 2- 4m

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