1.

(Vector Calculus)
(scalar and vector
quantities)


.
.

.

(, ,
).

,
(, , ).
:
(.. 1) .

A= A + A + A
2
x

2
y

2
z



= + . ..

=(,y,Az) =(,y,Bz)
= (+)ax+(y+By)ay+(Az+Bz)az.
.

- +=+
- +(+)=(+)+
- (+)=+

- =
- ()=()

.
B
A


(Position and Distance Vectors)
:
(x,y,z).

rp= OP=xax+yay+zaz
(3,4,5), , 3a+4ay+5az
.

: , (xp,yp,zp) Q (xQ,yQ,zQ),
Q
.
P
rPQ

rP

Q
rQ

 1.1
= 10ax 4ay + 6az = 2ax + ay ,
() ay
() 3
() + 2.

(sd 1.1 p9)

 1.2
Q (0,2,4) (-3,1,5) .

() P
() Q
() Q
() Q 10.
(sd 1.2 p 10)

 (Vector multiplication)

,
. :

() (dot product)

A B = AB cos( AB )
:
.=.
. ( + ) = . + .
() (cross product)

A B = AB sin( AB )a k
ax a y az
A B = Ax Ay Az
Bx B y Bz
ak
, .


xB BxA
A x B = -B x A
A x (B x ) (A x B) x
x (B + ) = x B + A x
xA=0

(scalar triple product)

A . (B x ) = . ( x A) = . (A x B)
Ax Ay Az

. ( x ) = B x B y B z
x y z

(vector triple product)

A x (B x ) = B (A . ) (A . B)

 1.3
= 3ax + 4ay + az = 2ay 5az.
.
(sd 1.5 p18)

 1.4
= 2ax - az
= 2ax ay + 2az
T = 2ax 3ay + az

() ( + ) x ( )
() . x
() . x
() sin()
() x ( x )
()
() .

(s.d 1.6 p19)

10


(Coordinate Systems and Transformation)
, ,
.
,

. .

: (Cartesian), (circular
cylindrical) (spherical).

(Cartesian Coordinates)
(x,y,z). ,
,

(x,Ay,Az)

Axax +Ayay +Azaz

(Circular Cylindrical Coordinates)

.
(,,z)
.
,
x xy z
.

(,,z) a+a+zaz

11

 (x,y,z,)
(,,z) :

= x +y
2

= tan

y
x

z=z

x = cos

y = sin

12

z=z

 (Spherical Coordinates)

.
(r,,) .
r
, z
x xy.

(r,,) rar+a+a

(x,y,z,)
(r,,) :

r=

x +y +z
2

, = tan

x2 + y2
1 y
, = tan
x
z

x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos

13

14

 1.5
(-2,6,3).
. (sd2.1 p40)

15

 1.6

B=

10
a r + r cos a + a
r

. (-3,4,0)
(5,

,-2).

(sd2.2 p43)

16

 (Vector calculus)


.

,
(Differential length, area, and volume)
,
. , ,
.

(Cartesian Coordinates)

dl = dxax + dyay + dzaz

dS = dydza x

dS = dxdza y
dS = dxdya z

dv = dxdydz

: dl dS dv
.

17

18

K (Cylindrical coordinates)

dl = da + da + dzaz
dS = ddza

dS = ddza
dS = dda z

dv = dddz

19

 (spherical coordinates)

dl = drar + rda + r sinda

dS = r 2 sin dda r

dS = r sin drda
dS = rdrda

dv = r 2 sin drdd

20

 ,
(Line, surface, and volume integrals).

(Line Integral)

L,
b

A.dl = A cos dl
L

(line integral) L.

A.
dl

(circulation) L.
21

 (Surface Integral)
,
S. (surface integral)

= A cos dS = A.a n dS
S

= A.dS
S

(Volume Integral)

dv
v

(volume integral) v
V.

22

 1.7
F= x2ax-xzay-y2az. (circulation) F
() .
(sd 3.2 p67)

23

24

 (Del operator)

(vector
differential operator)

ax + ay + az
x
y
z

,

.
V,

(Del operator)

= a

+ a
+ z

(Del operator)

= ar

1
1
+ a
+ a
r
r
r sin

25

 (Gradient of a scalar)
, V

V .

gradV = V =

V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
x
y
z

V
V
1 V

V
=
a
+
a
+
az

V =

V
1 V
1 V
ar +
a +
a
r
r
r sin

26

 1.8
(grad) :
z
() V = e sin 2 x cosh y
2
() U = z cos 2

2
() W = 10 r sin cos

(sd 3.3 p73)

27


(Divergence of a vector and divergence theorem)

S

A.dS
(div A)
0.

div A = .A = lim V 0

A.dS
S

V S.
(xo,yo,zo)

Ax Ay Az
.A =
+
+
x
y
z

.A =

1 ( ) 1 A Az
+
+


z

1 (r 2 Ar )
1 ( sin )
1
+
.A = 2
+
r sin

r sin
r
r
28

A.dS = .Adv
S

1.
.
2. V .
3.

.( A + B ) = .A + .B

29

 1.9
:
() =x2yzax + xzaz
() Q =sina + 2za +zcosaz
1
() = 2 cos a r + r sin cos a + cos a .
(sd 3.6 p79)
r

30

 1.10
G(r)=10e-2z(a+az), G
=1, 0 z 1 .
. ( )
(sd 3.7 p80)

= G dS = t + b + s

t z = 1 , dS = dd (a z )
t = G dS =
t

10e

=0 =0

dd = 10e (2 ) d =10e (2 )
2

=0

= 10e 2
0

b z = 0 , dS = dd (a z )
b = G dS =
b

10e dd = 10(2 ) d = 10(2 )

0

=0 =0

=0

2
2

= 10
0

s = 1 , dS = dzd (a )
s = G dS =
s

10e

z =0 =0

2 z

dzd = 10e
2

z =0

2 z

e 2 z
(1) (2 )dz = 10(2 )
2

= G dS = t + b + s = 10e 10 + 10 (1 e
2

31

)= 0

= 10 1 e 2

 (
)
= G dS = ( G )dV
V

G =

1 (G ) 1 (G ) (Gz ) 1 210e 2 z 10e 2 z

= 20e 2 z 20e 2 z = 0
+
=
+
+

= ( G )dV = 0
V

32

) (

 Stoke
(Curl of a vector and Stokes Theorem)
(Curl)



.

L A.dl

n
curlA = A = lim S 0
S

S L an
S.
curl

ax a y az
A =

x y z
Ax A y Az

curl

a a a z
A =

1
z
A A Az

33

 curl

a r ra r sin a
A =

1

r 2 sin r
Ar rA r sin A

curl:
1. curl
.
2. curl
3. ( A + B ) = A + B
4. ( A B ) = A (.B ) B (.A ) + (B. A ) ( A. ) B
5. .( A ) = 0
6. V = 0

Stoke

A.dl = ( A ).dS
L

34

 1.11
curl :
() =x2yzax + xzaz
() Q =sina + 2za +zcosaz
1
() = 2 cos a r + r sin cos a + cos a .
r

()

P Py
P = z
z
y

P P
a x + x z
x
z

Py Px

a y +
y

(sd 3.8 p87)

a z

= (0 0 )a x + x 2 y z a y + 0 x 2 z a z

= x 2 y z a y x 2 za z

()
1 Qz Q
Q
(Q ) Q
Q
a + z a +
Q =

z


z

a z

1
= sin 2 a + (0 0)a + (3 2 z cos )a z

(z sin )a + (3z cos )a

()
T =

1 (T sin ) T

r sin

1 1 Tr (rT )
1 (rT ) Tr
a +
a r +

r r
r sin

cos
2

1 (cos sin ) (r cos sin )

1 1 r (r cos )
a r +

=

r
r sin
r sin

cos
2
2
1 (r cos sin ) r
a
+

r
r

1
(cos 2 + r sin sin )a r + 1 (0 cos )a + 1 2r cos sin + sin2 a
=
r sin
r
r
r

35

cos
1
cos 2

=
+ sin a r
a + sin 2 cos + 3 a
r
r
r sin

36

 1.12

=cos a+sin a, A.dl

, .
Stoke.
(sd 3.9 p89)

37

38

 (The Laplacian of a scalar)

V, V ,
V (the divergence of the gradient of
V).
2

2V 2V 2V
V = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2

1 1 2V 2V
2
V=
+ 2
+

2 z 2

1 2 V
1

V
1
2V
+
sin
+
V = 2 r
r r r r 2 sin
r 2 sin 2 2
2

39

 (Laplaces equation)

2V = 0
Laplacian .
,

2 A = ( A) A

40

2A .

 1.13
:
z
() V = e sin 2 x cosh y

2
() U = z cos 2
2
() W = 10 r sin cos .

(sd 3.11 p93)

41

 (Vector field classification)

(divergence)
(curl),

curl . ..
() .A = 0, A = 0
() .A 0, A = 0
() .A = 0, A 0
() .A 0, A 0

(solenoidal) :
, .A = 0 ( )
(flux lines)
.

(irrotational or conservative):
, A = 0 ( curl
) (irrotational)
. E
(independent of path).

.A = 0
A = 0

A = ka x

.A 0

.A = 0

.A 0

A = 0

A 0

A 0

A = kr
.A = 3k

A = k r
.A = 0

A = k r + cr
.A = 3c

A = 0

A = 2k

A = 2k

42

 1.14

(conservative) :
()
Q
.
()
0.
(sd
3.12 p96)

43