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9.6 Thit k b iu p xoay chiu
9.6.1 Trnh t thit k
Khi thit k mt b iu p xoay chiu nn tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
1. Phn tch ch lm vic ca ti, tm hiu cc cn c thit k.
2. La chn s .
3. Tnh ton thng s mch ng lc
4. Thit k mch iu khin
a-Thit k mch nguyn l
b-Tnh chn linh kin
Cn c thit k
Cc yu t sau c nh hng nhiu nht ti vic thit k mt b iu p
xoay chiu. Khi thit k cn xt:
- c im ca ti :
+Cng sut ti
+in p v dng in bng hay khc in p ngun li.
+Ch lm vic: di hn, ngn hn hay ngn hn lp li
+Di iu khin cng sut
+Ngun cp
- iu kin mi trng lm vic
+Nhit
+ m
+Cc iu kin khc
- Kh nng cung cp linh kin
- Kh nng v ti chnh
- Trnh v kh nng ngi thit k, vn hnh.

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Vic thit k mt b iu p xoay chiu mt pha v ba pha c mt s
c im, cch lm hi khc nhau, v vy cn phn bit r hai loi iu p
ny.
9.6.2 Thit k b iu p mt pha.
1. La chn s
a-Chn s mch ng lc
Mch ng lc b iu p xoay chiu ni chung c mt s s kinh
in. Trn hnh 9. 26 a l iu p xoay chiu iu khin bng cch mc ni
tip vi ti mt in khng hay in tr ph (tng tr ph ) bin thin. S
mch iu chnh ny n gin d thc hin.
Zf
U1

TBB
U2 i

U1

i
b

U2

U1

Hnh 9.26 Cc phng n iu p mt pha

U2
C

Tuy nhin iu chnh kinh in ny hin nay t c dng, do hiu sut

thp (nu Zf l in tr ) hay cos thp (nu Zf l in cm ). Ngi ta c th
dng bin p t ngu iu chnh in p xoay chiu U 2 nh trn hnh 9.26
b. iu chnh bng bin p t ngu c u im l c th iu chnh in p U2
t 0 n tr s bt k, ln hay nh hn in p vo. Nu cn in p ra c
iu chnh, m vng iu chnh c th ln hn in p vo, th phng n phi
dng bin p l tt yu. Tuy nhin s dng bin p t ngu iu chnh kh
thc hin khi dng ti ln, c bit l khng iu chnh lin tc c, do chi
than kh ch to c th ch tip xc trn mt vng dy ca bin p.
Hai gii php iu p xoay chiu trn hnh 9.26 a,b c chung u im l
in p hnh sin, n gin. C chung nhc im l qun tnh iu chnh
chm v khng iu chnh lin tc khi dng ti ln. S dng s bn dn
iu chnh xoay chiu, c th khc phc c nhng nhc im va nu.
Cc s bn dn iu p xoay chiu trn hnh 9.1 c s dng. La
chn s no trong cc s trn tu thuc dng in, in p ti v kh
nng cung cp cc linh kin bn dn. C mt s gi khi la chn cc s
hnh 9.1 nh sau:
2

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S kinh in hnh 9.1.a thng c s dng nhiu hn, do c th iu
khin c vi mi dng ti. Hin nay Tiristo c ch to c dng in n
7000A, th vic iu khin xoay chiu n hng chc nghn ampe theo s
ny l hon ton p ng c. S kinh in c dng kh lu ri (t
nhng nm 60 ca th k trc) nn n tr nn qu quen thuc i vi nhiu
tc gi.
Tuy nhin vic iu khin hai Tiristo song song ngc i khi c cht lng iu khin khng tt lm, c bit l khi cn iu khin i xng in
p, nht l khi cung cp cho ti, m ti i hi thnh phn in p i xng,
chng hn nh bin p hay ng c xoay chiu. Kh nng mt i xng in
p khi iu khin l do linh kin mch iu khin Tiristo gy nn sai s.
in p ti thu c gy mt i xng nh so snh trn hnh 9.27.
U
U

U
U Ti
Ti

tt

U
U

aa
U
U Ti
Ti

tt

1
b
b

Hnh 9.27 Hnh dng ng cong in p iu khin

a-Mong mun

b-Khng mong mun

in p v dng in khng i xng nh hnh 9.27.b cung cp cho ti,

s lm cho ti c thnh phn dng in mt chiu, cc cun dy b bo ho,
pht nng v b chy. V vy vic nh k kim tra, hiu chnh li mch l
vic nn thng xuyn lm i vi s mch ny. Tuy vy i vi dng in
ti ln th y l s ti u hn c cho vic la chn.
khc phc nhc im va nu v vic ghp hai Tiristo song song ngc, Triac ra i v c th mc theo s hnh 9.1.b. S ny c u im l,
cc ng cong in p ra gn nh mong mun nh hnh 9.27.a, n cn c u
3

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im hn v vic lp rp. y ch c mt van bn dn. S mch ny
hin nay c s dng kh ph bin trong cng nghip. Tuy nhin Triac hin
nay c ch to vi dng in khng ln (I < 400A), nn vi nhng dng
in ti ln cn phi ghp song song cc Triac, lc s phc tp hn v lp
rp v iu khin song song. Nhng ti c dng in trn 400A th s
hnh 9.1 b t dng.
Mt trong nhng yu t lm cho Triac cha p o c Tiristo trong
iu p xoay chiu hin nay (ca nm 2003 ny) l v cht lng. Hin nay
cht lng Triac cha tht cao lm, do vic s dng cn lm cho ngi ta lo
ngi, trong tng lai gn chc chn vic s dng Triac s rng ri hn.
S hnh 9.1.c c hai Tiristo v hai it c th c dng ch ni
cc cc iu khin n gin, trong trng hp ny c th c dng khi in p
ngun cp ln, cn phn b in p trn cc van, n thun nh vic mc ni
tip cc van.
S hnh 9.1.d trc y thng c dng, khi cn iu khin i xng
in p trn ti, v y ch c mt Tiristo mt mch iu khin nn vic
iu khin i xng in p d dng hn. S lng Tiristo t hn c th s c u im hn khi van iu khin cn him. Tuy nhin vic iu khin theo s
ny dn n tn hao trn cc van bn dn ln, lm hiu sut ca h thng
iu khin thp. Ngoi ra vic tn hao nng lng nhit ln lm cho h thng
lm mt kh khn hn.
a s cc trng hp iu p xoay chiu, in p ti iu khin trong
vng thp hn in p ngun, cc van bn dn c ni trc tip ti ngun.
Trong trng hp ny in p ti thng c iu khin trong di t 0 n in
p ngun cp.
Mt s loi ti c in p ti a khc vi thng s in p ngun cp.
Trong trng hp bin p phi hp thng s in p ngun cp vi
thng s in p ti a ca ti theo s 9.28 cn c a vo.

U1

U2
Z

Hnh 9.28 i p xoay chiu vi in p ti

ln hn in p ngun cp
4

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Bin p c s dng trn hnh 9.28 c th l bin p t ngu hoc bin

p cch ly. Bin p cch ly thng nn chn hn, bi v bin p cch ly cn c
thm chc nng bo v xung in p t li.

Khi ti khng c nhu cu cao v iu khin i xng, nht l khi iu

khin cc in tr l sy hay n si t, ngi ta c th s dng s iu
khin khng i xng mt it mt Tiristo nh hnh 9.29
T
Ur

ir

~
a.

b.

Hnh 9.29 iu p xoay chiu khng i xng

a) s ; b) ng cong in p v dng in.
y chng ta ch iu khin mt na chu k in p cn na chu k
khng iu khin. Trng hp ny c th iu khin t 1/4 cng sut tr ln.
Tuy nhin nu cng sut ti ln s gy mt i xng ngun cp lm xu i
cht lng ngun.
2. Tnh chn thng s mch ng lc v bo v.
Mch ng lc v bo v ca s iu p xoay chiu hin nay thng
gp l hai s trn hnh 9.30.
T1
AT

R
C

AT
T

U1

T2

ZT

U1

ZT

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a.

b.

Hnh 9.30 Cc s iu p xoay chiu in hnh bng linh kin

bn dn a) bng Tiristo, b) bng Triac.
Thng s cc van bn dn T1,T2,T v cc Aptomat bo v dng in AT
c la chn thng qua thng s dng in ti.
Tnh ton thng s la chn van.
Dng in quyt nh ch lm vic ca van bn dn cn chn v
dng in bo v ca Aptomat l dng in cc i ca ti. Dng in cc
i ca ti c tnh khi gc m van nh nht. Thng gc m van nh nht l
ch lm vic khi =0, lc ny ti c dng in hnh sin chy qua.
Dng in ti c th c tnh :
ITi=

P
U . cos

Trong :
P Cng sut nh mc ca ti.
U - in p nh mc.
cos - H s cng sut ca ti.
Hoc
ITi=

U
RT2 + X T2

Khi thng s cho l in p U, in tr ti RT v in cm XT.

T cc tr s IT ta tnh c dng in lm vic hiu dng chy qua cc
van bn dn.
Trong s hnh 9.30.a dng in chy qua cc Tiristo IT1, IT2 c tnh.
IT1=IT2=

I Tau
2

s hnh 9.30.b dng in chy qua Triac bng dng in ti.

ITriac=ITi
6

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in p lm vic ca cc van cn chn theo bin in p ngun xoay
chiu.
ULV= 2 .U1
Van bn dn c chn cn c vo cc thng s dng in v in p
va mi tnh c t cc biu thc trn.
Cch chn van bn dn
Trc tin chn ch lm mt cho van bn dn. Cn c ch lm mt
m chn van, tham kho cch lm mt ny trong phn chn van bn dn ca
chng 8. Sau khi chn xong ch lm mt van, tnh tr s nh mc ca van
cn chn. Tra bng thng s van chn c van cn thit.
Tnh chn Aptomat AT v bo v xung in p do chuyn mch van RC
cng c thc hin nh d gii thiu chng 8.
Trng hp in p ngun cp khng trng in p ti a ca ti, chng
ta cn c mt bin p phi hp in p cho hp l, cng sut bin p
y c tnh theo cng sut ti. Bin p c tnh nh d gii thiu chng 8.
3- Thit k mch iu khin
V nguyn l, trong mch iu p xoay chiu, van bn dn c mc vo
li in xoay chiu hon ton ging nh chnh lu.
Trng hp mch ng lc c chn l hai Tiristo mc song song ngc
nh s hnh 9.1a, chng ta cn c hai xung iu khin trong mi chu k.
Mch iu khin c th s dng s hon ton ging iu khin chnh lu
mt pha c chu k, vi mi Tiristo mt mch iu khin c lp. Khi s
dng s mch iu khin chnh lu cho iu p xoay chiu, c th xut
hin kh nng l: hai Tiristo iu khin khng i xng, do cc linh kin ca
hai mch iu khin khng hon ton ging ht nhau.
i vi nhng ti cn iu khin i xng, i hi hai Tiristo m i
xng, lc ny cn cc knh iu khin Tiristo c gc m cng t khc nhau
cng tt. Mong mun l chng hon ton ging nhau. Nhng s ging nhau
ny ch c th t n mt chng mc no .
Nguyn l iu khin Tiristo y nh trong iu khin chnh lu, ngha
l mi na chu k in p, cn to in p ta trng pha in p ngun cp
nh hinh 9.31.
Trong iu khin chnh lu mi knh iu khin mt na chu k, in p
ta xut hin gin on. Mi na chu k c mt in p ta ng pha in

7
Hnh 9.31 Nguyn l iu khin iu p xoay chiu

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p dng ant ca Tiristo. iu p xoay chiu cn c in p ta lin tip c
hai na chu k.
Khi so snh in p ta vi in p iu khin, mi na chu k u
c in p ta bng in p iu khin trong vng bin thin tuyn tnh ca
in p ta ( ti cc im t1, t2, t3, t4,....). Kt qu l chng ta chng ta c cc
xung iu khin Xk lin tip mi na chu k.

UT
t

Urc
t
t1
Xk

t2 t3

t4 t5

t6 t7

t8
t

UTi
t

Hnh 9.31 Nguyn l iu khin iu p xoay chiu.

Nguyn l iu khin nh trn hnh 9.31 s hp l khi mch ng lc l

Triac hnh 9.1.b.
thc hin tng iu khin nh nguyn l hnh 9.31 chng ta cng
cn cc khu iu khin nh gii thiu trong chnh lu. S khc nhau gia

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iu khin chnh lu vi iu p xoay chiu l trong iu p xoay chiu cn
to in p ta lin tip hai na chu k. lm c vic ny, u vo ng
pha a ti mt in p chnh lu v d nh hnh 9.32.
Nguyn l hot ng ca s hnh 9.32 nh sau:
in p chnh lu UA c so snh vi in p U1 ly trn bin tr VR1
hnh 9.32. Ti thi im UA=U1 th i du in p ra ca khuch i thut
ton A1. Kt qu l chng ta c chui xung ch nht khng i xng UB.
y c rng xung m ca UB, phn dng UB tch phn qua A2 thnh in
p ta.
Trong vng lm mt xung iu khin, do khng c in p ta. Theo
nguyn tc ny cng gim nh gc cng tt, m gc do U1 quyt
Tr1
R4
VR1 U1 R1
D1
R2
A
Uf1
Uv

C
+A
-

D3

R5

A2
+

Uf2
D2

Hnh 9.32 S ng pha to in p ta lin tip hai na chu k

nh. V vy c th gim U1UA
c gc mt vi , sai s mt vi l
hon ton cho php.

U1

UB
t

t
UC

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Hnh 9.33 Nguyn l to in p ta trong iu p xoay

chiu
Mch iu khin Triac
Mch iu khin mt b iu p xoay chiu mt pha vi mch iu
khin l Triac iu khin si t c th c v nh hnh 9.34.

10

UT
D5
D4

Tr1
R3
VR1
D1
A

Uv

Uf1

R2

+A
-

D3

R5

R4

R1
R4

A2
+

- A D R7
3
+

R6

R5

Tr2
Tr3

Uk

Uf2
D2

Hnh 9.34 S mch iu khin triac

11

Nguyn l hot ng ca hnh 9.34 s c gii thiu sau, ti hnh 9.37.

Mch iu khin cp Tiristo mc song song ngc
Khi mch ng lc l hai Tiristo mc song song ngc, c th thc hin
vic iu khin bng mt s gii php nh trn hnh 9.35

MK
T2
T1

T2

MK
T

MK
T1

T1

T2

a
b

KX
T2
T1

MK

T2

KX
T1
c

Hnh 9.35 Cc phng n iu khin cp tiristo mc song song ngc

a, hai mch iu khin c lp; b,- mt bin p xung hai cun dy
th cp; c chung lnh m van, khc nhau khuch i
Nh gii thiu trn, nu iu khin hai Tiristo bng hai mch iu
khin c lp nh hnh 9.35.a, kh nng iu khin khng i xng in p tng i cao.
Khi cn iu khin i xng ngi ta dng mt mch iu khin
pht xung lin tip c hai na chu k, m hai Tiristo ngi ta s dng
bin p xung hai cun dy th cp nh trn hnh 9.35.b. Gii php ny c u
im l n gin trong vic thi cng mch iu khin, nhng khi s dng mt
bin p xung, vic phn phi cng sut cho hai Tiristo khng u nhau, do
kh nng mt Tiristo khng cng sut m l tng i cao, Cc s
mch thc t thng khng chn s ny.
Mch iu khin ti u nn chn l hai Tiristo chung nhau phn in p
ta v in p so snh, ti tng khuch i mi tch ring tng Tiristo

12

+15V

Tr1
R3
VR1
D1
A

R2

f1

+A

D3

R5

R4

R1
R4

A2
+

- A D
3
+

V1

T2

R6

T1

Uk

f2

D2
A4

A5

V2

D4
+15V

Hnh 9.36 S nguyn l iu khin iu p xoay chiu vi hai

Tiristo song song ngc

13

UA
U1

UB
t

t
UC

Udk

UD

UE

UF

UV1

XT1

t
UV2
XT2

t
t

Ura
t

Hnh 9.37 ng cong cc khu c bn ca s hnh 9.36

14

mt, nh vy lnh m Tiristo chung nhau, nhng khuch i tn hiu

m cc Tiristo ring r, khng b nh hng cng sut gia hai Tiristo vi
nhau.
S iu khin cp tiristo mc song song ngc gii thiu trn hnh
9.36.
Nguyn l iu khin hnh 9.36 ging nh hnh 9.33 t tn hiu vo n
ht khu so snh, iu chng t lnh m Tiristo l i xng. Sau khi c
lnh m Tiristo ti cc thi im 1,2... phn xung iu khin theo mi na
chu k. Vic phn xung iu khin c thc hin thng qua hai mch
khuch i, hai bin p xung. Lnh iu khin cho hai mch khuch i
ny c ly t hai cng v V1,V2 hai cng v ny chung nhau mt tn hiu
ly t u ra ca A3 l lnh m cc Tiristo ti mi na chu k. Cng vo
cn li ca V1,V2 c nhn hai tn hiu ng pha vi in p ant ca
Tiristo, l cc tn hiu o pha t A4, A5. Nh c hai tn hiu o pha ny
m c xung iu khin hai Tiristo dch pha nhau 1800. Cc dng in p ca
cc khu c bn m t trn hnh 9.37
iu khin iu p xoay chiu cho ti c in cm
Mt trong nhng loi ti rt in hnh ca in p xoay chi l ti in
cm. V d my bin p mt pha hay ng c mt pha. ...lc ny s dng
cc mch iu khin hnh 9.33, 9.36 c th c mt vng khng hot ng,
nu in cm ln c th khng hot ng hon ton.
Nguyn nhn ca cc hin tng ny nh sau :
-Nguyn nhn th nht l do khi c in cm dng in chm pha sau
in p nh hnh 9.38.
A1

T1

A1

A2

T1
A2

UT
U1

T2

U2

T2

Hnh 9.38-S ng cong dng in v in p xoay chiu khi ti

in cm.
a) S ng lc; b) ng cong in p v dng in.

15

Khi in p ngun U1 i du, m cun dy in cm cha x ht

nng lng, lm cho T1 vn dn t cho n 1, nu T1 ang dn th chng t
T1 ang phn cc thun v in p UA1A2 > 0. Khi T1 phn cc thun th T2
phn cc ngc. Do trong vng t cho n 1, nu c pht xung iu
khin T2, th T2 khng dn. Nh vy khi c ti l in cm, gc m nh nht
min ca cc Tiristo phi ln hn hoc bng gc tr ln nht (min ln hn
hoc bng max).
Vi ti in cm, nh bin p hay ng c th gc thay i theo ti,
lm cho vic gii hn gc min l khng thch hp, v n lin tc thay i theo
ti. Kt qu l, mun iu khin tng in p xoay chiu, bng cch gim
gc m Tiristo, n vng gc m nh no c th ch m mt Tiristo.
Dng in trn ti lc ny l dng mt chiu.
Nguyn nhn th hai l do khi c in cm, dng in khng bin thin
t ngt ti thi im m Tiristo, in cm cng ln dng in bin thin
cng chm, nu nh rng xung iu khin hp, dng in khi c xung iu
khng ln hn dng in duy tr, do van bn dn khng t gi dng
in. Kt qu l khng c dng in, hay Tiristo khng m. Hin tng ny
thng thy khi u v cui chu k in p hnh 9.39 a, c lc in p tc
thi t vo Van bn dn nh. Khi kt thc xung iu khin, dng in cn
nh hn dng in duy tr nn van bn dn kho lun. Ch khi no in p
ti thi im m van ln, dng in cui chu k xung iu khin ln
hn dng in duy tr, th dng in mi tn ti trong mch.

I dt
I

Hnh 9.39 S xut hin dng in ti cc gc m

khc nhau khi ti in cm.
16

Hai nguyn nhn ny lm cho mt s ngi thit k ngi khng mun

iu khin ti in cm bng thit b bn dn. Khi bit c nguyn nhn ca
vic khng iu khin nh trn, th vic x l tr nn khng c g kh khn.
U

U
I

Xk

Xk
t
Xk

t
Xk

a
b
Hnh 9.40 Phng n cp xung khi iu p xoay chiu vi ti in
cm ln

a - cp xung lin tc

b - cp xung gin on.

gii quyt bi ton v s thay i gc ca ti lm mt iu khin,

cn c xung lin tc t thi im m Tiristo cho n khi in p i du, nh
hnh 9.40 a. Khi pht lnh m van cn ang phn cc ngc, th lnh iu
khin ch ti khi no iu kin phn cc thun van s dn.
Vic pht xung iu khin vi rng ln gn nh c na chu k nh
hnh 9.40 a c hai nhc im, th nht l dng iu khin gn nh di hn (v
nguyn l iu khin Tiristo v Triac, xung iu khin vi chc nng mi
nn ch cn ngn hn), th hai l vic thit k cp xung iu khin nh trn
kh phc tp, nht l i vi nhng mch c nhiu van bn dn. Cp xung
rng th no? Bng mt ngun ph, hay bng bin p xung c in cm cun
dy ln cng kh khn nh nhau.
Mt trong nhng gii php nn dng, l to xung gin on bng chm
xung lin tip, t thi im m van cho ti cui bn k nh hnh 9.40b, v
nguyn l y l cp xung lin tc nh hnh 9.40a. Trong k thut, cp xung

17

gin on nh hnh 9.40 b d thc hin hn. Nguyn l y l bm xung

lin tc thnh chm xung gin on vi tn s cao.
Mt cng logic AND vi hai u vo l thc hin c. Khi a ti u
vo cng AND tn hiu xung iu khin Ux; vi tn hiu chm xung UCX; lc
u ra cng AND c xung Xk bng tn s chm xung trong vng c in
p UX nh m t trn hnh 9.41b
U
Tai
t
Ux
Ux

Ucx

Ucx
t
a

Xk
t
b

Hnh 9.41 Nguyn l to chm xung iu khin

a) S ; b) cc ng cong.
U
U U
U
X
X
t
t
U

CX

CX

X
dk

a.

X
dk

b.

Hnh 9.42 Sai s c th gp khi iu khin bng chm xung

a) lnh m v chm xung ng thi im; b) lnh m v chm
xung khng cng thi im

18

Nhc im ca s iu khin bng xung gin on l sai s khi iu

khin. Sai s y xut hin khi thi im pht lnh m van vi thi im
van c m khng trng vi nhau. Khi pht xung iu khin gin on, xung
iu khin ti u ra bin p xung c c l do c hai tn hiu vo cng
AND ng thi, tn hiu vo UX quyt nh gc m tn hiu t chm
xung UCX. Hai tn hiu ny nu khng ng pha, th khi c lnh UX m UCX =
0, xung iu khin Xk phi ch khi no UCX ln mc cao nh m t trn hnh
9.42 b.
S mch iu khin iu p xoay chiu vi ti c in cm c thit
k trn c s hnh 9.34 cho mch ng lc l triac, hay hnh 9.36 cho mch
ng lc l cp tiristo song song ngc, vi vic ni thm mch to xung
chm nh trn hnh 9.43. Cc u vo ca hnh 9.43 UD, UE, UF c ly t
cc u tng ng trn hnh 9.34, 9.36. Chm xung c to bi mt dao ng
a hi A6 hoc mt mch to xung ch nht no (s gii thiu trong chng 10)
+15V
CX

A6

A4

V
+15V
a

A6

UE

V1

UF

V2

CX
b

+15V

Hnh 9.43 iu khin iu p xoay chiu khi ti in cm bng chm

xung a) Van ng lc l triac; b) Van ng lc l Tiristo
19

Trng hp in cm ln m Tiristo khng m c, nguyn nhn l do

rng xung thit k l khng ln. Vic chn rng xung y phi
hp l.
V d :Thit k mch iu khin v n nh nhit cho t sy bng
in tr vi nhit iu chnh trong di 01500C cng sut si t 40 KW,
in p ngun cp 1 pha 220 V/50 Hz.
La chn s thit k
y l ngun c cng sut khng ln, xt v pha ti. V y l ti tr,
khng i hi qu cao v tnh i xng ca ngun iu khin. C th chn
bt k s no trong cc s gii thiu trn . Tuy nhin, vi trng
hp ny s dng Triac iu khin l hp l hn c vi cc l do sau:
-Vi cng sut khng ln Triac tha cng sut cung cp.
-Mch iu khin Triac n gin hn mch hai Tiristo
-D l cng sut nh, nhng nu iu khin khng i xng bng mt
it, mt Tiristo cng khng nn, do lm xu i cht lng in p ngun.
-Cc s khng dng thit b bn dn kh p ng cho vic n nh
nhit , do vic t ng thay i in p v dng in ti kh khn hn.
*Tnh chn cc thit b ng lc
-Dng in ti a chy qua ti v qua Triac
I=

P 4000
=
= 18,18 A
U
220

R
AT
T
U1

U2

Hnh 9.44 S ng lc thit k

20

Khi iu chnh nhit ta coi nht ti a 1500 t c tng ng vi

dng in ti a 18,18 A. cc yu t khc nh hng n nhit ca l nh
th tch vt liu, thng s.... y khng xt.
Dng in I=18,18 A c coi l dng in ln nht chn Triac. Vi
dng in khng qu ln nh th ny, tn hao khi van dn khng qu ln, nn
ta chn iu kin lm vic c cnh to nhit din tch lm mt, khng cn
qut i lu khng kh, an ton cho php Triac lm vic vi 20%Im
Dng in nh mc ca Triac cn chn

ImV=

100
.18,8 = 90,9 A
20

in p lm vic cc i ca Triac
Ulvmax= 2 .220 = 308V
Gi s cho php van d tr in p Kdt=2. in p ca Triac cn chn
UmT = 2.308 = 616 V
T hai thng s dng in v in p cn c trn ta chn loi Triac:
SSG100C80 c cc thng s.
Um =800V
Im=100 A

Ir =10mA
ITG=70 mA

IXmax=1,2 kA

U=1,5V

Ik=0,2 A

Tcm=10S

Uk=3

Triac khi lm vic vi 18,18 A chu mt tn hao ti a trn van :

P = U.Ilv 1,5.18,18 = 27,27 W
Vi tn hao ny, chng ta cn mt cnh to nhit c din tch b mt
tip xc vi khng kh :

S=

P
27,27
27,27 3 2
=
=
10 cm = 850cm 2
4
K .
32
8.10 .40

Aptomat c chn c dng in

21

IAT=(1,11,3)Ilvmax=2023,63 A
Chn loi 25A c bo v ngn mch khngcn bo v qu ti.
Thit k mch iu khin :
Nh bit l in tr c h s cos=1. Do vic cung cp xung iu
khin bng xung chm nh hnh 9.43 a l khng cn thit. Mch iu khin
gc m Triac s dng s 9.34 hon chnh thnh 9.45 a l hp l. Tnh
ton thng s cc linh kin mch iu khin ny c s dng cc cch tnh
nh gii thiu chng 8.

22

U
+15V

Tr1

-12V
VR1
D1
A

Uv

R3

+A
-

Uf1
Uf2
D2

D3

+12V

Can nhiet

_A5

R5

R4

R1
R2

D4

+12V
R4

Udat

A2
+

- A D
3
+

R6

R7

D5
X

R5

Tr2
Tr3

A6
_

Hnh 9.45 S mch iu khin nhit cho t sy

23

9.6.3 Thit k b iu p xoay chiu ba pha

1. La chn s ng lc.
Mch xoay chiu ba pha hin nay trong thc t thng gp gm 3 s
nh sau: Hnh 9.46 a, b, c.

c
Hnh 9.46: S iu p xoay chiu ba pha bng cp Tiristo
mc song song ngc

Cc loi s ny bao gm, ti u sao c trung tnh (Hnh 9.46 a),

ti u sao khng trung tnh (Hnh 9.46 b), ti u tam gic (Hnh 9.46
c). Ti u sao c trung tnh, c u im l s ging ht ba mch iu
p mt pha iu khin dch pha theo in p li, do in p trn cc
van bn dn nh hn v in p t vo van bn dn l in p pha. Nhc
im ca s l trn dy trung tnh c tn ti dng in iu ho bc

24

cao, khi gc m cc van khc 0 c dng ti gin on v loi s ni

ny ch thch hp vi loi ti ba pha c bn u dy ra.
Cc s khng trung tnh Hnh 9.46 b, c c nhiu im khc so vi
s c trung tnh. y dng in chy gia cc pha vi nhau, nn
ng thi phi cp xung iu khin cho hai Tiristo ca hai pha mt lc.
Vic cp xung iu khin nh th, i khi gp kh khn trong mch iu
khin (s gii thiu sau), ngay c vic i th t pha ngun li cng c
th lm cho s khng hot ng.
Hin nay, vi nhng ti c cng sut trung bnh, cc s iu p ba
pha bng cc cp Tiristo nh Hnh 9.46 c thay th bng cc s Triac
nh Hnh 9.47.

Hnh 9.47: iu p ba pha bng Triac

Nh gii thiu trn, Triac v nguyn l iu khin ging ht cc

cp Tiristo mc song song ngc. V vy, s dng cc s Hnh 9.46
hay Hnh 9.47 tu thuc vo kh nng linh kin c loi no. Ngoi ra
Hnh 9.47 c u im hn v mt iu khin i xng v n gin v cch
ghp.
i vi nhng ti khng c yu cu v iu khin i xng ngi ta
c th s dng s cp Tiristo - it ( Hnh 9.15).
Mc d vy, s ny ng dng thc t khng nhiu. Bi v khi
khng c xung iu khin vn c th c dng chy qua ti.
Trong trng hp cho php iu khin khng i xng chng ta c
th s dng s iu khin hai pha nh Hnh 9.48.
25

u im ca s Hnh 9.48 l s lng van bn dn t hn, v mch

iu khin cng n gin hn. Nhc im ca s l iu khin khng
i xng, nn ng cong dng in v in p cc pha khng ging nhau,
v vy gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in khc nhau r rt. Loi s
ny ch pht huy tc dng khi ti v ngun c php lm vic khng
i xng v c s lng van bn dn b hn ch.

Hnh 9.48: S iu p ba pha n gin

Khi s dng iu p xoay chiu cho ng c khng ng b ngoi

ch ng ct, iu khin tc , cn cn c o chiu quay.
Trong ng c in khng ng b, khi o chiu quay cn i th
t pha. S iu khin c o chiu quay ng c khng ng b nh
Hnh 9.49:

A1
T1

T2

B1

T3

T4

T5

T6

C1

T7 T8

T9

T10
C

Hnh 9.49: S iu p ba pha c i th t pha

26

Khi chiu quay thun ta cp xung iu khin cho T1,T2,T7,T8,T9,T10;

Cc pha li A1, B1, C1 c ni tng ng vi cc cun A, B, C ca ng c.
Khi chiu quay ngc ta cp xung iu khin choT3,T4,T5,T6,T9,T10. Cc
pha li A1, B1, C1 c ni tng ng B, A, C ca ng c.
Thit k s mch ng lc ca b iu p xoay chiu ba pha
chng ta phi thc hin hng lot cc bi ton tng hp. Ngay c ch
xc lp th dng in v in p trn cc van bn dn cng ch l ch
gn vi xc lp. Trong phn thit k ny chng ta ch xt b iu p lm
vic ch xc lp.
Khi la chn cc van bn dn cho s iu p ba pha theo dng
in v in p, tn hao cng sut P nh xt, c xc nh theo ng
cong dng in chy qua van. Tn hao cng sut trn van l tn hao theo
chiu thun khi van dn. Lc ny P ph thuc cc gi tr dng in
trung bnh, hiu dng ca van v theo ng cong c tnh Vn - Ampe
ca van tm c P . Tuy nhin ng c tnh Vn - Ampe khng phi
ca van no cng c cho nn gn ng chng ta chn hi d th ly:
P = IHD U
Thng s P ny c nh hng rt ln ti din tch cnh to nhit m
chng ta s thit k sau ny.
Sau khi la chn xong s ng lc t phn gii thiu 9.3 v hng
dn tm tt trong 9.6.3 ta c c s cn chn. Cc s thng dng
hin nay trong thc t thng gp l cc s Hnh 9.46 b, c hay Hnh
9.47 b, c. Trong phn ny chng ta da vo cc s trn lm c s cho
cc v d.
2. Tnh chn van bn dn
A. Tnh chn van theo dng in
Trong iu p xoay chiu dng in chy qua ti thng xc nh l
dng hiu dng. Thng s dng in chn van bn dn c tnh l
dng in ln nht trong qu trnh lm vic.Trong iu khin xung pha,
dng in ln nht khi gc m van bn dn nh nht. Gc m nh nht
ca van bn dn thng nhn tr s =0 khi dng in ti l dng in hnh
sin.
i vi cc ti ba pha, thng s thng cho: cng sut nh mc Pm,
in p nh mc Um , h s cng sut cos, hiu sut .

27

Dng in hiu dng chy qua van bn dn khi ti u Y (Hnh 9.46

b, 9.47 b)
I HD =

Pdm
3U f cos

Trong : Uf l in p pha.
Khi ti u tam gic:
I HD =

P
3U d cos

Trong : Ud l in p dy ca li.
Dng in tnh c l dng in chn Triac. Nu s chn l
cc s Triac Ivlv=IHD. Nu s chn l cc s ghp Tiristo song
song ngc th dng in chn Tiristo
I vlv =

1
I HD
2

Trong : Ivlv - dng in lm vic ca van.

- La chn iu kin to nhit van bn dn (Nh hng dn chng 8)
lc dng in van cn chn:
Imv=kIIvlv
Trong kI l h s xt ti iu kin to nhit van ; tr s kI tham
kho chng 8
Khi chn theo dng in, ngoi vic tnh chn theo dng in lm
vic di hn nh tnh trn, dng in ny cn c tnh chn theo iu
kin pht nhit ca van bn dn. Mt s loi ti, bn thn ch lm vic
ca chng c dng in qu Iqt kh ln, chng hn nh ng c in
khng ng b. Khi m my ng c khng ng b dng in ln t 5 7 ln dng nh mc. Khi chn van bn dn dng in qu ny c xt
th no?.
Khi dng in qu ny xy ra trong khong thi gian ngn, c vi
giy, qun tnh nhit cha qu nhit cho van lc chng ta ch cn
kim tra IQ < IX (dng in xung ca van bn dn).
c php b qua qun tnh nhit ca van bn dn l v: Khi chn
van, chng ta c mt h s KI ln, bn thn KI ny ni ln rng chng
ta chn dng in ca van bn dn ln hn dng in lm vic thc
ca chng. Vi iu kin to nhit no , thi gian qu ti ngn hn cha
qu nhit, lc ch cn m bo dng in chy qua khng vt
qu dng in cc i l c.
Khi dng in qu xy ra trong khong thi gian di hn, lc
cn xt ti dng in qu , bng cch thay i h s KI ln hn. Vic
28

xt nh hng ca dng qu cn phi kho st mt bi ton nhit kh

phc tp, nh l tnh ra cng sut lc qu , tnh c thi gian qu , c
din tch b mt to nhit, iu kin lm mt ngha l phi gii phng
trnh:
P = A + C

d
dt

Trong : P tn hao trn van bng Rv i2lv bin thin

A. H s to nhit c trng cho iu kin lm mt
C. Nhit dung ca van v cnh to nhit
chnh nhit vi mi trng

Trong trng hp ny nu thi gian qu n hng nhiu pht, th

dng in van c th phi chn theo dng in qu , nu thi gian qu
nh khng n hng pht th dng in c la chn bng cch thay
i Ki mt mc nht nh no l .
B. Tnh chn van theo in p :
Vi cc s iu p ba pha khng trung tnh, in p ca van bn
dn nn chn theo in p dy ca li. Do in p lm vic cc i Ulv
ca van bn dn c tnh:
U lv =

2U d =

6U f

Trong : Ud - in p dy ca li ba pha.
Uf- in p pha
in p ca van bn dn Uv c chn:
Uv=Kdt.Ulv
Trong Kdt h s d tr in p thng chn Kdt>1.6
Tu theo kh nng thit b m ta c h s Kdt c th cng ln cng
tt .
Sau khi tnh c dng in v in p, tra cc s tra cu hoc
bng...., trong ti liu ny, chn c linh kin cn tm, kim tra li linh
kin ny theo dng in qu .
- Bo v cc linh kin bn dn.
Cng nh cc thit b bn dn khc, y bo v van bn dn cng
cn c cc loi bo v nh Hnh 9-50. Cc loi bo v thng dng, bao
gm bo v ngn mch bng Aptomat AT, dng in nh mc ca
Aptomat c chn bng (1,1 - 1,3) ln dng in nh mc ca ti, dng
in ngn mch ca Aptomt c chnh ln hn dng in qu ca ti
IQ nhng nh hn dng in xung ca van bn dn Ixv
29

C1
C1

R1
R1

C1

R1

R2

R2

R2

C2

C2

C2

ZA

ZB

ZC

Hnh 9.50: Mch ng lc v cc thit b bo v

ca in p xoay chiu 3 pha

IQ < IATNM < Ixv

- Bo v xung in p t li bng mch R1C1 c chn nh chng 8.
- Bo v xung in p do chuyn van R2C2 cng c th c chn gn
ng:
R2= (5 30) , C2 = (0,5 4)F.
V d : Thit k mch ng lc cho khi ng mm ng c khng
ng b roto lng sc c cc thng s sau:
A02.92.1 , P=100kw, n=1470v/pht , =0,935,
cos = 0,92; Mk/Mm= 1,1; Mmax/Mm =2; Ikd/Im = 6; J = 1,6kg/m2
U1= 220/380V
Thi gian m my ca ng c khng qu ln tk= 3s ( khng tnh
trong quyn sch ny). Mt khc dng in y ng k, nn vic chn
Triac iu khin s phi tng cp iu kin lm mt. V vy y
chng ta chn s vi cc cp tiristo ni song song ngc nh Hnh 9.51.
Dng in ng c:
Id/c =
=

P
3U d cos
100.000

3.380.0,92.0,935

= 176,8A

Dng in chy qua mi Tiristo

30

I T.lv =

I dc
= 88,4A
2

Dng in lm vic ca Tiristo 88,4A l ng k, do tn hao trn

Tiristo kh ln, nn chn iu kin lm mt cho Tiristo l c cnh to
nhit, c qut i lu khng kh. Vi iu kin ny Tiristo cho lm vic vi
dng in n 50% dng in nh mc. Dng in ca Tiristo cn chn:
I T.lv .100
50
88,4.100
=
= 176,8A
50

I T.dm =

in p ca Tiristo khi trng thi kho

U Tlv =
=

2U d

2 .380 = 537V

in p nh mc ca Tiristo cn chn:
U Tdm = K dt .U Tlv
= 1,8.537 = 966V

Tiristo mc vo li xoay chiu 50Hz nn thi gian chuyn mch ca

Tiristo khng c nh hng ln n vic chn Tiristo.
A

C1
C1

R1

C1

R1

R2

R2

R2

C2

C2

C2

A1

s:

R1

B1

C1

Hnh
S
ngtalc
iuTiristo
khin khi
ng ng c c
khng
T
cc9.51
thng
s trn
chn
loi SH200N.21D
cc ng
thng
b

31

Um = 1000 V

Uk = 3 V

tcm = 80 s

Im = 200 A

ITG = 200 mA

Tcp = 1250C

IX = 4 KA

Id = 20 mA

Ik=0.15 A

U = 1,7 A

3. Thit k mch iu khin

Mch iu khin iu p ba pha ging mch iu khin ca iu p
mt pha khi ti u sao c trung tnh. V lc dng in ti c chy
gia pha vi trung tnh. Gi s c mt van hay mt pha khng c dng
in cng khng lm nh hng ti hot ng ca cc van bn dn cn li.
mch ba pha khng trung tnh dng in chy qua ti l dng in
chy gia cc pha vi nhau. Ti mi thi im phi c hai pha hoc ba
pha c van bn dn, khng khi no ch mt pha c van bn dn dn c.
Cp xung iu khin cho iu p xoay chiu c th cp bng xung
n hoc xung chm. Cp xung iu khin loi no tu thuc ch lm
vic ca ti. Thng gp hin nay trong iu p ba pha c hai cch iu
khin :
- xung iu khin cp n nhng phi m xung iu khin.
- xung iu khin cp bng chm xung.
A. iu khin b iu p ba pha vi xung n
* Khi van ng lc l Tiristo
Khi gc iu khin ca cc van bn dn ln nh trn Hnh 9.9 ng
thi c hai Tirisstor cng dn, nh vy xung iu khin phi c cp ng
thi cho c hai Tirisstor, hn na hai van c dn y phi c cp xung
theo kiu mt xung chnh cn m vi mt xung m, nguyn tc m
xung phi theo ng th t pha. Nh vic cp xung trn Hnh 9.52
X1- mt ch s xung cn m T1.
X6-1 xung m t T6 sang T1.
Trn Hnh 9.52 v li ng cong in p ti Hnh 9.9 vi gc m
van bn dn ln ( =

4
). c ng cong in p pha A nh hnh v,
6

chng ta cn cp xung iu khin theo th t nh Hnh 9.52. Mi Tiristo

trong mt chu k c cp hai xung iu khin, trong xung trc X1 l
xung chnh quyt nh gc m ca n, cn xung th hai X6-1 l xung m
c nhn t Tiristo cn m ca pha khc ti. in p v dng in y
gin on, v vy khng c xung m X1-4 T1 khng th m mt van
trong b iu p ba pha c.

32

1/2UAB B 1/2UAC

t1

t5

o'

t2 t

X6-1

' t3 t3' t4

t6
t5'

X1

t6'

t
X2

X3
X4

tf

X6-1

X5-2

X5

X5-2

X2-3

X1-4

X4
X5

X4-5
X6

X3-6

X4-5

t
t
t

Hnh 9.52: Hnh dng ng cong in p ti ca hnh 9.9 vi cc

xung iu khin van

Chng ta hy l gii iu ny qua mch ng lc Hnh 9.51 v dng

xung iu khin v in p ti Hnh 9.52.
Ti t2 gc =

4
ca T1(UA>0) pht xung X1 iu khin T1 ,ng
6

thi m xung T 4 - X1-4 (xung th hai ca T4 ) lc ny vi UA>>UB (in

p pha A dng hn pha B). T1 v T4 cng dn, chng no UA cn dng
hn UB. in p trn ti pha A nu coi ti i xng th UA=1/2UAB. n t'2
do in p UB dng hn UA (nu b qua nh hng in cm coi gc
khng ng k) nn T1 v T4 b kho ti t'2.
n t3 l gc =

4
ca T6 (UC<0), ta pht xung X6 iu khin T6
6

ng thi theo ng th t pha m xung T1, X6-1 lc ny do UC<<UA

(in p C m hn A) nn T1 v T6 cng dn, tng t nh trn hai tiristo
ny s cng dn chng no UC m hn UA. Nh vy n t3' khi in p UA
tr nn m hn UC, (b qua thnh phn in cm ca ti nn b qua gc
tr ) T6, T1 phn cc ngc s t kho, ta c in p trn ti UA1=1/2 UAC
33

C
t

X1

X6-1

X1
t
X2
X3

X5-1

X2-3

X1-4

X4
X5
X6

X1-4

X4-5

X3-6

t
t
t

Hnh 9.53: Hnh dng ng cong in p ti v cc

xung iu khin khi

Tng t nh T1 , T2 c m bi xung chnh ti t5 cng vi T3 v c

m vi xung m ca T5 ti t6
T nhng kho st trn thy rng ti thi im pht lnh m van
m khng c xung m cho Tiristo pha k tip theo th t pha v
nhm ngc li, th cc Tiristo khng th dn c.
Khi gc m van nh, dng in ti t gin on hn, lc xung
m ch c ngha ti thi im khi ng ban u thi. Do dng in
lin tc c n cui chu k, nn xung m ca cc van l khng c
ngha khi khi ng xong.
Hnh 9.9 a ch ng khi chng ta coi Tiristo ang dn.
Trn Hnh 9.53, nu nh ti =

pht xung m T1, m T4,T6 cha dn,

6

lc ny in p UA dng hn v UB m hn, dng in s phi chy t A

qua T1 - ti - T4 v B, nhng T4 cha dn, nu khng c xung iu khin X1-4
c T1 v T4 u khng dn. Yu cu bt buc ti y phi c xung m X
1-4 cho T4. Khi T1 dn ri th xung m th hai cho van T1 - X6-1 khi m
T6 s khng cn ngha na. Ta c th nhn thy iu ny khi ti

l
2

34

gc =

ca T6 ,lc ny cp xung iu khin T6 c m xung T1 , nhng

6

v T1 dn ri nn xung m X6-1 ti y khng cn ngha na. Tm li

trong iu p 3 pha, khi gc m nh, xung m ch c ngha chu k
u, ngay sau khi ng iu khin, Khi gc m ln, in p gin on
nhiu, th bt buc phi c xung m mi hot ng c.
T6

MK
T6

T1

MK
T1

MK
T4
ti T5

Hnh 9.54 m xung bng bin p.

Trong mch iu khin, cc xung m c thc hin nh th no?
Vic to xung m bng mt bin p xung hai cun dy th cp nh
Hnh 9.54 cng c th c thc hin.
Khi c lnh iu khin Tiristo T1 t mch diu khin ca T1 , th
ng thi c xung iu khin a ti hai Tiristo T1 v T4. Tuy nhin vic
iu khin nh th ny cng gp nhc im nh nu trn. Khi mt bin
p xung cung cp cho hai Tiristo, cng sut cp c th khng nh nhau.
Ngoi ra nh trn Hnh 9.54, ti cc iu khin ca mi Tiristo c hai cun
dy th cp ca hai bin p xung ly t hai knh iu khin khc nhau.
iu ny s lm phc tp trong ch to bin p lp t , hiu chnh mch
iu khin. V l do m vic m xung bng bin p t c ng dng
trong thc t.

35

Phng php m xung ph bin l a ti trc tng khuch i, nh

Hnh 9.55.
+15V

ti T4
MKT1
OR
MKT6

Hnh 9.55 m xung trc tng khuch i

gii quyt bi ton cp xung iu khin ng thi cho hai Tiristo,
trc khi a ti tng khuch i cn c thm cng hoc H. Tn hiu t khu
so snh ca knh iu khin T1 c a ti cng hoc ca chnh tng
khuch i T1 , ngoi ra tn hiu ny cn c a ti cng hoc ca T4
m xung m T4. Ti cng vo ca H1 ngoi tn hiu t mch iu khin
T1 cn thm tn hiu m c nhn t T6 (Xem gin xung hnh 9.52).
Lc ny iu khin T1 trong mt chu k s c hai xung iu khin: mt
xung th nht do chnh mch iu khin knh T1 pht lnh, xung th hai
do knh iu khin T6 pht lnh.
Mt mch iu khin do b iu p xoay chiu ba pha vi 6 Tiristo
c gii thiu trn Hnh 9.56 a cho mch ng lc Hnh 9.50.
Nguyn l to xung iu khin ca mt Tiristo T1 nh m t trn
Hnh 9.56 b. in p ng pha ca pha A chnh lu c chu k a vo
khuych i thut ton A1 v A2, to nn in p ta UC. in p ta ny
c ko ln trn trc honh nh VR2 thnh in p rng ca Urc. . in p
rng ca Urc so snh vi in p iu khin Uk. Ti cc thi im t1, t2 ,t3,
t4, t5, t6 , Uk=Urc , khuych i A3 lt du, ta c in p UDA. Khi c UDA
v UE dng, u ra ca cng v V1 c xung ra trong khong t1- t2 tn hiu
ny c a ti H1 v u ra ca H1 c xung trong khong t1 - t2. H1 nhn
tn hiu ng thi ca c V1 ln V6. Tng t nh V1 chng ta c tn hiu
ca V6 dch pha mt gc
nhau

. Kt qu l H1 c hai xung lin tip v cch

3

, u ra bin p xung cng lin tip tng ng vi u ra H1.

3

36

+15V
Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UA

R3

-12V
R1
R2

R4

+12V
+A
-

Uf1

D4
R5

D3

R4

C
A2
+

R6

- A
3
+

D
V1

U k

T1

H1

Uf2
D2
A5

A4

V2

T2

H2

+15V
Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UB

R3

-12V
R1
R2

+12V
+A
-

Uf1

R5

R4

D3

R4

C
A2
+

R6

- A
3
+

D
V3

U k

T3

H3

Uf2
D2
A5

A4

V4

T4

H4

+15V
Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UC

R3

-12V
R1
R2

+12V
+A
-

Uf1

R5

R4

D3

Uf2
D2

R4

C
A2
+

R6

- A
3
+

D
V5

U k

H5

-12V Udk
A4

A5

V6

H6

Hnh 9.56 a: S mch iu khin b iu p ba pha hnh

9.50

T5

T6

37

A
t

UA
t
t1

Urc

t3
t2

t4

t5

Uk
t67
UDA

UE
t

V1
t
/3

V6
t
t

X1

X6-1

Hnh 9.56 b :Nguyn l to xung iu khin ca mt Tiristo

38

Trn s Hnh 9.56 a hai xung iu khin cho mt Tiristo trong

mi chu k nh Hnh 9.56 b ch xut hin khi gc iu khin
<

2
. Nu
3

2
xung m th hai ch xut hin mi thi im mi ban u, cn
3

cc chu k k tip khi van m lin tc ri, xung m ny c th khng

xut hin na.
Mch iu khin b iu p ba pha khi van ng lc l Triac v
nguyn l gn nh hon ton ging mch iu khin ca b iu p bng 6
Tiristo trn Hnh 9.56. Bi v, v nguyn l Triac chnh l hai Tiristo mc
song song ngc. Phn khc nhau ca chng nm tng khuych i. Khi
van ng lc l Triac th ch cn mt tng khuych i cho mt triac mi
pha. Do mch iu khin Hnh 9.56 lc ny thnh mch iu khin
Hnh 9.57 b.

C1

A
T1

C1

R1

R2

R1B C
1
T2

C2
A1

R2

R1C
T3

C2
B1

R2
C2
C1

Hnh 9.57 a
Ba mch iu khin Triac hnh 9.57 b ging nh iu khin mt triac
trn Hnh 9.33. Cc xung iu khin m gia cc pha vi nhau cng gi
theo ng th t pha.

39

UA
D5 TA

+15V
D4

Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UA

-12V
R1
R2

R3

Uf1

+A

-A
3
+

R6
R4

A2
+

Uk

DA
HA

R7

Tr2
Tr3

Uf2
D2

VR1
D1
A

+A
-

D3

R5

R4

R1
R2

D4

+12V

Tr1
R3

Uf1

R6
R4

A2
+

Uk

-A
3
+

DA
HB

R7

Uf1
Uf2
D2

R5

Tr2
Tr3

Uf2
D2

VR1
D1
A

UB

D5

D5TC

R3

R2

+A
-

D3

R5

R4

R1

D4

+12V

Tr1

-12V

UC

R4

TB

-12V

UB

D3

+12V
R5

R5

R6
R4

A2
+

Uk

-A
3
+

DA
HC

R7

UC
R5

Tr2
Tr3

C
-12V

Hnh 9.57 b Mch iu khin iu p ba pha hnh 9.57 a

40

T u ra ca khu so snh pha A (DA) c a ti cng hoc HA

ti khuych i m Triac T1 ng thi tn hiu DA c gi ti cng hoc
HB ti khuych i m T2. iu ny c ngha, khi pht lnh m Triac
T1 ( khi UA>0 ) th ng thi pht lnh cho T2 m theo chiu UB<0 v ngc li khi pht lnh m T1 khi UA<0 th ng thi pht lnh cho T2 m
theo chiu UB >0 (xem vic cp xung v hot ng ca cc van ny nh
trn Hnh 9.52)
B. iu khin iu p ba pha bng xung chm
Nh gii thiu trn, mch iu khin iu p xoay chiu vi
xung n (mt xung ti thi im pht lnh m van ) c u im l n
gin, v thch hp vi nhng ti thun tr nh: Si t cc l in, chiu
sng ...Vi nhng ti c thnh phn in cm nh ng c khng ng b,
bin p... (c trng ca nhng loi ti ny l c gc tr gia in p vi
dng in). m bo cc van bn dn m c hai chiu in p, khi gc
m nh hn gc tr gia dng in v in p ti ( < ) chng ta s
phi tng rng xung iu khin bng cch to xung chm nh gii
thiu trn.
mch iu p ba pha iu khin van bn dn bng chm xung
ngoi vc gii quyt dn u cc van khi gc ln cn c th gii quyt
lun bi ton v m xung iu khin trong mt s trng hp gc m.
Chng ta s gii thch trng hp ny theo ng cong Hnh 9.58 sau:
A

C
t

X1

t
X2
X3

X4

t
t
t

X5

t
X6

Hnh 9.58 iu khin ba pha bn chm xung

41

Trn Hnh 9.53, c in p ti pha A, ti thi im ng in

chng ta phi m xung m T1 cho T4 X1-4 . Nu iu khin bng chm
xung th vic m xung nh Hnh 9.53 l khng cn thit. T Hnh 9.58
thy rng, ti =

pht xung iu khin T1, lc ny xung chm ca T4

6

ang pht ch sn, hn na T4 cn ang c m ch sn do T5 v T4 c

chm xung iu khin t 0. Do khi c xung iu khin T1 th T1 c
m cho dng in chy qua pha A ngay, m khng cn phi gi xung
m nh trn Hnh 9.53.
Chm xung iu khin ch thay cho xung m trong mt di iu
khin t 0 n 1200. i vi nhng ti khng cn iu khin trong khong
1200 n1800 th gii quyt bng chm xung thay th cho m xung l
hon ton hp l. (V d nh vi ti l ng c).
Trn Hnh 9.59 gii thiu mt mch iu khin iu p ba pha vi b
to xung chm v m xung iu khin gia cc pha. Vic m xung iu
khin gia cc pha cho ta chm xung iu khin ca cc Tiristo khng ch
trong na chu k in p dng Ant nh trn Hnh 9.57 m chm xung
iu khin ca cc Tiristo ny s c ni di thm mt gc

na do vic
6

m xung to nn. iu ny c bit cn khi gc m ca Tiristo ln hn

2
.
3

V d : Thit k mch iu khin cho khi ng mm ng c khng

ng b roto lng sc A02 92.4 t v d trn hnh 9.51
* Chn s mch iu khin.
Khi khi ng ng c khng ng b h s cng sut cos lun
thay i, gc tr gia in p v dng in ng c thay i. Do s
mch iu khin hp l s l s khng b nh hng ca gc lch pha
gia dng in v in p. Vi s chn 6 Tiristo trn Hnh 9.51 s
mch iu khin chn bng chm xung iu khin khng cn gi xung
iu khin nh trn Hnh 9.59. V ng c khng ng b khi m my
gc m Tiristo ban u m bo cho Umm=65%Um th gc m Tiristo (tra
t hnh 9.11) khng ln hn

do vic m xung l khng cn thit.

2

Tnh ton cc thng s linh kin trn mch Hnh 9.59 c gii
thiu chng 8.

42

+15V
D4

Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UA

R3

-12V
R1
R2

+12V
+A
-

Uf1

R5

R4

D3

R4

A2
+

R6

- A D
3
+

VA

V1

CX

V2

U k

T1

H1

Uf2
D2
A5

A4

+A6

T2

H2

+15V
Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UB

R3

-12V
R1
R2

+A
-

Uf1

D3

R5

R4

+12V
R4

C
A2
+

R6

- A D
3
+

VB

U k

T3

H3

Uf2
D2
A5

A4

V4

T4

H4

+15V
Tr1
VR1
D1
A

UC

R3

-12V
R1
R2

+12V
+A
-

Uf1

R5

R4

D3

R4

C
A2
+

Uf2
D2

-12V
A4

A5

R6

- AD
3
+

VC

V5

U k

H5

T5

Uk
V6

T6

H6

43

Hnh 9.59: Mch iu khin khi ng mm ng c hnh 9.51

44

UV
t

UA
t
UB
t

Urc

Uk
t

UC
UD
CX
VII

t
t

F
V1
t

V2

t
XT1

XT2

t
t

Hnh 9.60: Cc ng cong c bn ca mch iu khin hnh 9.60

45

Nguyn l iu khin mt mch iu khin iu p xoay chiu mt

pha trn Hnh 9.59 c th c gii thch theo cc ng cong trn Hnh
9.60 nh sau:
in p ng pha vi in p xoay chiu hnh sin UV c chnh lu
c chu k UA a vo A1 qua R1 dch i mt tr s ly qua VR1. Hai in p
ny a qua khuych i A1 c in p ra ca A1 l UB. Phn dng ca UB
tch phn qua khuych i A2 cho ta in p ta UC. in p ta UC c
ko ln trn trc honh bng in p ly t VR2.Vic ko in p ta ln
trn trc honh ny ch nhm mc ch in p iu khin Uk ng
bin vi in p ra, nu khng cn lm iu ny th chng ta c th b
qua in p ly t VR2.
in p iu khin Uk so snh vi in p ta Urc tm thi im
Urc=Uk . Ti cc thi im Urc=Uk khuych i A3 lt du in p ra ta
c UD nh hnh v.
in p UD a ti cng v V11 cng vi tn hiu xung chm lin tc
ly t A6, u ra ca V11 s c chm xung khi UD>0
Cng v V1 s c tn hiu ra khi ng thi V11c xung v VF>0.
Lc bin p xung BA1 c xung iu khin T1. Cng v V2 c tn hiu ra
khi ng thi V11 c xung v VE>0. Lc bin p xung BA2 c xung
iu khin T2
Kt qu l T1 c cp chm xung iu khin khi UF>0 trng vi
UV>0 v T2 c cp chm xung iu khin khi UE>0 trng vi UV< 0 .
Nu nh cc xung iu khin T1v T2 b dch pha 1800 th c
th o u in p vo ca bin p ng pha hoc i u cp vo ca
khuych i A4

46

Bng.6...

Thng s mt s Tric
Y ngha cc ct.
K hiu.
Um - in p nh mc (in p nh thng).
Im - Dng in nh mc.
Ipik - nh xung dng in.
Ig - Dng in iu khin.
Ug - in p iu khin.
I r - Dng in r.
Ih - Dng in t gi.
U - St p trn van khi m.
tx - Thi gian gi xung iu khin.
dU/dt- Tc tng in p.
T - Nhit lm vic cc i.
K hiu
1
DTA05C
MAC92-1
MAC97B6
MAC97A8
BTA204W500E
BT13-W600E

Um
Max
(V)
2
200
60
400
600
500
600

Im
Max
(A)
3
0,5
0,6
0,6
0,6
1,0
1,0

Ipik
Max
(A)
4
6
8
8
8
10
10

Ig
Max
(A)
5
15m
5m
3m
5m
10m
5m

Ug
Max
(V)
6
2,3
2,5
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5

Ir
Max
(A)
7
100
10m
100
100
500
500

Ih
Max
(A)
8
25m
10m
10m
10m
12m
10m

U
Max
(V)
9
2,0
1,9
1,9
1,9
1,5
1,7

tx

dU/dt

(s)
10

(V/s)
11

2
2
2
2

5
25
25
30
30

T
Max
o
C
12
110
110
110
110
125
120

47

K hiu
Z0103SN
2N6068B
DTA2B
SM2D41
CQ89NS
T106C2SH
HI43SD
Q5003L4
TLC388B
2N6068
BT04HA
SK3664
L4004F61
Q6004R4
Z0402SE
AVS08TB
T0505MH
T0512SH
SIPT06
TIC216A
BTA6-200D

Um
Max
(V)
700
25
100
200
800
300
400
500
700
25
50
100
400
600
700
500
600
700
50
100
200

Im
Max
(A)
1,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
6,0
6,0
6,0

Ipik
Max
(A)
8,5
30
12
13
10
30
30
30
31
30
40
30
33
33
22
70
50
50
80
60
60

Ig
Max
(A)
3m
15m
15m
15m
5m
25m
5m
25m
25m
60m
25m
30m
10m
25m
3m

Ug
Max
(V)
1,5
2,5
2,3
2,3
2,0
2,2
2,2
2,5
3,0
2,5
2,2
1,4
2,0
2,5
1,5

5m
50m
50m
5m
5m

2,5
2,5
2,5
2,2
2,5

Ir
Max
(A)
10
2m
100
100
5
750
750
2m
750
2m
1m
10
2m
5
10
2m
2m
2m
2m
5m

Ih
Max
(A)
7m
30m
25m
25m
5m
15m
15m
25m
8m
70m
80m
30m
10m
30m
3m
15m
100m
50m
30m
750

U
Max
(V)
1,8
2,0
2,6
2,6
1,75
1,9
2,2
1,6
1,8
2,0
1,7
2,0
1,6
1,6
2,0
1,7
1,4
1,4
2,2
1,7
1,6

tx

dU/dt

(s)
2

(V/s)

2,2
3
3

2,5
3
2

10
4
35
20

20
35

10
200
30
50
2

T
Max
o
C
125
110
110
110
125
100
110
125
110
110
100
110
110
125
125
105
125
125
100
110
110

48

K hiu
HT46
L6006L5V
SIPT18
SC142B
IT38
Q4008L5
BT137X500D
DTN8G
MAC137-700
T0812NJ
SK3631
SM10D14
NTE5834
AC10DGM
BCR10CM12L
Q7010LH5
T1013NH
BT138F500E
TXDV612
BTW43-1000H
IT015

Um
Max
(V)
400
600
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
500
600
1000
50

Im
Max
(A)
6,0
6,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
15

Ipik
Max
(A)
80
50
100
80
100
100
55
27
60
100
70
100
88
100
110
100
90
95
120
150

Ig
Max
(A)
50m
5m
50m
50m
50m
50m
10m
50m
35m
50m
75m
75m
50m
30m
30m
50m
50m
10m
100m
100m
50m

Ug
Max
(V)
2,5
2,0
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
1,5
2,0
1,5
2,5
0,9
3,0
2,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
2,5
1,5
2,5
2,5
2,5

Ir
Max
(A)
1m
20
2m
500
2m
500
500
1m
2m
1,5m
2m
2m
10
2m
500
2m
5m
2m

Ih
Max
(A)
50m
10m
50m
50m
50m
50m
10m
25m
20m
100m
50m
50m
50m
30m
50m
150m
30m
100M
100m
50m

U
Max
(V)
2,2
1,6
2,2
1,7
2,2
1,6
1,65
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,3
1,6
1,6
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,6
1,9
2,2
2,2

tx

dU/dt

(s)
2,5
1,7
2,5

(V/s)
5

2,5
3
2

5
50
5
60
5
200

T
Max
o
C
110
110
100
100
100
110
125
110
125

1,5
100
100
4

2,5
2,5

775
500
50
200
200
5

125
125
125
125
120
110
125
100

49

K hiu
SPT115
2N5571
CT15-5
SC251D
Q6015L9
MAC15-10FT
TIC246A
SM16G16
BTA16-600B
SSG16C80
SSG16C120
TW18N400CX
TW18N10CX
MAC320-4
BCR20B6L
MAC320A6
Q2025
SIPT325300
MAC223-6FP
TRAL3325DM
Q7025R9

Um
Max
(V)
100
200
500
400
600
800
100
400
600
800
1200
400
1000
200
300
400
200
300
400
600
700

Im
Max
(A)
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
18
18
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25

Ipik
Max
(A)
150
100
150
100
150
150
125
140
180
160
160
160
130
150
220
150
225
250
225
240
250

Ig
Max
(A)
50m
80m
50m
50m
125m
50m
50m
50m
50m
50m
50m
80m
80m
50m
30m
50m
50m
100m
75m
100m
125m

Ug
Max
(V)
2,5
2,5
2,0
2,5
2,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2,5
3,0
3,0
2,5

Ir
Max
(A)
2m
2m
2m
500
50
2m
2m
3m
500
3m
3m
5m

Ih
Max
(A)
60m
75m
40m
50m
70m
40m
50m
50m
50m
30m
30m
100m

U
Max
(V)
2,2
1,8
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,7
2,0

tx

dU/dt

(s)
3
1
1,5

(V/s)
40
30
100
100
300

2m
3m
2m
2m
4m
2m
3m
50

40m

1,7
1,5
1,7
1,6
2,5
1,9
2,0
1,8

1,5

40m
80m
60m
75m
50m
80m

6
1,5

400
30
2
10
10
3

1,5
4
3
3
6

50
50
7,5

75
40
100
100
300

T
Max
o
C
100
100
125
110
125
110
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
110
100
110
100

50

K hiu
BTA225B800C
SSG35C20Y
TRA3335D
SSG35C120
SIPT040
PT140
Q2040C
MAC224-5
SK3662
SPT640
BTA41-700B
T4013NKS
TPDV1240
SSG45C40
BTB41-800B
SSG45C120
BCR50A4
SSG50C40
50AC60A
BCR50A16
SSG50C120

Um
Max
(V)
800
200
600
1200
50
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
1200
400
800
1200
200
400
600
800
1200

Im
Max
(A)
25
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
50
50
50
50
50

Ipik
Max
(A)
190
330
330
400
400
400
300
350
300
400
420
330
350
550
315
550
800
800
550
800
800

Ig
Max
(A)
35m
50m
100m
70m
100m
100m
100m
50m
40m
100m
50m
75m
200m
70m
100m
70m
100m
150m
200m
100m
150m

Ug
Max
(V)
1,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,0
1,4
2,5
2,5
1,5
2,5
3,0
1,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
2,5
2,5
3,0

Ir
Max
(A)
500
5m
4m
6m
4m
4m
2m
2m
1m
4m
10
5m
6m
6m
10m
8m
10m
10m
8m

Ih
Max
(A)
15m
30m
60m
30m
60m
60m
100m
75m
25m
60m
80m
75m
50m
50m
80m
50m
50m
90m
50m

U
Max
(V)
1,5
1,4
2,0
1,6
2,0
2,0
1,6
1,8
1,7
1,0
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,6
1,8
1,6
1,5
1,5
2,0
1,5
1,5

tx

dU/dt

(s)
2
10
3
10
3
3
5
1,5
1,7
3
2,5
2
2,5
10
2,5
10

(V/s)
1000
20
100
100

10
10

250
100
50

T
Max
o
C
125
125
110
125
100
100
110
125

200
150
500
200
100
250
100
50
50
200
50
50

110
110
125
110
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

51

K hiu
PT260
TGAL604
SPT660
TGDV608
TGAL610
PT1060
BCR70B4
BCR70B6
SSG70D40
TG70AA60
BCR70B16
SSG70C120
SM80G13
SM80J13
SM80Q13
F100D4
F100D6
F100D8
SSG100C40
F100D12
SSG100C60

Um
Max
(V)
200
400
600
800
1000
1000
200
300
400
600
800
1200
400
600
1200
200
300
400
400
600
600

Im
Max
(A)
60
60
60
60
60
60
70
70
70
70
70
70
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100

Ipik
Max
(A)
600
500
600
500
500
600
1100
1100
1000
1200
1100
1000
880
880
880
1100
1100
1100
1200
1100
1200

Ig
Max
(A)
100m
100m
100m
150m
100m
100m
200m
200m
200m
50m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,5
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

Ir
Max
(A)
10m
10m
10m
5m
10m
10m
15m
15m
10m
10m
15m
10m
10m
10m
10m
15m
15m
15m
100m
15m
100m

Ih
Max
(A)
100m
60m
100m
30m
60m
100m
70m
100m
70m
200m
200m
200m

70m
70m

U
Max
(V)
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,1
2,0
2,0
2,1
2,1
1,5
1,35
2,1
1,5
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,3
2,3
2,3
1,5
2,3
1,5

tx

dU/dt

(s)
3
3
3
3
3
3

(V/s)
100
100
100
200
100
100
100
100
50
50
100
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
100
50

10
10

10
10

T
Max
o
C
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

52

K hiu
F100D16
SSG100C80
F100D20
SSG100C100
SSG100C120
BCR150B4
FB150D4
BCR150B6
FB150D8
BCR150B12
FB150D16
BCR150B24
FB150D24
2N5257
2N5258
2N5259
2N5260
2N5261
BCR300B4
FB300D6
SSG300C40
BCR300B12

Um
Max
(V)
800
800
1000
1000
1200
200
200
300
400
600
800
1200
1200
400
600
800
1000
1200
200
300
400
600

Im
Max
(A)
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300

Ipik
Max
(A)
1100
1200
1100
1200
1200
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1300
1300
1300
1300
1300
3000
3000
3300
3000

Ig
Max
(A)
200m
200m
200m
200m
200m
300m
300m
300m
300m
300m
300m
300m
300m
800m
800m
800m
800m
800m
300m
400m
400m
300m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

Ir
Max
(A)
15m
100m
15m
100m
100m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
15m
30m
30m
25m
30m

Ih
Max
(A)
70m
70m
70m

850m
850m
850m
850m
850m
150m

U
Max
(V)
2,3
1,5
2,3
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,1
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5

tx

dU/dt

(s)

(V/s)
100
50
100
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

10
10
10

10

100
100
100
100

T
Max
o
C
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125

53

K hiu
FB300D16
SSG300C100

Um
Max
(V)
800
1000

Im
Max
(A)
300
300

Ipik
Max
(A)
3000
3300

Ig
Max
(A)
400m
400m

Ug
Max
(V)
3,0
3,0

Ir
Max
(A)
30m
25m

Ih
Max
(A)
150m

U
Max
(V)
1,5
1,5

tx

dU/dt

(s)

(V/s)
100
100

10

T
Max
o
C
125
125

54