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_-iu-`l-cp-XvG: a-XG I«-]¶r-N-XuG

Ad½lG A-ó-alóG h-c-j-al¥Wl "-ó-alóG
h-c-j-al-IWG, "-Xr-¥d-
tbd½
Q #«-_†-ˆo
A„îs„ Q

Xscuebr« $jeuG
hG-el-Z-I† ]tbu-~XuG
Il--]u-cG A.]r. "-_q-_-|† au-ho-dr-bl† I-|uG ]u-cu-gÓ - l†-|uG a-X_ - l-[p-Xb
dq-
S ðs-ha- q-i
- Π]u-cu-g
- \l-]G¶ ]-cr-ck
au-i˜- Z- o \-_r(h)
N-ÂX
D-cu ðs er-el-ir-Xb
- o.
- l-
W-~u I«-]r¶ N
- \«-Iu-Ib
- l-Iu-¥œl-»l-Wo "-ej- u-
S hv-XvG ]-cr-c-
- X- r-
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_l-[p-XI
bl-]c- \
- j- r«-\r-~u au-¹b
- l-Wo. "-e
- „t <-ªv-de
fp-al-b "-[r-Il-cŸ
- l-|r. ]u-cu-g¥- \l-SuG ígµle
- p-¹r-XvG ]-cr-ck
- o Z-
- r-|l-\l-e-
- j- uG hm-Ic- p-Ÿj- uG \«-Ir. ]u-cu-g¥- \l-SuG
ðs-¥bl-SuG "-e† c-›u-Iq-ˆc- uG ¥N†-~u-›l-Iu-~ a-\u-gp-ha- q-
ðs hvl-XÔ - p-Œr-\uG "-eI - l-fhG-ck - W - Œ- r-\uG ¥e-›r-bu- kr-|
- ]¶S- u-~X - o. al-Xl-]r-Xl-|j- l-duG h-¥il-Zc- Ÿ - j- l-duG ]r- i-¥Œl-
Sl-ˆl-
I-buG "-dl½ i - u
N- a-iŒ - l-b D-cu Il-cu-
\rc|o IutÀduG ¨ au-te
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ep-¹r-]c- e
Y-al-b er-dl-]Ÿ
- r-br-ˆo Il-dŸ
- uG hl-aq-ir-Ie
- j- l-br. ðs-Ij- u-
S
- -|o ]r-~r-du-¨X
- u-al-b ]-cr-ck
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- b - d - ½ $-Œc- G "-\†-
- j- r« \r-c - -

~ `†-Œl-er-\l-duG \-br-|
- ]¶¥- S-›e
e-ju-
S ]q†-W hG-ck - W
- j- l-Wo ðs-
b-~uG "-
- G ]r-~s-So `†-Œl-er« \r-kr-]a-´ l-
Wp-Œr-
„t ^-da- l-Wo \r-bÔ - r-Xa- l-b _-iu-`l-cp-XvG.
]u-cu-g
- „t-buG ðs-bu-
S-buG ‹-ÇX - r-]c- e- uG fl-cs-cr-Ie - uG
\rc|u IutÀW
a~ ¥Iæ [\IlcpaÔr ]r. NrZG cG hl-~r-[p-au-›l-eW -
- a-~ Nr-dc- u-
S Zu-g_ -µ u-Šr-bl-Wo.
W-~uG $-hd o- lG \r†-¥Z-fr-Nu . ðs-
b er-el-iG I-»r-|u- al-\h
- r-Ie - u-al-b _-iu-er-[ Xl-X] o- c- p-Ÿ hG-ck - r-|
- ]¶¥- S-
_cŒr
„t #ivl\G ¥ilˆduIjuG ]l†]¶rS \r† A-er-
S-bl-Wo ]r-»N - X - o? B-Xu \r-ba- h - G-ir-Xb - l-Wo ðshu- ¥œl "-e-|o er-el-ia- q-dpG (a-io†) \«-IW -
- a-~uG hu-J- ›-Xu-›o. "-ec- u-
S hvl-zp-Œr-\uG h-aq-iŒ - r-
„t fl-r-
alXl|juG eli\ \r†alW Iœ\rIjuG eral\| c-kr-XX - v-Œr-\uG hvl-XÔ - p-Œr-\uG $-\r "-ed - G-_r-¥|-›X - o. hm-Ic- p-Ÿ \«-Iu-~X - r« I-Wr-fX - ]u-d†-ŒW -
- a-~uG \r- ]q†-Wa- l-b ]u-¥cl-KX - r-|uG `-ÎX - À- uG "-Xl-ef - p-al-Wo.
œ\rIjuG
Ner
|l¨l„ X…ltlbl« "Xo \d½ ðshvl-XÔ - p-
a-~l« A-l-Wo er-ek - r-¥|-›X - o? A-Ÿ
- \- g¦†g- r-Nu . ðs]u-cu-g„-al-cu-
S Ps-er-X]q†-Œs-Ic- W - Œ - r-\u-¨ <-]l-
IlcpG X
~. AlblduG epehlb¥dlIG "Xr bl-WX - r-\u hl†-YI - a- l-b D-cu ]½lš- ¥o- ^lG cq-]s-Ic- r-¥|-›X - o? $-hd o- l-ar-
d

e-el-ir-I \r-ba- Ÿ -  ðs-Ij- u-
S c-kÀ - l- [r-bl-Wo er-el-iG. D-~r-d[ - r-IG ðs-I
- j ¥e-|u-~X - o ]u-cu-
\u¨ âaG \SŒu
a~, ¥Il‚
^U¥tg„ Dl^o $m ¥Nl-Zp-Ÿ er-er-[ ¥e-Zr-Ij- r-duG al-[p-aŸ - j- r-duG <-bc- u-~u- Wo ‹l-[l-\pG \«-Iu-~X - o. D-~r-d[ - r-IG ðs-I
- j ¥e-W
- a-£r« g„ "-`r-au-Js-Ic- r-|u-~ hl-iN - c- p-Œr-
„t-buG ‹-fh -³ £- s†-
$p„ $„UhoÑsho (hr.
A.
A.)
Nb†al„ ›oo. er-el-iG-
N-…l-
a-~ Ju†-#\ - r-I Xl-X] o- c- pG #-[u-\r-I h-aq- W-Xb - u-
S-buG "-Sr-zl-\Œ - r« al-óa- l-Wo.

I.er. IlaŒr
„t elàl\G fu`‹XskÀo eI ðshvl-XÔ - p-Œr-
„t Zu-c - N - r-óŸ -  "-be - r-t| - r ¥‹-
\«Iu~u. ¥eyUo $|¥WlarIo¥^lteuG hr.
A. k-I“ - Z- b - Ÿ - -|u au-~r« fm-cpG Il-Wr-|u-~e - †, B-Xu \r- $-ho-dl-ar-
d

e-el-ir-I \r-b-a-Ÿ ðs-I-ju-
S c-k-Àl-Wo ‹l-[l-\pG \«-Iu-~-Xo.

A.buG ¥N†~uhGLSr]¶rN hlœŒrI <N¥IlSr b-aa- l-Wo, ep-ez - b - l-Wo ðs-I-|`- r-Il-apG A-~u Xs†-Œu-]- D-~r-d-[r-IG ðs-I-
j ¥e-W-
a-£r« er-el-iG-
N-…l-
a-~ Ju†-#-\r-I Xl-Xo-]-cpG
brdlWo $m #ivl\euG "Xr\u¨ "\uIqd ‹Xr t-bl„ X-…l-tl-eu-~r-d.½ A-~u-al-óa- d - ,½ hv-Ps-er-XŒ - r« X-Ÿ-
IcWeuG <›lb
X~ eh´uX ‹XskI
j el ju-~b - r-|u-~ el-ZG A-óI - ›
- o ‹l-¥bl-Kr-Ia- l-
W-~uG
e-jr- #-[u-\r-I h-aq-i-Œr-
„t hlG-h¦l-cr-Il-`pu-~-Xr-buG [†-a-¥_l-[-euG d-kpG
e-Nl-Wo
C

]¶S- u-Œu-~r-d.½
¥\ljG <b†Œl„ ]cpl]´alWo. epehlbŒr\o ir-xu-aX - G, Ær-hu´ a- X - G, $-hd o- lG a-XG Xu-SŸ - r-b a-XŸ - 
XlXoIldrI"e[r \«Ir ‹f³Ÿ
j KucuXcal|u ðs-
b-|u-tr-No er-fZ- a- l-¥bl "«-]a- l-¥bl ]-cl-a†-fr-|u-~u-
~Xr\o ]IcG erd|uteo ‹Jpl]rNo
Xl»rdljrI ›o. a-I, `l-cp, al-Xl-eo A-~s X-dŸ
b-a¿- \ - r†-¥Z-fe - r-[r-er-d| - u-Ij- uG Nr-d a-X Ü-™Ÿ
- j- r« ðs ]l-dr-¥|-› \r-
- j- r« er-fZ- -
c-¥›l, aq-¥~l, \l-¥dl ]-c-al-e-[r \l-du-e-
c ðs-I-
j er-el-iG
N-…lG.

jbuG er]W\hl[pXI
jbuG \rd\r†ŒuIbl $-Xo \r†-_-‡ Id¶¶-\-¥bl ¥‹-c-W-¥bl "-d½. D-cu- Xu-t-~ "-\u-el-ZG al-óG. \s-Xr -
Wo "`rIlap
a~ NrZG_cŒr
„t <]¥ZfalI al-br ‹-Xr-]l-Zr-Nr ˆ- u-›o.

ˆ ¥\†e»r|u¨ \s|Œr
„t fu`hqN\bualIu a-XŸ -  ðs-I-|o \«-Iu-~ ep-¹r-]c- a- l-b hu-ck - b - uG ]l-dr-|l„ I-»r-bu-
a-~o ¥Xl-~u-~r-
d½-£r« $m "-\u-el-ZG $-ho-dlG \r-cl-I-cr-|u-~u
~u. A~l« \rc|uIutÀ«‹Ærb AóIldŒr hvl-XÔ - p-euG hl-aq-ir-IP - s-er-XŒ - r« B-
X-dl½ G \r-dÀ - l-Wo
\IG, BXuer¥[\ ‹l¥blKrIaleu
a~o #» "-Sb - l-j
- ]¶ˆ- uIr-S| - u-~
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X, ðs-I
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Œr« erfId\G
N…l„ Xu\rƒl« "cuNrIc X« "-ck - r-Xl-ez - b - r-¥d-|o \-br-|l-\l-Wo ar-| hG-el-ZI - - kpG
e-Nl W - o. "-Xpl-ef - p-Lˆ- Ÿ - j- r« Xs†-ŒuG "-\r-el-cp- Su-¨q A-~o "-\u-fl-hr-Nl « "-Xo ]u-cu-g¥- \l-
S-~¥- ]l-
d
cuG er-a†-fI - c- uG â-ar-|u-~X - o. ðs-ha- X - v-hv-lX-Ôp-el-ZrI al-b hl-iN - c- p-Œr-dl-Wo D-~r-d[ - r-IG `l-cp-al-
c ¥e-|l„ ðs-¥bl-SuG
N-…u-~
Il-SuG¥Îl-ia- l-br-cr-|uG. D-cu ðs er-el-
alb Iu¥t \áhXpŸy|o au~r« e»rauˆr \r~u #-ef - p-
]¶S- u-~ X-cŒ - r-du-¨ hvl-XÔ - pG d-`r-N \l-Su-Ij- r«-\r-
¥]lIu
a~XlWo "\u`e]lTG. ~o ðs]s-U\ - Œ - r-
„t
R-ˆr-|u-~ I-YI - j- l-Wo ]u-tŒ - u-ec- u- $-hd o- lG "-\u-aX - r \«-Iu-~X - o. ]-ºr-al†-|r-Sb - r« I-Wr-fa- l- i-¥al-N\ - G
N-…
- ]¶S- u-~u, "-
d½£ - r« hv-bG er-el-i¥- al-N-
hah´¥aJdIjrduG erdbuG
NdeuG $cˆrbrd ~-Xo. hvl-XÔ - p-Œr-
„t-buG "-eI - l-fŸ - j- u-
S-buG ¥]-cr« b cs-Xr-br« \s-Xr-buG Xu-dp-Xb - uG ]l-dr-|l-\uG ]u-d†-Œl-\uG \G ¥\-Su-~u. "-
d½£ - r« er-[e - b- l-Iu-~u. a-
šl-cu ]u-cu-g
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[rIalbr <b†~rcr|u~ ]§lŒdŒr« #fvl ðs-I
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X-cu-er-¥d-|o e-dr-Nr »- À - u-~e - † es-Sr-\u-]u-tŒ - o ðs- I-»r-bW -
- a-~ \r-_‡ - \ - I - ¥- jl-
S-bl-Wo "-\u-aX - r \«-Ir-b- ¥e-|W -
- a-£r« "-e "-bl-ju-
S #-Zp-`l-cp-bl-eu-~X - r-
Ij-\u-`e - r-Nu
- Il-›r-cr-|u-~ bl-X\ - I -
- j ¥_l-[] - q†-eG er- Xo.
\-|l hl-[p-X c-›lG `l-cp-¥bl aq-~lG `l-cp-¥bl #-eu-~-
halbr A
£rduG $jeuIy d`r|l
X aÔrbu c-¥›l, aq-¥~l, \l-¥dl ]-ca- l-e[ - r \l-du-e
- c ðs-I
- j er- Xl-Wo. ]u-cu-g\ - o c-›lG er-el-iG ]l-Sr-
d½£ - r«, "-Ye - l `l-cp-

S ‹h´le\ IüSNo erfvhrNo \rc|uIy Iut h²c- r-|u-Ib - l-Wo. el-iG
N-…lG. $-Xo \r†-_‡ - Id¶\ -¶ ¥- bl ¥‹-cW - ¥- bl "-d.½
b D-cu Il-cW - e - f - l-duG <-¥]-kr-|l„ ]l-Sr-
d½£ - r«, hv-bG
Àl„ #
c£rduG X…ltlIu¥al A~XuX
~bl

dG-Kr-I¥- I-jr-I-|u-¥e-›r al-óG ðs-I
- j er-\r-¥bl-Kr- D-cu- Xu-t~ - "-\u-el-ZG al-óG. \s-Xr ] - l-dr-|l„ I-»r-bu-
a-~o er-el-i¥- al-N\ - G ¥\-Sr-b ðs-|o A-Ÿ
- \ ]u-Xr-
bl-cu `†-Œl-
Wo ‹[l\ ‹f³G. #¥KljhlœŒrI alxpŒr
„t Nrc- u-~ ‹l-ÇX - hG-hl¦ c- Œ - r«-\r-~u ¥al-N\ - G d-`r-|l-Œ D-cu ¥Xl-~u-~r-
d½£ - r« $m "-\u-el-ZG $-hd o- lG \r-cl-Ic- r-|u-~u. er-
\ Ir-ˆuG?
Xr¹^dŸy ¥\crSu~ ¥aJdIjr« A

I·ho \r h-aq-ia- ¥- [p-\r-~l-Wo ðs-hvl-XÔ - p-Œr-
„t e†-WI - Y - I-  $-hd o- lG "-\u-eZ- r-N _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-bÔ - r-Xa- l-Wo. ]-d- \r- Zl-œX - p-Ps-er-XG \-br-|l„ I-»r-bl-Œe - ü - G `l-cp ¥cl-Kr-Wr-
er-hc-´ r-Nu ] - t- b - u-~
- X-~u-Iq-Sr hG-el-Z¥- ‹-ar-I Dl†-Œr-cr-|- _-‡\ - I - j- uG a-XG "-Xr-\u \r-§b - r-Nr ˆ- u-›o. ]-d Il-cW - Ÿ -  ¥bl e-‡p-¥bl #-eu-~ h-x†-`Ÿ - j- u-›l-Iu-~u. "-e
- j al-
IuXr $jeu
N…u~ IlcpG ]crKWr|u
a~o $¥X WG. "-er-
S ¥Pl-dr-zd - Ÿ - j- r-duG ]T-\¥- I-æŸ - j- r-duG hv-G
NSŸr«Œ
~blWo ¥Iæ [\aÔr <t]¶u\«Ir es-Su-Ij- r« ¥]l-duG ðs-I ]u-cu-g\ - l« ¥e-ˆb - l-S
- ]¶ˆu
Il- _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-Œr-¥d-|o ]u-cu-g
- \ \-br-|u-~u-›o. ðs-bu-
S- óG \r-d\ - r†-Œr `†-Œl-eo a-cW - G e-
c Xs Xr-~W -
- a-~u ]-t-
brcr|u~Xo. h†|ltr
„t `lKŒu\r~u›lIu~ ›r-cr-|u-Ib - l-Wo. a-X¥- al Z†-f\ - Ÿ - ¥- jl "-d,½ $-Xr-\u I - l-cW - - buG ]u-cu-g
- „t-buG ‹-ÇX - pl-du-¨ "-ez - I -  $-Xr-\u a-Xr- bu-~X - o \s-Xr-bl-¥Wl? A-£r« # Zl-œX - pG D-cu Zu-c - \ - l-SI- -
$ŒcG elàl\Ÿy¥]lduG "Xo \S]¶l¥|› L euG \r-ar-Œe - uG. a-tr-No `m-Xr-Ie - l-ZŸ - j- u-
S \-b

e-Id - p-euG bl-b
X-jr-el-Wo. $-hd o- l-ar-
„t I†-af - l-ðÜ - ™ - Ÿ - j- r-« er- al-br-cr-|uG. er-[e - D-cu ]u-cu-g
- „t c-›lG er-el-iŒ - r-dq-
S-


e-cu-[p-Ÿj- u-al-Wo. e-cr-Nr ˆ- u-¨ Il-cW - Ÿ - j- l-Wo _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-
Œ-|u-tr-No Rl„
b-£r-duG Ps-er-XŒ - r-¥d-|o I-S~ - u-ec- u-~X - ¥- d½ bu-¹r-hi - G.
ˆGecu¥œly Xscual\
aSu|l
X
eNu\sˆr
|l "-`r-‹l-b
- ]¶ˆ- X - o. Rl„ Xu-t~ - u-]t- ƒ - \r-ce - [ - r Il-cW - Ÿ - - \r-bÔ- r-X _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-al-¥Wl, "-¥- h·l
- S Nr-d L-ˆŸ - -
›u¥]lIu~Xo $¥]¶ly Dcu ]Xrelbrcr|uIbl ðs-bu-
S hv-XvG \r-d\ - r†-Œr "-e
- j Nq-gW - Œ - r«-\r-~u jr«-\r-~o "-‹h - ¹ - a- l-b Nr-d `l-KŸ - 
]l-|r-]r¶ S- r-Nl W - o jr« c-›lG `l-cp-bl-br I-»r-¥b-›r-ec- u-~X - uG K-Xr-br-dl½
- X er-
Wo.
]¥ÑljrbG <Xo]~Ÿju
S erdbu
S IlcpGX hG-ck - r-|u-~ \r-ba- Ÿ - j- l-Wo $-hd o- lG \-S] - r¶ «-ec- u-Œr-bX - o. $-Xr-
\-Xr-
c ]-dc- uG cG-KŒ - r-tŸ - r-bX - o. [-e #-¤i - X- p
N-…u-~X - uG X-˜r« B-Xl-Wo I-cW - s-bG?

~ Dcu arIN <ZlicWG. Æq¥Ulbrdr
„t erd h-aq-iŒ - r-
„t ¥h³i - e - uG ]-cr-Nc- W - e - uG d-`r-¥|-›e - j- l-Wo $-hd o- l-ar-
„t \r-ba- Ÿ -
- j er-db - r-cu-Œu-¥œl D-~l-a- ]u-cu-gÓ - l-
c-|l ðs-Ij- u-
S A-üG Æ-al-Xs-Xa- l-br e†-
_lcdr\o 147 ¥Ulj†e
c AŒrb¥]¶ly
] ðs A-~o au-i˜ - Z- o \-_r(h) ]Tr-]r¶ N - u . al-\p-euG ¥h³i - l†-Îe - u- Xl-br â-Šr-¥|-›X - o "-Xo "-dl½ i - u-er-
„t \r-ba- Ÿ - j- l-Iu- [r-|u-~ ]-d- L-ˆŸ - j- u-›o. c-›lG ¥dl-Ibu-Š
- Œ Xu-S†-~o
¥Ñly, Ush« erdIy IuŒ
\ <b†Œrb hli al-b h-as-]\ - G ðs-I¥- jl-So

I-
|l-¨W -
- a-~o $-hd o- lG \r- ~u A-~X - l-Wo. #-cu-
S-buG hvl†-YX - l-X] o- c- p-Ÿ hG-ck - r- P†-a\ - r-br-duG a-šuG $m ‹-Xr-`l-hG I-›X - l-Wo. A-ˆu-e†-gG \s-
NcpŒr« ]tƒrcu~Xo Æq¥Ulbr« erd Iutbu goI- †-gr-Nu . |l„ <-›l-|r-b \r-ba- Ÿ - j- d - ½ "-Xo. ]u-cu-gÓ - l†-¥|l ðs- › K-^o bu-ŠŒ - r-
„t ^-da- l-br $-tl-\r-duG $-tl-Jr-duG ]-
~¥Xl
S ]»b\rd ]u\Hzl]r|u
a~lbrcu~u. Ju†-#„ ]Tr-]r¶ | - u-~u: EE\r-Ÿ \r†-eX -¼ r-
Il-¨l„ \r- I-¥|l "-
d½£ - r« `-cW - I - †-Œl-|-¥|l, a-Xh - G-LS- \ - - Œu d - k- ¥- Œl-jG #-Wu-Ÿ a-cr-
NlS- u-Ÿr. B-Xl-›o "-ó-
$¥]¶ly "Xo _lcdr\o 60 ¥Uljtr\uG Xl
» AŒr Ÿ-jr«-\r-~u-X
- ~ $-W
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„t Ì-glµ - I-¥|l # \r-ba- \r†-al-WŒ - r« bl-
Xl-cu ]-£u-ar-d.½ $-ho- X-
~ e-\r-XI -  er-[e - I- j- l-
b-~u Nu-cu-|G. $-tl-\r-duG $-tl-
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d‹Zalbr ‹e†Œr|l\leq. # hXpG a\h·rdl|r au\r <W†~rcr|u~Xo ]cal¤ler
„t ¥\†|uG $Xc N fcrblb _uŠr <¨e„ D»u|r\u Iutu
I \su~u. "¥Xha
¥]ldshr
\ P\Ÿju
S aróalbr "GKsIcrNu
Il clNcŸju
S <W†N kc‹]°Œr
d er¥fgŸju
S bG, Xl\uG D»u|rdlWo A~o "e\o "trblG. "e„ "trbWG.
›o au¥~lˆu\sŸl\u¨ hliNcpG Dcu|l\u¨ ¥\†|ualWo. \su¥œl»uG Xl„ D»uIu~u
›~uG "Xo "\relcpal
W~uIq
âaeuG #efpalWo. _uŠr <tNuIrˆl„ dmIrIŸjlb h†e I†aŸjuG <¥] SrbuG "e„ "trbWG. (Xu-S-cuG)
 [†a-Npu-Xrbr« \r-~o c-kl-al†KG,
‹-Ç-Xr-Xl-Xo-]-cp-Œr-\-\u-ìXG
]l-§l-Xp-,bq-¥tl-]p„ \l-Su-I-jr-
d
X-cu-¥el-c-Ÿ-jr« K-
Xr-
I-ˆo "-d-bu-~ er-el-i-¥al-Nr-X-I-juG er-[-e-I-juG "-
Xp-G Z-b-\s-b-al-b Nr-ó-al-Wo. ]-Sr-ƒl-tr-
„t hv-X-Ô-
¥dl-I-Œo ðs-h-aq-iG "-\u-`-er-|u-~ $-Œ-cG Igµ-]¶l-So I-
›l-Wo ¥Ul. ar-ho #-\r-_-h„to E

d-^o #„Uo Ss-NrMo-
ho Dl-^o au-i-˜-Zo' A-~ Ü-™-Œr« $-ho-dl-ar-
d _-iu-
`l-cp-Xv-
Œ el-Ûr-]¶-t-ƒ-Xo.
c-›lG ¥dl-I a-il-bu-Š-Œr-
„t ^-d-al-br er-[-e-I-juG
"-\l-Y-fr-fu-|-juG P†-a-\r-br« I-W-|-š cs-Xr-br« ì-gµr-
|-
]¶-ˆu. er-[-e-I-
j A-~-d½, I-\p-I-I-
jŒ-
~ ¥e-
|l-¥\l "-\l-Y-fr-fu-|-
j ]-cr-]l-dr-|l-¥\l #-jr-d½l-Xl-
br. $m ‹-f³G A-Ÿ-
\ ]-cr-i-cr-|l-
a-~-Xr-
\-|u-tr-No
#-¥dl-Nr-|l„ 1958¿« apq-Wr-|r« ¥N†-~ ¥e-Uo bq-
Œo ¥Il‚-^t„-ho er-er-[ ]-cr-il-c-Ÿ N†-N
N-Â-¥f-
gG A-Œr-¥N†-~-Xo _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \-S-]¶l-|-W-
a-~ Xs-cu-
al-\-Œr-dl-br-cu-~u. "-\l-Yl-e-z-br«
]l-tu-Xr-
I-ˆ- e-
\r-X-I, _-iu-`l-cp-XvG "-\u-e-Zr-Nu-
Il-›o \r-b-aG ¥`-Z-K-
Xr
N-…-W-
a-~l-e-fp-
]¶-ˆo ¥_l-Wr« ‹-I-S-\-Ÿ \-S-
Œu-I-bu-›l-br.
au-ho-drG ]-þr-XÓl† ]-t-b-
ˆ: EE$-ho-dl-ar-
d _-iu-`l-
cp-Xv-
Œ|u-tr-No Nr-d† epl-]-I-al-br ¥Il-dl-i-dG \-S-Œu-
I-bl-Wo. "-Xo h-aq-i-Œr« Ku-cu-X-c-al-b `-er-gp-Œo ì-
gµr-|u-~u-
e-~ #-¥cl-]-WG f-cr-bl-¥Wl? #-¥cl-]-I†
P†-a-\r-br-¥d-|o ¥\l-|u-I. D-cu bu-el-er-\o aq-~o bu-e-Xr-
I A-~ ¥Xl-Xr-dl-Wo P-\-hG-Jp. $m ‹-f³-Œr-\o A-Ÿ-

\-bl-Wo ‹-Xr-er-[r Il-Wu-I? D-~u-Ir« ]u-cu-g„ D-cu `l-
cp-
b al-óG hvs-I-cr-|u-I. a-šu c-›u bu-e-Xr-I-juG Zl-œ-Xp-

a-o, al-ò-Xv-
a-o, Iu-SuG-_-Ps-er-X-
a-o A-
~l-~uG "-
tr-bl-
X Ps-er-|u-I! "-
d½-£r« D-cu-Œr-
b er-el-iG I-»r-
|u-I-buG a-šu- c-›u-¥]-
c Il-au-Ir-al-cl-|r-
e-|u-I-buG

N-…u-I. "-e†-|o Iu-ƒuG Iu-SuG-_-euG "-‹l-]p-al-br-cr-
|uG. $-\r al-ò-XvG ¥e-W-
a-£r«-Œ-
~ "-Xo "-er-ir-X-
al-buG "-]-al-\-¥Œl-
S-buG al-óG d-`r-|u-~u. aq-~l-a-

Œ ‹-Xr-er-[r D-~r-d-[r-IG ¥]-
c D-cl er-el-iG I-»r-
|u-I. "-e-
c au-»u-e„ a-i-\s-b-al-b ]-Xo-\r ]-Z-er-br-¥d-
|uG Iu-SuG-_-Ps-er-X-Œr-
„t c-kl-¥_l-[-Œr-¥d-|uG <-
b†-Œu-I. hv-G Ps-er-X-
Œ Iu-š-er-au-¹-al-|u-I. h-aq-
i-
Œ [l†-ar-I "-cl-P-I-Xv-Œr«-\r-~u c-kr-|u-I. $-
Xr« B-Xu- ‹-Xr-er-[r-bl-Wo a-\u-gp-Xv-Œr-\u ¥N†-~-XuG
ðs-|u-X-
~ #-Z-c-Ws-b-euG ‹-¥bl-P-\-‹-Z-euG. (<-Š-c-
WG: "-d½l-al hvl-_q-\r, t-el-$-<« _-bl„ 1/431)
Zl-œ-Xp-Il-cp-Ÿ-ju-
S er-f-I-d-\-Œr« D-cu "-¥Xl-tr-šr
A-~u er-¥f-gr-]¶r-|-
]¶-Su-~ ‹-hr-Š ]l-§l-Xp Nr--I-
\l-b ¥Ul.
e-î†-al†-|r-
„t "-`r-‹l-b-Œr« hl-[l-c-
W Nu-šu-]l-Sr«¥]l-duG aq-~uG \l-duG f-X-al-\G ðs-I-
j-£r-
duG B-Il--el-h-Œr-\o \r†-_-‡r-X-cl-Iu-~u-›o. ðs]u-
cu-g hG-Jpl-\u-]l-XŒr-du-¨ B-š-|u-t-Nr-dl-Wo $-Xr-\u -
Il-c-W-
a-~uG "-¥©-iG Nq-›r-|l-ˆu-~u. $m er-`l-K-Œr-

„t "-e-f-X-I A-Ÿ-
\-bl-Wo ]-cr-i-cr-|u-I.
\r-b-Ôr-X-al-b _-iu-`l-cp-XvG ‹-Ç-Xr-bu-
SX-
~ Xl-Xo-
]-cp-al-Wo. a-\u-gp„ $-Xu-e-
c I-› B-Xu \l-K-cr-I-X-br-
duG "-Xo D-»r-el-|l-\l-el-Œ L-S-I-al-br-cu-~u. _-iu-`l-
cp-Xv-
Œ

I-
bl-»r-|-W-
a-£r« D-~l-a-Xl-br a-\u-gp-
\l-K-cr-I-X-bu-
S au-»u-e„ hv-`l-e-
Œ-buG c-›l-a-Xl-br a-
\u-gp-‹-Ç-Xr-
b-buG "-r-a-al-br ¥dl-I-‹-Ç-Xr-
bŒ-

~-buG al-šr-a-tr-¥|-›r-e-cuG A-~o ]-Sr-ƒl-t„ Nr--I-
\l-b ¥Ul. dl„to ]-t-bu-~-Xo â-¥Š-b-al-Wo.
"-tu-]Xu e-b-h·r-\u au-œu-X-
~ ðs-bu-
S ‹-Xpu-Xo-]l-Z-
\¥f-gr-buG

dG-Kr-I-¥Nl-Z-\-I-juG k-br-|u-¥œl ]u-
cu-g-
„t

e-g-br-I Xl-Xo-]-cpG #-¥cl-Kp-zr-Xr-b-\u-h-
cr-No A-ó-Il-dG e-
c-buG \r-d-\r«-|uG. "-Œ-c-
al-cu hl-
i-N-cp-Œr« "-bl Ps-er-Xer-fu-Šr \r-d-\r†-Œl„ ‹r-
_-iu-`l-cp-XvG: a-XG Id¶¶r-N
-XuG
hG-el-Z-I† ]tbu-~XuG
Il-
-]u-cG A.]r. "-_q-_-|† au-ho-dpl†
2 X-a-d½. "-\l-Y-I-juG #-dG-_-is-\-cuG "-e-K-Wr-|-
]¶-ˆ-e
bh-Jr-¥bl-
Sl-]¶G #-¥cl-Kp-au-¨ a-
šl-cu ]-£l-jr-
b-|q-
Sr hvs-I-cr-|u-~-Xl-Wo `G-Kr. ]-¥k, es-›uG es-›uG Nr-r-
|u-I-buG \s-Xr]q†-eG c-›r-W-I-
j-buG ]-cr-K-Wr-|u-el„
hl-[r-|u-
a-£r« al-óG c-›lG er-el-iG #-Il-eu-~-Xual-
Wo.
h-aq-i-
Œ [†-a-Npu-Xr-br«-\r-~u I-c-I-b-šl-\u-¨ ]-er-
ó-al-b D-cu-]l-[rIq-Sr-bl-Wo _-iu-`l-cp-XvG A-~o er-e-kr-
|u-~-Xr«
X-šr-d½. \r-b-al-\u-ì-XG `†-ò-a-Xr-I-jl-Il„ I-
»r-bl-Œ-e† "-\l-fl-hp-al†-K-Ÿ-jr-¥d-|o Xr-cr-bu-~u.
XXo^-d-al-br

dG-Kr-I "-cl-P-I-Xv-euG Pl-c-h--Xr-I-
juG
]-cu-Iu-~u. [l†-ar-I ‹-f³-Ÿ X-d-
]l-|u-~u.
"-¥a-cr-|, {r-ˆ„, ‘l„-ho Xu-S-Ÿr-b ]l-§l-Xp bq-¥tl-
]p„ \l-Su-I-jr« \r-b-al-\u-ì-X _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-ar-
d½-£r-duG
"-er-ir-X _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-d-\r«-|u-~u-›o. "-¥a-cr-|-
h-aq-i-
Œ [†-a-Npu-Xr-br«-\r-~u
I-c-I-b-šl-\u-¨ ]-er-ó-al-b
D-cu-]l-[rIq-Sr-bl-Wo _-iu-`l-cp-XvG
A-~o er-e-kr-|u-~-Xr«
X-šr-d½.
\r-b-al-\u-ì-XG `†-ò-a-Xr-I-jl-Il„
I-»r-bl-Œ-e† "-\l-fl-hp-al†-K-Ÿ-
jr-¥d-|o Xr-cr-bu-~u. XXo^-d-al-br


dG-Kr-I "-cl-P-I-Xv-euG
Pl-c-h--Xr-I-juG
]-cu-Iu-~u.
[l†-ar-I ‹-f³-Ÿ X-d-
]l-|u-~u
br« al-óG ‹-Xr-e†-gG "-°u-d-k-Œr-d-[r-IG Pl-c-fr-fu-
| ]r-t-|u-~u-›-
ó (a-\l-tu« $-ho-dlG
a-bo 1985).
X-
cu-er« P-\r-|u-~ $m a-\u-gp-Ps-er-I <-b†-Œu-~ hl-aq-
irI-‹-f³-
Œ d-jr-X-e-Xo-I-cr-|l-\l-eu-¥al?
¥Ul. #-\r-_-h„to ]-t-bu-~u: EE_-iu-`l-cp-XvG "-\u-e-Zr-
|u-~ Il-c-WG
Il-›o $-ho-dlG Ns-Œ-bl-
b-~u Nr-d† ]-
t-bu-~u. d-›-\r-
d D-cu il-jr« A\r|o $m er-g-b-
Œ-
]¶-šr A-
„t "-`r-‹l-bG ‹-I-Sr-]¶r-¥|-›r-e-~u. $G-K½-›r-

d ]-d P-\-Ÿ-juG ‹-Xp-k-al-br B-I-]-ºsØ-X-|l-cuG "-
¥X-b-e-h-c-Œr« hv-Il-cp-al-br a-šu ðs-I-ju-al-br ep-`r-Nl-
c-Œr« B†-
]¶-Su-~-e-cu-al-
W-~o Rl„ Xu-t-~u ]-t-
ƒu. ðs-I-
j hG-_-‡r-Nr-S-¥Œl-jG $-ho-dl-ar-
d \r-b-a-
Ÿ B-š-euG h´u-Xp†-i-Ÿ-jl-Wo. hv-Œo, "-\--cl-e-Il-
fG, er-el-i-¥al-N-\G au-X-dl-b-e-
b hG-_-‡r-Nu-¨ er-g-
b-Ÿ-jr« ]l-§l-Xpcl-Pp-Ÿ-jr-
d \r-b-a-Ÿ-¥j-|l $-ho-
dl-ar-
d \r-b-a-Ÿ ¥â-gøal-Wo.'' (Zr

d-^o #„Uo Ss-
NrMoho Dl-^o au-i-˜-Zo, al-Æl-ho, Pq‚ 1932 ¥]-Po 3).
bq-¥tl-]p„ Ü-™-Il-c-\l-b ¥I½† al-Io-
^†-
d-br« Nq-
›r-|l-ˆu-~u: EE_-iu-`l-cp-XvG hl-aq-irI-al-buG hl-Ól†-Kr-
I-al-buG a-X-]-c-al-buG es-kr-Nl« \l-K-cr-I-X-bu-
S A-ó
h-au--~-X-al-b al-\-ZþG
e-Nu-¥\l-|r-bl-duG "-]-cr-¬
cu-al-b ðs-I-ju-
S ‹-f³-Œr-\o _-iu-`l-cpXvG ‹l-¥bl-Kr-I
al-b D-cu ]-cr-il-c-al-Wo. _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-¥g-[r-|u-~ h
aq-i-Œr« ep-`r-Nl-c-euG \r-cl-f-¥bl-
S Ps-e•-e-al-br I-»
bu-~ "-er-el-ir-X-I-juG e†-[r-|u-
a-~u-t-]¶l-Wo (Zr ¥I-h
Dl-^o ¥]l-¥jl-K-ar, ¥\l‚-U„, 1934, ¥]-Po 30).
D-~r-d-[r-IG ]-ºr-al-
c hvs-I-cr-|u-~ hl-i-N-cp-euG "
e-z-buG $-X-c a-X-Ÿ-jr-duG `m-Xr-I-hr-Šl--Ÿ-jr-duG \
d-er-du-›o. $-ho-dl-ar-
d _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-Œr-
„t ‹-¥Xp-I-X
"-Xu \r-b-Ôr-X-al-Wo A~XlWo.

i-x-e]u-cl-W-Ÿ
jr« ]-t-bu-~-X-\u-h-cr-No, "-e†-|r-S-br« _-iu-`l-cp-X
Œr-\o "-Xr-cu-I-jr-d½. `m-Xr-I h-aq-i-Ÿ-jr-dl-
W-£r« `l
cp A-~ ‹-f³GX-
~-br-d½. ]u-cu-g-\o B-Xo ðs-buG "-e-Il
f-
]¶-ˆ-Xl-Wo. -P-dl-f-b-Œr-
d
X-jr-\s-cu-¥]l-
d! #†
|uG A-¥]¶l ¥e-W-
a-£r-duG "-\u-el-Z-ar-d½l-
XX-
~ <
]-¥bl-Kr-|lG. "-\r-b-Ôr-X-al-b h-ê-Zl-bG ðs-¥bl-So
N
…u-~ B-š-euG
Il-Sr-b ¥Îl-i-euG "-e-¥i-j-\-eu-al-Wo. h
aq-i-Œr-
„t `-Î-X-buG h-Zl-Nl-c "h´r-el-c-euG "-Xo X
I†-Œu-I-j-buG.
¥Ul. au-h´-^-h·-_l-$-bu-
S el-|u-I: EE$-ho-dlG Xu-S
Ÿr-
e-N D-cu Zu-cl-Nl-c-
a-~ \r-dÀl-Wo _-iu-`l-cpl-X

Œ-]¶-šr XXo]-c-I-kr-I ]-t-bu-~-Xo. b-Yl†-YŒr« ‹l
¹-\h-aq-i-Ÿ-jr« \r-d-\r-~u-¥]l-~ Nr-c ]u-cl-X-\ #
Nl-c-al-Wr-Xo. $-ho-dlG "-Xr-\u \r-b-Ô-WG B†-
]¶-Su-Œu
Ibl-Wu-›l-b-Xo. ]u-cl-X-\ "-Ys-\r-b-Ól†,

N-\-|l†
`l-c-Xs-b†, _l-_r-¥dl-Wr-b-|l†, $m-Pr]´u-Il† A-~r-e
cr-
dl-
| _-iu-`l-cpl-hG-er-[l-\G <-›l-br-cu-~u.

N-\
br-
d \r-b-a-hG-ir-X \q-šr-au-]¶-Xo `l-cp-al-
ce-
c "-\u-e-Z
Nr-cu-~u. D-cu

N-\s-ho N-Æ-e†-Œr-|o au-]¶-Xr-\l-br-cG `l
cp-al-cu-›l-br-cu-~u-e-
ó.
Pq-X-aXG \r-b-Ô-W-¥a-Xu-ar-d½l-
X _-iu-`l-cp-XvG "-\u
e-Zr-Nr-cu-~u. _-iu-`l-cp-XvG er-d-|r-
|l-›u-¨ ]-cl-a†-f

al-~uG

_-_r-jr« Il-Wl„ I-»r-bu-I-br-d½. ‹l-Ns-\


Æ-h´-e-cr« _-iu-`l-cpl-h-ê-Zl-bG <-›l-br-cu-~u-
e
~l-Wo N-cr-óG ¥c-J-
]¶-Su-Œu-~-Xo. B-»lG \q-šl-›u-e-
c
buG N†-Nr-
„t "-\u-a-Xr-¥bl-
S _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-d-\r-~
cu-~-Xl-br Zl-œ-XpN-cr-ó-Œr-
d #-[r-Il-cr-I ]-þr-X
\l-b
e-î†-al†-Io ¥c-J-
]¶-Su-Œr-br-ˆu-›o. N†-Nr-¥\l `-c
W-Iq-S-Œr-¥\l \r†-W-br-|l„ I-»r-bl-Œ-ó "-[r-I-al-b
cu-~u "-Xo. ("« "-Jl-Zo, i-Jl-$-Ju« $-ho-dlG 177).
Ær-h´pl-\r-I-|r-S-br«
e-]¶l-ˆr h-ê-Zl-b-euG \r-d-\
~r-cu-~u. (¥Ul. au-h´-^-h·-_l-$, "« a†-"-Xu

_-\«
^r-Jo-ir e« Jl-\q„ 71, 72). _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-b-Ô-W-¥a
Xu-ar-d½l-
X-bl-Wo b-iq-Z-Ól†-|r-S-br« \r-d-\r-~u-¥]l-~
Xo. EEPq-X-Ól†-|r-S-br« B-Xu hl-i-N-cp-Œr-duG D-~r-d-[
IG `l-cp-al-
c hvs-I-cr-|l„ ]u-cu-g-\o "-\u-a-Xr-bu-›l-b
cu-~u.'' (A„-

h-¥I½l-]s-Ur-bl {r-ˆl-\r-| 18/186).
a-[p-\q-šl-›u-I-jr« Ær-h´p„ a-Xl-[p-k-Ól† _-iu-`l-c
Xv-
Π"G-Ks-I-cr-Nr-cu-~u. "-
Xl-cu \r-b-al-\u-ì-X \-S-]
Sr-bl-br \r-d-\r«-|u-I-buG
N-Âu.'' _-iu-`l-cp-XvG "-\u-e
Zr-|-
]¶-ˆr-ˆuG au-ho-drŸ-jr« "-Xu Iu-t-el-br-cu-~u A-~ e
h´u-X \rg¶-k-a-Xr-I h-˜-Xr-Nr-ˆu-›o. ‹-au-J ]l-§l-X
A-»u-Œu-Il-c-\l-b er-dpG
I-d½r

t-šr-
„t el-|u-I
EEbl-Yl†YpG a-\-h·r-dl-|r-bl« A-d½l-Il-d-Ÿ-jr-duG au-i-˜
Zs-b-cr« _-iu-`q-cr-]-k-Œr-\uG B-I-]-ºsØ-X-¥a <-›l
br-cu-~u-¨q A-~u-Il-WlG.'' (er-dpG
I-d½r

t-šo, ^r-¥dl
h-^r Dl-^o tr-ds-Pp-ho, \pq-¥bl†-|o 1935, ¥]-Po 508).
(Xu-Sc- uG)
 aX\rbaŸ
|uIs»r«
alóG _iu`lcpXvG
$-p-br-duG _-iu-`l-cp-XvG "-\u-e-Zr-|-
]¶-ˆr-ˆuG au-ho-drG-I-
jr« "-Xo Xl-c-X-¥ap-\ Iu-t-el-
W-~-Xl-Wo e-h´u-X. $m h-
ê-Zl-bG \r-gr-Š-euG ]l-]-eu-al-br I-cu-Xu-~ Nr-d -h-au-Zl-
b-Ÿ-jr« $-Xo au-ho-drG-I-jr-¥d-Xr-
\-|l Iq-Su-X-dl-
W-
~ I-
›-Œ« #-§-cp-I-c-al-br-cr-|u-~u. 1961
d $-
p„
h„-h-hr-
„t "-Sr-zl-\-Œr« \-S-Œr-b D-cu
]T-\-Œr« ar-| h-au-Zl-b-Ÿ-jr-duG D-cu ]-cr-[r-e-
c $-
¥]¶l-»uG _-iu-`l-cp-XvG \r-d-\r«-|u-~u-
›-~l-Wo
X-jr-
ƒ-Xo. 1951-¿60 Il-d-b-j-er« $-p-br-
d ir-xu-|-jr« \-
S-~ er-el-i-Ÿ-jr« 5.06 f-X-al-\-euG _-iu-`l-cp-Xv-al-br-
cu-~u-
e-£r« $-¥X Il-d-b-j-er« au-ho-drG-I-|r-S-br-
d
er-el-i-Ÿ-jr« _-iu-`l-cpXvG 4.31 f-X-al-\G al-ó-al-br-cu-
~u. EEir-xu-|-ju-
S $-S-br-
d _-iu-`l-cpXvG \r-¥cl-[r-|u-I-
buG "-
Xl-cu Ær-ar-\« Iu-š-al-|u-I-buG
N-Âu-
Il-›o \r-
b-aG ]l-h·l-|r-br-ˆo $-cu-]-Xo e†-g-Ÿ I-»r-ƒr-ˆuG "-
e†-|r-S-br« $m #-Nl-c-
Œ ]l-¥S $-d½l-Á
N-…l„ I-»r-
ƒr-ˆr-d½ A-~ e-h´u-X h-˜-Xr-|u-~-Xr« R-Ÿ-|u Iu-
Wør-X-au-›o. ($-p„ ðs-I-ju-
S ]-Z-er-
b hG-_-‡r-No
`lcX h†|ltr-
„t er-Zpl-`pl-h a-Ôl-d-bG 1974¿« \r-
¥bl-Kr-N I-˜r-šr-bu-
S tr-¥]¶l†-ˆr«-\r-~o).
"-\r-b-Ôr-X _-iu-`l-cpXvG
Il-Sr-Iu-Œr el-»u-~ hl-
i-N-cp-al-br-cu-~u h-aq-i-Œr-du-›l-br-cu-~-Xo. X-Sr-ar-Su-|u-
¨-e† b-¥Y-gµG ðs-I-
j

I-b-S-|r-
e-Nu. ]r-Xl-eo a-cr-
Nl« "-bl-ju-
S `l-cp-al-
c "-\--c-hv-Œl-br a-|-¿-ar-
|-el-tuG aq-Œ-a-I„-¿ hv--al-|r. ðs-I-
j ]u-cu-g-Ól†
bl-
Xl-cu \r-b-Ô-W-eu-ar-d½l-
X <-]-¥`l-K-e-h´u-|-jl-|r-
br-cu-~ h-aq-i-Œr-
„t Nr-óG Eh-_o-<« au-"-d½-Jl-Œo'
A-~ er-Jpl-X "-t-_r Il-ep-Ÿ-jr« Il-WlG. $m h-aq-i-
Œr-dl-Wo \r-b-Ôr-X _-iu-`l-cp-XvG B†-
]¶-Su-Œr $-ho-
dlG ðs-h-aq-i-Œr-
„t c-k-
À-Œr-b-Xo. `l-cp-al-cu-
S A-
üG \l-
d-£r-du-al-|r Nu-cu-|l„ au-i-˜-Zo \-_r(h) Id¶¶r-
Nu. ]-ŒuG A-ˆuG "-°u-
al-
| ]-ºr-al-cu-›l-br-cu-~-
e† $m Id¶\-b-\u-h-cr-No \l-du-¥]-
cl-»r-
I a-šu-¨-e-
c
Xdl-Jo
Nl-d½r.
$-ho-dlG #-¥f½-gr-N-¥]¶l "-°o `l-cp-al-cu-›l-br-cu-
~ \m-^« $-_o-\u au-#-er-b-buG A-ˆo `l-cp-al-
c
e-Nr-cu-
~ <-

a-t-Œu« "-h-Zr-buG ]-Œu `l-cp-al-cu-›l-br-cu-~


K-dl-\u-_o-\u h-d-a-bu-
a-d½lG \l-du-¥]-
c al-óG \r†-
Œr ¥f-gr-N-e-
c D-»r-el-|r-b-e-cl-Wo.
a-XG e-j-
c hq-k²-X-¥bl-
S ]l-dr-|l„ Id¶r-N-Xl-Wo
_-iu-`l-cpXvG, $-Xo \r†-_-‡r-X fl-h-\-b-d½, hl-i-N-cp-
Œr-
„t #-\u-Iq-dpG al-ó-al-Wo. $m hm-I-cpG Zu-cu-]-¥bl-
K-
]¶-Su-Œu-~u-
›-£r« "-Xo \r-b-a-Œr-
„t-¥bl a-X-Œr-

„t-¥bl ]l-I-]¶r-»-b-d½. $-ho-dlG ‹-¥Xp-I hl-i-N-cp-
Œr« "-\u-e-Zr-N $-j-eo Zu-cu-]-¥bl-K-
]¶-Su-Œu-~-e† $-
ho-dl-ar-
„t au-~r«Œ-
~ Iu-š-el-jr-I-jl-Iu-~u.
$-ho-dlG "-\u-fl-hr-N a-X-er-[r-I, hvs-I-cr-|-¥Wl
¥e-›-¥bl A-~u Xs-cu-al-\r-|l„ ep-¹r-I-|o "-e-Il-
f-au-›o. hvs-I-cr-|u-¥~l \r-cl-I-cr-|u-¥~l A-~-X-d½ au-Jp-
er-g-bG. a-XG ]-t-ƒ Il-cp-Ÿ \r†-`-bG
e-jr-
]¶-Su-Œ-
dl-Wo. a-X-er-[r-|u au-~r« am-\G Zs-kr-|l„ A-l-bl-
duG A-\r-|l-er-d½. A-
~ a-Yr-|u-~ hG-h¦l-c-euG h-¥x-f-
euG au-i-˜-Zo \-_r(h) ]Tr-]¶r-Nu ]-I†-~u-X-~ a-X-Œr-

„t _l-dl-[pl-]-\-Ÿ-jl-Wo. h-XpG

I-¥]¶-tr-b-Xl-
W-
£r-duG "-Xu-t-
| ]-t-b-W-
a-~l-Wo a-X-fl-h-\.
_-iu-`l-cpXvG $-ho-dl-ar-
„t \r†-_-‡-fl-h-\-b-d½.
"-Xr-\u ¥‹-cr-]¶r-Nr-ˆu-ar-d½. "-\u-a-Xr \«-Iu-I al-ó-¥a
N-
_-iu-`l-cp-XvG: a-XG Id¶¶r-N
-XuG
hG-el-Z-I† ]tbu-~XuG
Il--]u-cG A.]r. "-_q-_-|† au-ho-dpl†
3 ~-e-\o bl-
Xl-cu er-ˆu-es-×-bu-ar-d½l-Œ _l-[p-X-bl-Wo "-
Âr-ˆu-¨u. ¥h³-i-\r-[r-bl-b D-cu <-Œ-aIu-SuG-_r-\r-
b
|l-
›o "-\u-Ý-is-X-\l-b `†-Œl-eo D-cr-|-duG #
]‚-
Il-
Sr-bu-
S a-\G X-I†-|-cu-Xo. #-e-fp-ar-d½l-
X a-
šl-cu-Œr-
b-
Iq-
S ¥e-|u-~-XuX-
~ "-e-ju-
S a-\-h·o X-I†-|u-~
Il-cpalWo. $-|l-d-Œo c-›lG er-el-iG #-Zp-Iu-SuG-_-

Œ X-I†-|-dl-br al-tr-br-ˆu-›o. "-Œ-c-
al-cu Ç-Xp-Œr-\o
D-cu-
œ-Su-¥œl B-
t hq-k²-X ]u-d†-Œu-I-buG #-¥dl-
Nr-|u-I-buG ¥e-WG.
]-Xo-\r J-Zs-P(t) Ps-er-Nr-cu-~-¥]¶l a-
šl-cl-
j ‹-el-N-
I†(h) er-el-iG I-»r-|u-I-bu-›l-br-d½. "-e-cu-
S er-¥bl-
Kl-\--c-al-Wo a-šu er-el-i-Ÿ
N-Â-Xo. er-[-el-hG-c-k-
$-ho-dlG "-\u-fl-hr-N
a-X-er-[r-I,
hvs-I-cr-|-¥Wl ¥e-›-¥bl A-~u Xs-cu-
al-\r-|l„ ep-¹r-I-|o "-e-Il-f-au-
›o. hvs-I-cr-|u-¥~l \r-cl-I-cr-|u-¥~l
A-~-X-d½ au-Jp-er-g-bG
* * * *
`l-cp-b ¥Îl-ir-|u-I, I-go-S-]¶-Su-Œu-
I, "-e-¥jl-So ‹-Xr-Il-cG N-…u-I Xu-S-
Ÿr-b ]-Z-Ÿ-jl-~uG $-ho-dl-ar-I Zl-œ-
Xp \r-b-a-Œr« Il-Wr-d½. \-d½- cs-Xr-br«
D-~r-N
u-I-»r-bu-I, "-d½-£r« \-d½- cs-Xr-
br«Œ-~ ¥e†-]r-cr-bu-I A-~-Xl-
Wo a-X-Œr-„t ‹-Jpl-]r-X X-ŒvG
W-euG \r-d-er-
d ‹-¥Xp-I hl-i-N-cp-euG ]-cr-K-Wr-Nl-br-cu-
~u Xr-cu-\-_r-bu-
S er-el-i-Ÿ.
]u-cu-g-\o D-~r-d-[r-IG ðs-I-
j ¥e-|l-
a-£r« D-~r-
d-[r-IG `†-Œl-|-Ól-
c hvs-I-cr-|l„ ðs-|uG hvl-X-ÔpG
\«-¥I-›-X-¥d½ A-~o er-a†-f-I† ¥Nl-Zr-|u-~u. Iu-SuG-_-`-
Î-X-ÀuX-
~ $-Xu \r-c-|u-~r-
d½-~u al-ó-a-d½, ðs-bu-
S ‹-
Ç-Xr-|uX-
~ er-cu-Š-eu-al-Wo. _-iu-`l-cpXvG ]u-cu-g-
„t
‹-Ç-Xr-|o "-\u-¥bl-Pp-euG "-`r-Il-ap-eu-al-
W-£r« ðs-bu-

S _-iu-`†-ò-XvG D-cu epl-¥al-iG al-ó-al-Iu-~u. K†-`-[l-c-
W-au-›l-bl« B-Xu ]u-cu-g-¥„t-Xl-
W-~o Xr-cr-N-tr-bl-

X hl-aq-ip‹-f³-Ÿ ì-gµr-|uG. "-Xu-
Il-›o ðs-br«
_-iu-`†-ò-Xvl-h-¹r ì-gµr-|u-~-Xo ‹-Ç-Xr-hG-_-‡r-No
]l-»o-¥e-d-bl-br-cr-|uG. ]u-cu-g-
„t _-iu-`l-cp-XvG Ps-e-fl-
ð-]-c-al-br \pl-bs-I-cr-|l-eu~-Xl-Wu-Xl-\uG.
D-~r-d-[r-IG ðs-I-
j Ps-er-X-]-£l-jr-bl-br hvs-I-cr-|u-
e†-|r-S-br-du-¨ A-d½l er-ir-X-Ÿ-jr-duG Xu-dp-X ]u-d†-Œu-
I-
b-~-Xo. Ps-er-X-er-`-e-Ÿ-jr« Xu-dp-X -]u-d†-Œr-
bl«Œ-
~ a-\-h·u-
Il-›o ¥h³-i-Œr« Xu-dp-X \r-d-\r†-
Œl„ I-»r-ƒu-
Il-¨-W-
a-~r-d½.
"-Xu-
Il-›o `†-Œl-eo <-›l-eu-I-buG ^-d-Œr« `†-
Œl-er-d½l-Œ-e-
j-¥]¶l-
d-bl-eu-I-buG
N-…u-~ "-e-z
`l-cp-al-cr« #†-|uG e-~u-¥]l-I-cu-Xo. D-cl-ju-
S `l-cp-bl-
br-cr-|u-~r-S-¥Œl-jG a-
šl-cl-
j `†-Œl-el-br hvs-I-cr-
|l„ ]-šl-Œ "-e-z-bl-Wo. "-¥X-h-a-bG $-bl I-S-
]¶l-Su-I \r†-e-ir-|u-~u-ar-d½ A-~ "-e-z e-~u-¥N-cuG.
Iu-SuG-_, [l†-ar-I ‹-f³-Ÿ-|o "-Xu e-»r-
e-|uG. `†-Œl-
er-
\ "-e-|o a-Xr-bl-Il-
X e-cr-I-¥bl, "-X-
d½-£r«
]sUr-]¶r-|-
]¶-SuI¥bl
Nbu-~ ]-kG E^-ho-Jr'-dq-
S er-
el-i-¥al-N-\G ¥X-Sl„ ðs-|o "-\u-el-Z-eu-au-›o. ]ºr-al†-
|r-S-br« \s-Xr-]u-d†-Œu-~-Xr« Xr-cu-\-_r "-Xp-G hq-
k²-X ]u-d†-Œr-br-cu-~u, Ps-er-X-er-`-e-Ÿ \«-Iu-~-Xr-
duG Zr-e-h-Ÿ `l-Kr-|u-~-Xr-du-
a-d½lG. A-~r-ˆuG ¥h³-i-
Œr« B-š-|u-t-Nr-du-I e-~u-¥]l-br-cr-|u-¥al A-~ Il-
cp-Œr« "-er-S-~o <-Xo-I-Wø ‹-I-Sr-]¶r-|u-al-br-cu-~u.
¥h³iG "-j-~u-au-tr-No es-Xr-|l„ I-»r-bu-I-br-d½-¥d½l.
`l-cp-al†-|r-S-br« \s-Xr-]u-d†-Œl„ I-»r-bu-
a-~u-t-]¶r-
d½l-Œ-e† D-~r-d-[r-IG ¥]-
c er-el-iG I-»r-|l„ Xu-\r-¥b-
› A-~l-Wo Ju†-#-
„t ‹-Jpl-]-\G. D-cu- `l-cp-¥bl-Su-¨
er-¥cl-[G Xs†-|l„ ¥e-›r "-e-
j Igµ-
]¶-Su-Œu-I A-~
<-¥©-fp-¥Œl-
S a-
šl-cu-e-
j ¥e-|l„ ]l-Sr-d½. "-e-cr-cu-
e-¥cl-SuG D-cu-¥]l-
d "-e„ \s-Xr ]u-d†-Œu-I-br-d½ A-~u
ep-¹-al-W-¥d½l. `l-cp-
b ¥Îl-ir-|u-I, I-go-S-
]¶-Su-Œu-I,
"-e-¥jl-So ‹-Xr-Il-cG
N-…u-I Xu-S-Ÿr-b ]-Z-Ÿ-
jl-~uG $-
ho-dl-ar-I Zl-œ-Xp \r-b-a-Œr« Il-Wr-d½. \-d½- cs-Xr-br« D-
~r-Nu-I-»r-bu-I, "-
d½-£r« \-d½- cs-Xr-br«Œ-
~ ¥e†-]r-
cr-bu-I A-~-Xl-Wo a-X-Œr-
„t ‹-Jpl-]r-X X-ŒvG. D-~r-d-
[r-IG `l-cp-al-
c hvs-I-cr-Nr-ˆo "-e-cr« Nr-d-
c Igµ-
]¶-Su-
Œu-~u-
e-£r« "-bl-ju-
S _-iu-`l-cpXvG X-
~ Ju†-#-
\r-
„t er-jG-_-c-a-\u-h-cr-No Iu-š-I-c-al-Iu-~u.
bl-
Xl-cu \r-b-a-euG ]l-dr-|l-
X _-iu `l-cp-Xv-euG

al-»r-
Nl-d½-duG A-~- B†-]¶l-So $-ho-dlG "-\u-e-Zr-Nr-ˆr-d½.
a-X\r-b-a-Ÿ ep-¹-al-br ]l-dr-|l„ a-X-Œr-
„t
¥a«er-dl-h-au-¨-e† ‹-¥Xp-Ir-NuG a-šu-¨-e†
]l-Xu-er-
duG <-öl-ir-|-WG. ]T-\-Ÿ-juG Xl-c-X-ap ]T-\-Ÿ-juG A-
¥]¶l-»uG \-d½-Xl-Wo. "-‡-al-b er-¥cl-[-Ÿ-juG #-¥cl-Kp-I-
c-a-d½l-Œ er-a†-f-\-Ÿ-juG
Il-›o a-X X-Œv-Ÿ \-fr-|u-
I-br-d½. ‹-Ç-Xr-
b ì-gµr-No Æ-a-
]¶-Su-Œr-b í-gµl-el-b "-
d½l-iu #-Wr-¥\-buG
]-ür-¥\-buG ep-Xp-h´ ‹-Ç-X-Œr-«
ì-gµr-Nu. #-¥cl-SuG ]-k-]l-Xr-XvG Il-Wr-Nr-ˆr-d½. Zu†-_-d-
bl-b ðs-
b c-kr-|l„ ]u-cu-g-
\ Bd¶r-Nu. "-e-|o
ks-W-au-›l-Il-
X e-j-
c "-\r-el-cp L-ˆ-Ÿ-jr« "-e„
c-›lG `l-cp-
b hvs-I-cr-¥|-›r-e-~l« "-Xr«
X-šr-d½. a-
tr-No Nr-d-¥]¶l "-Xo "-\r-el-cp-al-br-e-cuG. _-iu-`l-cp-XvG
"-\u-e-Z-\s-b-al-
W-~o ]-t-bu-~-Xr-
„t "†-YG $-Xu al-
ó-al-Iu-~u. h-au-Zl-b-Œr« "-hvl-c-hp-Ÿ-¥jl ]-cl-P-b-
Ÿ-¥jl Iu-SuG-_

f-Yr-dp-Ÿ-¥jl hG-`-er-|u-~u-
e-£r«
"-Xr-\u-Œ-c-el-Zr, [†-aG \r†-e-ir-|l-Œ h-aq-ilG-K-
Ÿ X-
~-bl-Iu-~u.
("ehl\rNu)