VIEN NGHIEN CU GIAO DUC TRUNG TAM CONG NGHE DAY HOC

BAI THU HOACH MON POWERPOINT

Lp: 21-EAT GVHD: Le Nguyen Trung Nguyen HVTH: Nguyen Thanh Trung

TRNG THPT BC MARIE CURIE

GV:

Nguyen Thanh Trung

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR

I.
1.

S TAO THANH LIEN KET CONG HOA TR:

Cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau nh the nao?
Phan t hiro Phan t clo Phan t hiro clo

2.

Lien ket cong hoa tr

II.

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR KHONG CO CC VA CO CC:

1.

2.

Lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc Lien ket cong hoa tr co cc

Cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau nh the nao?

Phan t hiro (H2)

Nguyen t hiro (H)

Cau hnh electron: 1s1 am may electron:

Phan t hiro (H2)

Phan t hiro (H2)

Nguyen t hiro (H)

Cau hnh electron: 1s1 am may electron:

Xen phu
Cap electron dung chung

Phan t hiro (H2)

H H

(cong thc electron)

(H H) (cong thc cau tao)

Phan t clo (Cl2)

Nguyen t clo (Cl)

Cau hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 am may electron lp ngoai cung:

Phan t clo (Cl2)

Phan t clo (Cl2)

Nguyen t clo (Cl)

Cau hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 am may electron lp ngoai cung:

Phan t hiro (Cl2)

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl
(Cl Cl)

(Cl Cl)

Phan t hiroclorua (HCl)

+
H

Cl

H Cl
(H Cl)

( H Cl)

Nc (H2O) va amoniac (NH3)

H O H
hay

H O H

H N H H

hay

H N H

Phan t kh cacbonic (CO2)

Cong thc electron: Cong thc cau tao:

O C
O C

O
O

Lien ket oi
Lu y: lien ket oi ben hn lien ket n

Phan t kh nit (N2)

Cong thc electron: Cong thc cau tao:

N
N

N
N

Lien ket ba
Lu y: lien ket ba ben hn lien ket oi

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR

Nguyen nhan hnh thanh: cac nguyen t gop chung e e at en

trang thai ben vng cua kh tr (co 8e hoac 2e lp ngoai cung) nh ngha: lien ket cong hoa tr la lien ket gia cac nguyen t bang nhng cap electron gop chung. Phan loai: co 3 loai Lien ket n Lien ket oi Lien ket ba

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR KHONG CO CC VA CO CC

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR KHONG CO CC

V du:

Lien ket cong hoa tr khong co cc la loai lien ket cong hoa tr ma trong o, oi electron gop chung nam gia 2 nguyen t.

H2 Cl2 N2

HH Cl Cl NN

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR CO CC

V du: trong phan t HCl

Cl co o am ien (3,0) manh hn H (2,1) nen co hut electron ve pha mnh manh hn H. V vay, oi electron dung chung se b lech ve pha nguyen t Cl. V oi electron dung chung b lech ve pha Cl nen nguyen t Cl mang mot phan ien tch am. Ngc lai, nguyen t H mang mot phan ien tch dng.

Lien ket cong hoa tr trong o cap electron dung chung b lech ve pha mot nguyen t goi la lien ket cong hoa tr co cc hoac lien ket cong tr phan cc.

Cl

H Cl

CUNG CO
LIEN KET CONG HOA TR
So cap electron dung chung (co 3 loai)
V tr cap electron dung chung (co 2 loai) Lien ket n Lien ket oi Lien ket ba

Lien ket cong hoa tr khong co cc Lien ket cong hoa tr co cc (phan cc)

(lien ket cho nhan)

Dau hieu nhan biet

Lien ket phoi tr

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Viet cong thc cau tao cua cac chat sau, ch ro cac loai lien ket co trong phan t o: 1. HBr 4. H2O 9. HNO3

2. NH3
3. H2S

5. CS2
6. F2

10. Br2
11. H2SO4

Cam n quy thay co a en d gi cua lp

LIEN KET CONG HOA TR

Lien ket cong hoa tr la lien ket gia cac nguyen t bang cac cap electron gop chung e at en trang thai ben vng cua kh tr

(lp vo ngoai cung co 8 electron hoac 2 electron).

Lien ket n
La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o gia 2 nguyen t co 1 cap electron gop chung
V du

HH

H H C H H

Cl Cl

Lien ket oi
La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o gia 2 nguyen t co 2 cap electron gop chung

V du

O=C=O

H C C H H H

Lien ket ba
La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o gia 2 nguyen t co 3 cap electron gop chung
V du

NN

H C C H

HCN

Lien ket cong hoa tr khong phan cc

La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o cap electron dung chung nam gia 2 nguyen t.

V du

Cl

Cl

Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o cap electron dung chung b lech ve pha 1 nguyen t.
V du

Cl

Lien ket phoi tr

La lien ket cong hoa tr trong o cap electron dung chung ch do mot nguyen t a ra.

V du

H O Cl

Lien ket cong hoa tr c tao thanh t 2 nguyen t phi kim. Neu: 2 nguyen t cua cung 1 nguyen to th lien ket o la lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc. 2 nguyen t cua 2 nguyen to khac nhau th ta co lien ket cong hoa tr co cc (phan cc). trong 2 nguyen t co 1 nguyen t a at c cau hnh ben cua kh hiem th ta co lien ket phoi tr (lien ket cho nhan). Lu y: Nguyen t cho thng la: Cl ; P ; N ; S Nguyen t nhan pho bien nhat la Oxi (O)

Dau hieu nhan biet

HBr H Br
Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

H N H Amoniac (NH3) H
Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

Hidro sunfua (H2S) H S H

Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

Nc H H O (H2O)
Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

CS C 2S
Lien ket oi

Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

Flo (F2) F F
Lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc

Axit nitric (HNO3)

H O N

H O N

O O

Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc

Brom Br 2) Br (Br
Lien ket cong hoa tr khong cc

Axit sunfuric (H2SO4) H O H O H O

H O S

O O
O O

Lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc