LI NI U

Pht trin kinh t, x hi gn lin vi vic ng dng my tnh nh mt cng c cc k hiu qu v cn thit. Gio trnh H qun tr c s d liu Access c bin son nhm phc v cho nhu cu tm hiu ng dng my tnh trong hc tp v cng vic. Microsoft Access l mt chng trnh ca b ng dng vn phng Microsoft Office chy trn mi trng Windows, l phn mm thuc h Qun tr C S D Liu Quan H gip qun l, bo tr v khai thc s liu, lu tr thng tin d liu bn ngoi vo my tnh di dng cc bng v c th tnh ton, x l d liu bn trong cc bng lu tr trn my tnh. Gio trnh c bin son theo chng trnh chi tit c hi ng chuyn mn ca trng Cao ng Ngh Ph Yn ph duyt, ni dung trnh by trong gio trnh gm cc kin thc c bn sau: Bi 1: Tng quan v h qun tr CSDL Microsoft Access 2002 Gii thiu h qun tr c s d liu Access v cc thao tc c bn trn ca s Access. c bit tp trung vo nhng kin thc c bn gip c th xy dng CSDL Access mt cch chc chn; c bit th hin qua qui trnh xy dng mt CSDL tng kt c ni dung ton b chng hc. Bi 2: Xy dng bng (TABLE) Trnh by cc khi nim v bng, cch to lp bng, cc thnh phn trn bng v cch thao tc vi d liu trn bng. Bi 3: Truy vn d liu (Query) Tp trung vo cc kin thc v k nng gip x l d liu mt cch a dng thng qua cc loi Query. Bi 4: Xy dng Form Gii thiu form, cch thit k form v thit lp cc thuc tnh trn form. Bi 5: Bo biu (Report) Gii thiu report, cch to ra cc report, vn dng report v cch thc thi report. Bi 6: Macro Gii thiu macro, cc thuc tnh v s kin thng dng trong macro. Hu ht ni dung trnh by trong gio trnh u c nhng bi tp thc hnh c th. Do vy, sau khi c xong v hnh theo trnh t cun sch ny, bn c gn nh c th thit k v xy dng c nhng ng dng v qun l thng tin. i tng chnh ca gio trnh l sinh vin, hc sinh chuyn CNTT cng nh khng chuyn CNTT c hc mn Access. Tt nhin cng hon ton ph hp cho nhng ai quan tm hc hi mn hc ny bi l cc ni dung u c trnh by rt trc quan, c th t v kt qu r rng. D c gng bin son k vi mong mun h tr bn c tip cn mt phn mm tin tin, bn cnh cng nhn c rt nhiu kin gp qu bu ca cc ng nghip, song chc chn gio trnh ny khng trnh khi nhng s st. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c. Cui cng xin chc cc bn thnh cng trong cng vic xy dng cc ng dng tin hc trong cng tc qun l. TP. Tuy Ha, thng 8 nm 2009

Bi 1. TNG QUAN C S D LIU ACCESS

I/. PHN TCH THIT K H THNG C S D LIU 1. Khi nim v c s d liu
CSDL la mot he thong e quan ly cac thong tin co cac ac iem sau: La mot tap hp (co the la rat ln) cac d lieu co cau truc c lu tren cac thiet b tr tin (nh a t, bang t , a quang) c cac chng trnh ng dung cu the nao o khai thac thong tin: tm kiem, sa oi, bo sung, xoa. Thong tin phai bao am tnh nhat quan. Co the thoa man ong thi cho nhieu ngi s dung vi nhng muc ch khac nhau. V d: Trng co lu tr danh sach sinh vien cac lp tren may tnh. Cung luc ban giam hieu can xem xet cac sinh vien e khen thng phong tai vu can lap danh sach phat hoc bong cho sinh vien. Nh vay danh sach sinh vien c ca ban giam hieu va phong tai vu khai thac cung mot luc, d nhien thong tin ve sinh vien phai nhat quan ngha la du au - ban giam hieu hay phong tai vu - thong tin ay la phai nh nhau.

P. ao Tao P. Tai Vu CSDL

P. Hanh Chnh Cac VP Khoa

P. Tuyen Sinh

BGH

Ex:S o minh hoa CSDL dung chung

2. Thc th & quan h:

a) Cac khai niem: - Thc the la mot s vat cu the hay tru tng trong the gii khach quan. V du: + Trong mot trng hoc co cac thc the: giao vien, hoc sinh, mon hoc + Trong mot th vien co cac thc the: sach, loai sach, nha xuat ban 2

+ Trong mot cong ty buon ban cho phep tra cham co cac thc the: mat hang (cu the), cong n (tru tng). - Cac thc the nay co cac tnh chat rieng cua no goi la thuoc tnh. V du: Moi hoc sinh co mot ho ten, vay ho ten la thuoc tnh. - Moi thc the co mot thuoc tnh dung e phan biet gia cac oi tng cua thc the o goi la thuoc tnh khoa hay goi tat la khoa. V du: Moi Sinh vien co mot ma so duy nhat e phan biet vi Sinh vien khac. - Gia cac thc the co the co moi lien he vi nhau goi la quan he (relation). b) Cac quan he: Quan he mot mot (one to one): k hieu (1,1), la quan he hnh thanh khi mot oi tng cua thc the nay co quan he duy nhat vi mot oi tng cua thc the kia. V du: Mot nhan vien ch thuoc ve mot phong ban duy nhat. Quan he mot nhieu (one to many): ky hieu (1,n), la quan he hnh thanh khi mot oi tng cua thc the nay co quan he vi nhieu oi tng cua thc the kia. V du: Mot Lp co nhieu sinh vien theo hoc hoac Mot sinh vien hoc nhieu mon hoc khac nhau. Ngoai ra, trong thc te, mot oi tng cua thc the nay lai co quan he vi nhieu oi tng cua thc the kia va ngc lai. Quan he nay c goi la quan he nhieu-nhieu (many to many), k hieu la (n, n). V du: Trong mot th vien, ta xet quan he gia thc the sach va thc the oc gia: Mot cuon sach co the c nhieu oc gia mn va ong thi mot oc gia co the mn nhieu cuon sach.(luc nay, trong Access, ta phai bieu dien quan he nhieunhieu noi tren bang hai quan he mot-nhieu). c. Mo hnh CSDL quan he: Theo mo hnh nay th cac d lieu, thong tin ve mot thc the can quan tr se c lu vao may tnh di dang cac bang (Table). Gia cac bang co the co quan he vi nhau va moi quan he nay cung c bieu dien di dang bang V du: Xet hoat ong cua mot th vien. D lieu can quan l cua th vien gom co: * Sach ta goi Sach la mot thc the. * oc gia ta goi oc gia la mot thc the. Bieu dien cac thc the di dang bang nh sau: Sach: MaSach TenSach TacGia 3 NamXB NhaXB SoLuong

CT003

Lenin tap

toan V. I. Lenin

1980

S that

12

oc Gia MaDG DG0001 TenDG Tran Th Luyn DiaChi 11 Le Lai TP Nha Trang

Gia thc the Sach va thc the ocgia co quan he mn tra, bieu dien nh sau:

Mn MaDG DG0001

MaSach CT003

NgayMuon 1/5/2008

NgayTra 20/5/2009

II. GII THIU MICROSOFT ACCESS

1. Gii thiu Microsoft Access - Microsoft Access l mt H qun tr c s d liu trn mi trng Windows ca hng phn mm Microsoft c a vo b phn mm kh ph bin hin nay l Microsoft office. Microsoft Access c xy dng trn m hnh quan h do Codd xut nm 1970 trong di tng chnh l nhng quan h (bng-Table). - Microsoft Access cho php s dng cc cng c cho php ngi dng lin kt cc ng dng ca mnh 1 cch thun tin, chnh xc m khng cn tn nhiu cng sc cho cng vic lp trnh. Cc ng dng c bn c th thit k hon ton bng cng c v ch cn lp trnh cho nhng cng vic phc tp, yu cu tnh mm do. 2. Khi ng v thot khi Access 2002 2.1. Khi ng Access 2002 C khi ng Access theo nhiu cch: - M lnh Start | Programs | Microsoft Access 2002 ca Window; - Hoc c th nhn kp chut ln tn tp c phn m rng .MDB vi biu tng ca Microsoft Access Sau khi ra lnh chy chng trnh Access, thng thng mn hnh tip theo xut hin cho php chn cch lm vic: - Chn Blank Access database bt u to mt tp Access mi (to mi tp);

- Hoc Access database wizard, page, and project to mt CSDL theo mu c sn (khng trnh by trong gio trnh ny); - Hoc Open an existing file m tp Access tn ti lm vic tip. 2.2. Thot khi ACCESS Chn File/Exit hoc nhn t hp phm ALT+F4. 3. Cc thao tc trn tp tin c s d liu Access 3.1. To mt tp tin CSDL bt u to mt tp mi, chn mc Blank Access database ca s trn, tip theo nhn OK, hp thoi sau xut hin:

Chn th mc trn a, ni s lu tp Access

G tn tp cn lu

Trong mc Save in: Chn th mc cn cha tn tp tin. File name: Chn tn tp tin cn to (Phn m rng mc nh l MDB) Nhap chon nut lenh 3.2. Mi trng lm vic ca Access Sau khi mt tp Access c m, mi trng lm vic trn Access xut hin vi nhng thnh phn nh sau:

(1) - h thng thc n (menu) v cc thanh cng c (Toolbar)- ni thc hin cc lnh khi cn; (2) - Ca s tp Access ang lm vic bao gm 7 phn chnh: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Pages, Macros v Modules. Chng ta s ln lt hc cch lm vic trn tng phn ny trong cc chng tip theo. 3.3. M mt tp tin CSDL tn ti trn a Mi tp Access phi to mi duy nht mt ln, c m ra lm vic v ghi li trong nhng ln tip theo. m mt tp Access tn ti lm vic, lm nh sau: Bc 1: T mi trng Access gi thc n: File | Open (hoc nhn nt Open trn thanh cng c), hp thoi Open xut hin:

Bc 2: Tm n tp Access cn m trn hp thoi Open bng cch: - Tm n th mc ni cha tp Access cn m hp Look in; - Tip theo chn tp Access cn m trn danh sch v nhn nt Open hoc Enter; n y ca mn hnh lm vic Access vi tp va m xut hin tip tc lm vic. 3.4. Thot khi Access Sau khi a m va lam viec vi tap tin CSDL Access, neu muon ong tap tin nay, ta thc hien nh sau: ong va lu tat ca cac oi tng ang m(v du nh bang, van tin, bieu mau, bao cao). - M thc n File | Exit; - Nhn t hp phm nng Alt + F4; - Hoc s dng nt Close trn ca s Access ang m; 3.5. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt tp tin CSDL ACCESS Mt tp tin CSDL ACCESS gm c 6 thnh phn c bn sau: Bng (Tables) : L ni cha d liu. Truy vn (Queries): Truy vn thng tin da trn mt hoc nhiu bng. Biu mu (Forms): Cc biu mu dng nhp d liu hoc hin th d liu. Bo co (Reports): Dng in n. Pages (Trang): To trang d liu. Macros (Tp lnh): Thc hin cc tp lnh. Modules (n th): Dng lp trnh Access Basic.

4. Cch s dng ca s Database Nh ni trn, mt CSDL ca Access cha trong n 7 i tng ch khng n thun l bng d liu. Sau khi to mi mt CSDL hoc m mt CSDL c sn Access s hin th mt ca s Database, trn hin th tn ca CSDL ang m v lit k 7 i tng m n qun l, mi lp i tng u c phn lp r rng tin theo di. 4.1. To mt i tng mi 7

Trong ca s Database, chn tab cha i tng cn to (Bng, Truy vn, Biu mu, Bo co,...) hoc thc hin lnh: View/D atabase Object -Table/Query/Form/ReportPages/Macros/Modules Chn nt New. 4.2. Thc hin mt i tng trong CSDL Trong ca s Database, chn tab cn thc hin. Ca s Database lit k tn cc i tng c sn, chn tn i tng cn m. Chn nt Open (i vi Bng, Truy vn, Biu mu, Trang) hoc Preview (i vi Bo biu) hoc Run (i vi Macro v Module). 4.3. Sa i mt i tng c sn trong CSDL Trong ca s Database, chn tab cn thc hin. Ca s Database lit k tn cc i tng c sn, chn tn i tng cn m, Chn nt Design.

Bi 2.

BNG D LIU(TABLE)

Table l thnh phn c bn v quan trng nht ca CSDL trong MS-Access. Dng ghi nhn cc d liu c s, cc nghip v pht sinh, cc bin ng v cc thng tin mun qun l. Mt bng d liu trn Access bao gm cc thnh phn: Tn bng, cc trng d liu, trng kho, tp hp cc thuc tnh cn thit cho mi trng d liu v tp hp cc bn ghi.

I/. THIT K C S D LIU

Mt CSDL c thit k tt cho php ngi s dng truy cp nhanh chng n nhng thng tin cn tham kho, gip tit kim c thi gian truy xut thng tin. Mt CSDL thit k tt gip ngi s dng rt ra c nhng kt qu nhanh chng v chnh xc hn. thit k mt CSDL tt chng ta phi hiu cch m mt H QTCSDL qun tr cc CSDL nh th no. MS Access hay bt k mt H QTCSDL no c th cung cp cc thng tin cho chng ta mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu nu chng c cung cp y mi d kin v nhiu i tng khc nhau lu tr trong cc bng d liu. V d ta cn mt bng cha thng tin v l lch ca cn b, mt bng khc cha cc ti nguyn cu khoa hc ca cc cn b... Khi bt tay thit k CSDL, chng ta phi xc nh v phn tch cc thng tin mun lu tr thnh cc i tng ring r, sau bo cho H QTCSDL bit cc i tng lin quan vi nhau nh th no. Da vo cc quan h m H QTCSDL c th lin kt cc i tng v rt ra cc s liu tng hp cn thit. Qui trnh xy dng CSDL Access n y chng ti c th khuyn co mt qui trnh tt xy dng mt CSDL Access theo thit k sn c : Bc 1 : Ln lt xy dng cu trc tng bng d liu trong CSDL. Vi mi bng d liu khi khai bo cu trc cn gii quyt cc cng vic sau : - Khai bo danh sch cc trng ca bng ct Field Name; - Chn kiu d liu ph hp cho cc trng ct Data Type; - Thit lp trng kho cho bng; - Thit lp mt s khc cn thit cho cc trng nh : Field Size, Format, Input Mark, Requried, Validate Rule, - Ghi tn bng; Bc 2 : Ln lt thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho cc trng mt cch ph hp. Mi quan h trn bng thit k s cn mt thao tc thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP (s dng trnh LookUp Wizard) t trng trn bng quan h nhiu sang trng bng quan h mt; Bc 3 : Thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu cn thit cho cc quan h ti ca s Relationships (menu Tool | Relationships.. hoc nhn nt trn thanh cng c); Bc 4 : Thc hin nhp d liu cho cc bng nu cn; Ch : Bng c quan h 1 phi c nhp d liu trc bng c quan h nhiu. 9

II/. CC KHI NIM V BNG

1. Cc khi nim Bng l ni cha d liu v mt i tng thng tin no nh SINH VIN, HA N,... Mi hng trong bng gi l mt bn ghi (record) cha cc ni dung ring ca i tng . Mi bn ghi ca mt bng u c chung cu trc, tc l cc trng (field). V d: Cho bng di y qun l l lch khoa hc cn b trong trng i hc, c cc trng MACB (M cn b), TRINHDOVH (Trnh vn ha), CHUYENMON (Chuyn mn),... Trong mt CSDL c th cha nhiu bng, thng mi bng lu tr nhiu thng tin (d liu) v mt i tng thng tin no , mi mt thng tin u c nhng kiu c trng ring, m vi Access n s c th thnh nhng kiu d liu ca cc trng. Mt bng d liu trn Access bao gm cc thnh phn: Tn bng, cc trng d liu, trng kho, tp hp cc thuc tnh cn thit cho mi trng d liu v tp hp cc bn ghi. M t mt bng d liu trong trng thi Datasheet (nhp, xem, s d liu):

M t mt bng d liu trong trng thi Design view (ang thit k cu trc):

10

Bn ghi c bit cui cng gi l EOF

Mi ct l mt trng d liu(Field) Mi dng l mt bn ghi (Record)

Trng kha (Primary key)

Tp hp cc thuc tnh ca trng d liu

Tn bng Mi bng c mt tn gi. Tn bng thng c t sau khi to xong cu trc ca bng. Khng nn s dng du cch (Space), cc k t c bit hoc ch ting Vit c du trong tn bng. Trng d liu (Field) Mi ct d liu ca bng s tng ng vi mt trng d liu. Mi trng d liu s c mt tn gi v tp hp cc thuc tnh miu t trng d liu v d nh: kiu d liu, trng kho, ln, nh dng, .. Mi trng d liu phi c nh kiu d liu. Trong Access, trng d liu c th nhn mt trong cc kiu d liu sau:

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kiu d liu Number

ln

Lu tr..

Autonumb er Text Yes/No Date/Time Currentcy Memo Hyperlink OLE

Tu thuc kiu c th 4 bytes tu thuc di xu 1 bytes 8 bytes Sing tu thuc gi tr tu thuc di xu tu thuc d liu

S: s thc, s nguyn theo nhiu kiu S nguyn t ng c nh s . Xu k t Kiu logic Lu tr ngy, gi Lu tr d liu km k hiu tin t kiu ghi nh Lu tr cc siu lin kt (hyperlink) m thanh, hnh nh, ho, (Objects)

Khng nn s dng du cch (Space), cc k t c bit hoc ch ting Vit c du trong tn trng. Bn ghi (Record)

11

Mi dng d liu ca bng c gi mt bn ghi. Mi bng c mt con tr bn ghi. Con tr bn ghi ang nm bn ghi no, ngi dng c th sa c d liu bn ghi . c bit, bn ghi trng cui cng ca mi bng c gi EOF. Kho chnh (Primary key) * Kho chnh ca bng l 1 hay nhiu trng xc nh duy nht 1 bng ghi. Cc mu tin trong 1 bng khng trng nhau trn kha chnh. Kho chnh c th ch 01 trng, cng c th c to t tp hp nhiu trng (gi b trng kho). V d: C cc bn d liu sau: - bng THISINH ca CSDL thi tuyn sinh, trng kho l SoBaoDanh. V mi th sinh c th nhiu trng c gi tr ht nhau, nhng SoBaoDanh th duy nht. - bng CANBO trng MaCanBo s l trng kha v khng th tn ti 2 cn b no trong bng ny trng MaCanBo - bng HANGBAN ca CSDL Qun l bn hng, 2 trng hangID v hoadonID l mt b trng kho. V khng th trn mt ho n bng hng no c bn mt mt hng no ghi lp li 2 ln. * ngha ca kha chnh: - Khi quy nh kha chnh, Access s t ng to cc ch mc trn cc ch mc trn cc thuc tnh ca kha chnh. - T ng kim tra s trng nhau trn kha ca cc mu tin khi nhp d liu. - Dng kha chnh to lin kt gia cc bng. * t kha chnh: - Chn cc thuc tnh dng lm kha(dng phm Shift hoc Ctlr v dng chut chn) - Nhp chut vo menu Edit/Primary Key * Xa kha chnh: - Nhp chut vo menu View/Indexes xut hin ca s Indexes - Chn cc trng cn xa ri bm phm Delete. * Ch : Khi to cu trc cho bng, nu khng quy nh kha chnh th khi lu cu trc bng Access s xut hin cu hi:

Nu chn Yes th Access s t ng to 1 trng tn ID kiu Counter lm kha chnh cho bng. Trng hp chn No th bng va to s khng c kha chnh. 2. Lin kt cc bng d liu Lin kt cc bng d liu l mt k thut trong thit k CSDL quan h. Chng l mi lin kt gia 2 bng vi nhau theo thit k cho trc m bo c mc ch lu tr d liu cho ng dng. Trong Access tn ti 2 kiu lin kt: lin kt 1-1 v lin kt 1-n (mtnhiu) 12

Lin kt 1-1 l: mi bn ghi ca bng ny s lin kt vi duy nht ti mt bn ghi ca bng kia v ngc li; V d lin kt 1-1:

M t d liu 2 bng ny nh sau:

Lin kt 1-n l: mi trng ca bng 1 s c th lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu bn ghi ca bng nhiu (n). Ngc li, mi bn ghi ca bng nhiu s lin kt ti duy nht 1 trng ca bng 1. V d lin kt 1-n:

C th tham kho mi cha c th c nhiu con qua 2 bng sau:

Hoc xem theo mt kiu khc:

13

III/. T TO LP BNG
1. Cc bc t to lp bng thit k cu trc mt bng d liu trn CSDL Access, chng ta phi tun th cc bc theo minh ha sau. Minh ho ny hng dn cch to cu trc bng HANG bao gm cc trng hangID, tenhang, donvi, dongia. Bc 1: Khi ng trnh thit k cu trc bng ch Design View. th Tables, nhn nt New, chn Design View, nhn OK.

Hoc nhn k cu trc mt bng xut hin:

trn th Tables. Hp thoi thit

14

Bc 2: Khai bo danh sch tn cc trng ca bng: bng cch g danh sch tn cc trng ln ct Field Name ca ca s thit k. Ch : tn trng khng nn cha du cch (space), ch ting Vit c du. Sau khi g vo danh sch tn cc trng ca bng HANG, hp thoi thit k s c dng:

Bc 3: Khai bo kiu d liu cho cc trng ca bng, bng cch chn kiu d liu cho tng trng ct Data Type tng ng. Sau khi chn xong kiu d liu cho cc trng, hp thoi thit k s c dng: 15

 chn kiu d liu, c th dng chut chn kiu d liu t hp th; mt khc cng c th nhn k t u tin ca kiu d liu cn chn mi khi nh v n Data Type cn lm vic. V d:

Bc 4: Thit lp trng kho cho bng (nhng bng khng c trng kho c th b qua bc ny). - Chn cc trng mun thit lp kho bng cch: dng chut kt hp gi phm Shift nh du u dng cc trng mun thit lp kho; - M thc n Edit | Primary key thit lp thuc tnh kho cho cc trng va chn. Cng c th ra lnh ny bng cch nhn nt Primary key trn thanh cng c; Sau khi thit lp kho, nhng trng kho s c biu tng nh sau: Biu tng ca trng kho

16

Bc 5: Lu li cu trc bng. Nhn t hp phm Alt + S hoc nhn nt Save trn thanh cng c, hp thoai yu cu ghi tn cho bng xut hin:

Hy g tn bng v nhn OK. Mi trng d liu c khai bo trong ca s trn u c th thit lp c rt nhiu cc thuc tnh tu thuc kiu d liu trng nhn. Cc thuc tnh ny c th thit lp ti phn Tp hp cc thuc tnh ca cc trng nh trnh by trn. Di y l danh sch mt s cc thuc tnh hay c s dng. Thuc tnh Field size thit lp kch thc d liu. Ch p dng cho cc trng c kiu d liu Number v Text. i vi cc trng kiu s, Field size cho bit trng nhn gi tr loi s no.

i vi cc trng kiu Text, thuc tnh ny cho bit chiu di ti a ca xu k t. V d: Vi trng Hoten th Field size khong 30. Thuc tnh Format thit lp nh dng d liu khi hin th. Trng ny p dng cho hu ht cc kiu d liu tr ra kiu: Memo, OLE, Yes/No Thuc tnh Input Mark Thit lp mt n nhp d liu cho cc trng. Kiu ny c th p dng cho cc loi trng kiu Text, Number, Datetime, Currency. Thuc tnh Default Value 17

 thit lp gi tr ngm nh cho trng mi khi ra lnh thm mi mt bn ghi. V d: Trng s lng mi khi thm mt bn ghi mi, gi tr trng ny t ng l 1. Khi phi thit lp thuc tnh Default Value ca trng ny l 1. Thuc tnh Caption Thit lp tiu ct m trng hin th. Tn trng khng nn cha du cch v ch Vit c du, nhng Caption ca cc trng th nn g bng ting Vit c du sao cho d c v nhn bit. c bit gi tr thuc tnh Caption nu c s c s dng lm tiu cho cc trng tng ng mi khi s dng cng c Form Wizard hay Report Wizard sau ny- s rt tin li. Thuc tnh Validation Rule Thit lp iu kin kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu khi c nhp vo. V d: trng NgaySinh ca hc sinh phi nhp vo nhng ngy >= 1/1/1980 chng hn. Khi thuc tnh Validation Rule ca trng Ngaysinh hy g vo >=#1/1/1980# Thuc tnh Required yu cu phi nhp d liu cho trng ny (nu thit lp Yes) khi bt u mt bn ghi mi hoc khng nu thit lp No. 2. Thit lp quan h Mt bc quan trng trong xy dng CSDL Access l thit lp quan h cc bng trong CSDL. Lm c iu ny bn s gp c rt nhiu thun li trong qu trnh s dng cc trnh Wizard v Design View trong Access sau ny. Di y s l hng dn cch thit lp quan h cho mt cp bng. Tng t bn phi thit lp ton b cc quan h c th trn CSDL. Bc 1: M ca s thit lp quan h bi thc n: Tools | Relationship.. Bc 2: a cc bng (Tables) tham gia thit lp quan h thng qua hp thoi Show Tables (nu cha thy hp thoi ny dng thc n Relationship | Show table):

Cch a cc bng ln ca s thit lp quan h (Database) nh sau: - Chn bng cn tham gia thit lp quan h (thng th chn tt c) ; 18

- Nhn nt Add; - Chn xong ton b nhn Close ng ca s; Bc 3: Thc hin to kt ni gia tng cp bng theo thit k, cch lm nh sau: Dng chut ko (Drag) trng cn lin kt ca bng ny (v d trng hangID ca bng HANG) th (Drop) ln trng cn lin kt n ca bng kia (v d trng hangID ca bng HANGBAN). Khi hp thoi Edit Relationships xut hin:

Trong trng hp mun thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu (Enforce Referential Integrity) cho quan h hy thc hin chn (checked) 3 mc chn sau: ng thit lp cc thuc tnh m boton vn d liu; m bo ton vn d liu khi xo d liu gia 2 bng lin quan. Khi , nu mt bn ghi bng c quan h 1 b xo, ton b cc bn ghi c quan h vi bn ghi hin ti s c t ng xo bng c quan h nhiu (nu xo 1 CHA, ton b cc con ca cha s t ng b xo khi bng CON); m bo ton vn d liu khi cp nht d liu gia 2 bng lin quan. Khi , nu gi tr trng kho lin kt bng 1 b thay i, ton b gi tr trng kho lin kt bng nhiu cng b thay i theo. Hp Relationship Type: cho bit kiu quan h gia 2 bng ang thit lp: - One To One Kiu 1-1 - One To Many Kiu 1- - Indeterminate Khng xc nh c kiu lin kt Tu thuc vo kiu kho ca cc trng tham gia lin kt m Access t xc nh ra c kiu lin kt gia 2 bng. Di y l mt s kiu lin kt c Access t ng xc nh:

19

 Ch : - Khi hp Relationships Type ch Indeterminate c ngha l quan h ang thit lp khng ng v cu trc kho ca 2 bng (quan h sai); - Trong trng hp thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu nu gp phi hp thoi thng bo li:

Li ny do mt s d liu ang tn ti trong bng quan h khng tho mn vi bng quan h 1. Hiu n gin l: c mt s mt hng khai bo trong bng HANGBAN cha c trong trong danh mc hng (bng HANG) nh vy l khng hp l, khng tho mn cc iu kin v ton vn d liu gia 2 bng ny. - Gp phi li sau y khi kt ni gia 2 bng:

Tc l 2 trng tham gia kt ni khng cng kiu d liu. V d: mt trng kiuNumber, trng kia kiu Text; hoc mt trng kiu Text, trng kia kiu Date/Time - u b sai v khng cng kiu d liu. 3. Nhp d liu Nhp d liu l yu cu bt buc i vi bt k mt ng dng no. D liu c th c nhp vo CSDL bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Trong phn ny s trnh by cch nhp d liu t bn phm vo trc tip cc bng d liu trong Access. 3.1 Cch nhp d liu C 2 bc c th nhp trc tip d liu vo bng: 20

Bc 1: M bng nhp d liu bng cch: nhn p chut ln tn bng cn nhp d liu; hoc chn bng cn nhp d liu ri nhn nt Open; Bc 2: Thc hin nhp d liu vo bng ang m bng bn phm.

Ch : Mt s li c th xy ra khi nhp d liu Li th nht:

Li do: Bn nhp vo gi tr khng tng thch vi kiu d liu ca trng ch nh. V d: Trng kiu Numeric m g vo ch ci; hoc khng g y cc gi tr ngy, thng, nm cho trng kiu Date/Time,.. li ny s xut hin. Khc phc: hy nhp li cho ng, gi tr cc trng yu cu n khi khng xut hin thng bo li. Li th 2:

Li do: Bn khng nhp gi tr hoc trng gi tr trng kho. l trng kho lun yu cu phi nhp d liu cho mi bn ghi. Khc phc: phi nhp y gi tr cho trng kho. Li th 3:

21

Li do: Gi tr trng kho trng nhau. Gi tr trng kho va nhp vo trng vi gi tr ca mt bn ghi no trn bng d liu. Khc phc: nhp li gi tr trng kho khc sao cho va ng, v khng b trng kho. Li th 4:

Li do: Bn ghi va nhp d liu b trng trng bt buc nhp d liu (nhng trng c thit lp thuc tnh Required=Yes) Khc phc: Phi nhp d liu cho cc trng bt buc phi nhp d liu. Li th 5:

L do: Li do thc hin mt thao tc vi phm cc nguyn tc m bo ton vn d liu. V d: Bn nhp d liu trn mt bng c quan h m bn ghi ang nhp khng th lin kt c ti c mt bn ghi no ca bng c quan h 1 vi n (nhp mt hng bn m m hng cha c trong bng danh mc hng ho). Khc phc: Tm v nhp cho ng gi tr theo bng quan h 1 tng ng. Tham kho cch khc phc li ny mc 5: thuc tnh LookUp. 3.2 Mt s thao tc x l d liu trn bng ng trc mt bng d liu, c rt nhiu thao tc cn x l, v d: sp xp bng, tm kim cc bn ghi, xo bn ghi no , Ni dung phn ny trnh by cch s dng mt s thao tc . a. Xo bn ghi Xo bn ghi l thao tc xo b mt s bn ghi ra khi bng. Vi bng d liu ang m c th thc hin 2 bc sau xo cc bn ghi: Bc 1: Chn nhng bn ghi cn xo. C th chn mt hoc nhiu bn ghi bng cch dng chut nh du u dng nhng bn ghi cn chn; Bc 2: Ra lnh xo bng cch: m thc n Edit | Delete Record hoc nhn nt Delete Record trn thanh cng c hoc nhn phi chut ln vng chn, tip theo nhn Delete Record. Mt hp thoi xut hin bn khng nh mt ln na vic xo d liu: 22

- Chn Yes ng xo; - Nhn No hu lnh xo. b. Sp xp d liu Sp xp l vic thay i th t hin th mt bng d liu theo mt trt t no . Kt qu ca vic sp xp gip ngi dng c th quan st c tt hn d liu trn bng, tt nhin mun quan st bng d liu theo trng no phi thc hin sp xp bng theo d liu trng y. Cch sp xp d liu trn bng ang m nh sau: Bc 1: t con tr ln trng (ct) mun sp xp; Bc 2: Nhn nt lnh sp xp trn thanh cng c: - sp xp tng dn hoc - sp xp gim dn. Bn s thu c kt qu nh mong mun. c. Lc d liu Lc d liu l vic lc ra nhng bn ghi trn bng c cng mt s gi tr. Kt qu vic lc d liu s gip ngi dng lm vic mt cch hiu qu trn tp hp cc bn ghi h mong mun. Mt v d v tnh hiu qu ca vic lc d liu: Sp n ngy Quc t Ph n 8-3. C quan quyt nh thng mi ch em 100,000. c ct thng trn bng cng danh sch tt c cn b c quan, lm sao c th nhp vo gi tr ct thng cho ch em (khng nhp cho nam gii) l nhanh nht. Nu c ln m xem ai l n ri nhp 100,000 cho ct thng s l rt lu. Nu lm theo cch sau: Bc 1: Lc ra danh sch l cc cn b n; Bc 2: Nhp 100,000 cho tt c cc bn ghi lc. Nh vy chc chn nhng cn b ang hin th (sau khi lc) u l ch em ph n, khng b xt ai m cng khng nhm mt ngi nam no c lt vo danh sch thng! Cc bc lc d liu trn mt bng ang m nh sau: Bc 1: Nhn phi chut ln trng cn lc d liu. Mt menu xut hin: Bc 2: Thit lp iu kin lc trn trng ang chn. C rt nhiu cch xc nh iu kin lc: - Nu mun lc nhng bn ghi c cng gi tr ca bn ghi ang chn hy chn mc ; - Mun lc nhng bn ghi tho mn iu kin no , hy g iu kin ln mc: V d: 23

+ G >=10 - lc ra nhng bn ghi c gi tr trng ang thit lp lc ln hn hoc bng 10; + G <>3 - lc ra nhng bn ghi c gi tr trng ang lc khc 3, + c bit: gi tr trng, rng c miu t l Null; + Lc ra nhng ngi tn Nam g nh sau Like '*Nam'; + Lc ra gi tr trong khong 10 n 15 g nh sau: Between 10 And 15 (tham kho ton t Like v Between chng sau- Queries). Mun hu ch t lc, nhn phi chut ln bng d liu v chn mc: 4. Thuc tnh LOOKUP Qua cch nhp d liu cho bng c quan h nhiu trn CSDL ta thy vic nhp d liu cho trng tham gia lin kt ca bng nhiu i hi phi c chnh xc vi d liu trn bng quan h 1 (phi nh m nhp). Trong thc t vi nhng danh mc ln n hng trm, thm ch nhiu hn na th vic nh m nhp d liu qu l kh khn: hoc g sai m, nguy him hn g ng nhng nhm m. Thuc tnh LOOKUP s gip gii quyt phn no vic kh khn trong nhp d liu trn cc bng quan h nhiu nh vy. Thuc tnh LOOKUP c thit lp ti trng tham gia lin kt trn bng c quan h nhiu sang trng tham gia lin kt ca bng c quan h 1. V d: Vi CSDL Qun l bn hng th: - trng khachID ca bng HOADON phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng khachID ca bng KHACH; - trng hangID ca bng HANGBAN phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng hangID ca bng HANG; - trng hoadonID ca bng HANGBAN phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng hoadonID ca bng HOADON. Thng thng, ng vi mi quan h 1- c thit k cn phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho trng tham gia lin kt t bng quan h 1 sang trng tham gia lin kt ca bng quan h nhiu. Mt trong cc cch thit lp thuc tnh ny n gin nht l trnh LookUp Wizard ca

Access. Di y l v d v thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho trng khachID ca bng HOADON sang trng khachID ca bng
KHACH trong CSDL qun l bn hng: Bc 1: M bng c trng cn thit lp LOOKUP ra (bng HOADON) ch Design View bng cch: chn tn bng, nhn nt Design; Bc 2: Kch hot trnh LookUp Wizard bng cch: Ti ct Data Type ca trng cn thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP (trng khachID), chn mc Lookup Wizard.. t danh sch th xung:

24

Hp thoi Lookup Wizard xut hin:

Hp thoi ny hi D liu a vo danh sch chn ly t u? Trong trng hp ny danh sch d liu chn ly t bng KHACH, nn chn mc I want the lookup column to look up the values in a table or query. Nhn Next tip tc: Bc 3: Chn d liu cho danh sch:

25

Hp thoi trn tr li cu hi: Bng (query) no cha d liu cn a vo danh sch?. Trong trng hp ny ly d liu t bng KHACH nn mc View chn Tables; v chn bng KHACH. Chn xong nhn Next, hp thoi sau xut hin:

Hp thoi ny tr li cu hi: Gi tr nhng trng no ca bng (query) chn s c hin th trn danh sch? Hy dng cc nt >, >>, <, << a 2 trng khachID v tenkhach t danh sch Available Fields: (danh sch cc trng c th chn) sang danh sch Selected Fields: (danh sch cc trng chn). 26

Lu : V nguyn tc ch cn a trng khachID ca bng khc vo danh sch selected Fields: l , tuy nhin nn a thm trng tenkhach thun tin hn khi chn la d liu khi nhp sau ny. Chn xong nhn Next tip tc:

Nu mun n m khch khi chn d liu hy chn (checked) hp nu khng th b qua; Nhn Next tip tc

Cui cng nhn Finish kt thc tin trnh Lookup Wizard. Khi hp thoi yu cu ghi li cu trc bng xut hin:

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Hy nhn Yes ng .

II./ To bng bng cng c trnh thng minh

Ngoi cch to bng th cng n gin nh trn m chng ta lm chng ta c th to nhanh bng cch chn ra cc ct c bn trong mt s cc bng mu chun sn c ca Microsoft Access. Cc bc thc hin: Bc 1: Khi ng trnh thit k cu trc bng ch Create table by using wizard. th Tables, nhn nt New, chn Table Wizard, nhn OK.

Bc 2: Chn cc ct cn cho bng mi bng cch click vo cc nt chn mt (>) hoc chn tt c (>>)

Cc ct c trong bng mi

i tn ct

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Bc 3: Xc nh kha chnh cho bng v t tn cho bng va to.

Access t to kha Chng ta t to kha

Bc 4: Chn ct s lm kha chnh trong danh sch cc ct chn ca bng( trong trng hp chng ta t to kha chnh cho bng)

Chn ct lm kha chnh

(2 )

(1 ) (3 )

Trong kiu d liu ca kha chnh s l: (1): S t ng do Access tng ln khi nhp mi mt dng v s ny khng th quay ngc li( chnh l kiu d liu AutoNumber). (2): S s cho php ngi s dng nhp vo khi thm mi 1 dng d liu. (3): Chui k t cho php ngi s dng nhp vo khi thm mi mt dng d liu.

29

Bc 5: To lp cc mi quan h t bng mi va to n cc bng to trc (nu tht s c tn ti cc mi quan h ny) bng cch chn nt Relationships.

Bc 6: Chn kt qu cui cng sau khi to bng s l:

(1 )

(2 )

(3 )

(1): M bng va to ch tht k. (2): M bng ch n hin th v cho php ngi s dng nhp d liu trc tip vo bng va to. (3): To thm mt biu mu n gin dng hin th v cp nht d liu cho bng va to. Vi trnh thng minh chng ta c th to nhanh mt bng tuy nhin chng ta khng th thay i trc tip vo cc c trng bn trong ca cc ct nh rng, nh dng, gi tr mc nh,.. trong sut cc bc ca trnh thng minh ang thc hin (tt c cc c trng ny do Access nh 30

ngha trc), m ch kt thc xong qu trnh to mi ri sau chng ta mi c th thay i cc t trng bng cch m bng ch thit k ( Design View).

31

III/. Lm vic vi d liu dng Datasheet

Mun xem thng tin trong mt bng chng ta phi chuyn bng sang mt ch hin th khc gi l Datasheet. Trong ch hin th ny, mi bn ghi c th hin trn mt hng ngang, hng u tin l cc tn trng. Sau y l cc cch chuyn sang ch hin th Datasheet: Trong ca s Database ca CSDL ang m, nhp chn tab Table. Trong mc ny chn bng cn hin th ri chn nt Open, bng s c m b sung v chnh sa d liu. Ta c th chuyn sang ch Datasheet ngay khi ang trong ch Design, bng cch nhp chn nt th bng s chuyn sang ch Datasheet, quay tr v ch Design, ta nhp chn li nt . Hoc chn lnh View - /Design View. 1. B sung bn ghi cho bng Sau khi hon thnh cng vic thit k cu trc bng, ta tin hnh nhp d liu, tc l b sung cc bn ghi, cho bng. Hin th bng ch hin th Datasheet, mi hng i din cho mt bn ghi. 2. B sung bn ghi mi cho CSDL ang ng ti mt bn ghi no (khng phi l bn ghi mi), chn nt trn thanh cng c. Hoc thc hin lnh Record - Go To - New. 3. Di chuyn gia cc bn ghi Ta c th di chuyn qua li gi cc bn ghi bng cch dng cng c Chn la bn ghi (Record Selector). 4. Nhp d liu cho bn ghi Khi ang nhp d liu cho mt bn ghi no , th u hng ca bn ghi xut hin biu tng

Theo chun, khi nhp d liu th Access s ly font mc nh l MS San Serif, iu ny c th gip cho ta hin th c ting Vit ch khi MS San Serif l ca VietWare hoc ca ABC. khng ph thuc vo iu ny, ta nn chn font trc khi tin hnh nhp d liu. Trong ch hin th Datasheet, thc hin lnh Format Font... Khi nhp d liu l trng cho trng OLE Object, ta thc hin nh sau: Lnh Edit - Object... 5. Chn cc bn ghi nh du chn bn ghi: Chn Edit/Select Record: chn bn ghi hin hnh Chn Edit/ Select all Record: chn ton b 6. Xa bn ghi Chn cc bn ghi cn xa, sau thc hin lnh Edit - Delete (hoc nhn phm DELETE) . 32

1. Xy dng CSDL Qun l lng cn b mt c quan c cu trc nh sau :

Bi tp

Yu cu : - Thit k cu trc cc bng mt cch ph hp : kiu d liu cc trng; trng kho; thuc tnh Lookup v cc thuc tnh khc; - Thit lp quan h cng cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu cho cc quan h; - Nhp d liu nh sau : + 4 phng ban; + 5 loi chc v; + 20 h s cn b. 2. Xy dng CSDL Qun l vic bn hng cho mt ca hng c cu trc nh sau :

Yu cu : - Thit k cu trc cc bng mt cch ph hp : kiu d liu cc trng; trng kho; thuc tnh Lookup v cc thuc tnh khc; - Thit lp quan h cng cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu cho cc quan h; - Nhp d liu nh sau : + 5 khch hng; + 15 danh mc hng ho c bn; + lp 10 ho n bn hng; + vi 25 lt hng ho c bn ra.

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Bi 2 TRUY VN D LIU
Quey l cng c ca Access c dng truy vn d liu trn mt hay nhiu Tabl. Query cng c dng nh mt ngun d liu khc cho cc cng c khc nh Form, Report, hay Query khc. C rt nhiu dng yu cu x l d liu nh: trch - lc - hin th d liu; tng hp - thng k; thm - bt - cp nht d liu; V vy s tn ti mt s loi Query tng ng gii quyt cc yu cu x l d liu trn. Bn cht ca Query l cc cu lnh SQL (Structured Queries Laguagengn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc)- mt ngn ng truy vn d liu c dng kh ph bin trn hu ht cc h qun tr CSDL hin nay. Vic thit k mt query l gin tip to ra mt cu lnh x l d liu SQL. Vic thi hnh query chnh l vic thi hnh cu lnh SQL to ra.

I/. Cc loi truy vn trong Access

1. Selct Query (Chn lc) S dng kh ph bin trch d liu t 1 hay nhiu Table. Ngoi ra cn c th cho php tnh ton, lc v kt nhm. 2. TOTAL queries Tng hp l php x l d liu kh ph bin. Trong Access, query l mt trong nhng cng c x l kh tt vic ny. Total query l mt in hnh. 3. CrossTab Query (Tham kho cho) Dng tng hp d liu theo chng loi. Loi ny hu hiu trong vic phn tch d liu. 4. Action Query (Hnh ng) Dng to mi hay thc hin thay i cho Table tu theo cng dng bao gm : Delete Query, Update Query, Append Query, Make table Quey

II/. Thit k truy vn

- Trong Access h tr hai ch thit k truy vn: + Thit k truy vn vi s h tr ca Query Wizard + Thit k truy vn khng c s h tr ca Query Wizard - to truy vn trong ca s Database chn mc Queries ri nhp chut vo nt New, ca s New Query xut hin, ngha cc mc chn nh sau: + Design View: T thit k truy vn + Simple Query Wizard: To truy vn n gin vi s h tr ca cng c Query Wizard + Crosstab Query Wizard: To truy vn tham kho cho vi s h tr ca Query Wizard + Find Duplicates Query Wizard: To truy vn tm nhng mu tin trng lp trn nhng trng no + Find Unmatched Query Wizard: To truy vn tm nhng mu tin m ci trong mt bng hay trong thit k truy vn 1. Thit k truy vn la chn a) Cch to Select query l loi truy vn dng trch - lc - kt xut d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau t CSDL ra mt bng kt qu. V d: - a ra thng tin chi tit bng lng thng 8; - a ra danh sch cn b l ng vin; - a ra thng tin chi tit v cc ho n bn ra trong ngy hm nay; - a ra doanh thu bn hng ca mt thng no ; 34

- Tt c nhng yu cu dng nh vy (a ra mt danh sch kt qu) u c h s dng SELECT query p ng. Mi yu cu x l d liu cn phi o ra mt Select query p ng; mi query s c mt tn gi (nh cch t tn bng d liu); query sau khi to ra u c th chnh sa li c cu trc cng nh ni dung; qui trnh p ng mi yu cu trn nh sau: To mt query p ng c cc yu cu thi hnh query to thu nhn kt qu. Tip theo minh ho qui trnh cc bc to mt select query p ng yu cu n gin nht: T CSDL Qun l lng cn b, hy a ra bng lng cn b vi nhng thng tin sau: canboID, hoten, ngaysinh, tencv, luongchinh, phucapcv, thuclinh. Trong : luongchinh = Mucluong * Heso Thuclinh = luongchinh + phucapcv Phn tch yu cu: (1). Thng tin yu cu i hi t nhiu bng khc nhau (bng CANBO vi cc ct: canboID, hoten, ngaysinh; bng CHUCVU vi cc ct tencv, phucapcv); (2). C nhng ct thng tin c sn trn CSDL (5 ct k trn) nhng mt s ct yu cu phi c tnh bi biu thc: ct luongchinh v ct thuclinh. Hng dn cch lm: Bc 1: Ra lnh to mt Select query mi bng cch: kch hot th Queries, nhn nt New, chn Design View, nhn Ok (hnh di):

Hoc nhn p chut ln biu tng Create query in Design view trn mn hnh:

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Bc 2: Chn nhng bng c cha d liu lin quan ln mn hnh thit k query t ca s Show Table (khng thy ca s ny nhn nt Show table trn thanh cng c):

Hy chn cc bng c lin quan (bng CANBO v bng CHUCVU); chn xong nhn Add v nhn Close. Khi mn hnh thit k query xut hin: Bc 3: Khai bo nhng thng tin cn thit cho query:

36

Dng Field: l ni khai bo danh sch cc thng tin (ct d liu) ca bng kt qu. C 2 loi thng tin bi ton yu cu: thng tin c sn t cc trng trn CSDL nh canboID, hoten, tencv, phucapcv v thng tin phi c tnh theo mt biu thc no nh: luongchinh v thuclinh. Mun hin th trng (field) no ln query, ch vic nhn p chut ln tn trng hoc dng chut ko tn chng t cc bng ln dng Field. Hy dng phng php ny a 4 trng canboID, hoten, ngaysinh v phucapcv ln dng Field. Vi 2 ct luongchinh v thuclinh phi a vo query bng cch to mt ct mi vi mt tn gi <tn ct> c tnh bng mt <biu thc> trn dng Field theo c php nh sau:

V d: Luongchinh : Mucluong * Heso to thm ct luongchinh mi Cui cng, mn hnh thit k query nh sau:

37

C th ghi query li vi mt tn gi khi ra lnh ct Alt + S Bc 4: S dng query va to. Mt query sau khi to xong c th: (1) Kch hot chng ly kt qu bng cch: nhn p chut ln tn query. Nu ang trong ch thit k (Design view), nhn nt View trn thanh cng c hoc nhn phi chut ln Query ang thit k chn. Bn s xem c kt qu tr v ca query v c th thao tc bng d liu ny nh trn mt Table (2) Sa li c cu trc thit k query khi chn chng v nhn nt Design. * Mt s thit lp khc cho Query Dng Sort: thit lp th t sp xp d liu trn Query. Mun sp xp d liu cho trng no, thit lp thuc tnh Sort cho trng y. C 2 gi tr cho thuc tnh Sort: Ascending - sp xp tng dn v Descending - sp xp gim dn. Trng no ng trc s c th t sp xp trc.

Dng Show: ch nh hin th hay khng hin th d liu trng ra bng kt qu. Nu chn (checked)- d liu s c hin th ra bng kt qu.

Ch : C 2 li hay mc phi: - Li g sai biu thc: 38

Nguyn nhn gy ra li ny l rt nhiu, c th lit k ra y mt s tnh hung: Tnh hung 1: C th mt trong s tn cc trng bn g trong biu thc c cha du cch hoc cc k t c bit. V d: trng hesoluong ca bn l he so luong th phi g nh sau: [he so luong] thm du mc vung vo 2 u ca tn trng; Tnh hung 2: Sai k php l gc ca biu thc: do vit tha hoc thiu cc ton t, ton hng, hoc cc du m ng ngoc khng khp..; - G khng ng tn trng trong biu thc:

Li ny xy ra khi bn g sai tn trng. Tn hin th trn hp thoi (phucap cv) my tnh khng hiu, c th tn ng ca trng ny l phucapcv. Bn phi ln ti biu thc c cha tn trn v kim tra sa cho ng vi tn trng c trong CSDL. Li ny hay xy ra khi thit k bng t tn cc trng c cha du cch! b) Lc d liu Khc vi bng (Tables), Queries cung cp mt kh nng lc d liu kh hon chnh; C th lc ra nhng d liu theo nhng iu kin phc tp hn, c bit c th chp nhn nhng gi tr lc l cc tham bin. lc d liu, bn phi thit lp iu kin t lc ln vng Criteria ca queries (trong ch ang thit k). Cc iu kin nm trn cng mt dng Criteria s c ni vi nhau bi ton t AND (v); mi dng Criteria s c ni vi nhau bi ton t OR (hoc).

2. TOTAL queries

Tng hp l php x l d liu kh ph bin. Trong Access, query l mt trong nhng cng c x l kh tt vic ny. Total query l mt in hnh. Hy xt mt s yu cu tng hp d liu nh sau:

39

Tt c nhng yu cu trn u c th c p ng bng cc TOTAL query. Di y s hng dn cch to Total query. V d: to query a ra bng tng hp Tenchucvu, Tng s CB (query th 2); Bc 1: To mt select query vi y cc thng tin lin quan bng tng hp:

40

Bc 2: Tu chn Total query bng cch m thc n View | Total hoc nhn nt Total trn thanh cng c; Bc 3: Thit lp cc tu chn Total cho cc trng mt cch ph hp nh sau:

- V bi ton yu cu tng hp thng tin theo tng loi chc v, nn Total ca trng Tenchucvu l Group By; - Trng canboID dng m s cn b tng chc v, nn chn php tng hp l Count. n y to xong query v c th thi hnh thu nhn kt qu. 3. CROSSTAB queries mc 2 chng ta c tm hiu v Total query trong vic p ng cc yu cu tng hp d liu. Trn thc t cn rt nhiu cc yu cu tng hp khc m Total query khng th p ng c. Nhiu trong s nh l:

41

Tt c nhng yu cu dng trn c th s dng CROSSTAB query p ng. Trc khi tm hiu cch to Crosstab query, chng ta hy tm hiu cu trc mt Crosstab, c minh ho bi hnh sau:

- Row heading l tiu cc dng, c cha cc gi tr ca cc trng no lm tiu ch thng k. Mi Crosstab phi c ti thiu 1 trng lm Row heading; - Column heading l tiu cc ct, c cha cc gi tr ca mt trng no lm tiu ch thng k. Mi Crosstab ch c duy nht 01 trng lm Column heading; - Value l vng d liu tng hp (l cc con s). Ch c duy nht mt trng lm Value, tng ng vi n l mt php tng hp hoc: m, tnh tng, tnh trung bnh cng, max, min,.. Cc bc to mt Crosstab query. V d to query a ra c bng tng hp sau:

42

Bc 1: To mt select query vi y cc trng c lin quan n php tng hp (khng tha v cng khng th thiu mt trng no) nh sau:

Bc 2: Ra lnh chn kiu Crostab query bng cch m thc n Queries | Crosstab Query; Bc 3: Thit lp cc thuc tnh Total cng nh Crosstab cho cc trng ph hp nh sau:

C th:

43

4. MAKE TABLE queries

Select v Total query lun a ra mt bng kt qu- l gi tr tc thi, mi nht c ly ra t CSDL ti thi im . Ti thi im khc khi thi hnh query , rt c th chng ta khng thu li c bng kt qu nh thi im trc . Mun lu li bng kt qu ca mt query ti mt thi im no , trong Access c mt cch l a d liu kt qu query ra mt bng (Table) lu tr lu di bi mt MAKE TABLE query. Cc bc to mt Make table query lu tr kt qu mt query ra mt bng d liu c tin hnh theo 2 bc chnh: Bc 1: To mt Select query hoc mt Total query a ra c bng kt qu cn lu tr; Bc 2: Ra lnh to Make table query t query ang thit k v thi hnh thu c bng kt qu nh mong mun. Gi s to c mt Select query a ra c bng kt qu nh sau:

Bi ton t ra l: a ton b kt qu ca query ang hin th ra mt bng mi c tn bangluong. Cch lm nh sau: Bc 1: m select query to c ch Design View; Bc 2: ra lnh to Make table query bng cch m thc n Queries | Make Table query, hp thoi Make table xut hin: Hy nhp vo tn bng d liu cn lu vo Table Name: Ch : - Nu tn bng nhp vo l mi, Access s t ng to mt bng mi v sao chp ton b d liu m query kt xut c ra bng ny; - Nu tn nhp vo trng mt tn bng c sn, khi thi hnh Access s xo bng c v in vo d liu mi (cn cn nhc khi t tn bng trng tn bng tn ti). Bc 3: thi hnh query nhn kt qu bng cch: - Nu query ang ch thit k, nhn nt Run trn thanh cng c; - Hoc nhy p chut ln query cn thc hin. Khi mt hp thoi cnh bo vic bn ang ra lnh thi hnh mt query c th lm thay i n d liu trn CSDL: 44

Nhn Yes tip tc hoc nhn No hu b lnh. Nu trn CSDL tn ti mt bng c cng tn bng bn ch nh cho query ny lu d liu, Access s hi bn: tn ti bng xxx trn CSDL ri, n s b xo sch khi query ny thi hnh, bn c mun tip tc khng?

Nhn Yes tip tc (tt nhin bng d liu s b xo v thay vo ni dung mi); nhn No hu b. Cui cng mt hp thoi hi mt ln cui xem bn c ng dn xxx bn ghi vo bng ch nh hay khng?

Nhn Yes ng , No hu b. Thi hnh xong hy m bng va to c kim tra kt qu. 5. DELETE queries Delete Query l mt loi Action Query (query hnh ng). N c th gy thay i d liu trong CSDL. Trong trng hp ny, Delete query dng xo cc bn ghi t CSDL tho mn nhng iu kin no . Di y l hng dn to mt Detele query xo i nhng cn b n tui ngh hu ra khi CSDL Qun l lng cn b. Khi query ny thi hnh, danh sch cc cn b n tui hu s b xo khi bng canbo. Cch to query ny nh sau: Bc 1: To mt Select query nh sau:

45

Bc 2: i query hin hnh thnh Delete query bng cch m thc n Queries | Delete Query

thi hnh vic xo cn b, nhn c. Khi mt hp thoi cnh bo

nt Run trn thanh cng xut hin:

Nhn Yes ng xo i cc bn ghi (bn ghi xo khng th phc hi li c); nhn No hu b lnh. Phi cn trng trc khi quyt nh lnh xo d liu.

46

6. UPDATE queries

Update query dng cp nht d liu mt s trng no trong CSDL. Ging vi Delete query, Update query l loi query hnh ng, lm thay i ni dung d liu trn CSDL. Di y l mt v d s dng Update query tnh gi tr cho ct luongchinh (lng chnh) l mt trng mi c thm vo bng canbo. Bc 1: To mt query v c cha bng canbo v chuyn thnh Update query bng cch m thc n Queries | Update query; hp thoi thit k query nh sau:

Bc 2: Thit lp cc trng cn cp nht d liu bng cch: - Chn tn trng cn cp nht d liu dng Field; - G vo biu thc tnh gi tr cho trng dng Update To; - G vo iu kin tnh ton nu cn dng Criteria. Vi yu cu trn, luongchinh = hesoluong * 290000 ca s thit k query s nh sau:

thi hnh vic xo cn b, nhn c. Khi mt hp thoi cnh bo

nt Run xut hin:

trn thanh cng

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Nhn Yes ng cp nht d liu (d liu sau khi cp nht khng th phc hi li c); nhn No hu b lnh. Phi cn trng trc khi quyt nh lnh ny.

III./ S la chn v biu thc truy vn 1. Ton t LIKE

Ton t LIKE biu din nhng gi tr mang tnh tng i (c th ch ging mt phn gi tr thc). C php biu din ton t ny nh sau: Like <gi tr tng i> Trong <gi tr tng i> c th cha hng v cc k t i din. C 2 k t i din l: - K t * biu din bt k gi tr no; - K t ? biu din mt k t bt k. Mt s v d minh ho ton t LIKE: - Like Nguyn* - lc ra nhng ngi h nguyn. 6 k t u l Nguyn, cc k t cn li l thoi mi; - Like *c* - lc ra nhng ngi c H hoc m hoc Tn l c; - Like */*/1980 - lc ra nhng ngi sinh nm 1980; - Like */11/* - lc ra nhng ngi sinh thng 11; - Like */*/198? - lc ra nhng ngi sinh t nm 1980 n nm 1989; V d : Lc ra nhng cn b c tn l Nam. Ch : Tn ch l mt phn ca trng Hoten:

2. Ton t BETWEEN Ton t BETWEEN lc ra cc gi tr nm trong mt khong no . Thng gii quyt cc yu cu ln hn hoc bng bao nhiu v nh hn hoc bng bao nhiu? C php ton t Between nh sau: Between <gi tr nh> And <gi tr ln> V d : Lc ra nhng cn b c 2,000,000>= Thuclinh >=1,000,000

Trong trng hp s dng cc tham bin vo iu kin lc bn lm nh sau: 48

[G mt li nhc trong ngoc vung] ti ng v tr tham s cn thit lp. V d: Lc ra danh sch cc cn b phng ban no , lm nh sau:

Khi thi hnh query, mt hp thoi yu cu g vo tham s cn lc:

3. Cc hm dng tng hp d liu Count m; Sum - tnh tng; AVG - tnh trung bnh cng; Max - xc nh gi tr ln nht; Min - xc nh gi tr nh nht;

49

Bi tp 1. Thc hin trn CSDL Qun l lng cn b cc yu cu: Bi s 1: Hy tnh v in ra bng lng ca c quan bao gm cc thng tin: Hoten, ngaysinh, tenchucvu, tenphongban, luongchinh, phucapcv, dangphi, congdoanphi, thuclinh. Trong : Luongchinh = hesoluong * 290000 Dangphi = 20,000 vi nhng ai l ng vin Congdoanphi = 5%Luongchinh vi nhng ai vo cng on Bi s 2: Hy a ra danh sch cc cn b l ng vin m cha vo cng on; Bi s 3: Hy lc ra danh sch cn b ca mt phng ban no , tn phng ban c nhp t bn phm khi query c kch hot; Bi s 4: Hy lc ra danh sch cn b l ng vin v c thc lnh ln hn mt s no - c nhp t bn phm khi query c kch hot; Bi s 5: Hy lc ra danh sch cn b m nm sinh ri vo trong mt khong nm no c nhp vo t bn phm. V d: khi kch hot query, Access yu cu nhp vo khong nm sinh t nm no, n nm no. Khi query s lc ra danh sch cc cn b tho mn iu kin ; Bi s 6: Lc ra danh sch cn b c tn c nhp vo t bn phm khi kch hot query. V d: khi query kch hot s hi: G vo tn cn xem? Sau khi g vo mt tn (c th c h hoc c h v tn), my tnh s lc ra danh sch cn b tho mn iu kin; Bi s 7: Lc ra danh sch cn b n tui ngh hu, bit rng iu kin ngh hu xc nh nh sau: - L Nam gii, tui >=60 - L N gii, tui >=55 Bi s 8: Hy a ra bng tng hp s cn b vo ng hay cha vo ng theo gii tnh nh sau:

Bi

9: Hy a ra bng tng hp tng s cn b theo tng loi chc v ca cc phng ban nh sau:
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Bi s 10: a ra bng tng hp v chc v theo gii tnh nh sau:

2. Thc hin trn CSDL Qun l bn hng cc yu cu: Bi s 11: To query hin th chi tit thng tin tng hng bn:

Bi s 12: To query a ra bng tng hp tng tin bn c tng ngy ca ca hng nh sau:

Bi s 13: To bng tnh tng tin tng ho n bn hng nh sau:

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Bi 4: XY DNG FORM
I./ Khi nim Forms
Khi s dng mt ng dng, a phn cng vic ca ngi dng lm trn cc hp thoi (Dialogue), ca s (Windows). C 2 thnh phn ny trong lp trnh u c gi l Form. Vi ngi dng, Form l giao din s dng phn mm; cn vi nhng ngi pht trin phn mm, Form l nhng ci m h phi ngh, phi thit k v to ra sao cho ngi dng h cm thy rt thoi mi, ph hp v d dng. C 2 mi trng dng to Form trong Access: - S dng trnh Form Wizard. y l cch rt n gin, nhanh chng, d dng gip to nhanh mt Form. Tuy nhin Form c to ra c nhiu hn ch, khng gn gi vi yu cu ca ngi dng; - S dng trnh Form Design View - mt cng c tng i hon chnh to ra cc form p ng nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca ngi s dng.

II./ S dng FORM WIZARD

Form wizard l cng c trn Access gip ngi dng nhanh chng v d dng to ra mt Form dng lm giao din nhp d liu cho cc bng trn CSDL. Di y trnh by cc bc to mt form lm giao din nhp d liu cho bng CANBO trong CSDL Qun l lng cn b. (bn phi chc chn to hon chnh cu trc CSDL trn): Bc 1: Kch hot trnh Form Wizard th Forms, nhn nt New, chn Form Wizard, nhn OK;

Hoc c th nhn p chut ln Shortcut Creat Form by using Form wizard Bc 2: Chn cc thng tin cn a ln form. y l bc quan trng nht khai bo nhng trng d liu no ca form s c th c nhp d liu thng qua form ang to. Hc vin phi cc k cn nhc cc thng tin y: chn bng no v chn nhng trng no cho ng?

52

- Chn bng - ni c trng cn a ln form nhp d liu hp Tables/Queries; - Tip theo a cc trng cn nhp d liu ln form t danh sch Available Fields: sang danh sch Selected Fields: bng cc nt lnh: >, >>, <, <<; - Hy lm ln lt n khi chn c cc trng cn nhp d liu ln form.

tip tc nhn Next; Bc 3: Chn b cc (Layout) cho form. C 4 kiu b cc c th thit lp c cho form l: Columnar; Tabular; Datasheet v Justified. Hy ln lt nhn ln tng kiu b cc (hnh di) v xem kt qu minh ho (Preview) hp ch nht bn tri hp thoi quyt nh nn chn loi no:

53

Chn xong nhn Next tip tc; Bc 4: Chnkiu dng (Style) cho form. C mt danh sch cc kiu dng chn. Hy th tng kiu dng v chn cho form mt phong cch ph hp:

Chn xong nhn Next: Bc 5: Hon thin cng vic:

54

- Bn c th g vo tn gi cng nh tiu cho form hp What title do you want for your form? - C th tu chn kch hot ngay form va to nu chn Open the form to view or enter information hoc m form ra ch Design view sa cu trc nu chn mc Modify the forms design; - Nhn Finish hon tt ton b cng vic. S dng form to c vo vic nhp d liu: Chn form, nhn nt Open. Nu form ang ch thit k c th nhn nt View nht d liu: trn thanh cng c. Lc ny c th s dng form cp

Ti mi thi im, form nhp d liu ch hin th gi tr ca mt bn ghi. Bn c th nhp, sa trc tip cc trng ca bn ghi hin ti trn form ny. Thanh nh hng (Navigator bar) s gip x l mt s thao tc trn form, cch s dng nh sau: - Nt chuyn n bn ghi k sau; 55

- Nt - Nt - Nt - Nt

chuyn n bn ghi k trc; chuyn v bn ghi u tin; chuyn n bn ghi cui cng; thm mt bn ghi mi

III./ S dng FORM DESIGN VIEW to ra c form mang tnh chuyn nghip v p ng c st yu cu thc t bt buc phi s dng n Form Design View. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l khng dng Form Wizard to form, m trong nhiu tnh hung vn dng Form Wizard ri s dng n Form Design View tip tc hon thin yu cu. Ni dung mc ny trnh by mi trng thit k form cng nh cch to mt s kiu form t n gin n phc tp s dng Form Design View.

1. Thit k Form nhp d liu n gin

Chng ta s tm hiu cch thit k mt form nhp d liu n gin thng qua yu cu: to form dng lm mu nhp d liu cho bng CANBO. Bc 1: th Form, nhn New, chn Design View Hoc nhn biu tng trn ca s QLL Database. Mi trng thit k form xut hin:

56

C 3 thnh phn quan trng lm vic: (1) Ca s Form ni s thit k v xy dng cc thng tin cn thit theo yu cu bi ton. Cu trc form gm 3 phn: Form Header - phn tiu u form; Form Footer - phn tiu cui; Detail - phn thn form.. Ton b cc thng tin trn form u c cha trong cc i tng iu khin (Control), cc i tng ny c ly t thanh cng c Toolbox s trnh by phn tip sau. (2) Thanh cng c Toolbox ni cha nhng i tng, nhng cng c c th a ln form vi mc ch thit k giao din v iu khin d liu theo bi ton. V d: mun to nhp H tn trn form c th dng i tng Textbox, mun a mt ch thch (nhn hin th) c th dng Label, mun to mt nt lnh c th dng CommandButton, Mi i tng s c tp hp cc thuc tnh (Properties) v tp cc s kin (Events). Thuc tnh m t tnh cht cho i tng , v d nh: mu sc, kch thc, tnh cht d liu,.. S kin- ni c th gn cc m lnh VBA hoc gn cc Macro lnh x l nhng cng vic no . (3) Ca c Properties ni c th thit lp cc thuc tnh (properties) cho form cng nh cc i tng trn form; Bc 2: Thit lp ngun d liu cho form thuc tnh Record Source. Form ang thit k l loi nhp d liu, bc ny xc nh ngun d liu form lm vic. V ch nhp d liu cho bng CANBO, nn ngun d liu s l bng cn b. Cch thit lp thuc tnh ny nh sau: - Chn thuc tnh form bng cch chn tn i tng Form hp chn Object trn thanh cng c Formatting: Hoc nhn chut ln vung- v tr giao gia 2 thc k ngang-dc ca form ang thit k. Lm sao khi tiu ca s Properties l Form l ok. - Thit lp thuc tnh Record Source cho form bng cch chn tn bng CANBO hp Record Source. C th tm thuc tnh ny th Data - ch nhng thuc tnh lin quan n d liu; hoc th All- c y tt c cc thuc tnh v s kin:

Bc 3: M ca s Field List. Ca s Field List c cha danh sch cc trng trn CSDL c trong ngun d liu ca Form. N h tr vic a nhng trng d liu ny ln form nhp v hin th d liu rt tt. Trong trng hp ny ta dng a nhng trng cn nhp d liu t bng CANBO ln form. 57

Nu cha thy ca s ny xut hin, hy thc hin hin th n bng cch m thc n View | Field List hoc nhn nt Field List trn thanh cng c chun.

Bc 4: a nhng trng cn nhp d liu t ca s Field List ln Form ang thit k bng cch: Dng chut ko tng trng mun thit k ln form t ca s Field List th ln v tr hp l trn form (vi bi ny phi ko ton b cc trng ln form).Lc ny ca s thit k form c dng: Mi khi ko mt trng t Field List ln form, Access s t ng to mt i tng gn kt ti trng d liu tng ng, i tng ny c th l Textbox, Combobox hay i tng khc tu thuc vo kiu d liu ca trng tng ng; v i tng Label i km nhm to nhn ch thch cho trng d liu.

n y to xong form nhp d liu n gin cho mt bng.

2. Tinh chnh cu trc Form

Khi thit k mt form, i hi lp trnh vin khng nhng phi to ra c form p ng y cc yu cu v x l d liu ca bi ton, m cn phi p ng tnh thm m. Th no l form c thm m cao? Cu hi ny rt kh! Tu thuc vo bi ton, vo i tng ngi s dng m thit k nhng kiu giao din thn thin. Thanh cng c Toolbox v ca s Properties l nhng cng c cn thit thit k giao din. a. Sa thuc tnh M form sa ch thit k (Design view) bng cch: chn form, nhn nt Design; hoc nhn nt Design trn thanh cng c. Mn hnh thit k form xut hin: 58

Tu tng mc ch, i tng lm vic c th m c cc cch lm vic khc nhau. Sau y l mt s v d: Sa nhn (Label): Label l i tng to ra dng ch ch thch trn form. Dng ch ny (nhn) phi c nhp trc tip t bn phm lm sao tht ngn gn, xc tch ngi dng c th hiu c bn cht cng nh ngha ca vic bn ang gii thch. Gi tr hin th trn nhn chnh l gi tr ca thuc tnh Caption. Sa nhn l sa thuc tnh Caption hoc c th bm chut trc tip ln nhn s gi tr. Thay i kch thc i tng (Resize): Kch thc ca i tng thng c m t thuc tnh: Height - chiu cao v With - chiu rng. Tuy nhin bn hon ton c th thay i kch thc i tng mt cch trc quan bng chut. Cch lm tng t nh vic thay i kch thc mt i tng ho (Graphic) trn Word. C th nh sau: Khi tr chut (chn) ln i tng cn thay i, x xut hin 6 im trn i tng:

Khi c th t chut ln tng im (khi no con tr chut chuyn thnh mi tn 2 u) iu chnh ln bng cch gi v di chut. Di chuyn i tng: Mi i tng nm trn form u c xc nh bi mt to , to ny c th hin qua 2 thuc tnh: Top - khong cch t tiu form n i tng v Left - khong cch t mp form bn tri n i tng. Tuy nhin bn nn di chuyn i tng bng cch trc quan s dng chut vi thao tc ko-th. Ch trong nhng trng hp i hi phi di chuyn i tng n cc v tr chnh xc mi cn dng n 2 thuc tnh Top v Left thit lp. Thay i Font ch: Nhng i tng c hin th ch (Text) hon ton c th thay i c phng ch. Gi tr ny c miu t thuc tnh Font Name. Tuy nhin bn hon ton su dng hp Font trn thanh cng c Formatting thit lp nhanh. Thay i mu nn: Mi i tng thng c th thit lp c mu nn, chng th hin thuc tnh BackColor. Tuy nhin hon ton c th thit lp mu nn mt cch nhanh chng hp Fill\Back Color trn thanh Formatting. Thay i mu ch: Mi i tng thng hin th ch c th thit lp c mu ch, chng th hin thuc tnh ForeColor. Tuy nhin hon ton c th thit lp mu ch mt cch nhanh chng hp Font\Fore Color trn thanh Formatting Ngoi ra c th s dng thuc tnh Format v InputMark nh dng d liu khi hin th cng nh mt n khi nhp d liu. Xin tham kho cch lm ny phn cc thuc tnh ca bng d liu (Chng 1; mc 2- Xy dng cu trc bng). Hy s dng cc tnh nng nh dng nh trn mt cch ph hp, hon ton c th a form ban u v dng d nhn, d s dng hn nh sau:

59

b. S dng Command Button Wizard Tuy cha c hc mt cht g v lp trnh trn Access, nhng hc vin vn c th to c mt s cc nt lnh t trn form iu khin cng vic. Tnh nng Command Button Wizard gip lm iu . Nt lnh (Command Button) thng c dng lp trnh x l cc cng vic no . V d: khi nhn ln nt - mt bng lng s

c in ra hoc khi nhn nt - form ang lm vic s c ng li. Mun vy, ngi lp trnh phi vit cc lnh pha sau nt , lm sao khi nhn ln nt, cc lnh s c thi hnh iu khin cng vic nh yu cu. Control Button Wizard s gip to mt s loi nt lnh m khng cn bit n lp trnh. Di y l cc bc s dng: V d: To nt Trc khi s dng tnh nng ny, phi m bo nt Control Wizard trn thanh cng c ToolBox c nhn chm xung:

Bc 1: Dng chut a i tng Command Button t thanh cng c ln v tr thch hp trn Form, hp thoi sau xut hin:

60

Bc 2: Chn hnh ng cn lm cho nt lnh. Quan st hp thoi trn c 2 danh sch: - Categories: cha cc nhm thao tc m mt nt lnh c th nhn; - Actions: cha danh sch cc lnh ca mi nhm. Bng di y lit k danh sch lnh ca tng nhm:

61

Vi yu cu ng form, phi chn: Categories = Form Actions v Actions = Close Form. Chn xong nhn Next: Bc 3: Chn hin th cho nt lnh trn hp thoi di:

- Chn tu chn Text nu mun nt lnh hin th bng ch. Khi g vo ch hin th trn nt. Hnh trn g ng Form; - Chn tu chn Picture nu mun th hin mt hnh nh ln nt lnh. Khi c th chn mt hnh nh trn danh sch. Bn c th quan st trc c th hin ca nt lnh hp Sample bn tri hp thoi. - Cui cng, nhn Finish kt thc vic to mt nt lnh.

IV./ Cc thuc tnh trn form v trn i tng . 1. Cc thuc tnh ca iu khin
62

- Mi iu khin trong biu mu c nhng thuc tnh khc nhau. Vic quy nh thuc tnh cho iu khin nhm quy nh chi tit hn cc yu t khi to iu khin bng cng c cha c. - Vic quy nh cc thuc tnh cho iu khin cn c ngha khi cn quy nh cc tnh cht ca iu khin theo tnh hung v thc hin t ng bng chng trnh. - quy nh thuc tnh cho iu khin, trong ca s thit k biu mu, chn iu khin cn quy nh thuc tnh ri chn trn menu View/Properties. Ca s Properties xut hin. Bng thuc tnh ca iu khin chia thnh cc mc: + Format: Gm cc thuc tnh lin quan n vic nh dng iu khin nh quy nh dng hin th d liu, font ch, mu, kch thc,+ + Data: Gm cc thuc tnh lin quan n d liu ca iu khin + Event: Gm cc thuc tnh lin quan n cc s kin xy ra trn iu khin. + Other: Gm cc thuc tnh khc a) Thuc tnh ca nhn iu khin nhn thng c mt s thuc tnh thng dng sau: - Thuc tnh Name: Thuc tnh ny quy nh tn ca nhn ni ring v ca mt s iu khin ni chung. - Thuc tnh Caption: Thuc tnh ny cha ni dung ca nhn - Thuc tnh Visible: Chn Yes nu mun hin th iu khin trn biu mu, ngc li chn No. - Thuc tnh Display When: Thuc tnh ny quy nh ch hin th ca iu khin, bao gm cc mc chn: + Always: lun hin th trong biu mu + Print Only: ch c tc dng khi in + Screen Only: ch hin th trn mn hnh b) Thuc tnh ca Text Box Ngoi cc thuc tnh trn Text Box cn c mt s thuc tnh c bn sau: - Thuc tnh Control Source: quy nh ngun d liu ca Text Box. - Thuc tnh Format: quy nh khun dng hi th d liu trong biu mu. - Thuc tnh Decimal Places: quy nh s ch s thp phn ca d liu kiu s trong text box. 63

- Thuc tnh Input Mask: quy nh khun dng nhp d liu ca text box. - Cc thuc tnh Default value, Validation Rule, Validation text ging nh cc thuc tnh tng ng khi quy nh cho cc trng. - Thuc tnh Status Bar Text: quy nh dng thng bo s hin th thanh trng thi. - Thuc tnh Enabled: chn Yes nu s cho php con tr chuyn n text box v chn No trong trng hp khng cho con tr chuyn vo text box. - Thuc tnh Loked: Chn Yes nu mun kha text box v chn No nu ngc li - Thuc tnh Before Update: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc trc khi ngi s dng cp nht iu khin. - Thuc tnh After Update: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc sau khi ngi s dng cp nht iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Enter: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc sau khi ngi s dng bm phm Enter. - Thuc tnh On Exit: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc sau khi ngi s dng ri khi iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Got Forcus: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng vo lm vic vi iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Lost Forcus: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng ri khi iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Click: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng bm nt chut ln iu khin. - Thuc tnh Dbl Click: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng bm p nt chut ln iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Mouse down: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng bm v gi nt chut ln iu khin. - Thuc tnh Key down: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng ln u bm phm trong iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Key Press: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng ln u bm mt phm trong iu khin. - Thuc tnh On Key Up: quy nh thc hin mt thao tc khi ngi s dng ln u th phm bm trong iu khin. c) Thuc tnh ca Check Box( nh cc thuc tnh ca Text Box) d) Thuc tnh ca Option Group( nh cc thuc tnh ca Text Box) e) Thuc tnh ca Command Button - Thuc tnh Caption: dng ch trn nt lnh. - Thuc tnh Picture: Hnh nh xut hin trn nt lnh. - Thuc tnh Picture Type: Quy nh kiu hnh nh cho nt lnh gm 2 mc chn: + Embeded: hnh nh c nhng vo nt lnh. + Linked: hnh nh lin kt vi nt lnh. 64

f) Thuc tnh ca List Box, ComboBox - Thuc tnh Control Source: quy nh iu khin gn vi trng no ca bng/truy vn. - Cc thuc tnh Row Source Type, Row Source, Column Count, Column Heads, Column Widths, Bound Column, , Default Value, Validation Rule, Validation text nh cc thuc tnh tng ng nh cc thuc tnh quy nh cho trng. - Thuc tnh Multi Select: quy nh cch chn nhiu mc chn trong iu khin list box gm cc mc chn: + None: khng cho php chn nhiu mc + Simple: chn nhiu mc bng cch nhp chut ti cc mc cn chn. + Extended: chn nhiu mc bng cch nhp chut km gi phm Shift hoc Ctrl. 2. Thuc tnh ca biu mu Ngoi cc thuc tnh ca tng iu khin, mi biu mu cn c mt s thuc tnh c trng cho biu mu. quy nh thuc tnh ca biu mu chn trn menu View/Properties xut hin bng cc thc tnh. Tip theo chn trn menu Edit/Select Form chn biu mu. Bng cc thuc tnh ca biu mu c dng: - Thuc tnh Record Source: Ngun d liu cho biu mu. - Thuc tnh Caption: Tiu ca biu mu - Thuc tnh Default View: quy nh ch hin th ngm nh ca biu mu mi khi m, gm cc ch sau: + Single Form: hin th ch mu tin trn biu mu. + Continuous Form: hin th lin tip cc mu tin trn biu mu + DataSheet: hin th biu mu dng bng. - Thuc tnh Allow Edit, Allow Deletions, Allow Additions: quy nh ch cho php sa, xa, b sung mu tin hay khng - Thuc tnh Record Selector: quy nh ch hin th nt chn mu tin hay khng. - Thuc tnh Navigation Buttons: quy nh ch hin th cc nt iu khin mu tin cui biu mu hay khng. - Thuc tnh Auto Center: chn Yes nu mun ca s biu mu gia mn hnh. - Thuc tnh Pop Up: chn Yes nu khng mun m biu mu bng thao tc trn menu - Thuc tnh Modal: : chn Yes nu mun quy nh ca s biu mu l hp thoi Modal tc l khi ang m th khng th chuyn sang lm vic khc cho n khi ca s c ng. 65

- Cc thuc tnh Control Box, Min, Max Buttons, Close Button: quy nh cc thnh phn iu khin, cc nt min, max, ng ca s trn ca biu mu.

V/. K thut Sub-form K thut thit k form trnh by cc phn trn c th gi l Single-form. Sub-form l k thut thit k giao din rt mnh, p ng c nhng yu cu x l d liu phc tp m k thut Singleform cha th p ng. C th hiu Sub-form l vic form ny lng trong form kia (c th lng trong nhau nhiu lp). Form cha gi l form m (Main form); form c lng vo gi l form con (Subform). Vic x l d liu trn tng form c th x l c lp hoc c quan h vi nhau tu theo mc ch cng vic. Sub-form c th c s dng trong cc loi form nhp d liu, hoc s dng hin th d liu. Di y minh ho 2 v d to form c s dng k thut ny. S dng Sub-form trong form nhp d liu: Bi ton: Thit k form nhp thng tin ho n bn hng nh sau:

Vi yu cu ny, phi to mt form con cho php hin th v nhp cc thng tin v hng bn (1); Phi to mt form m nhp thng tin v ho n bn hng (2); Phi kt ni form m vi form con thng qua trng hoadonID. Cch lm nh sau (yu cu thc hin theo ng th t cng vic cc bc): Bc 1: To form con - To mi mi form ch Design View; - V form con s hin th d liu dng bng nn phi thit lp thuc tnh Default View cho form con l Datasheet; - Thit lp ngun d liu lm vic cho form con thuc tnh Record Source bng cch nhn nt (hnh di)

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Mt mn hnh thit k query xut hin. Hy thit lp query ny nh sau:

(Ch phi chn ng tn trng ca cc bng ch dn) Tip theo ng mn hnh thit k query - S dng ca s Field List a cc trng cn thit ln vng Detail ca form bao gm: hangID, donvi, dongia, soluong, thanhtien; - Ghi li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmHangban) v ng li, chun b to form m.

Bc 2: To form m - To mi mi form ch Design View; - Thit lp ngun d liu lm vic cho form m thuc tnh Record Source bng cch nhn nt (hnh di)

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Mt mn hnh thit k query xut hin. Hy thit lp query ny nh sau:

(Ch phi chn ng tn trng ca cc bng ch dn) Tip theo ng mn hnh thit k query - S dng ca s Field List a cc trng cn thit ln vng Detail ca form bao gm: hoadonID, khacID, ngayban, diachi, email; - S dng i tng Subform\Subreport trn thanh cng c ToolBox a form con ln form m. Sau khi a mt i tng Subform\Subreport ln form, mt hp thoi xut hin; Nhn ln y to ngun d liu cho form.

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Hy chn tn form con cn a ln danh sch Use an existing form. Chn xong nhn Finish. (C th a form con ln form m bng cch dng chut gp tn form con th ln form m) - Ghi li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmLapHoadon) v ng li, kt thc yu cu c bn bi ton, thu c kt qu nh sau:

Khi s dng Form wizard, bn cng rt r dng khi to form theo yu cu trn. Cch lm y l kt hp gia form wizard vi form Design view. Chng ti trnh by thm cch ny cc bn tham kho. Bc 1: To form wizard ly nhng d liu sau: Bng HOADON ly cc trng: hoadonID, khachID, ngayban; Bng KHACH ly cc trng: diachi, email; Bng HANGBAN ly cc trng: hangID, soluong; Bng HANG ly cc trng: donvi, dongia. Sau bc ny Access s to c form theo yu cu c dng:

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Form ny gn p ng yu cu u bi (ch thiu ct Thanhtien trong form con). Bc 2: Sa form con p ng bi ton: - M form con ch Design View (thng thng tn form con ny Access s t hangban subform); - Thm mt Textbox ln vng Detail ca form con v thit lp thuc tnh Control Source cho text box ny nh sau (= [dongia]*[soluong]):

- ng v ghi li tt c. Bn to c form nh yu cu.

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Bi tp 1. C s Qun l lng cn b Bi s 1: To form cho php xem danh sch cn b tng phng ban nh sau:

Mi khi chn mt phng ban t hp th danh sch cn b phng ban c hin th ln Subform. Bi s 2: To form cho php tm kim cn b theo tn nh sau:

Sau khi g mt tn (c th l m + Tn hoc y h v tn), danh sch cc kt qu tm thy s c lit k ln Subform. 2. Trn CSDL Qun l bn hng hy: Bi s 3: Thit k form lp ho n bn hng theo mu:

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Yu cu chi tit: - Cc nt Tin, Li nh v ho n cn lm vic; - Nt Thm mi bt u to mi mt ho n; - Nt Xo H xo ho n hin ti. Yu cu phi c xc nhn trc khi xo; - Nt In H in chi tit ho n bn hng ra report (chc nng ny s c hon thin sau khi hc xong Chng Report)

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BI 5: BO BIU (REPORT)
I./ Gii thiu report

1. Cc khi nim v Report

Mun in cc bo co trong Access bn c th s dng Report- mt cng c in n rt mnh. ng vi mi mu bo co c th thit k cc thng tin ln mt report. Mi khi report hin th kt qu (preview) l lc c th in c ni dung bo co ra giy. 2. Cu trc Report Cu trc mt report thng thng gm 5 phn:

Page Header L phn u tin ca mt trang bo co. Ging nh khi nim Page header trong Word v Excel. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. Page Footer L phn cui cng ca mi trang bo co. Ging nh khi nim Page footer trong Word v Excel. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. Detail L phn thn ca report ni hin th gi tr cc bn ghi s in ra. Phn ny c th b thay i, ph thuc vo ngun d liu ti thi im s in ra ca report. Report Header L phn tiu ca trang u tin Report, nm tip theo phn Page header v nm trn phn Detail. Mi Report s ch c nhiu nht 1 Report header. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. 73

 Report Footer L phn tiu cui ca trang cui cng Report, nm tip theo phn Detail v pha trc phn Page Footer. Mi Report s ch c nhiu nht 1 Report footer. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. 3. Mi trng lm vic Lm vic vi Report gn ging lm vic vi Form. S khc nhau c bn ca Report v Form l: Form c th hin th, tra cu, cp nht v iu khin d liu t CSDL; cn Report ch c th lp bo co v in ra, c bit Report khng lm thay i gi tr d liu trong CSDL. Thng thng mi report s in d liu ca mt Table hoc mt Query no . Tc l phi c mt ngun d liu cn in c th (trng hp c bit Report khng c ngun d liu s ni n phn cui)

II./ Cch to,chnh sa v s dng report bng wizard

Ging nh Form wizard, Report wizard l mt cng c rt n gin, d dng to nhanh mt Report. Di y hng dn tng bc dng Report wizard to mt report in ra danh sch cn b t CSDL Qun l lng bao gm cc thng tin: Hoten, ngaysinh, tenchucvu, Tenphongban. Bc 1: th Reports, nhn New, chn Report wizard, nhn OK:

Hoc nhn p chut ln biu tng Bc 2: Chn d liu cn in trn hp thoi sau:

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 chn d liu cn in ln report, c 2 thao tc phi lm trn hp thoi ny: - Chn bng hoc query ni c cha trng d liu cn in ra hp Table/Queries; - S dng cc nt lnh >, >>, <, << a cc trng cn in t danh sch Available Fields: (danh sch cc trng c th in) sang danh sch Seleted Fields: (danh sch cc trng s c in ra report). Hy ln lt thc hin chn cc trng hoten, ngaysinh (t bng CANBO), trng tenchucvu (bng CHUCVU) v trng tenphongban (bng PHONGBAN). Chn xong nhn Next: Bc 3: Chn kiu cch hin th d liu trn report:

Bn mun in d liu theo kiu no: Hy chn kiu cn in t danh sch bn tri hp thoi. Trong yu cu ny c th c 3 kiu hin th d liu trn report (v d liu c chn ra t 3 bng khc nhau). V mun in mt 75

danh sch cn b nn chn kiu by CANBO (c th xem kiu hin th bn phi hp thoi). Nhn Next tip tc: Bc 4: Thit lp cc nhm d liu cn thit:

Mun hin th d liu theo nhm gi tr ca trng no, hy Add trng t danh sch bn tri hp thoi sang hp preview bn phi hp thoi. Trong bi ny ch cn hin th mt danh sch chung nn khng cn thit lp nhm bc ny. Nhn Next tip tc: Bc 5: Thit lp sp xp d liu trn bo co:

Report wizard cho php ti a 4 mc u tin sp xp d liu c nh s t 1 n 4 (hp thoi trn). Trng no thit lp trc, s c u tin sp xp trc. Trong trng hp gi tr trng trng nhau, Access s chuyn n cc mc tip theo sp xp. Kiu sp xp (theo chiu tng hoc gim) c th thit lp khi nhn nt bn cnh. Thit lp xong nhn Next tip tc: Bc 6: Chn b cc (Layout) cho Report: 76

C 2 thit lp trong bc ny: - Chn b cc cho report hp Layout. C 3 kiu Layout: Columnar, Tabular v Justified- hy chn mt kiu ph hp (xem hp preview bn tri bit trc kt qu); - Chn hng giy in hp Orientation. C 2 kiu hng in l: Portrait in theo kh giy dc v Landscape- in theo kh giy ngang; - Chn xong nhn Next tip tc: Bc 7: Chn mu nh dng (Style) cho report:

Hy chn mt mu nh dng t danh sch bn tri hp thoi. Chn xong nhn Next tip tc: Bc 8: Hon thin cc thng tin cui cng:

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Bao gm cc thng tin sau: - G vo tiu report cng nh tn report trn hp What do you want for you report?; - Chn Preview the report hin th d liu ca report ngay sau khi kt thc; hoc hin th ngay mn hnh thit k sa cu trc report khi chn Modify the reports design; - Cui cng nhn Finish kt thc cc cng vic s dng report wizard. Mn hnh hin th d liu report nh sau:

T mn hnh ny c th thc hin rt nhiu cc thao tc thng qua thanh cng c Print Preview nh sau:

Nt Print : in ni dung report ra my in; 78

Nut Design : m report ra ch thit k; Nt One page : hin th report ra mn hnh trong tng trang bo co; Nt Two page : hin th 2 trang bo co mt trn mn hnh; Nt Multi Page : chn nhiu trang bo co c th hin th trn mn hnh; Nt Zoom : phng to, thu nh ni dung report; Nt Office Link : kt xut (Export) thng tin trn report ra cc loi nh dng khc ca MS Office nh Word, Excel, HTML. Nt Close : ng mn hnh preview report. Ton b 8 bc s dng report wizard lit k trn, khng phi lc no cng cn thc hin y . Vi nhng report n gin nh trn, ch cn thc hin Bc 1; Bc 2 c th nhn Finish kt thc. Tuy nhin tu vo yu cu in bo co m mun dng li bc no thit lp cc thng tin cho ph hp hy chuyn nhanh n bc .

III./ Thit k report

Phn trc trnh by cc bc dng Report wizard c th thit k cc mu bo co in n d liu t CSDL. l cch lm rt d dng v nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, cc mu bo co c sinh ra ch gii hn theo mt s mu m my tnh cung cp sn, khng th in ra c nhng biu bo co phc tp theo nh nhng yu cu a dng ca ngi s dng. Report wizard ch c th to ra cc report in d liu t cc bng hoc queries theo cu trc n gin; trong nhng trng hp yu cu cu trc report phc tp, hoc phi in d liu khng phi hon ton ch t cc bng v queries hoc in n bo co theo cc tiu ch, tham s ng no th khng th p ng c. Trong trng hp ny phi dng n Report design view. Trong chng mc no , cch lm vic vi Report design view gn ging cch lm vic vi Form design view. Sau y l tng bc hng dn s dng Report design view thit report theo yu cu nh trn: Bc 1: Khi ng Report design view: T th Report nhn nt New, chn Design view, nhn OK

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Hoc nhn p chut ln biu tng Creat report in Design view trn ca s d n:

Mi trng lm vic vi Report design view xut hin:

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C 3 phn quan trng trn mi trng lm vic ny: (1) Ca s thit k Report (hnh trn tiu ca s ny l Report1: Report)- ni thit k ni dung cn in n. Ni dung c thit k trn ca s ny l cc i tng t thanh cng c Toolbox sau khi c thit lp cc thuc tnh ph hp vi mc ch; (2) Thanh cng c Toolbox- ni cha nhng i tng gip a cc thng tin cn thit ln report. Chc nng v cch lm vic trn thanh cng c ny gn ging vi lm vic trn thanh cng c Toolbox ca Form design view; (3) Ca s Properties ni thit lp cc thuc tnh ph hp cho cc i tng trn mn hnh thit k report. Bc 2: Xy dng ngun d liu in n cho report. Report s in nhng thng tin g? Phm vi nh th no? L cc cu hi phi c tr li bc ny bng cch thit lp thuc tnh Record Source cho report. Thng thng, report s in d liu t mt hay nhiu bng hoc t kt qu ca mt query, tng qut l t mt query. Query c th c xy dng sn t danh sch cc Queries ca d n (cha trn th Queries)- khi bc ny ch chn query cn in ti thuc tnh Record Source ca report:

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Tuy nhin query cn in c th c to ra trong chnh bn thn report (khng hin th tn query trn th Queries)- iu ny nn lm v nh vy s m bo s chc chn ca report. Khi hy nhn chut ln nt ca thuc tnh Record Source:

Mt ca s thit k query lm ngun d liu cho report xut hin:

Hy thit lp cc thng tin cn in ra report trn query ny. Thit lp xong nhn nt ng ca s thit k query (hoc nhn phm nng Ctrl+W) v chn Yes trong hp thoi sau: 82

Bc 3: a cc thng tin ln ca s thit k report: (1) C rt nhiu loi thng tin phi a ln report. Mi khi c nh a mt thng tin ln, bn phi tr li c 2 cu hi: l thng tin g? l tiu DANH SCH CN B. S t thng tin ln phn no ca report? t ln phn Page Header! (2) Theo ngm nh, ca s thit k report ch xut hin 3 phn: Page header, Page footer v Detail. Nu report ang thit k yu cu c c Report header v Report footer, hy hin th chng bng cch: nhn phi chut ln ca s thit k report v chn:

Nhng phn no khng dng n khi thit k c th tt i hoc dng chut thu li din tch phn . (3) S dng cng c Label - Dng chut nhp nt Label trn thanh cng c Toolbox th ln v tr cn t vo trn Report; - G vo ni dung tiu cn in ra report; - C th s dng thanh cng c Formatting nh dng hp d liu ny. (4) S dng cng c Text box Text box l dng hin th d liu ca mt trng d liu (Field) no , hin th d liu ca mt biu thc (v d tnh Tng tin chng hn). Cch s dng Textbox nh sau: - Dng chut nhp nt Textbox trn thanh cng c Toolbox th ln v tr cn t vo trn Report; - G vo ngun d liu s hin th ln Textbox thuc tnh Control Source. Gi tr thuc tnh ny c th: + Hin th gi tr mt trng: Khi hy chn trng mun a thng tin vo (hnh di):

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+ Hoc hn th kt qu mt biu thc. Khi g biu thc ln thuc tnh ny bt u mt du bng =. V d:

- C th s dng thanh cng c Formatting nh dng hp d liu ny. (5) S dng ca s Field List Danh sch cc trng d liu c th in ra c report th hin ca s Field List (nu cha thy hin th m thc n View | Field List). Mun in ra gi tr ca trng no ln v tr no ca report c th dng i tng Textbox nh gii thiu trn hoc c th dng ca s Field List ny bng cch: dng chut ko trng cn in ra t ca s Field List th ln v tr cn in trn ca s thit k report (nn lm theo cch ny thay v dng Textbox). (6) S dng cng c Image Cng c Image trn thanh cng c Toolbox gip a nh t cc tp tin nh in ra report. Sau khi dng chut nhp nt nt Image t thanh cng c t ln report, mt hp thoi xut hin cho php tm n tp tin nh cn a ln report:

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Hy tm v chn tp nh, chn xong nhn OK hon tt cng vic. (7) S dng cng c Line Cng c Line dng v cc ng thng ln Report. Rt hu hiu trong vic k bng biu. Sau khi nhp nt Line trn thanh cng c, hy thc hin k bng cch di chut. Vi yu cu nh trn, bng cch s dng cc cng c nh hng dn hy thit k mt report nh sau:

Trong : - Textbox bao gm cc nh nh mi tn ch dn. Trong : - hoten, ngaysinh, tenchucvu, tenphongban c to bng cch ko t ca s Field List ln phn Detail; - Textbox m tng s cn b thit lp thuc tnh Control Source l =Count([hoten]), phn Report footer. 85

- Textbox t ng nh s th t phi thit lp nh sau: Control Source l =1; thuc tnh Running sum l Over Group. - Cc hp ch cn li dng i tng Label; - Ton b bng biu s dng i tng Line. Ch cc ng k phi c ni kht vi nhau. Nu khng kht s to ra cc khe h v nt t (khng lin nt).

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Bi tp Trn CSDL Qun l lng cn b thc hin cc yu cu sau: Bi s 1: Thit k report in danh sch cn b vi cc thng tin: canboID, hoten, ngaysinh, gioitinh (phi ghi r l Nam hay N), tencv, tenpban. Bi s 2: Thit k report in bng lng cn b c quan, bao gm cc thng tin: Hoten, tencv, ngaysinh, luongchinh, phucapcv, dangphi, congdoanphi, thuclinh Bi s 3: Thit k query in ra bng tng hp cn b nh sau:

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Bi 6. MACRRO
I. KHI NIM
Macro trong MS Access l tp hp cc lnh (Hnh ng, hnh ng......) c nh sn nhm t ng thc hin chui cc tc v no m khng cn s can thip tng bc ca ngi s dng. Macro c th lin kt cc i tng trong tp tin c d liu (CSDL) nh: Table, Query, form, report....... nhm to ra cc ng dng khai thc c hiu qu..

1.To mt macro Ti ca s database, chn i tng Macro/ New. Ca s thit k Macro xut hin.

II. TO V THI HNH MT MACRO

* Trong ca s thit k Macro thc hin cc thao tc sau: Trong mc Action : chn cc hnh ng cho Macro. Trong mc Action arguments: Chn cc tham s tng ng cho hnh ng. Trong mc Comment: G dng gii thch cho hnh ng (nu cn). Lu : Mi Macro c th thc hin nhiu hnh ng, th t thc hin cc hnh ng ph thuc vo th t lit k trong ct Action 2.Thi hnh macro Trong ca s to Macro, nu cn thc hin th nhp chut tai nt Run trn thanh cng c hoc ti ca s database: Chn i tng Macro/Run. Trong trng hp Macro gy ra li s xut hin ca s Action Failed + Trong ca s cho bit thng tin ca Macro gy ra li. + Nu cn dng Macro chn nt Halt, khi mun b qua hnh ng gy ra li chn nt Continue. 88

Khi cn thc hin tng bc, trong ca s to Macro chn nt Single Step trn thanh cng c. khi thc hin Macro ch tng bc, ti mi bc dng li v xut hin ca s cho bit cc thng tin v Macro s thc hin.

Trong ca s ny chn nt Step thc hin Macro v chuyn sang bc tip theo. Trong trng hp cn dng Macro chn nut Halt. Nu khng mun thc hin tng bc chn tng bc chn nt Continue

3. Gn Macro vi nt lnh hoc s kin trong biu mu

Macro thng c dng gn vi 1 nt lnh trong biu mu hoc mt s kin ca mt iu khin. gn mt Macro vi mt s kin ca iu khin ta chn iu khin trong ca s thit k biu maauxchonj iu khin cn gn vi Macro ri chn thuc tnh ng vi s kin cn gn vi Macro v chn tn ca Macro nu c sn hoc nhp chut vo nt to Macro gn vi s kin. Khi s xut hin ca s Choose Builder. Chn mc Macro Builder s xut hin ca s to Macro.

gn mt Macro vi mt nt lnh, trong ca s thit k biu mu chn nt lnh cn gn vi Macro v chn tn Macro trong thuc tnh On Click. 4. Mt s hnh ng thng dng trong Macro Open table: M 1 bng d liu Table name: Tn bng cn m View: Chn dng th hin ca bng (Datasheet/ Design/ Print Preview Data mode: 89

Add: Dng nhp d liu Edit: Dng thm, xo, sa d liu trong bng Read Only: M bng ch xem d liu Open Query: M 1 truy vn Query name: Tn truy vn cn m View: Chn dng th hin ca bng (Datasheet/ Design/ Print Preview Data mode: Add: Dng nhp d liu Edit: Dng thm, xo, sa d liu trong bng Read Only: M bng ch xem d liu Open Form: M 1 biu mu Form name: Tn biu mu View: Chn dng th hin ( Form/ Design/ Print preview/ Datasheet) Filter name: Tn Query lc cc d liu hin th trong form. Where condition: iu kin lc d liu hin th trong form. Data mode: Add : Dng nhp d liu Edit : Dng thm, xo, sa d liu trong bng Read Only : M bng ch xem d liu Window mode: Normal : Dng ca s form bnh thng. Hidden : Dng ca s form c n i. Icon : Ca s form thu nh thnh 1 biu tng. Dialog : Dng hp thoi. Open Report: M 1 bo co Report name: Tn bo co View: Chn kiu in Print preview:In ra mn hnh. Design: Dng thit k bo co Print: In ra my in Filter name: Tn Query lc cc d liu hin th trong Report. Where condition: iu kin lc d liu hin th trong Report. Run macro: Thc hin mt tp lnh Macro name: Tn macro cn thc hin Repeat count: S ln thc hin macro s lp li. Repeat Expression: Biu thc iu kin lp li khi thc hin macro. Macro ch dng khi khi biu thc iu kin nhn gi tr False. Open module: M ca s son tho th tc trong 1 module. Module name: Tn module cha th tc cn m. Procedure name: Tn th tc s m. Run code: Gi thc hin mt hm ca Access Basic Function name: Tn hm cn thc hin v cc i s ca hm. Run App: Cho thc hin mt ng dng no trong mi trng Windows Command line: ng dn n tp tin ca mt ng dng. Run SQL: Cho thc hin cu lnh SQL SQL Statement: Ni dung cu lnh SQL Maximize: Cc i ca s hin thi Minimize:Cc tiu ca s hin thi thnh mt biu tng. Restore: Phc hi ca s tr v kch thc c. Move size: Di chuyn hoc thay i kch thc ca s hin thi. 90

Right: Khong cch t gc trn tri ca ca s ny n cnh tri ca ca s cha n. Down: Khong cch t gc trn tri ca ca s ny n n cnh trn ca ca s cha n. Width: Chiu rng ca ca s ny. Height: Chiu cao ca ca s ny. Stop Macro: Dng macro ang thc hin Beep: Pht ting ku bp Hourglass: i dng con tr thnh ng h ct trong khi macro ang chy Hourglass On: Yes/No (i/ Khng i) Close: ng mt ca s ang hot ng Object Type: Loi ca s ca i tng cn ng nh Table, Query, form, Report, Macro hoc Module. Object name: Tn ca i tng cn ng. Quit: Thot khi MS Access v tr v Windows Option Prompt: Hin th hp thoi c lu tr khng? Nu i tng c thay i. Save all: Lu tr tt c mi i tng. Exit: Thot m khng cn lu tr. Print: In i tng hin thi Print Range: Phm vi cn in n. All: In tt c cc i tng Selection: In phn trang c chn Pages: In cc trang c chn Page from: Trang bt u in Page to: Trang kt thc in Print Quality: Cht lng in Copies: S bn cn in Collate Copies: C sp xp th t cc bn in theo trang. Msg Box: Hin th hp thng bo Message: Cu thng bo cn hin th Beep: Yes/ No: C/ Khng pht ra ting Bp khi hin th hp thng bo. Type: Loi hp thng bo. Title: Tiu ca hp thng bo. CancelEvent: Hu b mt s kin ang thc hin Requery: Cp nht d liu cho mt i tng ang hot ng bng cch cp nht li dliu ngun ca i tng . Control name: Tn ca i tng cn cp nht d liu (Nu khng ch ra th s cp nht li d liu ngun ca chnh i tng ang hot ng). 5. Macro Trong Access quy nh mt Macro c bit, Macro ny s t ng thc hin khi CSDL trn Access c m. Thng thng ta dng Macro ny biu mu giao din ca ng dng, kim tra mt khu s dng chng trnh hay thc hin cc thao tc chun b ban u. 6. Macro nhm Trong trng hp c nhiu Macro cn thc hin, thun li trong vic qun k v s dng ta c th chia Macro thnh tng nhm theo ngha cng vic hoc theo chc nng. Mi nhm gm nhiu Macro v c lu thnh mt tn trong ca s Macro. 91

 to Macro nhm, trong ca s to Macro chn trn menu View/Menu Name, khi ca s to menu xut hin thm ct Macro Name (xem hnh).

Trong ca s to Macro nhm thc hin: - G tn Macro thnh phn ca nhm trong ct Macro Name. - Chn ln lt cc thao tc cn thc hin cho Macro trong ct Action v cc i mc tng ng vi tng hnh ng. i vi Macro c nhiu hnh ng ch cn lit k cc hnh ng m khng cn lp li tn Macro trong ct Macro Name. S dng Macro nhm: s dng mt Macro thnh phn trong Macro nhm ta dng c php: [tn Macro nhm]![tn Macro thnh phn] 7. Macro c iu kin Khi to Macro ta c th quy nh iu kin thc hin tng hnh ng ca Macro, khi thc hin nu iu kin ng th thc hin hnh ng tng ng, nu iu kin sai th khng thc hin. to Macro vi cc iu kin, trong ca s to Macro chn trn menu View/Condition, ca s to Macro xut hin thm ct Condition( xem hnh).

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Trong ca s to Macro thc hin: G iu kin cn quy nh cho mi hnh ng tron ct Condition. Mi iu kin tng ng vi mt hnh ng, trong trng hp mt iu kin cn quy nh cho nhiu hnh ng th cc ln lp tip theo ch cn g vo du trong ct Condition cho tng hnh ng. 8. Tham chiu d liu cc iu khin trong biu mu, bo biu c th kt hp cc i tng ca Access phi c c ch tham chiu ni dung ca cc i tng. tham chiu n cc iu khin ca biu mu dng c php: [Forms]![tn biu mu]![tn iu khin] tham chiu n cc iu khin ca bo biu dng c php: [Reports]![tn bo biu]![tn iu khin] Nhng tham chiu ny c th thc hin t truy vn, bo biu, biu mu v Macro. Vic tham chiu ny cho php cc i tng trao i d liu vi nhau.

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BI TP S dng cc i tng: truy vn, biu mu v macro to chc nng tm kim d liu trong bng DSNV theo yu cu sau: - Nhp vo tn, gii hn nm sinh cn tm

Hng dn: - To Form vi tn Tm theo iu Kin theo mu gm cc iu khn: + Cc nhn Tm nhn vin, Tn cn tm, Sinh t nm, n nm + Cc Text Box vi tn v cc thuc tnh nh sau: Tn Text Box Thuc tnh Hten Default Value: * Tu nam Default Value: year(Date()) 70 Den nam Default Value: year(Date()) - Cc lnh Tm v Thot c gn vi macro nhm Timdk.tim v Tmdk.thot Macro nhm timdk c dng: Macro Name Action Propete Tm OpenQuery Query Name: Tim NV - To truy vn thng s c tn Tim NV cho php thc hin thng tin ca nhn vin cn tm, trong c 2 trng dng lm iu kin l H tn v ngy sinh. - iu kin trng HoTen: Like[Form]![tim theo dieu kien]![Hten] - iu kin ca ct Year([ngaysinh]).

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Microsoft Access 2003, tg: Dn Tr Vit Hng, nh

xut bn Giao Thng Vn Ti. 2. Gio trnh Microsoft Access 2000, tg: Nguyn Sn Hi. 3. Gio trnh chng ch B tin hc, tg: Trn Nguyn Hn, Nh xut bn Lao ng X Hi 4. L thuyt c s d liu, tg: Nguyn Th Ngc Mai, Nh xut bn Lao ng X Hi

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MC LC
Trang Bi 1. TNG QUAN C S D LIU ACCESS....................................................................2
I/. PHN TCH THIT K H THNG C S D LIU..............................................2

1. Khi nim v c s d liu...........................................................2 2. Thc th & quan h............................................................................................2

II. GII THIU MICROSOFT ACCESS............................................................4 1. Gii thiu Microsoft Access....................................................................4 2. Khi ng v thot khi Access.............................................................4 3. Cc thao tc trn tp tin c s d liu Access.......................................4 4. Cch s dng ca s Database.............................................................7 Bi 2. BNG D LIU(TABLE)............................................................................................................8 I/. THIT K C S D LIU.......................................................................8 II/. CC KHI NIM V BNG......................................................................8 1. Cc khi nim........................................................................................8 2. Lin kt cc bng d liu.....................................................................11 III/. T TO LP BNG.......................................................................................................12 1. Cc bc t to lp bng.......................................................................................................12 2. Thit lp quan h.................................................................................16 3. Nhp d liu........................................................................................18 4. Thuc tnh LOOKUP..............................................................................21 B sung bn ghi cho bng...................................................................28 B sung bn ghi mi cho CSDL............................................................28 Di chuyn gia cc bn ghi..................................................................28 Nhp d liu cho bn ghi.....................................................................28 Chn cc bn ghi.................................................................................28 Xa bn ghi.........................................................................................28 Selct Query (Chn lc).........................................................................30 TOTAL queries.....................................................................................30 CrossTab Query (Tham kho cho)......................................................30 Action Query (Hnh ng)...................................................................30

II./ To bng bng cng c trnh thng minh.................................25 III/. Lm vic vi d liu dng Datasheet...................................................................28
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bi 2 TRUY VN D LIU................................................................30 I/. Cc loi truy vn trong Access...............................................................................30

1. 2. 3. 4.

II/. Thit k truy vn....................................................................................................30 2. TOTAL queries............................................................................34

1. Thit k truy vn la chn...................................................................30 3. CROSSTAB queries..............................................................................36

4. MAKE TABLE queries..................................................................38

5. DELETE queries...................................................................................39

6. UPDATE queries.........................................................................41 III./ S la chn v biu thc truy vn.......................................................................42 1. Ton t LIKE...........................................................................................................42
2. Ton t BETWEEN..............................................................................................................42 3. Cc hm dng tng hp d liu......................................................42 Bi 4: XY DNG FORM......................................................................................................46

I./ Khi nim Forms.....................................................................................................46 II./ S dng FORM WIZARD.....................................................................................46

III./ S dng FORM DESIGN VIEW.............................................................49 96

1. Thit k Form nhp d liu n gin..........................................50 2. Tinh chnh cu trc Form...........................................................52 IV./ Cc thuc tnh trn form v trn i tng......................................................................56 1. Cc thuc tnh ca iu khin.................................................56 V/. K thut Sub-form.....................................................................59 .......................................................................................... ..........................................................................................

2. Thuc tnh ca biu mu.....................................................................58

BI 5: BO BIU (REPORT).................................................................................................66

I./ Gii thiu report..........................................................................................66

1. Cc khi nim v Report............................................................66
2. Cu trc Report...................................................................................66 3. Mi trng lm vic.............................................................................66

II./ Cch to,chnh sa v s dng report bng wizard..............................................67 III./ Thit k report..........................................................................72 Bi 6. MACRRO...............................................................................80 I. KHI NIM...................................................................................80 II. TO V THI HNH MT MACRO..................................................80
1.To mt macro.....................................................................................80 2.Thi hnh macro....................................................................................80

3. Gn Macro vi nt lnh hoc s kin trong biu mu................81

4. Mt s hnh ng thng dng trong Macro.......................................81 5. Macro..................................................................................................83 6. Macro nhm........................................................................................83

7. Macro c iu kin.....................................................................84 Mc lc

8. Tham chiu d liu cc iu khin trong biu mu, bo biu............84

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