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CHNG 1 NHNG VN CHUNG V TH V HOT NG THANH TON TH

1.1 TNG QUAN V TH THANH TON 1.1.1 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca th Du hiu ca phng thc tn dng tiu dng vi phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt xut hin ln u ti M vo nm 1920 di ci tn gi tm thi l a mua hng (shoppers plate). Trn thc t, y l mt hnh thc s khai ca th mua hng (store card) hin i. Ngi ch s hu ca loi a ny c th mua hng ti ca hiu pht hnh ra chng v hng thng h phi hon tr y tin hng cho ch ca hiu. Thc cht cc ca hng pht hnh ra a ny ng thi cung cp cho ngi mua hng mt hnh thc tn dng c bn, l mua hng trc v chi tr sau (buy now, pay later). Tuy nhin, th ngn hng c coi l chnh thc xut hin ln u tin vo nm 1949 ti M xut pht t mt trng hp rt ngu nhin. Mt doanh nhn tn l Frank Mc Namara trong mt ba n ti ti nh hng, cht nhn ra mnh khng mang theo tin thanh ton, ng ta nh gi in v nh nhn ngi mang tin n gip. Chnh trong tnh hung , ng cht ny ra tng v mt loi phng tin thanh ton thay th cho tin mt c th s dng nhiu ni. Nm 1950, chic th nha u tin bt u ra i vi tn gi l th tn dng Diners Club. Vi l ph hng nm l 5 USD, nhng ngi mang th Diners Club c th ghi n khi n ti 27 nh hng nm trong hoc ven thnh ph New York. Ngc li, cc nh bn l trong h thng Diners Club b tnh chit khu 5% trn mi mn hng bn ra. Xut pht t mt tng, nhng nhng tin ch m nhng chic th u tin mang li nhanh chng chinh phc c ng o khch hng. Cc khch hng - ch th rt hi lng v s tin li khi s dng th cng nh cc khon vay t th. Ngi tiu dng khi s hu phng tin thanh ton ny c th mua hng ho, dch v trc m khng phi tr tin mt ngay khi . Mc d hng thng
o Thu Trang - Lp 4031
h phi hon tr ton b cc chi tiu nhng h c c mt khon ng trc khng phi tr li trong vng mt thng. V pha cc c s cung ng hng ho dch v, phng thc thanh ton ny cng hp dn h. H nhn thy rng mc d b tnh chit khu trn mi mn hng bn ra nhng b li cc khch hng - ch th dng nh thoi mi hn trong cc quyt nh mua hng ho dch v v thc s mua nhiu hng ho dch v hn khi dng tin mt. Chp nhn th li an ton hn nhiu so vi dng sc. Thm vo , vic s dng h thng tn dng ca cc t chc ngn hng s tit kim c nhiu chi ph hn so vi vic thit lp mt mng li tn dng cc b. Hnh thc thanh ton mi khng ch dng li vic mang li tin ch cho ngi tiu dng, hn th na n ha hn mt ngnh kinh doanh mi vi kh nng sinh li hng t la m ngay c ngi pht mnh ra n, Frank Mc Namara, cng khng tin liu c. n nm 1951, hn 1 triu USD c tnh n v s lng th ngy cng tng ln, cng ty pht hnh th Diners Club nhanh chng thu c li. Mt cuc cch mng v th din ra sau nhanh chng a th tr thnh phng tin thanh ton ph dng ton cu. Tip ni thnh cng ca th tn dng Diners Club, nm 1955 hng lot th nh Trip Change, Golden Key, Gourmet Club, Esquire Club ni tip ra i. Phn ln cc th ny trc ht c pht hnh nhm phc v gii doanh nhn, nhng sau ngn hng nhn thy rng gii bnh dn mi l i tng ch yu s dng th trong tng lai. Vo cui nhng nm 1950, mt s ngn hng ti M tin hnh cung cp dch v th tn dng theo c ch tn dng tun hon.Vi dch v ny, cc ch th c th duy tr s d c trn ti khon vay bng mt hn mc tn dng nu h hon thnh trch nhim thanh ton hng k theo quy nh ca Ngn hng. Tuy vy, trong giai on ny, h thng tn dng th vn ch dng li mi quan h tng i n gin c xc lp gia nh pht hnh th, c s chp nhn th v ch th.
Nm 1960, Bank of America gii thiu sn phm th u tin ca mnh BANKAMERICARD. Th BANKAMERICARD pht trin rng khp v trong nhng nm tip theo, ngy cng nhiu cc t chc ti chnh ngn hng tr thnh thnh vin ca BANKAMERICARD. Nhng thnh cng ca BANKAMERICARD thc y cc nh pht trin th khc trn khp nc M bt u tm kim phng thc cnh tranh vi loi th ny. n nm 1966, 14 ngn hng hng u ca M thnh lp Interbank - mt t chc mi vi chc nng l u mi trao i cc thng tin v giao dch th. Ngay sau , nm 1967, 4 ngn hng bang California i tn ca h t California Bank Card Association thnh Western State Bank Card Association (WSBA), WSBA lin kt vi Interbank pht hnh th
MASTERCHARGE. T chc WSBA cho php Interbank s dng tn v biu tng MASTERCHARGE ca mnh. Vo cui nhng nm 60, mt s ln cc t chc ti chnh ngn hng tr thnh thnh vin ca MASTERCHARGE - i th cnh tranh ca BANKAMERICARD. Nhng nm sau , tt c cc t chc ti chnh ngn hng hoc ang quan tm n vic pht hnh th M u tr thnh thnh vin ca BANKAMERICARD hoc MASTERCHARGE. Cc Hip hi ngn hng v cc thnh vin ca h cng chia s chi ph h thng hot ng th, lm cho ngay c cc t chc ti chnh ngn hng rt nh cng c th tham gia vo h thng ny. Tuy nhin, iu ny cng c ngha l cc nh pht hnh th ch tm kim c li nhun cao nu h bit cch pht trin rng khp mng li khch hng, ch th v c s chp nhn th. H thng ny mang li li nhun cho tt c cc thnh vin v thc y s tng trng mnh m v mng li ch th, c s chp nhn th cng nh doanh s bn hng bng th. Sc p v vic phi tng mnh s lng ch th lm cho nhiu t chc ti chnh bt u pht hnh th mt cch ba bi, thm ch b qua c qu trnh xt duyt n xin pht hnh v thm nh kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng. Mt s lng ln th b mt trn ng gi t nh pht hnh th n khch hng
m khng c quan tm. Bn cnh c nhiu ch th mi cha c kinh nghim v s dng th, h mau chng tiu vt qu hn mc tn dng c cp v thng xuyn gp kh khn khi n hn thanh ton cc khon vay. V nhng l do , nhiu nh pht hnh ri vo tnh trng tht thot v tn dng v gnh chu nhiu ri ro. Kh khn li cng chng cht thm cho cc nh pht hnh th bi s chm tr trong thanh ton b tr gia cc thnh vin trong Hip hi. S lng th b mt cp, b lm gi mo tng nhanh cng lm nghim trng hn mc tn tht cho cc nh pht hnh th. Chnh v vy, mt h thng qun l th hiu qu v c tiu chun ho x l cc chng t giao dch v cc hot ng th l v cng cn thit cho cc nh pht hnh cng nh thanh ton th. Interbank (MASTERCHARGE) v Bank of America (BANKAMERICARD) to lp nn mt h thng cc quy tc tiu chun. Hai t chc ny cng xy dng nn cc h thng x l ton cu c tiu chun ho vi chc nng x l cc giao dch th, thanh ton v trao i thng tin cng nh a ra cc nguyn tc tra sot, khiu kin gii quyt tranh chp gia cc thnh vin. Vi thnh tu ny, Interbank v Bank of America tr thnh ngi i u trong lnh vc thanh ton v pht hnh th trn th gii. Nm 1977, t chc th BANKAMERICARD i tn thnh VISA USA v sau l t chc th quc t VISA. Nm 1979, t chc th MASTERCHARGE i tn thnh MASTERCARD. Cc thnh vin ca hai t chc th quc t ny cng nh bn thn c hai t chc bt u mua cc chng trnh phn mm cng nh cc thit b phn cng pht hnh, thanh ton v qun l th ca cc cng ty bn ngoi vi mc ch tit kim chi ph cho cc thnh vin v to iu kin cho ngy cng nhiu t chc ti chnh ngn hng c th tham gia h thng. Vi nhng thnh cng vang di nc M, th ngn hng nhanh chng lan rng sang cc nc v khu vc khc v c tip nhn nng nhit. Vo nm 1960, chic th nha Diners Club u tin c mt ti Nht m u cho hot ng thanh ton th tai Chu . Vo nm 1961, ngn hng Sanwa ti Nht Bn ln u tin cho ra i th JCB vi mc tiu ch yu hng vo th trng gii tr v du lch. Chic th nha u tin do ngn hng Barclay Bank
pht hnh trn c s th VISA nm 1966 ti Anh cng m ra mt thi k si ng ti lc a Chu u. Th ngn hng ln u tin c chp nhn ti Vit Nam vo nm 1990, khi Vietcombank k hp ng lm i l chi tr th Visa vi ngn hng Php BFCE v m u cho phng thc thanh ton mi ny ti Vit Nam. Ngy nay th ngn hng c mt trn khp th gii vi cc hnh thc, chng loi a dng, phong ph ang ngy cng p ng y nhng nhu cu ring l ca ngi tiu dng. Cng vi s pht trin ca hai t chc th quc t Visa v Mastercard, trn th gii cn c hng lot t chc th khc mang tnh quc t v khu vc ra i nh: JCB Card, American Express Card, Airplus, Maestro Eurocard, Visioncard S pht trin mnh m ny khng nh xu th pht trin tt yu ca th. Tip thu v ng dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc ca th gii v khoa hc k thut, nht l v cng ngh tin hc, h thng th ngy cng hon thin. Khng ch dng li mi quan h n gin nh thi k trc, h thng tn dng th ngy nay bao gm c cc t chc th quc t, cc t chc ti chnh ngn hng, cc cng ty cung ng thit b v gii php k thut, cc cng ty vin thng quc t Cng vi mng li thnh vin v khch hng pht trin tng ngy, cc t chc th quc t xy dng h thng x l giao dch v trao i thng tin ton cu v pht hnh, cp php, thanh ton, tra sot, hon tr, khiu kin v qun l ri ro. Vi doanh s giao dch hng trm t USD mi nm, th ang cnh tranh quyt lit cng tin mt v sc trong h thng thanh ton ton cu. y l mt thnh cng ng k i vi mt ngnh kinh doanh mi ch c vi thp k hnh thnh v pht trin. 1.1.2. Khi nim th Th ngn hng (Bank card) hay cn gi l tin nha (Plastic money), sau y gi tt l th, l mt phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt do ngn hng hoc cc t chc ti chnh pht hnh v cung cp cho khch hng (gi l ch th) dng rt tin mt hoc thanh ton tin hng ho, dch v ti cc c
s chp nhn th. Do c im dng th thanh ton nn th ngn hng cn c gi l th thanh ton. T khi nim nu trn, ta c th rt ra mt s c im ca th ngn hng ni chung: Th ngn hng l phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt, ra i t phng thc mua bn chu hng ho bn l v pht trin gn lin vi vic ng dng cng ngh tin hc trong lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng. Th ngn hng l cng c thanh ton do ngn hng pht hnh th cp cho khch hng s dng thanh ton hng ho dch v ti cc im cung ng hng ho dch v c hp ng thanh ton vi ngn hng, hoc rt tin mt ti cc my giao dch t ng hay cc ngn hng i l trong phm vi s d tin gi ca mnh hoc nh mc tn dng c cp. Th ngn hng cn dng thc hin nhiu chc nng khc nh xem s d, t lnh chuyn tin, thng qua h thng giao dch t ng hay cn gi l h thng t phc v ATM. 1.1.3 Ni dung Hu ht cc loi th ngn hng hin nay u lm bng nha cng, c hnh ch nht chung mt kch c 84mm x 54mm x 0.76mm c gc trn gm 2 mt vi cc ni dung sau: Tn, biu tng ca th v huy hiu ca t chc pht hnh th S th (Card number) Ngy hiu lc ca th (Expiry date) H v tn ch th (Cardholder) Dy bng t (Magnetic Stripe) cha cc thng tin c m ho theo mt th thng nht nh: s th, ngy ht hn, cc yu t kim tra an ton khc.
Bng giy ghi ch k Ngoi ra cn c th c cc thng tin khc tng tnh an ton ca th nh: s mt m t pht hnh, k hiu ring ca tng t chc, hnh ca ch th Biu tng ca mt s th ngn hng thng dng trn th gii
1.1.4 Phn loi th ng trn nhiu gc khc nhau phn chia th ta thy th ngn hng rt a dng. Ngi ta c th nhn nhn n t gc ch th pht hnh, cng ngh sn xut hay l phng thc hon tr. 1.1.4.1 Phn loi theo ch th pht hnh th Th do ngn hng pht hnh L loi th do ngn hng pht hnh gip cho khc hng s dng linh ng ti khon ca mnh ti ngn hng hoc s dng mt s tin do ngn hng cp tn dng. y l loi th c s dng rng ri nht trn ton cu hin nay, v d nh th Visa, Mastercard, JCB. Th do cc t chc phi ngn hng pht hnh l th du lch v gii tr gi tt l T&E (Travel and Entertainment) ca cc tp on kinh doanh ln nh Diners Club, Amex Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty ln cng pht hnh th ring cho cc i tng ca cng ty hng theo mc ch kinh doanh: cng ty xng du, cc ca hiu ln 1.1.4.2 Phn loi theo cng ngh sn xut Th khc ch ni (Embossing card) y l loi th c lm da trn k thut khc ch ni vi cc thng tin cn thit c khc trn th. Cng ngh ny c s dng t khi pht hnh tm
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th nha u tin v hin nay khng cn c s dng na v k thut sn xut qu th s, d b li dng lm gi. Th bng t (Magnetic Stripe) y l loi th c sn xut da trn k thut th tn vi hai bng t cha thng tin mt sau ca th. Th ny c s dng ph bin trong vng 20 nm nay nhng bc l mt s nhc im. Th nht, kh nng b li dng cao do thng tin ghi trong th khng t m ho c, do ngi ta c th c d dng bng cc thit b c gn vi my vi tnh. Th hai, th t ch mang thng tin c nh, khu vc cha tin hp khng p dng c cc k thut m m bo an ton. Do nhng nhc im nu trn, gn y loi th ny b li dng ly cp tin.
Th thng minh (Smart Card/Chip Card) L loi th da trn k thut vi x l tin hc nh th c gn thm vo mt chip in t c cu trc ging nh mt my vi tnh hon ho. Th thng minh c nhiu nhm vi dung lng nh ca chip in t khc nhau. Hin nay c khong 20 triu th thng minh trn th gii. S ra i ca th thng minh l mt tin b vt bc ca ngnh ngn hng, ngi ta thm tr cn so snh mt con chip trong th thanh ton cng c sc mnh nh my in ton NASA a ngi ln mt trng ln u tin vo nm 1969. Th thng minh an ton v hiu qu hn th t v con chip vi tnh ny c th cha mt lng thng tin ln hn 80 ln thng tin trong gii bng t. Trong thi gian trc mt th thng minh s ng xut hin cng vi th bng t ng thi hng triu my rt tin v my c th trn ton th gii s dn chuyn i c cc con chip in t. Cui cng th cng ngh mi s dn thay th cng ngh c. 1.1.4.3 Phn loi theo tnh cht Nu xt theo tnh cht thanh ton ca th, th ngn hng c chia lm hai loi sau: a. Th tn dng (Credit card)
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y l loi th c s dng ph bin nht, theo ch th c php s dng mt hn mc tn dng qui nh khng phi tr li (nu ch th hon tr s tin s dng ng k hn) mua sm hng ho, dch v ti nhng c s kinh doanh, ca hng, khch sn chp nhn loi th ny. V bn cht y l mt dch v tn dng thanh ton vi hn mc chi tiu nht nh m ngn hng cung cp cho khch hng cn c vo kh nng ti chnh, s tin k qu hoc ti sn th chp ca khch hng. Khong thi gian t khi th c dng thanh ton hng ho, dch v ti lc ch th phi tr tin cho ngn hng c di ph thuc vo tng loi th tn dng ca cc t chc khc nhau. Nu ch th thanh ton ton b s d n vo ngy n hn, thi gian ny s tr thnh thi gian n hn v ch th hon ton c min li i vi s d n cui k. Tuy vy, nu ht thi gian ny m mt phn hay ton b s d n cui k cha c thanh ton cho ngn hng th ch th s phi chu nhng khon ph v li chm tr. Khi ton b s tin pht sinh c hon tr cho ngn hng, hn mc tn dng ca ch th c khi phc nh ban u. y chnh l tnh cht tun hon (revolving) ca th tn dng. Th tn dng l cng c thanh ton hin i, vn minh v c tnh thng dng trn ton th gii. Khng ch thanh ton gii hn trong phm vi lnh th ca mt quc gia m th tn dng quc t c th c chp nhn thanh ton tt c cc c s c trng biu tng ca th trn khp th gii. Cc ngn hng ni a ca nhiu nc khc nhau thng p dng song song hai h thng th tn dng: trong nc bng ng bn t v s dng nc ngoi bng ng la di nhng thng hiu th ni ting. Do vy d trong nc hay nc ngoi cc loi th ny cng mang n tin ch cho khch hng v l ngun li nhun quan trng ca ngn hng. Trn th gii hin nay ph bin hai loi th tn dng c khc du lch rt a chung l VISA v Mastercard. Bn cnh th tn dng thng thng, sau y l mt s hnh thc th tn dng khc c s dng trn th gii: Th ngn sch (Budget Card)
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Th ngn sch l mt hnh thc ring ca th tn dng thng do cc nh bn l pht hnh. Ch th hng thng phi tr ti thiu mt khon tin nht nh cam kt trc v c cp mt hn mc tn dng ln gp mt s ln khon thanh ton cam kt trc ny. V d ch th cam kt hng thng s tr ti thiu l 10 Pounds v s nhn ca ngn hng l 25 ln, nh vy ch th c mt hn mc tn dng l 250 pounds. Th ny khc th tn dng thng thng gii hn mc tn dng. Ch th cam kt vi ngn hng s thanh ton mt khon tin c nh vo mi thng bng cch ghi n trc tip. Hn mc tn dng m ch th c cp trong trng hp ny l khon tin ch th cam kt s tr ngn hng hng thng. Th lin kit (Co-branded Cards) y l th tn dng c c s pht hnh th kt hp vi t chc hoc cng ty c tn tui ng pht hnh v thng thng, tn hoc nhn hiu thng mi, logo ca c s ng pht hnh ny cng ng thi xut hin trn tm th nh Ford/Barclaycard v GM/HFC Card. Ngoi nhng c im sn c ca th ngn hng thng thng, th lin kt c sc hp dn hn i vi khch hng bi chnh nhng li ch ph tri do c s ng pht hnh mang li. V d, th Visa co-brand do ngn hng Standard Chartered v Tp on thi trang Espirit pht hnh mang li cho ch th nhng tin ch ph tri ring bit nh: c chm sc sc p min ph, gim gi 20% cho tt c cc mt hng hiu Espirit trong 3 thng u tin, chng trnh im thng tch lu theo lng tin thanh ton bng th. Th tn dng lin kt gia mt ngn hng hay t chc ti chnh vi mt t chc kinh doanh v mc ch li nhun nh trn c th l th lin kt co-brand. Bn cnh , hnh thc lin kt v th tn dng gia ngn hng v mt t chc phi li nhun cng cho ra i sn phm th lin kt Affinity Card. iu khc bit c bn gia hai loi th lin kt ni trn l th lin kt Affinity Card khng mang li cho ch th nhng li ch ph tri v mt vt cht nh gim gi, im thng m em ti cm gic khc bit v c tn trng v mt tinh thn, v
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cc gi tr x hi v tr thnh thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi ng h mt phong tro hoc ch trng no . Mt trong nhng v d ca th Affinity card l th MasterCard lin kt gia ngn hng DBS ca Singapore vi Lin on bng th gii pht hnh sn phm th DBS MasterCard 2002 FIFA World Cup. Th mua hng (Store Card) Th mua hng do mt s ca hiu siu th v trm xng pht hnh. Th mua hng cng ging nh th tn dng, th tnh tin hoc th ngn sch nhng ch khc mt im l th ny ch s dng ti cc ca hiu hoc mt nhm cc ca hiu pht hnh th. Th mua hng thng thng chu li sut cao hn th tn dng thng thng c chp nhn trn ton th gii. Mi giao dch th ch din ra gia ngi sn xut v ch th. Ch th c th s dng th thanh ton v s dng tn dng nhng khng th rt tin mt. b. Th ghi n (Debit card) Th ghi n l phng tin thanh ton tin hng ho, dch v hay rt tin mt trn c s s tin ca chnh ch th, m ngn hng pht hnh khng cp tn dng cho khch hng. Mi khi ch th thanh ton tin hng ho, dch v th ngn hng pht hnh s t ng trch n s tin t ti khon ca ch th v chuyn tin vo ti khon ca ngi bn. Th ghi n cn c s dng rt tin mt ti cc my giao dch t ng ATM. Vi tnh cht khng c hn mc tn dng, th ghi n thng c cp cho khch hng c s d ti khon tin gi thng xuyn ghi C. Tuy nhin, tu theo s tho thun ca ch th v ngn hng pht hnh, nu s d trn ti khon ca ch th khng thanh ton, ngn hng s cp cho ch th mt mc thu chi (Chi vt qu s tin hin c trn ti khon). Vi hnh thc thu chi, th ghi n gip cho c nhn, doanh nghip c cp mt khon tn dng ngn hn m khng cn lm nhiu th tc. ng gc ngn hng m ni th vic pht hnh th ghi n an ton hn v vic chi tiu ca ch th da trn s d tin gi ca ch th ti ngn hng, nh vy ngn hng phi gnh chu nhng ri ro do vic khch hng chi tiu s
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tin vt qu s tin trong ti khon ca h v ni v mc c th thay th tin mt. th ghi n chim u th vt tri hn th tn dng. C hai loi th ghi n c bn: Th ghi n online: L th ghi n m gi tr nhng giao dch c khu tr ngay lp tc vo ti khon ch th khi xut hin giao dch: Th ghi n offline: L th ghi n m gi tr nhng giao dch s c khu tr vo ti khon ch th sau khi giao dch c thc hin vi ngy. Mt s dng khc ca th ghi n Th tnh tin (Charge Card) L mt hnh thc th ghi n nhng th tnh tin c pht hnh theo phng thc ging nh th tn dng, tuy nhin hng thng ch th phi hon tr y ha n thanh ton. Th ny c ni mng cng h thng vi th tn dng nhng l ph hng nm ln hn l ph th tn dng, c bit l i vi cc loi th vng (Gold Charge Card). Loi th ny c th mang n cc li ch khc nh u tin t ch, mua v hay bao gm ph bo him du lch v thng do cc t chc du lch v gii tr nh Diners Club v American Express pht hnh. Th rt tin mt (ATM Card) ATM l vit tt ca Automatic Tellers Machine c ngha l my giao dch t ng. Th rt tin mt l mt hnh thc ca th ghi n, tuy nhin th ny ch c mi chc nng duy nht l rt tin mt ti cc my ATM m khng c chc nng thanh ton ti cc im chp nhn th. S tin li l c im quan trng nht ca th ATM. Thng qua vic nhp m s b mt ca ch th gi l PIN (Personal Identification Number), ch th c th s dng ti khon c nhn ca mnh ti ngn hng mi ni, mi lc 24/24h mt ngy v 7 ngy trong tun. iu ny c ngha l cng vi th ATM, h thng ATM cung cp cho khch hng s dng th kh nng giao dch ngoi gi lm vic, ngoi tr s ca ngn hng v kh nng t phc v. Theo thi gian, cc t chc th ch ng kt ni h thng ATM vi nhau to nn mt mng ATM khu vc, cho php khch hng c th thc hin giao
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dch ti nhiu my ATM hn. Hin nay, hai h thng ATM ln nht trn th gii l CIRRUS ca MasterCard v PLUS ca VISA, sn sng cho php th ca cc ngn hng v nhng t chc tn dng khc kt ni, to nn mt mng li rng khp ton cu. 1.1.4.4 Phn loi theo mc ch s dng: a. Th c nhn L loi th dng cho mc ch thanh ton ca c nhn, ch th chu trch nhim thanh ton bng ngun tin ca mnh thng qua ti khon m ti ngn hng pht hnh. b. Th cng ty (Business card/commercial card) L loi th c pht hnh cho nhn vin ca cng ty s dng, nhm gip cho cc cng ty ny qun l cht ch vic chi tiu ca nhn vin mnh v mc ch cng vic. Hng thng, hng qu v hng nm, cng ty s c cung cp nhng thng tin qun l mt cch tm tt v chi tit v s chi tiu ca tng ch s hu th ca cng ty ny. Th cng ty c mt s hnh thc nh sau: Th du lch (Travel cards/Corporate Cards) L mt loi th cng ty chuyn dng tr tin du lch, gii tr, n ung v cc chi ph lin quan. Th thng dng cc c quan nh trng hc qun l cc khon chi tiu ca nhn vin thng xuyn phi i cng tc v dng th xin chit khu vi khch sn v hng hng khng. Th ny cho php n v khng phi ng tin mt trc cho nhn vin v nhn vin th c th s dng tn dng c nhn phc v mc ch kinh doanh. Th mua sm (Purchasing Card/Procurement Cards) Th ny dng mua hng ho vi cc hp ng gi tr thp v c tnh cht thng xuyn nh mua vn phng phm, mua v (di 2500USD) v gip n v khng phi mt cng lm cc th tc nh chun b n t hng, vit sc, chuyn tin Th mua sm thng c pht hnh di tn ca c nhn hoc phng ban, tuy nhin ngn hng pht hnh n nh mt s gii hn cho ngi
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s dng th nh hn ch v loi hnh c s chp nhn th, khi lng giao dch v tng s tin thanh ton trong mt k bo co. Th mua sm l mt b phn pht trin rt nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip th ngn hng. Cc nh cung cp nhn thy rng chp nhn th mua sm ca cng ty s gip h gim bt vic lp ho n, xin cp hn mc tn dng, thanh ton tin hng qua sc y l mt phn m cc cng ty hng n chnh sch thng mi in t hin nay. 1.1.4.5 Phn loi theo i tng s dng Th thng (Standard Card) y l loi th cn bn nht, l loi th mang tnh cht ph thng, i chng ,c hn 142 triu ngi trn th gii s dng mi ngy. Th vng (Gold Card) L loi th phc v cho th trng cao cp, c xem nh l loi th u hng ph hp vi mc sng v nhu cu ti chnh ca khch hng c thu nhp cao. Th c pht hnh cho cc i tng c uy tn, kh nng ti chnh lnh mnh, nhu cu chi tiu ln. Loi th ny c th c nhng im khc nhau tu thuc vo tp qun, trnh pht trin ca mi vng, tuy nhin c im chung nht vn l th c hn mc tn dng cao hn th thng.
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1.1.4.6. Phn loi theo phm vi lnh th - Th trong nc L th c gii hn trong mt quc gia, do vy ng tin giao dch phi l ng bn t ca nc . C hai loi th trong nc: + (Local use only card) l loi th do t chc ti chnh hoc ngn hng trong nc pht hnh, ch c dng trong ni b h thng t chc m thi. + (Domestic use only card) l th mang thng hiu ca t chc th quc t c pht hnh s dng trong nc. - Th quc t (International card) L loi th khng ch dng ti quc gia n c pht hnh m cn dng c trn phm vi quc t. Mun pht hnh loi th ny th ngn hng pht hnh phi l thnh vin ca T chc pht hnh th quc t. Th quc t c khch du lch rt a chung v tnh an ton tin li. Do phm vi hot ng di khp th gii nn quy trnh hot ng ca th ny phc tp hn, vic kim sot tn dng v cc yu cu th tc thanh ton cng v vy m rc ri hn. Th quc t c s h tr v qun l trn ton th gii bi cc t chc th ln nh: MasterCard, Visa hoc nhng cng ty iu hnh ln nh Amex, JCB hot ng trong mt h thng nht, ng b. Thun li ch yu ca th quc t l ch cc ngn hng nhn c nhiu s gip v nghin cu th trng, x l v nng cao nhng yu t k thut ca ch th t pha trung tm th vi chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi s hot ng. Ngoi ra, do c pht hnh qua chng trnh c quyn, th c nhiu ngi bit n v d dng c chp nhn rng ri hu ht mi ni. 1.1.5 Vai tr ca th ngn hng i vi vic pht trin kinh t x hi t lu, vic s dng tin mt trong thanh ton c coi l mt lng ph ln i vi nn kinh t quc gia v n lun i km vi cc ri ro v mt mt, chi ph vn chuyn, kim m, in n, bo qun do , tin mt khng c coi l phng tin thanh ton u vit. T phn s dng tin mt trong hot ng thanh
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ton c xem nh mt thc o nh gi s pht trin ca nn kinh t. y chnh l tin cho vic ra i hng lot cc phng tin thanh ton phi tin mt nh: u nhim chi, u nhim thu, sc, ngn phiu thanh ton, th tn dng. Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t cc phng tin thanh ton phi tin mt trn ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong giao dch kinh doanh ca cc t chc kinh t. Tuy nhin, cc phng tin thanh ton ny mi ch gii hn trong cc giao dch kinh t, t c ph bin trong i sng sinh hot ca i b phn dn c. S ra i ca th ngn hng chnh l nhm p ng nhu cu giao dch n l ca cc c nhn nhm tng bc dn thay th tin mt trong giao dch ca x hi. Nh nhng thnh tu rc r trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin nhng nm gn y, cng dng ca th ngy cng c pht trin v m rng. Th ngy cng th hin vai tr to ln ca mnh trong pht trin kinh t x hi. iu ny c th hin trn cc mt sau: Gim khi lng tin mt trong lu thng: L mt phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt, vai tr u tin ca th l gim khi lng tin mt trong lu thng. cc nc pht trin, thanh ton tiu dng bng th chim t trng ln nht trong tng s cc phng tin thanh ton. Nh vy m khi lng cng nh p lc tin mt trong lu thng gim ng k. Tng nhanh khi lng chu chuyn, thanh ton trong nn kinh t: Hu ht mi giao dch th trong phm vi quc gia hay ton cu u c thc hin v thanh ton trc tuyn (online) v vy tc chu chuyn, thanh ton nhanh hn nhiu so vi nhng giao dch thanh ton khc nh: sc, u nhim chi, u nhim thu Thay v thc hin cc giao dch trn giy t, vi giao dch th, mi thng tin u c x l qua h thng my mc in t thun tin, nhanh chng. Thc hin chnh sch qun l v m ca nh nc: Trong thanh ton th, cc giao dch u nm di s kim sot ca ngn hng. Nh cc ngn hng c th d dng kim sot c mi giao dch, to nn tng cho cng tc
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qun l thu ca nh nc, thc hin chnh sch ngoi hi quc gia. Thc t hin nay, mi ch , chnh sch lin quan n th u da trn chnh sch qun l ngoi hi ca nh nc. Thc hin bin php kch cu ca nh nc: S tin li m th mang li cho ngi s dng, c s chp nhn th, ngn hng khin cho ngy cng c nhiu ngi a chung s dng th, tng cng chi tiu bng th. iu nylm cho th tr thnh mt cng c hu hiu, gp phn thc hin bin php kch cu ca nh nc. Khuyn khch pht hnh thanh ton th cng l khuyn khch tng cu tiu dng. iu ny cng to nn mt knh cung ng vn hiu qu ca cc ngn hng thng mi. Ci thin mi trng vn minh thng mi, thu ht khch du lch v u t nc ngoi: Thanh ton bng th l gim bt cc giao dch th cng, tip cn vi mt phng tin vn minh ca th gii do s to ra mt mi trng thng mi vn minh, hin i hn. y cng l yu t thu ht khch du lch, cc nh u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam. Bn cnh vic em li li ch to ln cho x hi, th c s dng ngy cng rng ri cng l nh nhng tin ch thit thc m n em li cho nhng i tng lin quan trc tip: ch th, c s chp nhn th, ngn hng. 1.2 NGHIP V THANH TON TH 1.2.1 Cc ch th tham gia hot ng thanh ton th Trong mt giao dch thanh ton th, thng thng c 5 bn tham gia: Ch th (Cardholder); Ngn hng pht hnh th (Card Issuer); C s chp nhn th (Merchant);Ngn hng thanh ton th (Acquirer) v t chc th Quc t di cc hnh thc Hip hi (Card Associations) nh Visa v MasterCard hay Cng ty c lp (Independent Companies) nh American Express, Diners Club, Discover 1.2.1.1. Ngn hng pht hnh (Card Issuer) Ngn hng pht hnh l ngn hng c s cho php ca t chc th hoc cng ty th trao quyn pht hnh cho nhng th mang thng hiu ca t chc
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v cng ty mnh. Ngn hng pht hnh l ngn hng c tn in trn th do ngn hng pht hnh th hin th l sn phm ca mnh. V d nh th Visa do Vietcombank pht hnh c tn l Vietcombank Visa. i vi th quc t, ngn hng pht hnh phi l thnh vin chnh thc ca cc t chc th quc t. Ngn hn pht hnh chu trch nhim tip nhn h s xin cp th, x l v pht hnh th, m v qun l ti khon th, ng thi thc hin vic thanh ton cui cng vi ch th. Ngn hng pht hnh quy nh cc iu khon, iu kin s dng th cho ch th tun th. Ngn hng pht hnh c quyn k kt hp ng i l vi bn th ba, l mt ngn hng hoc mt t chc ti chnh tn dng khc trong vic thanh ton hoc pht hnh th tn dng. Trong trng hp ny, ngn hng pht hnh tn dng oc u th ca bn th ba v kinh nghim, kh nng thm nhp th trng v nhng u vit v v tr a l. Bn th ba khi k hp ng i l vi ngn hng pht hnh c gi l ngn hng i l pht hnh. Nu tn ca ngn hng i l xut hin trn tm th ca khch hng th nht thit ngn hng i l phi l thnh vin chnh thc ca t chc th hoc cc cng ty th. Mt s li ch ca ngn hng pht hnh th - To ngun thu cho ngn hng. Cc ngun thu l + L ph thng nin: L khon ph m ch th phi tr cho quyn s dng th hng nm, v d vi loi th Visa Card do VCB pht hnh c 2 mc l 200.000 VND cho th vng v 100.000 VND cho th thng + Li cho vay: Th tn dng khng ch n thun l mt dch v thanh ton m n cn l mt dch v cho vay vi an ton cao. S an ton th hin ngay c ch pht hnh v thanh ton th, th tn dng c pht hnh da trn 3 hnh thc: th chp, tn chp, kt hp gia th chp v tn chp. Th chp: Ch s hu th tn dng phi th chp 100% hoc hn s tin trn hn mc tn dng ca mnh ti NHPH ( NHNTVN, s tin th chp l 125% hn mc tn dng), nh vy c th coi hp ng th l tuyt i an ton. Tuy nhin vic pht hnh theo cch thc ny s
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gy kh khn ln cho s pht trin ca th trng th tn dng v mc th chp cao. Tn chp: Theo hnh thc ny th ngn hng ch cn c vo nhn thn, mc thu nhp thng nin ca khch hng quy nh hn mc tn dng. Ri ro ln nht ca hp ng th l trng hp khch hng khng tr c n. Tuy nhin, nu ngn hng kim sot cht ch c thu nhp nh k ca khch hng v c bin php gim st tt th hon ton c th hn ch c ri ro trn pht trin th trng th thng qua cho vay tn chp. Hnh thc ny c quan tm n nh mt th thc t do nht pht trin th trng th. Hnh thc kt hp: y l s kt hp gia c hai iu kin tn chp v th chp, n mang li s lin kt, mi quan h lu di gia khch hng v ngn hng trong vic thc hin cc dch v ngn hng bn l trong bao gm c cc CSCNT. Hnh thc ny gp phn hn ch nhc im v phn no pht huy u im c hai loi pht hnh trn. Thng thng, vo cui thng, khch hng s nhn c k chi tiu trong ghi r s tin s dng v s tin phi thanh ton li cho ngn hng. Trong trng hp khch hng khng cn kh nng thanh ton ht th s d n cn li s c tnh li nh mt khon ngn hng cho khch hng vay. y cng l mt khon thu khng nh mang li cho ngn hng. Ngoi ra ngn hng pht hnh th cng c th c cc khon thu ph khc nh: Ph tng hn mc tn dng tm thi, ph chm tr, ph cp li th mt cp, tht lc - Lm tng lng vn huy ng cho ngn hng Ngn hng c th c thm ngun vn huy ng t khon tin gi khng k hn ca cc ch th. Thng thng, c pht hnh th, ch th s phi k qu hoc c s d ti khon tin gi nht nh theo quy nh ca ngn hng (tr trng hp l tn chp i vi pht hnh th tn dng). Do , s d tin gi ca ngn hng cng s tng theo.
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- Pht trin dch v ngn hng bn l T kinh nghim thc tin ca cc nc trn th gii trong my thp k qua, chng ta c th khng nh rng th ng vai tr rt quan trng trong pht trin dch v ngn hng bn l. iu c th hin rt r qua cc tin ch m th thanh ton cung cp cho ngi s dng. Th c th c s dng rt tin, gi tin, vay tin, thanh ton hng ho v dch v hay chuyn khon. Th cng c s dng cho nhiu dch v phi thanh ton nh xem s d ti khon , cc thng tin ngn hng - M rng a bn hot ng Vi vic pht trin dch v th s gip cho ngn hng c th vn ti nhiu a bn m khng cn m chi nhnh hoc vic m chi nhnh rt tn km. Vic m rng a bn hot ng ny l thng qua m rng cc c s chp nhn th hoc m rng im t my giao dch t ng ATM. y l mt hnh thc pht trin ca h thng ngn hng t ng m x hi vn minh hin i lun hng ti. 1.2.1.2. Ch th (Cardholder) L c nhn hoc ngi c u quyn (nu l th cng ty) c ngn hng pht hnh cho php s dng th chi tr, thanh ton tin hng ho dch v hay rt tin mt theo nhng iu khon, iu kin do ngn hng pht hnh quy nh. Mt ch th c th s hu mt hoc nhiu th. Li ch t pha ch th - L phng tin thanh ton an ton v tin dng Xt di gc bo mt ca giao dch, vi cng ngh sn xut th trnh cao, cng vi cc bin php chng gi mo nh m ho thng s t tnh hoc k thut vi mch in t khin nhn chung th rt kh b lm gi. S tin ca khch hng c m bo bng ch k, nh ca ch th hoc bng m s bo mt ring m ch c duy nht ch th bit. Thay cho vic phi cm trong tay mt lng tin mt phc v cho nhu cu thanh ton th khch hng ch cn mt tm th gn nh rt tin dng. Vi vic mt tin mt c hi tm li qu l him,
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nhng vi th, khi b tht lc hoc mt cp ch th ch cn gi in bo cho Ngn hng pht hnh (hoc cc chi nhnh nm ri rc khp mi ni) v hiu ho th trnh mi ri ro v ch th s c cp li th khc. Xt di gc tin dng ta thy rng th ngn hng cho php ch th mua hng ho, dch v bt c mt c s chp nhn th, mt ngn hng thanh ton no hoc bt k mt im t my ATM phc v t ng 24/24. Ngoi ra, vi my ATM, khch hng c th t thc hin cc giao dch n gin nh sao k ti khon, chuyn tin, thanh ton dch v thng xuyn nh in thoi, in nc hoc sao k ti khon ngay ti my ATM. Cc giao dch th c thc hin nhanh hn nhiu so vi giao dch trc tip hoc giao dch tin mt. Vit Nam hin nay, rt nhiu gia nh c con du hc nc ngoi s dng dch v th quc t (tn dng hoc ghi n) thanh ton chi ph hc tp, sinh hot nc ngoi mt cch kp thi nhanh chng, ng thi qun l v kim sot hiu qu vic chi tiu ca con em thng qua sao k hng thng gi v cho cc gia nh. Tuy nhin iu bt li chnh ca vic s dng th l n s khng my tin dng nu s im tip nhn th hoc s my ATM khng nhiu. Khi , khch hng ch c th mua hng ho v dch v hoc rt tin ti mt s t a im nht nh. R rng s l mt hn ch ln. Tuy nhin, vic ch tn ti mt s t nc mi bt u tham gia vo th trng th nh Vit Nam. - M rng nng lc ti chnh ca khch hng Th tn dng l mt dng cho vay thanh ton nn khch hng c th s dng tin ng trc phc v nhu cu thanh ton ca mnh. V d, mt ch th cn chi tr vi s tin l 2 triu ng v d nh vo cui thng anh ta mi c khon thu nhp 2 triu. Trong trng hp , nh vo vic s dng th tn dng, anh ta vn c th p ng nhu cu thanh ton ca mnh v cui thng ch vic thanh ton s tin 2 triu ng theo sao k m khng phi chu bt c khon li no cho s tin 2 triu giao dch ca mnh. Thm vo , vi sao k hng thng do Ngn hng gi n, ch th hon ton c th kim sot c chi tiu ca mnh trong thng, ng thi tnh c ph v li tr cho mi khon giao dch.
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- Ti a ho li ch kinh t vi mt chi ph hp l Vi tin ch an ton v tin dng nu trn, th ngn hng cng gin tip em li li ch kinh t khng nh th hin qua tin ch tit kim v thi gian, v chi ph i li giao dch Khi khch hng s dng th tn dng, khch hng s c tiu tin trc v tr tin sau min ph. Trong trng hp pht hnh th phi k qu hoc phi c s d tin gi thanh ton nht nh ti ngn hng th ngoi cc tin ch th mang li khch hng cn c hng li sut trn s d cha s dng n (tng ng vi li khng k hn) hoc khch hng c th s dng th th chp, k qu khi cn thit. Trong khi , chi ph thc s cho vic s dng th khng phi l ln. Trn thc t ngoi khon l ph bt buc thng nin m ch th phi np th hu nh ton b giao dch pht sinh ca ch th khng b tnh li, tr i vi th tn dng s b tnh li trn s tin qu hn thanh ton theo sao k hng thng. Ngoi ra, ch th cn c hng nhng u i nht nh v dch v b sung hoc v gi khi thanh ton bng th tn dng ti cc im cung cp hng ho, dch v l thnh vin lin kt pht hnh th vi ngn hng. - Biu trng mt phong cch mi trong x hi hin i ng tin ni a ch dng trong gii hn lnh th th nhng l ch th ca th tn dng quc t, h c th chi tiu khng ch trong nc m cn tt c cc im chp nhn th trn th gii. Hn na, th gip ch th ho nhp vi cng ng quc t, s dng th ch th tr nn vn minh lch s trong cng vic ca mnh. 1.2.1.3. Ngn hng i l / Ngn hng thanh ton (Acquirer) Ngn hng thanh ton l ngn hng chp nhn cc giao dch th nh mt phng tin thanh ton thng qua vic k kt hp ng chp nhn th vi cc im cung ng hng ho, dch v trn a bn. Trong hp ng chp nhn th k kt vi cc n v cung ng hng ho, dch v, ngn hng thanh ton th cam kt: Chp nhn cc n v ny vo h thng thanh ton th ca ngn hng; Cung cp cc thit b c th t ng cho cc n v ny km theo nhng hng dn s dng hoc chng trnh o to nhn vin cch thc vn hnh cng vi dch
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v bo tr, bo dng i km trong sut thi gian hot ng; Qun l v x l nhng giao dch th ti nhng n v ny. Trn thc t rt nhiu ngn hng va l ngn hng pht hnh va l ngn hng thanh ton th. Vi t cch l ngn hng pht hnh, khch hng ca h l ch th cn vi t cch l ngn hng thanh ton, khch hng l cc n v cung ng hng ho, dch v c k kt hp ng chp nhn th. Mt s li ch ca ngn hng thanh ton th - Lm tng lng vn huy ng cho ngn hng thun tin trong thanh ton, cc c s chp nhn th khi k hp ng tip nhn th thng m ti khon ti ngn hng thanh ton. Sau khi giao dch th pht sinh, c s chp nhn th gi ho n thanh ton cho ngn hng v ngn hng s cn c vo ghi c vo ti khon tin gi ca CSCNT. Chnh iu ny lm tng s d ti khon tin gi ni chung v tng vn huy ng cho ngn hng. Ngoi ra, khi m ti khon ti ngn hng th mi thanh ton ca CSCNT s c thc hin qua ti khon ny, khi s d tin gi s tr thnh mt con s ng k. - To ngun thu cho ngn hng + Chit khu thng mi (Merchant Service Fee): y l khon thu pht sinh trn doanh s thanh ton ca cc im tip nhn th. Theo nguyn tc, t l chit khu ph thuc vo tnh hnh th trng, lu lng hng bn v quy m cc ho n mua hng ho dch v + Ph rt tin mt (Cash Advance Fee) : L khon ph thu c trn mi giao dch rt tin mt c p dng i vi th tn dng v th ghi n. + Ph i l thanh ton (Interchange Fee): Vi cc giao dch lm i l th ca ngn hng pht hnh, ngn hng i l s c hng mt phn chit khu trn doanh s thanh ton h. Trn thc t, y l ngun thu ln nht ca cc NHTM Vit Nam tham gia h thng thanh ton th. Trn 95% doanh s s dng th tn dng Vit Nam u l th tn dng do Ngn hng nc ngoi pht hnh.
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1.2.1.4. C s chp nhn th (Merchant) C s chp nhn th (CSCNT) l n v bn hng ho v dch v (nh: siu th, khch sn, i l bn v my bay) c k kt vi ngn hng thanh ton v vic chp nhn thanh ton th. Cc n v ny c trang b my mc k thut tip nhn th thanh ton tin hng, dch v, tr n thay tin mt.
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Li ch ca CSCNT Vi t cch nh mt ngi tham gia thit yu trong vic to lp nn c ch pht hnh, thanh ton th, CSCNT cng c hng khng t nhng tin ch t th. - M rng kh nng kinh doanh, tng doanh s bn hng: Vi vic chp nhn th, s sang trng cng nh uy tn ca i l s c tng ln v th l mt phng tin thanh ton hin i, n i din cho mt x hi vn minh tin b. Trong iu kin i sng ca ngi dn c nng cao th du lch quc t tr thnh nhu cu khng th thiu. Ngy nay th c s dng rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii v khch nc ngoi thng rt thch dng th nn vic chp nhn th cng l mt cch gip CSCNT thu ht c khch hng. Khng nhng vy vic chp nhn thanh ton th cn gip cho cc c s kinh doanh t qung co cho chnh h. T s lm tng doanh s bn v s li do tng doanh s s cao hn so vi s tin m h phi np ph thanh ton cho NHTT. Vic chp nhn th s gip cc n v ny a dng ho phng thc thanh ton, gim tnh trng chm tr ca khch hng cng nh cng tc kim m, thu gi tin mt, trnh phi nhn tin gi trong thanh ton, qua gim c cc ph cng nh ri ro trong kinh doanh. - Hng li t chnh sch khch hng ca Ngn hng Khi chp nhn thanh ton cc c s s c Ngn hng cung cp my mc cn thit cho vic kinh doanh th, do khng phi mt ph u t. Thm vo , cc c s kinh doanh cn c hng cc u i v vn vay t pha Ngn hng, thit lp mt mi quan h rng ri mt thit vi nhiu Ngn hng khc. Mt CSCNT thng c Ngn hng coi nh mt thnh vin chnh thc cung ng th ra th trng. ng thi qung co cho sn phm ca mnh nhiu khi cc Ngn hng qung co lun cho CSCNT - Xut khu hng ho dch v ti ch Hin nay, phn ln doanh s thanh ton th Vit Nam u l doanh s thanh ton ca khch nc ngoi. N nh mt bin php xut khu ti ch v l
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mt phng php cc im tip nhn th m rng th trng tiu th hng ho v dch v ca mnh ra th trng nc ngoi. Tm li, vi nhng tin ch nh vy cc t chc kinh doanh khng c l do g t chi chp nhn th thanh ton. Tuy nhin do mc ph quy nh cng nh kh nng u t cn hn ch l nhng ro cn ln nht trong vic m rng mng li CSCNT. cng l nhng yu t m mt nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam cn xem xt. 1.2.1.5. T chc th quc t L t chc ng ra lin kt vi cc thnh vin, t ra cc quy nh bt buc cc thnh vin phi p dng v tun theo thng nht thnh mt h thng ton cu. Bt c Ngn hng no hin nay hot ng trong lnh vc th thanh ton quc t u phi gia nhp vo mt T chc th quc t. Cc t chc th khng trc tip pht hnh th m vai tr ca n l thit lp cc quy tc v trt t cho vic pht hnh v s dng th, qung b nhn hiu, hn ch ri ro v gian ln, v mt iu rt quan trng l vn hnh h thng thanh ton vi tc nhanh cho php cp php, tin hnh thc hin cc giao dch th gia cc thnh vin l t chc tn dng ca mnh. Cc cng ty c lp nh American Express cng tin hnh nhng chc nng ny, nhng h li cn c mi quan h trc tip vi ngi tiu dng v c s chp nhn th, pht hnh th v thc hin chc nng ngn hng i l chp nhn th. Nhn chung c hai hnh thc t chc c bn ca T chc th quc t: - Do mt nhm ngn hng lin kt vi nhau t chc thnh lp Hip hi - Do mt hay hai cng ty ng u a. Hip hi Hnh thc t chc Hip hi m in hnh l VISA v MasterCard. Theo hnh thc ny th Hip hi s c bu ra v chu chi phi bi ngn hng thnh vin. Hip hi s l c quan son tho ra cc quy nh ring v cch t chc, cch cp php, b tr v thanh ton, p dng cho tt c cc thnh vin. Hi ng ca Hip hi cng l ni t chc v vn cnh
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tranh trn th trng v vn php l. Mi Hip hi u c mt tn ring v ly tn mnh lm tn th ng thi ng k c quyn cc biu tng ring.
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S 1.1 CU TRC T CHC HIP HI TH QUC T HIP hi th quc t
Ngn hng pht hnh (issuer)
Ngn hng pht hnh v thanh ton (issuer & acquirer)
Ngn hng thanh ton (acquirer)
Hip hi khng trc tip pht hnh m giao vic ny cho cc ngn hng pht hnh thnh vin. Hip hi s m rng th trng hot ng bng cch hng nm xem xt v nhn thm cc ngn hng khc lm thnh vin pht hnh hay thanh ton th cho mnh. Vi cch thc ny, cc t chc th d dng m rng th trng. Hng nm, Hip hi thu ph thng nin ca cc t chc thnh vin v cc loi ph s dng h thng my mc, ph v cp php, b tr thanh ton b. Ngn hng hay cng ty T chc theo hnh thc ngn hng hay cng ty in hnh l Amex v JCB. Cc ngn hng hay cng ty l cc t chc c quyn pht hnh loi th ny. H trc tip pht hnh th, qun l ch th v theo di k cng cc thng tin cn thit v ch th. Do vy phm vi hot ng thng nh hn so vi cc t chc theo kiu Hip hi. Khi mun m rng th trng vng mi th h phi thnh lp chi nhnh hay vn phng i din pht hnh th. Cn nhng ni khng c chi nhnh hay vn phng th c th nhn mt t chc khc vng ny lm ngn hng i l thanh ton.
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S 1.2 CU TRC T CHC NGN HNG HAY CNG TY PHT HNH TH Ngn hng pht hnh
Ngn hng i l thanh ton
Vn phng i din
Chi nhnh
1.2.2 Cc thit b c lin quan khi tin hnh hot ng thanh ton th Thanh ton bng th l mt hnh thc thanh ton hin i, s dng ch yu bng my mc. Cc my mc ny i hi phi thit k vi k thut tinh vi mi thc s m bo an ton, my mc hin i h tr cho vic thanh ton c n gin v nhanh gn. Cc loi thit b h tr c nhiu nhng hin ny ch yu l cc loi sau: 1.2.2.1. My ch ho n (Imprinter) My ch ho n l mt thit b dng in li nhng thng tin cn thit c dp ni trn th ln ho n nh: s th, tn ch th, ngy hiu lc ca th t ho n c xem nh bng chng xc ng v vic tiu dng ca ch th ng thi l c s php l gii quyt cc tranh chp gia cc i tng lin quan (nu c). My ch ho n do ngn hng thanh ton cung cp cho cc c s tip nhn th s dng khi c thng v thanh ton bng th hoc khi ch th mun rt tin mt ti cc quy ca ngn hng i l thanh ton. 1.2.2.2.My cp php t ng POS (Point of Sale Terminal) My cp php t ng l mt thit b c t c kt ni vi mng ngn hng chp nhn th v cc ngn hng pht hnh th trn th gii. N cho php c v truyn cc thng tin ca ch s hu th v ti cc ngn hng pht hnh
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th. Cc giao dch ti chnh nh vy m c thc hin v ghi li trn ti khon ch s hu th ti ngn hng pht hnh th. My c cu to t bit c b phn c di bng t trn th. Vic c ny cn gip cho vic kim tra tnh cht tht gi trn th. Trn my tnh c mn hnh nh hin th cc thng tin va c v c bn phm nhp s tin xin cp php. Sau khi gi thng tin i, my s nhn c tr li trc tip t trung tm x l cp php. My ny rt tin li, n gip cho cc thng v c thc hin trong sut 24 gi ngay c trong nhng gi m ngn hng ng ca. 1.2.2.3. My giao dch t ng ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) My ATM bao gm mt s b phn c bn: mn hnh, bn phm nhp s PIN v s tin cn rt, khe t th vo my v khe nhn tin do my a ra. Mun rt tin, ch th phi a th vo v nhp ng s PIN. My s khng hin s PIN ln mn hnh m bo b mt v an ton. Nu ch th nhp sai s PIN, my s bo li trn mn hnh v khng thc hin lnh rt tin. ATM c ng dng vo cui thp nin 60 v ngay lp tc thay i quan nim truyn thng v ngn hng. Trc y khi mun rt tin, ngi ta phi n ngn hng trc gi ng ca, nhng t khi ATM ra i v lm vic sut 24 gi trong ngyth khch hng c th rt tin mt, chi tr cc khon vay, kim tra s d ti khon ca mnh ti ngn hng vo bt c lc no. Do tnh tin li m my ATM ngy cng c s dng rng ri v pht trin ra trn ton th gii. Nm 1986, ngi ta c lng c khon 3,5 t USD giao dch c thc hin thng qua my ATM. Ngy nay rt nhiu ngn hng pht trin h thng ATM chung vi cc cng ty ti chnh khc. H thng ny mang tnh cht khu vc, quc gia hay quc t. Khi my ATM mi xut hin, chng thng c ci trong phm vi cc Ngn hng nhng hin nay my ATM c lp t nhiu ni cng cng. 1.2.2.4. Cc thit b khc Ngoi cc my mc thit b trn cn phi k n mt s thit b lin quan khc, h tr rt ln cho Ngn hng trong vic qun l cc thng v thanh ton bng th, thc hin chc nng xin cp php v tin hnh thanh ton th nh mng my tnh hay my telex, in thoi, fax
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1.2.3 Hot ng thanh ton th 1.2.3.1 Hot ng pht hnh th a) iu kin pht hnh - iu kin pht hnh Ngn hng Nh nc cho php thc hin nghip v pht hnh th khi ngn hn xin pht hnh c cc iu kin sau: + C nng lc ti chnh, khng vi phm php lut. + m bo h thng trang thit b cn thit ph hp vi tiu chun v m bo an ton cho hot ng pht hnh, thanh ton th. C i ng cn b nng lc chuyn mn vn hnh v qun l h thng ny theo thng l quc t. + Chng minh c s cn thit, hiu qu kinh doanh v tnh kh thi ca vic u t vo h thng pht hnh v thanh ton th. + Bo co v cung cp y , chnh xc cc thng tin v ti liu c lin quan theo yu cu ca Ngn hng Nh nc khi xt n xin pht hnh th. + Ngn hng xin pht hnh th phi c Ngn hng Nh nc cp giy php hot ng ngoi hi v cho php thc hin dch v thanh ton quc t, ng thi phi l hi vin chnh thc ca T chc th quc t. - i tng pht hnh Th c th c pht hnh cho c nhn hay cho cc cng ty. Nu pht hnh th cho cc cng ty th phi ni r ngi c u quyn s dng th. Ngi yu cu pht hnh th phi m ti khon ti ngn hng pht hnh, th chp hay tn chp tu thuc vo mi quan h tn dng ca ngi yu cu vi ngn hng. b) Quy trnh pht hnh th Quy trnh pht hnh th ngn hng gm cc bc sau: Bc 1: Tip nhn h s pht hnh th.
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Thng thng khi khch hng mun pht hnh th, khc hng n ngn hng pht hnh hon thnh mt s th tc cn thit nh in vo giy t xin cp th, trnh mt s giy t khc nh: chng minh nhn dn hoc h chiu h s khch hng cung cp phi gm cc thng tin v tn, a ch, c quan cng tc, s chng minh th, nng lc php l khch hng c th yu cu pht hnh th di cc hnh thc tn chp, th chp, hoc k qu, tu thuc v nng lc ti chnh v qui inh ca ngn hng. Bc 2: Ngn hng thm nh li h s Cn c h s ca khch hng, b phn thm nh tin hnh thm tra h s v ra quyt nh chp nhn hoc t chi. Ngn hng thng xem xt li h s c lp ng cha, tnh hnh ti chnh (nu cng ty) hay cc khon thu nhp thng xuyn ca khch hng (nu l c nhn), kim tra s d trn ti khon khch hng (vi trng hp th ghi n), mi quan h tn dng vi khch hng trc y (nu c) Vi nhng h s c chp nhn, ngn hng s tin hnh k hp ng vi khch hng. Bc 3: Phn loi khch hng cp th: Nu vic xem xt h s cp th hon ton ph hp th ngn hng c th tin hnh phn loi khch hng. i vi th ghi n th n gin hn v khch hng c ti khon ngn hng hay k qu thanh ton. Cn vi th tn dng th ngn hng phi tin hnh xp loi khch hng c mt chnh sch tn dng ring. Bc 4: Ngn hng pht th cho ch th Ngn hng yu cu ch th k tn v ng k ch k mu ngn hng. Sau bng k thut ring ca tng ngn hng pht hnh th, ghi nhng thng tin cn thit v ch th ln th nh: in ni tn ch th, s th, thi gian hiu lc, m s ngn hng, tn cng ty (nu c) ng thi m ho v n nh m s c nhn (PIN) cho ch th, nhp d liu ca ch th qun l.
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Khi ngn hng giao th cho khch hng th giao lun c s PIN v yu cu ch th phi gi b mt. Nu xy ra mt tin do l s PIN, ch th phi hon ton chu trch nhim.
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S 1.3 NGHIP V PHT HNH TH Ch th (1) Gi h s (2) Thm nh v gi i (3) In v chuyn th (4) Giao th 1.2.3.2 Hot ng chp nhn v thanh ton th Nguyn tc chung ca quy trnh chp nhn v thanh ton th l ghi N trc, ghi C sau, gm cc bc sau: Bc 1: Ch th mua hng ho, dch v ti cc c s chp nhn th hoc rt tin mt ti ngn hng i l thanh ton (Trc , ngn hng k hp ng vi n v cung cp hng ho dch v lm i l chp nhn th cho ngn hng). Bc 2: CSCNT xem xt hn mc thanh ton ca th v xin cp php Khi khch hng xut trnh th mua hng ho, dch v, cc c s chp nhn th phi xem thng v c s tin thanh ton bng hn mc thanh ton do ngn hng thanh ton quy nh hay khng. Trng hp s tin thanh ton ln hn hn mc thanh ton th c s phi xin cp php. Vic cp php c th c tin hnh t ng (thng qua my POS terminal hoc my ATM) hoc gin tip khi i l nh ngn hng thanh ton th s dng my telex lin lc xin cp php trc tip n ngn hng pht hnh hoc cc trung tm cp php ton cu (i vi th quc t).
(1 ) (4 )
Chi nhnh pht hnh
(2 ) (3 )
Trung tm th
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S 1.4 S TNG QUT V QU TRNH CP PHP Ngn hng thanh ton (acquire)
(1 ) (6 ) (2 ) (5 )
Trung tm x l s liu (central processing)

(4 ) (3 )
C s chp nhn th (merchant)
Ngn hng pht hnh (issuer)
Bc 3: Sau khi cp php hon thnh, c s chp nhn th lp ho n thanh ton th cho ch th hoc trong trng hp rt tin mt, my rt tin vi thit b c u cui s t ng lp ho n theo chng trnh vit sn. Bc 4: C s chp nhn th gi ho n thanh ton cho ngn hng thanh ton trong vng 4 ngy k t ngy pht sinh giao dch, cn trong trng hp rt tin mt, my rt tin s t ng truyn d liu v ngn hng. Bc 5: Ti ngn hng thanh ton, khi tip nhn ho n v bng k phi kim tra tnh hp l cc thng tin trn ho n v tin hnh ngay vic ghi N vo ti khon ca mnh v ghi C vo ti khon ca CSCNT trong ngy. Bc 6: Ngn hng thanh ton tng hp d liu gi n trung tm x l d liu (trong trng hp ni mng trc tip). Nu ngn hng thanh ton khng c ni mng trc tip th gi ho n i tin n ngn hng m mnh lm i l thanh ton. Bc 7: Ti trung tm s tin hnh chn lc d liu, phn loi b tr gia cc ngn hng thanh ton v ngn hng pht hnh ng thi thc hin bo C v bo N trc tip cho cc ngn hng thnh vin. Vic x l b tr, thanh ton c thc hin thng qua ngn hng thanh ton (settlement bank) v ngn hng b tr.
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Bc 8: Ngn hng pht hnh th khi nhn thng tin d liu t trung tm s tin hnh thanh ton. Nu c vn tranh chp i tin cng phi c thc hin thng qua trung tm x l d liu. Bc 9: nh k trong thng, ngn hng pht hnh gi sao k chi tiu bo cho ch th cc khon s dng trong thng v yu cu thanh ton. Bc 10: Ch th thanh ton n trc tip cho ngn hng pht hnh bng tin mt, chuyn khon S 1.5 S QU TRNH CHP NHN TH THANH TON Ch th
(9 ) (10 ) (1 ) (3 ) (4 ) (2 ) (5 )
Ngn hng pht hnh

(7 ) (8 )
T chc th quc t
(6 ) (7 )
C s chp nhn thanh ton th
Ngn hng thanh ton
1.2.3.3 Nhng ri ro trong hot ng thanh ton th a) Ri ro vi ngn hng pht hnh - n xin pht hnh vi nhng thng tin gi mo Trong thc t, ri ro trong khu pht hnh l hn hu. Khc vi nhiu loi hnh kinh doanh khc, hp ng th d kim chng v c bo m cao (c th chp, c s d tin gi ti ngn hng v c theo di dng thu nhp ca ch th). Ri ro pht sinh trong khu ny phn ln l do n pht hnh vi cc thng tin gi mo (Fraudulment application). Ngn hng c th pht hnh th cho cc khch hng c n xin pht hnh th vi thng tin gi mo do khng thm nh
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k h s khch hng. Tuy th, c th khng nh rng : t l pht sinh loi ri ro ny l rt thp. Km theo loi ri ro ny l ri ro do khch hng khng c kh nng thanh ton cc khon chi tiu ca h hoc c nhng hnh vi la o. - Ch th khng nhn c th do ngn hng pht hnh gi Ri ro ny pht sinh khi ngn hng pht hnh gi th cho ch th bng ng bu in nhng th b nh cp trn ng gi. Th b s dng trong khi ch th chnh thc khng hay bit g v vic th c gi cho mnh. Nu khng c bin php qun l bo m, ngn hng pht hnh phi chu mi ri ro i vi giao dch c thc hin trong trng hp ny. - Ti khon ca ch th b li dng Ri ro ny pht sinh ti thi im ngn hng gia hn hoc pht hnh li th. Ngn hng pht hnh nhn c thng bo v thay i a ch ca ch th v c yu cu gi th v a ch mi. Do khng kim tra tnh xc thc ca thng bo nn ngn hng pht hnh th gi th n a ch theo yu cu nhng thc ra y khng phi l yu cu ca ch th ch thc. Ti khon ca ch th b ngi khc li dng. iu ny ch c pht hin khi ngn hng nhn c s lin h ca ch th v vic khng nhn c th hoc ngn hng yu cu thanh ton bn sao k cho ch th. Trng hp ny d dn n ri ro cho c ngn hng v ch th. - Th gi Th gi (Counterfeit card) : th do cc t chc, c nhn lm gi cn c vo cc thng tin c c t cc chng t giao dch th hoc th mt cp, tht lc. Th gi c s dng s gy tn tht cho ngn hng pht hnh th bi v theo quy nh ca T chc th Quc t, ngn hng pht hnh phi chu hon ton trch nhim vi mi giao dch mang m s BIN (Bussiness Identifical Number) ca ngn hng pht hnh. Loi ri ro ny c bit nguy him v kh qun l. b) Ri ro vi ngn hng thanh ton
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So vi ngn hng pht hnh th ngn hng thanh ton l ni t gp ri ro hn do h ch ng vai tr trung gian thanh ton gia VCNT v ngn hng pht hnh. Nhng c mt s trng hp ri ro gp phi khi ngn hng thanh ton c sai st trong vic cp php nh chun chi gi tr thanh ton ln hn gi tr cp php. Trng hp na l ngn hng thanh ton khng kp thi cung cp danh sch en cho cc n v chp nhn th m trong thi gian n v chp nhn th li thanh ton th c trong danh sch ny. Lc ngn hng thanh ton phi chu thit hi khi ngn hng pht hnh t chi thanh ton. c) Ri ro vi n v chp nhn th Ri ro vi n v chp nhn th l ri ro do b ngn hng pht hnh t chi thanh ton ton b s tin hng ho, dch v cung do VCNT thanh ton cho th ht thi hn hiu lc m khng pht hin ra. Nhiu khi VCNT c quan nim sai lm rng khi mnh ch chu ri ro phn vt hn mc nn thanh ton nhiu thng v vt hn mc mt t l nh m khng xin cp php hoc xin cp php b t chi nhng vn c chp nhn thanh ton. Thc t, ngn hng thanh ton s t chi ton b s tin ca thng v ch khng phi ch phn vt hn mc. d) Ri ro vi ch th Mi th ngn hng c mt m s c nhn b mt (s PIN) m ch ch th mi c bit. Trong qu trnh s dng v tnh ch th l s PIN v ng thi b mt th hoc b nh cp m cha kp bo cho ngn hng pht hnh. Ngi ly c th c th dng th ny rt tin ti cc my ATM ni vic rt tin ch da trn s PIN. Trng hp ny ch th phi chu hon ton ri ro khi b mt tin. Trong thi gian gn y cc ngn hng v ch th cn phi i u vi nguy c cng ngy cng tng ca nn th gi c lm rt tinh vi. Sau khi nhn th tn dng v tnh tin chng ln lt qut tm th mt ln na qua my tnh m khch hng khng hay bit ly cp thng tin. Nh vy, bn lm th gi thng ng vi nhn vin VCNT nh cp thng tin v lm th gi c ni dung nh th tht ang lu hnh.
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Tm li, hot ng kinh doanh no cng u hm cha kh nng ri ro. Kinh doanh trong lnh vc thanh ton th cng khng phi l ngoi l. Do , nng cao cht lng trong kinh doanh th, gim mt mt v ti a ho thu nhp, ngn hng cn c bit ch trng vo cng tc phng chng ri ro. KT LUN CHNG 1 L mt sn phm dch v Ngn hng, th ngn hng l mt phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt hin i c lu hnh trn phm vi ton cu. Vi nhng u im ni bt cho thy y thc s l cng c thanh ton thay th tin mt tng i hon ho. Trn c s nghin cu nhng vn l lun c bn v th v hot ng thanh ton th phn no gip chng ta c s hiu bit ban u v phng tin thanh ton mi m ny, t c c s nghin cu vic p dng n trong thc tin hot ng kinh doanh ca cc NHTM. Mi quc gia, mi ngn hng c nhng mi trng, iu kin, c im kinh doanh khc nhau. Xong vic p dng v thc hin n trc ht phi tun th vi thng l quc t, nhng phi m bo ph hp vi chnh sch v iu kin c th ca tng quc gia.
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CHNG 2 THC TRNG HOT NG THANH TON TH TI CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM
2.1. C S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN HOT NG THANH TON TH TI VIT NAM Hot ng thanh ton th xut hin ti Vit Nam vo nhng nm 1990 trong bi cnh kinh t- x hi c nhng i mi c bn vi mt s khi qut chnh nh sau: Th nht, Vit Nam tin hnh chnh sch m ca kinh t vi nhng ci cch quan trng v ton din nn kinh t v m. Nhm y mnh nn kinh t ca t nc, nm 1986 Vit Nam thc hin chnh sch i mi, trong chnh ph tin hnh nhng ci cch quan trng v ton din nn kinh t v m theo nhng hng sau: Chuyn dch nn kinh t k hoch tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng, nhiu thnh phn theo nh hng x hi ch ngha v chu s iu tit ca Nh nc. Thc y v a dng ha quan h kinh t i ngoi. Ci cch h thng hnh chnh Nh nc Hng lot cc bin php c tin hnh nh d b vic h tr ti chnh t pha Nh nc, t do ha gi c ph gi tin t v thc hin ch t gi th ni, t do thng mi trong nc v gim bt hng ro thu quan i vi hng ha nhp khu. Mt khung php l cho nn kinh t th trng tng bc c hnh thnh. Nhm m bo thun li cho u t trong nc v nc ngoi cng nh to cc iu kin thun li cho hot ng kinh doanh, Vit Nam a ra hng lot Lut v Ngh nh v kinh t nh: Lut Doanh nghip, sa i Lut u t nc ngoi, Lut Thng mi, Lut thu xut nhp khu, B lut lao ng. iu ny dn n vic to ra sc hp dn i vi cc nh u t nc ngoi, m rng lnh vc u t, to ra mi trng kinh doanh n nh, gim bt ri ro v th tc phin h trong khi mt khc li iu tit nhp khu v y mnh hot ng xut khu.
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Chnh ph cng tm cch tng hiu qu ca cc doanh nghip Nh nc bng cch tin hnh c phn ha. Th trng chng khon u t c thnh lp ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh vo cui thng 7 nm 2000 vi mc ch thu ht vn cho cc doanh nghip. Th hai, xt v nhu cu th trng i vi sn phm th, thu nhp quc dn tng, i sng dn c c ci thin chnh l c s quan trng cho vic xut hin loi hnh thanh ton mi ny. Sau 15 nm, chnh sch i mi mang li nhiu kt qu quan trng. T l lm pht c thi im ln ti 700% vo nhng nm 1980, nay c kim ch mc 6% vo nm 2000. Tng trng kinh t t trung bnh gn 9% trong 3 nm 1995, 1996, 1997. Nm 1998 v 1999 do b nh hng nghim trng t cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t khu vc v tnh hnh thin tai trong nc nn mc tng trng GDP ch t trn di 5%. Tuy nhin, hot ng kinh t c chiu hng tt p tr li vo nm 2000 vi mc tng GDP t 6,7%. Nhn chung, mc tng trng GDP ca Vit Nam tng 2 ln so vi thp nin trc. Biu 2.1 MC TNG TRNG GDP QUA CC THI K
(Ngun: Bo co thng nin Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam 1995-2003)
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Th ba, th ngn hng xut hin trong iu kin h thng ngn hng Vit Nam c i mi c bn, c v c cu v phng thc hot ng. Trc nm 1988, hot ng ca h thng ngn hng Vit Nam c thc hin do ch o chung ca ngn hng Nh nc. Tuy nhin, vi thnh qu ca qu trnh i mi nhm thc y u t trong nc v nc ngoi, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam dn pht trin i i vi vic hnh thnh cc quy nh khung v ti chnh ngn hng. Theo Quyt nh s 53/HDBT ngy 26/3/1988, h thng ngn hng mt cp c thay th bng h thng ngn hng hai cp bao gm 4 ngn hng thng mi quc doanh (cp 1) v Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam (cp 2) vi vai tr l ngn hng trung ng. Nm 1990, Chnh ph tin hnh nhiu chnh sch ci cch ngn hng Vit Nam. Cc b phn khc ca h thng ngn hngcc ngn hng c phn, ngn hng lin doanh, vn phng i din v chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi - ln lt c thnh lp sau nm 1990, khi m cc iu lut cho php hot ng c thng qua. Cho ti nay, c 4 ngn hng thng mi quc doanh, 43 ngn hng thng mi c phn, 4 ngn hng lin doanh, 27 chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi, 53 vn phng i din cc ngn hng nc ngoi v 153 qu tn dng nhn dn ang hot ng. V hot ng trong nhng nm 1990, nhn chung mc pht trin ca h thng ti chnh ca Vit Nam tng i thp so vi cc nc trong khu vc. T l tin gi / GDP ca Trung Quc, Indonexia v Philippine tng ng l 60%, 50% v 43%. Trong khi t l tn dng /GDP ca h tng ng l 106%, 58% v 85%. Tn dng ngn hng so vi GDP tng t 13% ln 25% v tin gi GDP tng t 10% ln 20%. ng thi c mt s gim st ng k v t trng tn dng ca khu vc doanh nghip nh nc t 90% xung 48%. Do cc thnh phn khc c tham gia vo h thng ngn hng gim xung cn 80%. C 4 nhim v cn hon thnh ca chnh sch i mi ngn hng l: tin hnh vic hi nhp nhanh chng vo c ch th trng nhm xc nh v ra quyt nh cui cng v h thng cng nh chnh sch lin quan; a ra k hoch huy ng v s dng vn trn th trng vn; hin i ha cng ngh ngn hng l bc u tin n vic quc t ha hot ng ngn hng v c bit l nng cao kh nng qun l ca cc t chc ti chnh. Trong 4 nhim v trn th hin i ha h thng ngn hng Vit Nam ang l mt vn ht sc
45
bc thit. H thng ngn hng Vit Nam ang i hi mt s h tr to ra mt lc mi nhm p ng nhng thch thc mi trong qu trnh t do ha thng mi. Nhn chung, do i hi ca nn kinh t v yu cu hi nhp quc t, i sng kinh t x hi cng nh hot ng ca h thng ngn hngVit Nam ngy cng hon thin v l c s vng chc cho vic xut hin tt yu ca th ngn hng ti Vit Nam. 2.2. THC TRNG HOT NG THANH TON TH TI VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN QUA 2.2.1. S ra i v pht trin hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam Hot ng thanh ton th xut hin ti Vit Nam t nhng nm 90, khi khch du lch n Vit Nam v mang theo th tn dng quc t: Visa, Mastercard, Amex, JCB, Diners Club.Cc ngn hng cung cp dch v rt tin bng th tn dng u tin l Vietcombank m u cho ngnh kinh doanh th ti Vit Nam. C th chia hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam lm 2 giai on: 2..2.1.1. Giai on 1990-1996: Pht trin hot ng chp nhn th Hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam thi k ny ch yu l chp nhn th vi vai tr gn nh ch o ca VCB. Nm 1990, vi vai tr tr thnh ngn hng u tin duy nht chp nhn thanh ton th tn dng quc t Visa ti Vit Nam thng qua hp ng i l vi ngn hng BFCE Singapore, VCB l ngn hng tin phong m ng cho s pht trin ca mt phng thc thanh ton hin i nht ti Vit Nam lc by gi. Tip ni thnh cng vi th Visa, VCB lin tip k hp ng lm i l thanh ton cc loi th tn dng ph bin khc vi cc i tc nc ngoi, nh th MasterCard vi cng ty ti chnh MBF, Malaysia ( nm 1991), th JCB vi cng ty th JCB ca Nht Bn ( nm 1993), th Amex vi cng ty th American Express, Hng Kng ( nm 1994) v ng thi pht hnh th thanh ton Vietcombank (SmartCard) vi cng ngh chip vo nm 1993. Tuy nhin th Smart Card khng gp c s hng ng ca cng chng v khi iu kin kinh t ca Vit Nam cn cha pht trin, ti khon tin gi c nhn cha nhiu,ch tp trung vo mt s i tng c thu nhp cao, mt khc cc c s chp nhn th cha ph bin nn th thng minh khng c s dng rng ri
46
thanh ton hng ha, dich v m ch yu l rt tin mt. Kt qu l, th thanh ton ny ch c chp nhn trong phm vi hn ch ti cc my giao dch t ng ca VCB, m h thng ny sau khi trin khai t ra hot ng km hiu qu, gp nhiu hng hc v ch c hot ng tr li vo nm 1999 khi th trng th Vit Nam bc sang mt giai on khc. Nhn chung thi k ny l giai on VCB chim u th tuyt i trong kinh doanh th vi th phn chim gi 100% v mc tng trng doanh s t mc trn 200% t nm 1991 ti 1994. Tuy nhin, sau y th phn ca VCB b gim st khi c s tham gia ca mt vi ngn hng nc ngoi c iu kin u t my giao dch t ng nh ANZ, HSBC. Vo nm 1995 th phn thanh ton th ca VCB gim xung cn 80% i vi th Visa, 75% i vi th MasterCard khi c thm ACB tham gia vo th trng. Nm 1996 vi vic xut hin thm 3 NH na, th phn ca VCB ch cn 69% v 60% cho cc loi th tng ng k trn. 2.2.1.2. Giai on 1996 - n nay: Hot ng pht hnh v chp nhn th Nm 1993, VCB ng dng cng ngh th thng minh pht hnh th ngn hng Smart Card u tin ti Vit Nam. Mc d loi th ny khng pht huy c hiu qu kinh t v buc phi ngng pht hnh vo nm 1999, s ra i ca th thng minh l bc th nghim v cng quan trng cho vic chnh thc pht hnh th tn dng quc t Visa v Mastercard giai on sau . Thng 4 nm 1996, 4 ngn hng l Vietcombank, Chu, Eximbank v FirstVina Bank (nay l Chohung Vina Bank) tr thnh nhng thnh vin chnh thc u tin ca Mastercard ti Vit Nam. y l im mc nh du bc tin trin u tin ca th trng th Vit Nam v cng l im mc chm dt t cch ngn hng i l thanh ton th Mastercard ca cc ngn hng Vit Nam cho bn nc ngoi th ba. Chic th tn dng quc t u tin do ngn hng Vit Nam pht hnh l th Vietcombank Master Card ( thng 4 nm 1996) v sau l th ACB Mastercard xut hin vo qu 3 nm 1996. Sau khi VCB v ACB c Visa International kt np l thnh vin chnh thc trn hai phng din pht hnh v thanh ton th nm 1996, th cng l lc VCB chnh thc pht hnh th Vietcombank Visa, v ngy 15/10/1997, ACB cng cho ra i ACBVISA.
47
Do nhn thc c th trng th ca Vit Nam cn ang trong thi k khai ph u tin, mt s ngn hng l thnh vin i tin phong trn th trng tm cch hp tc tng tr ln nhau cng tn ti, tch ly kinh nghim, hc hi v pht trin. Chnh v vy ngy 16/8/1996, Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam (VBCA) chnh thc ra i vi tn ch hp tc cng c li pht trin th trng th ti Vit Nam. Hi t nhng nn mng c bn u tin cho vic VCB ban hnh quy ch chnh thc v pht hnh, s dng thanh ton th ngn hng sau ny. Cc ngn hng thnh vin Hi cng thng qua vic trnh cnh tranh khng lnh mnh bng cch h ph thanh ton i vi cc c s chp nhn th m cnh tranh bng cht lng dch v v h thng cng ngh. Mc ph thanh ton ti thiu c thng nht p dng chung cho cc c s chp nhn th l 2.5%. Nm 1998, thng hiu th Diners Club c ngn hng lin doanh Indovina a vo thanh ton ti th trng Vit Nam. Nh vy, tt c cc thng hiu th quc t thng dng nht: Visa, Mastercard, JCB, Amex v Diners Club u c chp nhn ti Vit Nam. Vo cui nm 1999 tr li y, th trng th thanh ton Vit Nam bt u c du hiu pht trin si ng vi ngy cng nhiu cc ngn hng tham gia vo lnh vc dch v ny. Bn cnh th tn dng quc t, th trng th thanh ton ca Vit Nam cn cho ra i hng lot cc sn phm mi khc nh: th ghi n quc t, th tn dng ni a, th ghi n ni a. Ngy 19/10/1999, vn bn chnh thc u tin ban hnh cc quy nh cho lnh vc ny ra i, l Quyt nh 371/1999/Q- NHNN1 quy nh vic pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th ngn hng.C th ni th trng th ca Vit Nam c hnh thnh v hot ng y . 2.2.2. Thc trng hot ng pht hnh th ti cc Ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam 2.2.2.1.Thc trng pht hnh th tn dng Theo phn tch trn y , cc ngn hng Vit Nam c th pht hnh c th tn dng ni a v th tn dng quc t .Vic pht hnh th tn dng quc t nh du bc thay i cn bn ca th trng th Vit Nam . Tuy nhin, hin
48
nay ch c ba ngn hng chnh thc c php hnh th tn dng quc t l VCB, Chu v Eximbank. Eximbank ch mi pht hnh th MasterCard t nm 2000. NH Chu v VCB pht hnh hai loi th hng u th gii : Visa v MasterCard. Ring VCB c quyn pht hnh c th Amex. Sau y l tnh hnh pht hnh th tn dng quc t ti th trng Vit Nam theo con s ca Hi ngn hng thanh ton th VN thng 11/2004.
Biu 2.2 S lng th tn dng quc t
trong lu hnh
Th
80000
70000
60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
( Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th VN thng 11.2004)
Nhn vo biu ta thy, mc d tc tng trng s lng th tn dng quc t l tng i ln (c bit l th Visa v khch hng khng phi chuyn i ngoi t khi tiu dng nc ngoi) nhng con s 76.000 th tn dng quc t mt th trng 80 triu dn vn l mt con s qu khim tn . Theo con s thng k ca V chnh sch tin t ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam th th tn dng quc t chim khong 37% tng s th do cc ngn hng trong nc pht hnh . ng v th phn pht hnh th tn dng quc t m ni th ACB t ra chim v th hn c trn th trng v chim th phn kh ln vt ln VCB,mc
49
d VCB c li th rt ln v quy m v u th . Ta c th nhn vo biu th phn pht hnh th tn dng quc t sau y minh ho .
50
Biu 2.3 TH PHN TH TN DNG QUC T DO NHTM VIT NAM

PHT HNH NM 2004
EXIMBANK 7% ACB 51% VCB 42%

ACB VCB EXIMBANK
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th VN thng 11.2004)
Xt v mt ni dung, ta c th trnh by mt s c im chnh ca th tn dng ACB v VCB qua bng sau: Bng 2.1 SO SNH MT S C IM CHNH CA TH TN DNG ACB
V VCB
c im th Loi th
Th VCB Th thng/ Th vng Th thng: 10-50 triu ng Th vng: 50-90 triu ng T 16 n 45 ngy
Th ACB Th thng /Th vng Th thng: 10-40 triu ng Th vng: 40- 50 triu ng T 16 n 45 ngy
Hn mc tn dng
Thi gian n hn
S tin k qu
125 - 200% hn mc tn dng 125% ch p dng cho 110% hn mc tn dng ngi c tr ti H Ni v TP HCM. 0,73% mt thng 150% ca 0,85% mt thng
Li sut tn dng
51
Ph rt qu gii hn
8-15% hng nm ty thuc vo thi gian k t khi rt thu chi 4% ti thiu 50.000ng 3% ti thiu 50.000ng Loi thng: 100.000 ng Loi vng: 200.000 ng
27,35% hng nm ti thiu l 20.000 ng 4% ti thiu 60.000ng 2.95% ti thiu 50.000ng Loi thng: 200.000ng Loi vng: 300.000ng
Ph rt tin Ph thanh ton chm
Ph thng nin
( Ngun: Tng hp bo co kinh doanh ngn hng ACB& VCB)
Qua bn phn tch trn ta thy, pht hnh mt th tn dng quc t , ch th lun phi m bo mt khon k qu trn 100% hn mc tn dng . Hin nay vic s dng ti khon c nhn cha pht trin cho nn mun pht hnh th, phn ln khch hng phi m bo bng k qu hoc cm c chng t c gi. mt th trng m hot ng cho vay tiu dng ca cc t chc tn dng cn s khai, dch v ti chnh c nhn hu nh ch c tit kim v bo him, cc t chc tn dng cha xy dng c mt b tiu chun v nh gi khch hng c nhn, thng tin v thu nhp c nhn cng khng chnh xc th vic pht hnh th c m bo l iu kh trnh khi . Tuy vy, chnh iu ny hn ch s pht trin ca th trng th, gy nh hng tm l cho ch th v c bit l cha m bo c tnh cht cp tn dng ca th. Bn cnh , ngoi ph thng nin ra th cc loi ph hot ng nh ph rt tin mt, ph thanh ton chm vi mc ti thiu l 50.000 l con s cao i vi thu nhp ca i b phn dn c. iu hn ch vic ch th thc hin cc giao dch qua th ngn hng ca mnh v nh hng n doanh s s dng th trn th trng. i tng khch hng s dng th ch yu l nhng ngi Vit Nam c nhu cu i cng tc, du lch v hc tp ti nc ngoi. Mt phn khch hng s dng th l ngi nc ngoi ang cng tc v lm vic ti Vit Nam, chim khong
52
10% tng s. Doanh s s dng th tn dng do cc ngn hng pht hnh cng c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc ch yu do nhu cu th trng, vic cc ngn hng khc phc tng bc hin trng kh s dng th ti cc ATM v POS nc ngoi v c bit l cc thay i trong chnh sch cp pht tn dng ca cc ngn hng . Nu trc nm 2000, tng doanh s s dng th ch t di 200 t VN th t nm 2000 doanh s tng trng ln (xem biu ). Ch trong vng 5 nm, doanh s s dng th tn dng quc t tng gp hn 5 ln Biu 2.4 Doanh s s dng th tn dng
quc t 1999-2004 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
T ng
Doanh s
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Nm
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt hi ngh cc NH thanh ton th VN thng 11-2004)
Nhn chung, mc d c thay i theo tng nm nhng doanh s ch tiu th ti th trng ni a vn cn chim t l qu b so vi doanh s chi tiu th tn dng ti th trng ngoi nc. Nu vo nhng nm 90 t l ny l khong 10% th t nm 2000 tr li y, t l chi tiu trong nc tng ln khong 20 n 25%. Tnh trng ny cha c ci thin l bi mng li thanh ton th cn qu nh, n iu v loi hnh v khng p ng nhu cu chi tiu ni a ca ch th. Th tn dng ni a t ra l mt khu vc hot ng kh hiu qu ca ngn hng ACB vi 4 li th tn dng lin kt rt hu ch, l: th tr gip y t ton cu AXA (pht hnh thng 4/2000); th tn dng ni a ACB- Sai gon Tourist v ACB- Saigon Co- op (pht hnh thng 12/2000); th tn dng ni a ACB - Phc Lc Th v ACB Mai Linh( pht hnh thng 9 nm 2001). S
53
dng cc loi th ny, khch hng c th thanh ton trc v tr tin sau m khng b tnh li trong vng 16- 45 ngy, c chp nhn thanh ton ti hn 4000 i l nhn thanh ton th v rt tin thuc ACB trn ton quc v hng u i t cc n v bn hng ha dch v chp nhn thanh ton. V d, vi th ACB- Mai Linh, khch hng s c gim 8-10% gi ty theo mc s dng dch v ca cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc hnh khch cng cng. Mai Linh gm dch v taxi, dch v cho thu, gim gi v my bay quc ni, v my bay quc t. Vi th ACB - Phc Lc Th, khch hng c gim gi 5% trn tng gi tr thanh ton v c hng u i ti ba h thng siu th ln l Maximart, Citimart v Min ng ti TP HCM. 2.2.2.2. Thc trng pht hnh th ghi n - Hin nay ti Vit Nam c mt s ngn hng pht hnh th ghi n quc t: ngn hng ANZ pht hnh th ghi n quc t vi tn gi ANZ Access Card, ngn hng ACB vi hai loi th: ACB-Visa Electron v ACB-MasterCard Electronic hay th ghi n quc t Visa Plus ca ngn hng nc ngoi HSBC. Th ANZ Access Card thc cht y l th ghi n thuc h thng th ghi n Maestro ca MasterCard. Th ny cho php rt tin mt v thanh ton tin hng ha ti 810.000 my ATM v 5,4 triu ca hng trn th gii c biu tng Maestro hoc Cirrus. Cho ti ngy 31.12.2004 ngn hng ANZ pht hnh c khong 24.000 th ghi n quc t trong ch c 21% th phc v cho i tng khch hng l ngi nc ngoi. So vi 2 loi th tn dng ca VCB v ACB k trn th th ghi n ANZ t c s dng hn do c im khch hng khng c cp tn dng. Ti th trng nc ngoi t nm 2000 tr li y, th ghi n ny c s dng ph bin hn do khch hng phn ng l i tng sinh vin, hc sinh du hc t tc, dng nhn tr gip ti chnh t ngi nh ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin ti th trng trong nc, vic s dng th li pht trin hn do s thun tin khi thanh ton ti nhiu c s chp nhn th, d dng rt tin ti my ATM v ph so vi th tn dng li r. - Th ghi n ni a thi k ny t ra pht trin rt mnh vi s tham gia ca 15 ngn hng pht hnh, vi tc pht trin 3 con s hng nm (trung bnh trn 200%/nm) v t 760.000 th (gp 7 ln s th quc t) ch sau 3 nm
54
pht hnh. Tiu biu nh sn phm Connect 24 ca VCB, E- Card ca ACB, th F@stAccess ca Techcombank hay chm sn phm ATM G-Card v ATM CCard ca ngn hng Cng thng.
Biu 2.5
Th ghi n/ATM ni a ang lu hnh

n v: nghn th
800
760
700
600
500
400
300
240
200
100
80
2002
2003
2004
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt hi ngh cc ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam thng 11 nm 2004)
Cc loi th ny ch yu l th tin lng ca cc cng ty, vi tin ch dnh cho ngi s dng ch yu l rt tin mt ti cc my ATM ca chnh ngn hng hoc ti cc i l chp nhn th lu ng. Bn cnh mt s ngn hng thng mi c phn cng tham gia pht hnh th ghi n, th ny li gn ging s tit kim, v d nh NH ng vi Th tit kim thnh
55
vng hay Techcombank vi F@stSaving. Mc ch pht hnh th l huy ng tin gi c k hn t ngun vn nhn ri trong dn v c th c s dng nh vt th chp cho cc khon vay ngn hng. ng thi gip ch th khng cn mt nhiu thi gian c th va qun l ti chnh v ng thi cng l cng c tit kim hiu qu. Vi th tit kim thnh vng th s d ti thiu bt buc i vi 1 th l 10 triu ng vi li sut (li sut ng ca) hng thng rt hp dn l 0,72 , 0,75 v 0,78% cho k hn 13, 24 v 36 thng. Vic chp nhn th ch hn ch ti h thng chp nhn th ca Ngn hng ng , tc l ti cc chi nhnh ngn hng v mt s siu th trn ton quc. c bit gn y, ngn hng Techcombank gii thiu ra th trng chm sn phm th 3 trong 1 l th F@stAccess. Sn phm ny c so snh nh mt chic v a nng, an ton, tin li v thng minh. Vi chic th nh gn, bn c th kt ni trc tip mi lc mi ni vi ti khon ca mnh m ti Techcombank thc hin mi chi tiu cn thit. Tnh nng c bit 3 trong 1 ca th l cng vi chc nng thanh ton truyn thng, F@stAccess cn gip ch th gi tit kim cng sn phm h tr F@stSaving (cho php ch th u t cc khon tin nhn ri sang ti khon tit kim vi li sut hp dn) v vay tin ngn hng qua F@stAdvance (ch th c th s dng vt s tin c trong ti khon ca mnh trong hn mc ngn hng cho php). Ngoi ra, c tnh bo mt ring bit v m s c nhn (PIN) s gip ch th l ngi s hu duy nht cha kho m chic kho in t F@stAccess ca mnh. 2.2.3. Thc trng hot ng chp nhn th Th trng kinh doanh th ca Vit Nam c chia lm 2 mng: pht hnh v chp nhn th do ngn hng khc pht hnh. Trn thc t, mng th trng th nht khng phi l lnh vc mang li nhiu li nhun cho ngn hng m ch yu do mng th hai em li. 2.2.3.1 Hot ng chp nhn th tn dng quc t Trc nm 1996, hot ng chp nhn th tn dng quc t gn nh l mt lnh vc c quyn ca VCB, chng kin doanh s cao nht ca VCB t ti 126 triu USD vo nm 1996. n nm 1996, cc ngn hng khc bt u
56
tham gia th trng: ACB, Eximbank, ChohungVinaBank. n nay, th trng b chia s dn vi s tham gia ca 10 ngn hng l thnh vin chnh thc ca t chc th quc t cng vi mt s ngn hng i l tham gia thanh ton th bao gm: VCB, IncomBank, Agribank, BIDV, ACB, ChohungVinabank, Eximbank, Sacombank, Techcombank v cc ngn hng nc ngoi ANZ, UOB, HSBC. Bng 2.2 S LNG NGN HNG THANH TON TH QUA CC NM
Nm 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 NH 1 5 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 15
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt hi ngh cc ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam thng 112004)
Mc d c nhiu ngn hng tham gia vo lnh vc thanh ton th, vai tr ch o vn thuc v mt s ngn hng c trang b tt thit b c th nh VCB, ACB, ANZ, UOB. Hin nay ch c VCB l ngn hng duy nht thc hin thanh ton c nm loi th tn dng quc t thng dng trn th gii l Visa,
MasterCard, JCB, Amex v Diners Club. Ngn hng UOB v ANZ thanh ton 4 loi th tr Amex. Cc ngn hng cn li ch thanh ton 2 hoc 3 loi Visa, MasterCard, JCB. Ring Indovina thanh ton c Diners Club. Vi vic nhiu ngn hng cng tham gia vo th trng chp nhn th tn dng quc t, tuy mi bt u c hn 10 nm nhng tc pht trin ca doanh s chp nhn th l tng i cao. Vo nhng nm 1990-1994 l thi k c quyn ca VCB vi mc doanh s thng xuyn tng 200%. Nm 19941996, vi s tham gia ca mt s ngn hng khc, v cng vi s pht trin kinh t, gia tng u t, du lch, th trng tuy c b chia s nhng vn pht trin mnh v t nh im v nm 1997. Doanh s c chng li vo cc nm 1996 do nh hng ca khng hong ti chnh trong khu vc v st gim u t. Tuy
57
nhin, doanh s chp nhn cc loi th tn dng quc t c chiu hng tng ln t nm 2000 n nay do vic u t ca cc ngn hng vo h thng my giao dch t ng, h thng c s chp nhn th v vic nhiu ngn hng tham gia vo th trng ny. iu c th hin qua biu sau: Biu 2.6 DOANH S CHP NHN TH TN DNG QUC T TRN TH
TRNG VIT NAM
400 350 300
Triu USD
250 200 150 100 50 0
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam thng 11-2004)
Trong nhng nm qua, doanh s thanh ton th vn tp trung ch yu a bn H Ni, TP HCM v cc thnh ph du lch nh Qung Ninh, Hu, Nng, Vng Tu. Ch ring ti a bn H Ni v TP HCM doanh s thanh ton th chim gn 90% tng doanh s thanh ton th. Xt v chng loi th c chp nhn ti Vit Nam ta thy Visa v MasterCard vn l nhng thng hiu hng u do li th c chp nhn rng ri ti cc my giao dch t ng v li th v s ph bin khp ton cu. Cc thng hiu nh hn nh Amex, JCB, Diners Club ch hn ch ti mt s im chp nhn th nn doanh s cng tng i khim tn. Ta c th tham kho doanh s thanh ton th ca VCB qua cc nm thy r tc tng trng ca cc loi th khc nhau c chp nhn trn th trng Vit Nam. Bng 2.3 DOANH S THANH TON TH CA VCB QUA CC NM
n v: triu USD
Loi th Visa MasterCard
2002 61,8 24,2
2003 75,1 31,7
2004 120,5 56,9
Tng trng(%)
60 80
58
American Express JCB Diners Club Tng
19,7 2,8 0,2 108,7
33,6 2,9 0,8 144,1
42,4 2,9 3,2 225,9
26,1 0 300 56,8
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt dch v th ca NHNTVN nm 2004)
Nm 2004, doanh s thanh ton th quc t ca VCB c t mc 225,9 triu USD (tng ng 3263 t VN), cao gp i so vi nm 2002 v tng 56,8% so vi 2003. V tng quan gia cc loi th, th Visa vn c t l doanh s cao nht, chim 54%, Mastercard 25%, Amex 19%. Nhng xt v mc tng trng, th phn Mastercard tng 3% so vi nm 2003 trong khi th phn Visa tng 1%. Thanh ton th Diners Club vt doanh s JCB. Vic doanh s th JCB b nh hng l do ACB, ANZ, UOB cng k hp ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam vi JCB. Biu 2.7 T L DOANH S THANH TON TH NM 2004 NHNT
Amex, 19% JCB, 1%
Diners Club, 1%
Visa, 54% Mastercard, 25%
(Ngun : Bo co hot ng th ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam nm 2004)
V th phn, VCB vn l ngn hng dn u trong tng doanh s chp nhn th tn dng quc t tip n l ACB, ANZ v UOB. S tham gia gp mt ca cc ngn hng khc vo th trng ny vn cn qu m nht. 2.2.3.2 Hot ng ca mng li ATM v thanh ton th ghi n T nm 2000 tr v trc trn th trng Vit Nam ch c hai chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi c trin khai ATM l ANZ (3 my) v HSBC (3 my). n nm 2001, mng li ATM ti Vit Nam cng c bc pht trin mnh, c bit vi s tch cc tham gia ca mt s ngn hng TMQD nh VCB v Ngn hng nng nghip dn ph v th c quyn ca cc ngn hng nc
59
ngoi. u thng 5/2000 VCB ng lot a vo s dng 30 my giao dch t ng nh du mt thi k pht trin mi, chuyn nghip hn ca hot ng thanh ton th. Tnh n thi im nm 2004, tng s my ATM ti Vit Nam l 773 my, nhiu c coi l mt h thng ATM. Hin nay c 14 ngn hng trin khai h thng ATM: VCB, Agribank, Incombank, BIDV, Eximbank, Sacombank, EAB, Techcombank, ChohungVinabank, MB, ANZ, UOB, HSBC, Phng Nam Bank. Bng 2.4 S LNG ATM VIT NAM Nm 2002 2003 2004
S my ATM
111
302
773
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc NH thanh ton th Vit Nam thng 11/2004)
D on n ht nm 2005, c nc c khong trn 1000 my ATM, mt na trong s l ca VCB. Cc ngn hng nc ngoi nh ANZ, HSBC do ch c chi nhnh ti 2 thnh ph ln l H Ni v TP HCM nn ch trin khai c s lng t my ATM. i vi cc ngn hng c phn th y qu l mt kh khn ln v vn u t cho thit b l rt ln (khong 30.000USD/my ATM). Sacombank ng n khi la chn con ng pht trin bng cch lp t my ATM lin kt vi ngn hng nc ngoi l ANZ. n thi im thng 8/2003, Sacombank c 6 my ATM do ANZ lp t ti cc chi nhnh v i l ca Sacombank. H thng ATM lin kt ny c th chp nhn c hai loi th ANZ v Sacombank cng nh th tn dng quc t. Biu 2.8 TH PHN H THNG MY ATM TI VIT NAM NM 2004
60
Khc 18% VBARD 18% ICB 13% VCB 51%
VCB
ICB
VBARD
Khc
(Ngun:Bo co tng kt hi ngh cc ngn hng thanh ton th VNnm 2004)
Cng vi vic pht trin mng li ATM, cc ngn hng TMQD bt u nhp cuc pht hnh th ATM. Tnh n cui nm 2004, Vit Nam c 15 ngn hng thc hin vic pht hnh th ghi n ATM vi tng s th vo khong 760 nghn th. ng u l VCB vi 480 nghn th chim khong 63% th phn, sau l ANZ chim 12% th phn, ICB chim 9% th phn, ACB v BIDV chim 7% th phn mi ngn hng, cn li l VBA, Sacombank v ng . Tuy th ghi n ATM l mt sn phm mi nhng bc u ghi nhn nhng phn ng tch cc ca th trng. y l sn phm th ngn hng thc s thch hp vi i b phn dn c c mc thu nhp trung bnh. 2.2.3.3 Hot ng ca mng li c s chp nhn th Theo s liu ca V chnh sch tin t, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, ton Vit Nam hin c khong 10.000 c s chp nhn th. Trong 60% l i l cho Vietcombank, 17% l i l cho ngn hng ANZ, 12% cho ngn hng United Overseas Singapore (UOB), 5% cho ngn hng Chu (ACB) v 6% l ca cc ngn hng khc. C s chp nhn th ch yu tp trung cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, Hu, Nng, Nha Trang, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, Cn Th, Vng Tu. Biu 2.9 TH PHN C S CHP NHN TH TI VIT NAM
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5% 12% 17%
6%
VCB ANZ
60%
UOB ACB NH khac
(Ngun: V chnh sch tin t - Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam)
Vietcombank chim u th c v s lng c s chp nhn th v doanh thu bn hng. Do b hn ch hn v s lng chi nhnh, cc ngn hng nc ngoi ch yu tp trung khai thc nhng c s chp nhn th c doanh thu ln. V d nh UOB ch k kt i l vi cc khch sn 4-5 sao hoc cc a im c doanh thu bn hng bng th trn USD 10,000/thng. Tuy vy, nhn chung mng li cc VCNT cn qu mng v n iu, cha p ng c nhu cu s dng th ni a. y chnh l mt trong nhng im yu m cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cn tm bin php khc phc. 2.3NH GI CHUNG V HOT NG THANH TON TH CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN QUA 2.3.1 Nhng thnh qu t c - Bc u hnh thnh mt th trng th thanh ton y Khi u ch lm i l thanh ton cho cc ngn hng nc ngoi, sau mt thi gian tip cn cng ngh th hin i, cc ngn hng Vit Nam tin n trc tip pht hnh th cho khch hng, c bit l th tn dng quc t. Vi thnh cng ny, th trng thanh ton th ca Vit Nam nh du mt bc tin b vt bc. Tuy nhin, cht lng th pht hnh cha tht tt do cng ngh in th, dp th ca ta cn cha tt. Dch v th cung cp cho khch hng i khi cn cha thng sut, tng ni, tng lc th b t chi thanh ton do trc trc v k thut. - Cc ngn hng trong nc (c bit l VCB v ACB) ng vai tr chnh trn sn chi ny Qua phn tch trn, chng ta thy cc ngn hng trong nc ch ng u t cng ngh, mnh dn a ra nhiu loi hnh thanh ton th trn th trng. ACB tuy l mt ngn hng c phn, c rt nhiu hn ch v cng ngh nhng
62
tham gia rt tch cc vo th trng pht hnh th. VCB lun i u trong vic a ra cc gii php v th. Tuy nhin, VCB ang dn phi san s th phn ca hot ng thanh ton th cho cc ngn hng khc. Biu 2.10 DOANH S THANH TON TH QUC T CA VCB
Th phn 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 70% 59% 45% 40% 35% 45% 45% 50% 55%
(Ngun: Bo co hot ng th Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam nm 2004)
Cng cn ni thm rng, c c thnh cng ny mt phn ln do n lc ca cc ngn hng, mt phn cng do chnh sch ca nh nc hin nay ch cho php 3 ngn hng trong nc pht hnh th tn dng quc t: VCB, ACB, Eximbank v mt s ngn hng nc ngoi pht hnh th ghi n quc t: ANZ, HSBC v Ngn hng Cng thng. - Th thanh ton ni a pht trin kh mnh v chng loi, th tc ng k d dng Vi rt nhiu sn phm th khc nhau, cc ngn hng kh nng ng trong vic m rng s la chn ca khch hng. Mt khc, so vi sn phm ca cc ngn hng nc ngoi, mc k qu i vi th tn dng hay s d ti thiu khi ng k mt th ghi n ni a cng tng i ph hp vi thu nhp ca ngi Vit Nam. Vic a ra sn phm th ph, cng nh th cng ty l rt ph hp vi th trng Vit Nam. - C s h thng k thut ca mt s ngn hng thng mi bc u c ci thin
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Trong s cc ngn hng tham gia giao dch th, cc ngn hng thng mi quc doanh ang tin hnh vic nng cp h thng k thut, lm nn tng m rng v pht trin hot ng thanh ton ni chung v hat ng th ni ring. l d n ca Ngn hng Nh nc v Ngn hng th gii u t cho 4 ngn hng TMQD trong vic chuyn i sang h thng bn l t tiu chun quc t v nghip v v cng ngh do cng ty Silverlake (Malaysia) cung cp. H thng ny c cc dch v h tr t ng v c kh nng thanh ton trc tuyn (on-line) ti hu ht cc chi nhnh trong cng h thng. H thng ny s c gi tr rt ln khi m rng v pht trin dch v th vi quy m ln. Bn cnh , mt s ngn hng cn u t chng trnh qun l pht hnh v thanh ton th vi chun quc t nh chng trnh Semacard ca VCB, hay h thng dch v online m i u l VCB, hot ng t 15/5/2002, h thng ny cho php khch hng m ti khon mt ni nhng c th giao dch bt k a im no trong h thng ca VCB. H thng ny c thc hin vi vic ng dng ch k in t trong thanh ton. VCB-online chc chn s thu ht c nhiu khch hng ti m ti khan hn
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2.3.2 Nhng hn ch v nguyn nhn 2.3.2.1. Nhng hn ch - T l thanh ton th cha cao trong tng thanh ton ca ton x hi Theo bo co ca ngn hng nh nc, tc tng trng cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong nm 2004 c th t khong 28%, vi tng gi tr thanh ton khong hn 900.000 t ng. Tuy nhin theo nh gi chung ca cc ngn hng, s gia tng s dng cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt mi tp trung khu vc cc t chc kinh t, cn khu vc dn c, din bin ny kh chm chp. Trong 4 phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt ang c dng ch yu l y nhim chi, y nhim thu, sc v th thanh ton th y nhim chi c tc pht trin nhanh nht v c dng nhiu nht, chim ti hn 80% gi tr thanh ton, sc chim 3% (trc y l 15%). i vi th, mc d trong my nm gn y, mt s ngn hng t pht hnh cc loi th tung ra th trng gy mt cm tng rng th thanh ton ang c n nhn tch cc vi mt s dng cao, th nhng theo thng k ca NHNN th gi tr thanh ton ca cc loi th ny mi ch chim trn 1% tng gi tr thanh ton. Biu 2.11 SO SNH TNH HNH S DNG CC PHNG TIN THANH
TON KHNG DNG TIN MT NM 2004
1% 3% 16%
U nhim chi Sc thanh ton
80%
U nhim thu Th thanh ton
(Ngun: VietNam Investment Review) - Ngi tiu dng cha thy th ngn hng thc s mang li nhiu tin ch cho mnh, m phn ln s dng nh mt ti khon tit kim ng trn quan im ngi tiu dng, khi nghin cu tin ch ca mt s loi th ngn hng ta nhn thy cc sn phm th Vit Nam c chung mt c
65
im hoc l tin ch km, hoc l ph cao so vi thu nhp ca ngi dn. Mt s chng trnh du hc trn gi do cc ngn hng cung cp c a ra hnh thc cp th tn dng cho hc sinh chi tiu, thanh ton hc ph nc ngoi. Theo mi chi ph du hc sinh cn thanh ton c ngn hng ng trc, hoc ngn hng pht hnh mt th ghi n, ph huynh khng phi lo chuyn tin cho con m ch vic thanh ton s d cho ngn hng. Xt trn kha cnh tin li th loi hnh ny rt ph hp, khch hng ch phn nn v l ph. Vi mt khon ph rt tin 6% trn tng s tin nu rt tin mt ti nc ngoi vi cc sn phm th tn dng VCB v ACB, hoc 75.000 i vi th ghi n ANZ l khng h nh vi sinh vin. Bn cnh , khi thanh ton th ti nc ngoi, c rt nhiu ph n m ch th phi chu nh: t gi quy i t ng tin nc s ti sang ng la M v t chc th quc t s tnh ph chuyn i (thng thng l 1,1%). Khi v nc thanh ton li vi ngn hng pht hnh th trong nc, ch th li chu thm mt ln quy i na, t USD sang VND vi ph chuyn i (thng l 1%). Nh vy khi mua mt mn hng, ch th phi chu mt khon tin bng 2 ln chnh lch t gi v 2 ln ph chuyn i. i vi cc loi th tn dng hay ghi n trong nc, tuy ph hot ng c gim hn, nhng khch hng li gp hn ch v im rt tin mt hoc thanh ton hng ho, dch v. Khi thanh ton th ti cc i l trong nc, theo thng l, cc im mua sm s phi tr cho ngn hng mt khon ph chit khu tnh trn gi tr hng ho, dch v thanh ton bng th. Th nhng, nhiu i l thy tic v b gim bt tin li khi b trch li ph chit khu nn nng gi bn i vi khch hng dng th. Tuy b ngn hng khuyn co, nhng hin tng ny vn xy ra. 2.3.2.2. Nguyn nhn ca nhng hn ch - Nguyn nhn 1: Thi quen dng tin mt ca ngi dn Mc d c coi l mt th trng tim nng pht trin dch v th, nhng trong 15 nm dch v th i vo i sng tiu dng ca ngi dn Vit Nam vn trong giai on thm nhp ban u. Doanh s pht hnh th vn cn mc thp, mng pht hnh li l thuc nng n vo dng khch nc ngoi hoc cn b ca chnh cc ngn hng pht hnh hay mt vi cng ty nc ngoi.
66
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy cn tr s pht trin hot ng th l phi ni ti thi quen dng tin mt bn r qu lu trong t duy tiu dng ca ngi dn. Ngi Vit Nam gn nh vn coi tin mt l phng tin khng th thay th trong thanh ton tiu dng v cm nhn vic thun tin, yn tm khi thanh ton v nhn thanh ton bng tin mt. Khch hng c nhn cha thc s tham gia nhiu vo vic s dng cc dch v ngn hng ngoi vic gi tin tit kim. V vy rt kh to ra mt bc thay i ln no nu ngi dn cha quen vi mt phng tin thanh ton mi cho d n c tin ch n u. Mc d vn ny khng th khc phc mt sm mt chiu nhng hon ton c th ci thin c bng chnh sch marketing ca cc ngn hng. - Nguyn nhn 2: Thu nhp bnh qun thp Hin nay, mc thu nhp hng nm bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam cn thp so vi cc nc trong khu vc cng l mt tr ngi cho vic pht trin s dng th, bnh qun khong 450 USD/ngi/nm. Vic p dng thu thu nhp, thu VAT cng lm nh hng ti thu nhp c th s dng ca ngi dn. Do , nhu cu chi tiu s khng ln v i vi h chi ph b ra cho vic s dng dch v th l qu ln so vi nhng li ch m th mang li. Nhiu ngi dn Vit Nam cha mt ln t chn n ngn hng v cng cha h c nim g v phng tin thanh ton bng th ngn hng. Ngoi ra, do thu nhp cn thp nn nhu cu i du lch ca ngi dn cng khng cao, nht l cc chuyn du lch nc ngoi cn rt him. Trong khi , dch v th c th phc v rt tt cho khch du lch, c bit du lch nc ngoi. Do vy, y chnh l mng th trng cn b ng v vn cn l tim nng trong tng lai pht trin dch v th ca Vit Nam. - Nguyn nhn 3: H thng ti khon c nhn cha pht trin Mi trng kinh t x hi ca Vit Nam hin nay vn cha thun tin cho vic pht hnh th tn dng theo ng tnh cht ca n. Do thiu thng tin v c s nh gi khch hng, nn hu ht th hin nay pht hnh trn c s k qu, th chp cm c. Php lut v c ch php l bo v ngn hng trong dch v pht hnh th tn chp cn s si, km hiu qu lm cho nguy c ri ro vi ngn hng gia tng. Nh vy gy kh khn cho khch hng cng nh ngn hng trong vic m rng quy m khch hng. Thc t, cc nc pht trin,
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hu ht mi giao dch ca ngi dn u c thc hin qua ngn hng nn ngn hng nm rt r kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng - y l c s pht hnh th rt gin tin. Cn Vit Nam, h thng ti khon c nhn hu nh cha pht trin, nu c cng dng tr lng cho nhn vin, cc ngn hng, cc doanh nghip c yu t nc ngoi m cha c dng trong thanh ton mt cch rng ri cho mi ngi dn. - Nguyn nhn 4: Nhn thc ca c s chp nhn th cn hn ch, dch v my giao dch t ng cha tin li Dch v th khng th hon thin nu thiu s tham gia ca cc CSCNT v h l ni to nn tin ch ca dch v th. Tuy nhin, vn m rng cc CSCNT ny cn gp nhiu kh khn do h khng nhn thc ht c rng vic chp nhn thanh ton th l thu ht khch hng, tng ngun thu qua bn hng. Thc t, cc CSCNT li ch bit h phi chu mc chiu khu 2,5% trn doanh s thanh ton theo ho n th m ngn hng quy nh. Theo cch p gi ny, vi mi ng bn hng ho, dch v cho khch hng s dng th, CSCNT s b chit khu ti thiu 2,5%, v hnh chung lm gim mt 2,5% li nhun trn doanh s. Cc n v lun khuyn khch khch hng tr tin mt hn l dng th. Mt khi vic s dng th tr thnh i chng v c nhiu ngi tiu dng s dng th th vic mt n v phi chp nhn thanh ton bng th l ng nhin. Thng thng i vi dch v ATM, cc my ATM cn c t cc trung tm thng mi hoc cc a im gn ng i li hot ng 24/24 tin li cho ngi dn rt tin. Tuy nhin, i vi Vit Nam, do thc ngi dn cha cao v php lut cha nghim nn an ton ca cc my ATM t ti cc im cng cng l rt thp. Thng cc my ny c t vo chnh ngn hng hoc trong khch sn, siu th. Do , mt s my ATM khng phc v c 24/24 m ch phc v theo gi lm vic nht nh. - Nguyn nhn 5: Cng tc marketing tip th sn phm cn nhiu hn ch Cc ngn hng Vit Nam cha tch cc v ch ng trong vic a sn phm th ti tay ngi tiu dng. Cng tc qung co, qung b sn phm cha c lm mnh m. V vy, nhiu khch hng cha bit v sn phm th v
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cng cha c ci nhn ng v chng. Ngoi ra, cc ngn hng cng cha c chnh sch tip th v pht trin th trng hu hiu. - Nguyn nhn 6: Mi trng php l cha hon thin Hin nay, chng ta vn cha c c hnh lang php l y cho vic pht hnh v thanh ton th quc t. Ngh nh 91/CP v t chc thanh ton khng dng tin mt ban hnh ngy 25/11/1993 khng cn ph hp vi thc t, bi cc hnh thc thanh ton qua e-mail, qua internet khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca n. khc phc tnh trng , Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc VN ban hnh quy ch pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th ngn hng s 371/1/1999/Q/NHNN1 ngy 19/1/1999. Tuy nhin, quy ch ny cng c nhng bt cp v mi ch cp v phng din k thut trong thanh ton th mang tnh c bn, cha c c th ho bng cc vn bn php quy. Bn cnh , v gc qun l cn nhiu khe h cn c khc phc, v d nh hin nay khi pht hnh th tn dng quc t l chp nhn vic chuyn i t do gia VND v USD khng cn xin php, nht l khi s dng nc ngoi. iu ny c nh hng ln ti vic kim sot v khng ch lng ngoi t mang ra nc ngoi. Mc d vn cn c nhng s h nh vy trong khu thanh ton, nhng i vi khu pht hnh th vn qun l ngoi hi i khi cn qu cht v thiu tnh linh hot. l theo ch qun l ngoi hi, hn mc ti a ca th tn dng quc t l 90 triu VN. Trong khi , c nhng khch hng li c nhu cu s dng ln hn 90 triu VN (tng ng gn 6000 USD) v kh nng ti chnh ca h l hon ton p ng c th li khng c chp nhn. - Nguyn nhn 7: Vn u t cng ngh qu cao Trong cc nghip v ngn hng hin nay, th ngn hng c coi l dn u v cng ngh ng dng. T cng on sn xut th n cc tc nghip thanh ton u i hi cc trang thit b hin i. u t h thng my mc kim tra th nh POS, ATM cng gn nh mt dng u t cho c s h tng. Khon chi ny khin ngun li thu c t thanh ton, pht hnh th hin ti khng c l bao, thm ch cn khng b p vi mt th trng s dng th cn hn hp nh hin nay. Vi ngun thu hn hp, li cha c kinh nghim trong chin lc pht trin th, cc ngn hng trong nc (nht l cc ngn hng c phn)
69
ch tin hnh u t cng ngh mt cch d dt, dn n s hn ch c v doanh s thanh ton v s th pht hnh. im yu trn cng khin cc ngn hng trong nc cnh tranh vi cc ngn hng nc ngoi c bit trong lnh vc m rng cc im chp nhn th. VCB b mt mt s im chp nhn th ln v tay UOB do thit b km ng b v hin i nh OMNI Hotel, Saigon Star Hotel, Century Hotel. n khi VCB hay ACB c th trang b my POS cho cc CSCNT ca mnh th cc ngn hng nc ngoi khc nh ANZ cng tin hnh lp t ti cnh tranh. - Nguyn nhn 8: Kh nng m bo an ton giao dch cha cao Trong kinh doanh th ngoi cc yu t ri ro nh mi nghip v khc cn b cc nhm ti phm lun rnh rp c th khai thc v gy tn tht cho cc ngn hng, c bit l cc ngn hng mi tham gia nghip v ny thng qua vic s dng th gi, th b n cp thng tin, S lng th gi a vo Vit Nam s dng ang gia tng v nh hng n hiu qu ca dch v thanh ton ca cc ngn hng. Tnh trng ny cng tr nn nghim trng khi cc nc trong khu vc ang c nhiu bin php mnh m i vi bn s dng th gi buc chng phi tm th trng mi, trong c Vit Nam. - Nguyn nhn 9: H thng thanh ton lin ngn hng cha ng b v thiu s thng nht Dch v th l loi hnh pht trin da trn s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin hin i. Trong khi , trnh pht trin trong lnh vc ny ca Vit Nam cn thp. H thng cng ngh tin hc ca ngn hng cha t ti trnh chun ca th gii, cn thiu s ng b v thng nht trong cng h thng. H thng thanh ton lin ngn hng cng cha pht trin m mi trong giai on u i vo hot ng.
KT LUN CHNG 2 Trong nhng nm tr li y, lnh vc th thanh ton ca cc NHTM Vit Nam t c kh nhiu kt qu tch cc t cng ngh, dch v n cng tc tip th, chim lnh th trng. Bn cnh thnh tch t c, vn cn khng t nhng kh khn. Trn y l mt s tn ti, hn ch do c khch quan ln ch
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quan m cc NHTM Vit Nam v ang gp phi. gip cho hot ng kinh doanh th ti th trng Vit Nam pht trin, i hi cc NHTM phi c bin php gii quyt nhng vng mc . Hng gii quyt nh th no s c cp chng 3.
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CHNG 3 GII PHP V MT S KIN NGH PHT TRIN HOT NG THANH TON TH TI CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM 3.1 TRIN VNG HOT NG THANH TON TH TI VIT NAM Trin vng pht trin th ngn hng ti Vit Nam trong vng 5 nm ti l rt to ln, trc ht Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c d on l c xu th pht trin nng ng, tng lai s chia x mt phn th trng vi cc khu vc truyn thng khc nh M, Chu u. Ta c th thy d bo tnh hnh pht trin ca 2 loi th thng dng Visa v MasterCard trn th gii theo khu vc th trng nh sau: Bng 3.1 D BO TH TRNG MASTERCARD V VISA TRN TH GII Khu vc Nm 1995 Th Doanh s phn (t USD) (%) M Chu u Chu - TBD Canada M La tinh Trung ng/ Chu Phi Tng 574,53 352,85 206,52 50,89 41,23 19,65
1.245,67
Nm 2000 Th Doanh s phn (t USD) (%) 1.246,61 728,16 594,87 81,21 109,36 55,20
2.815,41
Nm 2005 Th Doanh s phn (t USD) (%) 2.200,79 1.426,73 1.497,33 121,54 283,57 145,51
5.585,47
46 28 17 4 3 2
100
44 26 21 3 4 2
100
39 26 25 2 5 3
100
(Ngun: Bank cards worldwide The Nilson Report 9/2003) Nhn chung, th trng th ngn hng trn th gii s c phn chia thnh 2 tp. M l th trng ln nht trong s 6 th trng th ngn hng, gi tr giao dch th ti M s tng 283% trong vng 10 nm ti. cc nc Chu u, vi s pht trin ca thit b mng, chi ph vin thng gim, mng li CSCNT tng v c bit l kinh t pht trin ti cc quc gia trong khu vc; trong vng 10 nm ti tc pht trin v th ti khu vc ny s vt M. Tuy nhin, n nm 2005 khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng s vt ln bt kp M v Chu
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u. Gi tr th tng 581%, Chu Thi Bnh Dng vi dn s 59% dn s th gii s tr thnh th trng ln th ba trn th gii vo nm 2005. Canada ch gii hn th tn dng nn tc tng trng ti y s chm so vi cc khu vc khc trong vng mi nm ti. Chu M l mt trong hai th trng c tc tng trng nhanh trn th gii, tc tng 7 ln trong vng 10 nm. Cn Chu Phi v Trung ng l th trng nh nht nhng li tng trng nhanh nht 640%. V mng li pht hnh, hin nay trn th gii c khong 22000 t chc pht hnh th trong c 300 t chc hng u pht hnh 596,6 triu th tr gi 995,45 t USD bng 81% tng s th pht hnh v 80% gi tr th pht hnh. ngy cng m rng th trng ca mnh, cc t chc, cc cng ty ny cng ch trng vo u t trang thit b k thut phc v cho dch v th. Tnh n nay c khong 580,000 my ATM v s lng my vn tip tc pht trin, vo cui thp k ny s c 750,000 my ATM, mt trung bnh trn ton cu l 100 my/triu ngi. Theo 2 t chc quc t Visa v MasterCard, nu gi vng c t l tng trng bnh qun 200%/nm nh thi k 91-96 th nm 2005 th trng th Vit Nam s t ti con s 500 triu USD doanh s thanh ton, l trin vng sng sa i vi nhng ngi tham gia kinh doanh loi hnh dch v ny. iu ny cho thy rng trong nhng nm ti doanh s pht hnh v thanh ton th s t mc cao, chng loi th c pht hnh v thanh ton c m rng. n khi ch th c th mang bt c mt loi th no c chp nhn trn Th gii vo Vit Nam th u c th s dng c.
Vi nhng c im ca th trng v thc trng th trng Vit Nam hin nay, cc ngn hng chc chn gp khng t kh khn trong pht trin vic pht hnh v thanh ton th, nh vic thay i thi quen dng tin mt. Tuy nhin, thc trng cng cho thy th trng th Vit Nam c tim nng ln pht trin, v l c hi cc ngn hng khai thc v pht trin dch v th ca ngn hng mnh. Tim nng ca th trng c th hin kh nng thm nhp ca th trong chi tiu tiu dng c nhn PCE (Personal Consumer Expenditure) trong nn kinh t.
- Th trng pht hnh th
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Theo thng k, dn thnh ph hin nay chim 28% dn s c nc, tc l vo khong trn 20 triu ngi. Trong , mc sng ca 8% dn s c thu nhp cao nht (khong 6 triu ngi) l tng i cao v phn dn c ny vn ang tip tc tng. Ch cn khuyn khch c 5% s ngi thnh ph tham gia s dng th, cc ngn hng c th pht hnh c hn 1 triu th. Khai thc c vic s dng s th trong lu thng, cc ngn hng s c mt dch v pht hnh th tng i ln v hiu qu . Bng 3.2 DN S VIT NAM (n v: triu ngi) 2003 2010 (d tnh) 2020 (d tnh)
Tng dn s
79.5 21 27%
85 30 35%
90 45 50%
Dn s thnh th T l dn s thnh th
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt hi cc Ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam thng 11 nm 2004) - Th trng thanh ton Hin nay dch v thanh ton th mi ch khai thc c i vi vic s dng th ca ngi nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Mng li cc VCNT cha rng v cha a dng phc v cho nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy ca ngi Vit Nam. T l thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong chi tiu tiu dng c nhn PCE ca ngi dn Vit Nam cn rt thp. Cng vi vic pht trin mnh vic s dng th ca ngi dn Vit Nam v trn c s tng t trng chi tiu c nhn PCE bng th, cc ngn hng c th t c mt doanh s thanh ton th khng l. Vi mc chi tiu sinh hot c nhn ti thiu 500,000 n 1,000,000
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VN/thng tnh trn 1 triu th cc ngn hng c doanh s s dng v thanh ton th ni a t 500 t n 1,000 t VN/thng. 3.2 MT S GII PHP NHM PHT TRIN HOT NG THANH TON TH TI CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM T vic nghin cu nhng hn ch ca hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam, em xin a ra mt s gii php pht trin hot ng thanh ton th ti cc NHTM Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. 3.2.1. Gii php v m 3.2.1.1. Hon thin mi trng php l cho hot ng kinh doanh th Vic xy dng, cng c mi trng php l l ht sc cn thit v chng ta vn cha c c hnh lang php l y cho vic pht hnh v thanh ton th quc t. Hin nay Ngh nh 91/CP v t chc thanh ton khng dng tin mt ban hnh ngy 25/11/1993 khng cn ph hp so vi thc t bi cc hnh thc thanh ton qua Email, qua Internet khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca n. Mc d Thng c NHNNVN ban hnh quy ch pht hnh, s dng v thanh ton th ngn hng s 371/1/1999/Q/NHNN1 ngy 19/01/1999, Quy ch ny vn cn nhng bt cp v mi ch cp v phng tin k thut trong thanh ton th mang tnh c bn, cha c c th ho bng cc vn bn php quy. - V ngh nh thanh ton: Ngh nh 91/CP v t chc thanh ton khng dng tin mt ra i t nhng nm 1993 cn c vo php lnh Ngn hng Nh nc v Php lnh ngn hng, hp tc x tn dng v cng ty ti chnh. Hin nay Lut Ngn hng Nh nc v lut cc t chc tn dng ban hnh thay th cc php lnh ni trn. y chnh l c s php l cn thit thay i li ngh nh 91, c th l: Vic thu chi trn ti khon tin gi: Ngh nh 91/CP nghim cm d n ti khon tin gi. Nhng hin nay cc dch v v ngn hng pht trin hn nhiu so vi trc, phc v khch hng thun tin hn trong khi vn qun l c khch hng trong chng mc cho php nn vic cho php cc n v c tn nhim c th thu chi trn ti khon ca h theo tho thun mt mc nht nh s to iu kin phc v tt hn cho n v ng thi lm cho dng thanh ton ngn hng khng b n tc, nht l trong iu kin thanh ton in t pht trin.
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V cc phng thc thanh ton trong Ngh nh 91/CP a ra trong Quyt nh 22/Q-NH1 hng dn n nay cha cp nht mt s th thc thanh ton mi xut hin nh : chuyn tin in t. V khuyn khch cc hot ng thanh ton khng dng tin mt: Cn b xung cc quy nh hn ch thanh ton bng tin mt trong Ngh nh thanh ton. iu ny lm tng cng hiu qu qun l ca Nh nc, gi vng tnh nh hng trong qun l kinh t ca Nh nc, v gp phn y mnh thanh ton khng dng tin mt ni chung v thanh ton th ni ring. - V Quyt nh 371/1/1999/Q/NHNN1 Vic x l cc vi phm c lin quan n th s lm cho khch hng tin tng v an tm trong vic s dng th, t chin lc Marketing th ca ngn hng tr nn c hiu qu hn v dch v th s tr nn ph bin vi qung i qun chng. Trong kinh doanh th ngoi cc yu t ri ro nh mi nghip v khc cn b cc nhm ti phm lun rnh rp c th khai thc v gy tn tht cho cc ngn hng, c bit l nhng ngn hng mi tham gia nghip v ny thng qua vic s dng th gi, th b n cp thng tin Hoc cng c trng hp nhn vin CSCNT in nhiu ho n thanh ton ca mt th. Vn ny xy ra s lm mt uy tn, thit hi cho c ngi s dng v ngn hng. Do vy, Nh nc phi c mc x l i vi nhng trng hp lm th gi v thng qua c quan c thm quyn thi hnh n mt cch nghim minh. Chng hn nh Php khi pht hin k lm th gi, tu theo li nng nh s pht t mc cao nht l 7 nm t. Chng ta nn tiu chun ho cc c im v th gi mo to iu kin cho cc c quan hu quan (nh cc c quan Interpol Vit Nam, c quan iu tra xt hi) gip cho nghip v th an ton. - Ban hnh cc quy nh mi: Dch v rt tin t ng ATM pht trin kh mnh v gn nh kh t trong vi nm tr li y nhng cho ti nay, Ngn hng Nh nc vn cha ban hnh quy ch hay Quy nh no v dch v ATM. Mc d, cc ngn hng thng mi c th p dng theo Quy ch v Th ngn hng, ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 371/1999/NHNN5 nhng dch v ATM lin quan n vn chp nhn chng t in t trong giao dch m hin nay cha c vn bn php l iu chnh no c.
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Bn cnh , trc s pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh thng tin, c bit l mng Internet gip cho mi ngi c th d dng mua sm, trao i, giao dch mt cch tin li. Vy khi ng dng vic thanh ton th qua mng Internet s i hi phi c nhng quy nh php l v chng t in t. iu ny i hi Ngn hng Nh nc cn nghin cu v sm ban hnh quy ch c th v chng t in t cc ngn hng thng mi c c s thc hin. 3.2.1.2. Thnh lp trung tm thanh ton b tr cho cc giao dch th
Thc t hin nay, cc ngn hng qun l pht hnh v thanh ton th theo mng ring ca mnh, iu ny c li l ph hp vi kinh ph u t thit b cng ngh ca tng ngn hng. Nhng c mt bt cp l n khng to iu kin thc hin thng nht cc giao dch v th v pht sinh nhng ph tn khng cn thit. n c l nu th ANZ Access Card c em rt tin my ATM ca VCB, khi giao dch thanh ton gia VCB v ANZ phi thc hin thng qua trung tm thanh ton ca t chc th quc t MasterCard v phi chu mt khon ph do t chc ny quy nh, cha k tin chnh lch do 2 ln chuyn i ngoi t. R rng cc giao dch th ni a do khng c mt trung tm x l ring cho Vit Nam nn cc ngn hng phi thanh ton v x l giao dch thng qua cc TCTQT. Qu trnh thanh ton ny buc cc ngn hng phi chu ph trao i ca cc TCTQT cho cc giao dch th ni a nh giao dch th quc t. Mc ph trao i cho cc loi th quc t trung bnh l 1,1% i vi giao dch in t v 1,5% i vi giao dch chun. Do mc ph trao i cao nh vy, cc ngn hng Vit Nam thng nht quy nh mc ph thanh ton th cho cc VCNT ti thiu l 2,5% v kh c kh nng h thp mc ph thanh ton th quc t ngay c cho cc nh giao dch ca th do h pht hnh c s dng ti mng li VCNT ca Vit Nam. Do vy khng to iu kin khuyn khch ch th Vit Nam chi tiu bng th cng nh khuyn khch cc VCNT Vit Nam chp nhn th do cc NHTM Vit Nam pht hnh.
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iu ny l phc tp ho giao dch v tng chi ph. Hn na, mt s loi th ghi n ni a khng ni mng quc t, v d nh Connect24 ca VCB ch c th rt tin ti cc my ATM ca VCB m thi.
Nh vy, vi xu hng pht trin th nh hin nay, rt cn thit phi thnh lp mt trung tm thanh ton b tr ring cho cc giao dch th trong nc. Trung tm ny s l u mi qun l mng xng sng, thng qua ni kt cc loi th khc nhau, cc dch v ca nhng ngn hng khc nhau. Thc t, tng ny c thc hin mt phn khi Sacombank lp t my ATM kt ni my ch ANZ. iu c ngha l th thanh ton Sacombank c th rt tin mt ti ATM ca ANZ, hay thanh ton tin ti cc im POS ca ANZ v ngc li. Hin nay, tng ny ang c xem xt, tuy nhin vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau. Mt kin cho rng nn NHNN thnh lp trn c s cc trung tm thanh ton b tr hin c d qun l. Hn na, hin NHNN cng xc tin h thng thanh ton in t lin ngn hng. kin th hai th cho rng nn cho Hip hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th Vit Nam (gm VCB, ACB, ANZ, Chohung Vina Bank, Eximbank, Si Gn cng thng) xc tin thnh lp v c th tn dng kinh nghim ca cc thnh vin trong cc nghip v th v c tnh thng nht giao dch. 3.2.1.3. Qung b, ph cp kin thc v th v s dng th Trong nhng nm 2000 tr li y, th trng th ngn hng Vit Nam cng c nhiu bin i tch cc. Tuy vy cng chng n nhn th ngn hng khng nng nhit nh n nhn cc sn phm cng ngh khc nh Internet v Mobiphone do vic gii thiu sn phm ti chnh ny vo th trng cha c u t ng mc. Khi nim th ngn hng tuy khng cn xa l i vi cng chng nhng cng cha thc s quen thuc. iu ny cho ta thy vic qung co sn phm ny cha rm r, khng c mt chin lc cho mi ngi dn c nhng hiu bit nht nh cn c trong giai on u chu k sng ca mi sn phm mi. di ca khong thi gian ny ph thuc nhiu vo chng ta. Chng ta cn c u t tho ng vo giai on ny th sn phm mi t c s tng trng mong mun cc giai on tip sau. i vi vic qung co, vi mt sn phm th vic ny thng phi thc hin trc khi sn phm ra i. Nhng nh ta thy vic thc hin qung co
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sn phm ny cn chm v yu t, mi ch s dng hnh thc c in nh t ri, p phch Cc ngn hng cn phi u t mt khon tin xy dng v in m sn phm th vo suy ngh ca dn chng bng phng tin thng tin i chng nh i, bo, tiviVi hnh thc qung co trn bo ch, ta c th vit ln nhng nt c o nht v u im ca sn phm v thun li ca khch hng khi s dng sn phm. Vi i c th a c thng tin n tn nhng min xa xi nht, cn hnh thc qung co trn tivi chng ta c th a c nhng hnh nh tht v sn phm ng thi vi nhng u im v s thun tin ca n u c truyn t ti ngi xem. y l phng tin t hiu qu ln nht. Ngoi ra cn t cc Cartalogue, p phch ti Trung tm cng cng c lng ngi qua li nhiu, ti cc khu vc hay ni t chc cc hi tho thng mi, kinh doanh. Thng qua cc hnh thc qung co tuyn truyn lm cho mi ngi dn thy c tnh u vit ca vic s dng th to cho h thch s dng hnh thc thanh ton ny. NHNN cng nn phi hp vi Hip hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th, cc t chc th quc t v mt s ngnh chc nng lin quan trin khai chng trnh quc gia gii thiu v tuyn truyn v th tn dng quc t gip thay i dn thi quen dng tin mt trong thanh ton ca mi tng lp dn c. Tm li, nng cao trnh gio dc, to mi trng thun li cho hot ng Marketing trong vic o to nhn thc cho khch hng, gip vic tuyn truyn v qung co sn phm th ca ngn hng pht huy tc dng mnh m hn. 3.2.1.4. Phi hp u tranh chng gian ln Trong bt k mt hot ng kinh doanh thc ngnh no cng hm cha ri ro. Hot ng kinh doanh th ca cc t chc ti chnh, tn dng, ngn hng cng khng nm ngoi quy lut ny. iu c bn l cc t chc, ngn hng kinh doanh th phi nghin cu, phn tch, hc hi v phi hp vi nhau c th ng u vi cc ri ro v phng nga nguy c ri ro bng nhng bin php k thut v nghip v thch hp mt cch hiu qu. Tuy nhin, trong thc t c nhng ri ro vt qu tm kim sot ca ngn hng. l hnh ng gi mo th v cc giao dch th gi u l hnh vi ca bn ti phm nm c cng ngh cao. Do , vic cc ngn hng kt hp vi nhau chng li ti phm ny l cha , m cn cn phi hp vi c lc lng cng an kinh t. Trong khi ,
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Vit Nam hin nay vn cha c mt hnh lang php l no iu chnh hnh vi gi mo lin quan ti th ngn hng. Do vy, Nh nc cn a ra nhng iu lut x pht i vi hnh vi gian ln ca loi ti phm ny. ng thi, lc lng cng an kinh t cng phi c ngha v h tr ngn hng ngn chn hnh vi gian ln. Mt iu cn thit l lc lng cng an cng phi c kin thc nht nh v loi ti phm ny c th ch ng khi xy ra s vic. Khi ngn hng cn cung cp u cc thng tin v th gi mo cho Interpol Vit Nam, c quan iu tra xt hi, to n h c c s nhn dng. c bit, hin nay mt s nc trn th gii p dng nhng ch ti x pht nghim khc nn hn ch hot ng ca loi ti phm ny. Khi , Vit nam s l ni bn chng tm n hot ng nu cha c bin php x l dt im i vi chng. 3.2.1.5. y mnh thng mi in t, thc y hot ng thanh ton th trn Internet Qu trnh pht trin ca dch v ngn hng bn l trn th gii c chia thnh 3 giai on pht trin v i cng n l 3 h thng phn phi dch v: H thng phn phi chi nhnh, h thng phn phi dch v t ng hay cn gi l chi nhnh khng ngi v h thng phn phi khng nh. Trong h thng phn phi khng nh gm dch v ngn hng in thoi, dch v ngn hng s dng my tnh c nhn (PC-Based Banking) gip khch hng c th giao dch vi ngn hng thng qua mng vi tnh ni trc tip ngn hng v khch hng. V c bit l dch v ngn hng thng qua mng Internet. Nhng cng c ny cng vi thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin ang hnh thnh dch v ngn hng di ng (tc khch hng c th t bt c a im no thng qua mng vin thng truy cp h thng ngn hng v thc hin cc giao dch cn thit). Nhiu ngi trong gii chuyn mn nh gi cao tim nng loi dch v ngn hng o ny v d bo s c bc pht trin rt mnh trong nhng nm ti. c im ca h thng ngn hng o l: khng cn s tng quan gia khi lng dch v v s lng chi nhnh; khng cn phi chi ph u t cho mng li chi nhnh v gim thiu chi ph lao ng; c kh nng cung ng dch v bt c thi im no, v khch hng bt c ni u. H thng giao dch qua mng s gip cho ngn hng nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh (tnh bng h s chi
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ph trn thu nhp) v gim c chi ph nghip v. S liu phn tch chi ph giao dch v hiu qu kinh doanh cc ngn hng M trong vi nm gn y c th chng minh cho chng ta nh gi trn. Bng 3.3 CHI PH GIAO DCH CC NGN HNG M Loi dch v - Chi nhnh - Dch v ngn hng in thoi - ATM - Dch v ngn hng trn mng my tnh v dch v Internet Chi ph cho mt giao dch (USD) 1,07 0,50 0,25 0,01 % chi ph trn thu nhp 55 - 60 35 - 40 35 - 40 15 - 20
(Ngun: Bank of America) Theo phn tch trn cho thy, vi trnh pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin Vit Nam hin nay, chng ta s c nhiu thun li trin khai vic thanh ton th ngn hng qua mng Internet. y s l mt tin ch b sung tnh hp dn ca dch v th ngn hng i vi khch hng. 3.2.2. Gii php vi m 3.2.2.1. Nng cao tnh hp dn ca dch v th Khi phn tch tnh hp dn ca mt s th thng dng trn th trng Vit Nam ta c th p dng l thuyt hin i phn tch chin lc qua Vng trn ng h chin lc (Strategy Clock) so snh mi quan h gia li th cnh tranh v gi c hoc li th sn phm khc bit. Sau y l v tr ca mt s loi th chnh. S 3.1 SO SNH CHI PH V TIN CH MT S LOI TH NGN
HNG PH BIN TI VN
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Cao 3 Ti -u
Tin ch mang li (Perceived Added Value)
Khc bit Th ghi n QT ANZ
5 Th tn dng QT
Th thanh ton ni a ACB Gi thp 1 Gi thp Th ghi n ni a VCB
Khc bit tp Chin l-c km hiu qu 7
Thp
Gi
Cao
Nhn vo s ta thy gc phn t th ba c miu t cho cc sn phm ti u (Hybrid), vi chi ph thp (Low Cost) v gi tr mang li cao (High Perceived Value Added) trong khi i din vi n l v tr Mi chin lc u tht bi (Strategies likely to fail) vi chi ph cao v tin ch thp. Th ghi n ni a VCB v ACB nm trong vng c th chp nhn c vi chi ph thp, nhng gi tr cng thp. Th ghi n QT ANZ v th tn dng quc t ca VCB v ACB nm trong khu vc chi ph cao, nhng tin ch mang li cng cao. Nhn chung cc loi th d u cng tm cch hng ti gc ti u, tuy nhin iu y khng phi lc no cng kh thi. Vy nn cn tm cch nng cao tnh hp dn ca th sao cho c ngn hng v khch hng u c li nht. C th l: - iu chnh mc k qu: Hin nay, vic s dng ti khon c nhn cha pht trin, nn pht hnh th cn phi k qu, th chp ti sn, lm nh hng khng nh ti vic pht hnh th. Vi mc k qu 125% nn chng cn
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c iu chnh cho ph hp v thc t vi nhng th pht hnh c k qu th ch th cng ch c s dng trong hn mc k qy m thi. - iu chnh mc ph v li: Vi phn ng ngi Vit Nam hin nay, th ngn hng cn l sn phm l lm, h cha hiu v cha bit khai thc ht cc tin ch vn c ca th. Trong iu kin nh vy, vic quy nh mt mc ph vi li cao nh hin nay l khng hp l pht trin kinh doanh dch v th. Mc d mc ph, li ny hon ton tng xng vi tin ch m th mang li nhng khch hng vn cha hiu ht nn vic pht trin dch v th l rt kh khn. Tm thi, kin to mt th trng ban u, cc ngn hng c th xem xt gim bt mc ph, li p dng tng tnh hp dn i vi khch hng. Khi qu trnh kinh doanh i vo th n nh th s xem xt vic tng mc ph, li sau. Tuy nhin, i vi th tn dng quc t, ngn hng ch c th iu chnh li vay tn dng ch khng th iu chnh ph. - Ko di thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng: Hin ti, do yu cu qun l vic s dng th nn th tn dng ch c thi hn hiu lc trong vng 1 nm, khch hng mun s dng tip th phi xin gia hn th v ngn hng s in th mi cho khch hng. Nh vy, ngn hng phi mt thm chi ph in th mi v gi th, ngoi ra cn gy phin h cho khch hng khi phi i th lin tc (nht l khi khch hng ang nc ngoi m th b ht hiu lc). Hn na, thc t gn 10 nm kinh nghim pht hnh th cho thy cha c trng hp no ch th thng bo hu th trc thi hn hiu lc m vn cn s dng c tip dn n ri ro cho ngn hng, v khi hu th th ngn hng s gi th li ngay. - Cung cp dch v ngn hng lin hon: Thng thng, mt khch hng s la chn cho mnh mt ngn hng giao dch, v nh vy s tin li cho khch hng trong vic qun l tnh hnh ti chnh ca mnh cng nh thun tin khi s dng cc dch v ngn hng khc. Vi mt h thng dch v ngn hng lin hon khp kn s p ng c y d cc nhu cu ca khch hng. Khch hng s dng dch v ATM c th ng thi s dng ti khon pht hnh ATM thc hin giao dch u t t ng trn s d ti khon; hoc dng th ATM k qu pht hnh bo lnh; dng th ATM rt vn vay; mua bn ngoi t; chuyn tin i nc ngoi. Do , cc ngn hng thng mi cn c s phi hp gia cc b phn nghip v c lin quan c th a ra mt lot dch v
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ngn hng lin hon tin li nht sc hp dn khch hng v to th mnh trong cnh tranh vi cc ngn hng khc 3.2.2.2 Pht trin cc dch v th mi a) Pht hnh Th cng ty (Business Card) Mc ch ca th cng ty phc v th trng khch hng l cc cng ty v doanh nghip ti Vit nam nhm gip cc cng ty qun l cht ch vic chi tiu ca nhn vin v mc ch chung ca cng ty trong kinh doanh. Hng thng, hng qu v hng nm h s c cung cp nhng thng tin qun l mt cch tm tt v chi tit v s chi tiu ca tng nhn vin, tng b phn trong cng ty mnh. Hn na, cc cng ty c th s dng th thc hin thanh ton cho nhau vi cc gi tr giao dch tng i ln, hoc c th qun l tt hn cc chi tiu ca cng ty nh: vic mua sm thng xuyn, mua v my bay, thanh ton tin khch sn Ngn hng pht hnh th c th trin khai pht hnh loi th cng ty ny m khng cn s u t thm v mt cng ngh v my mc. b) Pht hnh Th lin kt vi cc t chc, cng ty (Co-Branded Card) Xu hng mi trn th gii hin nay l cc ngn hng v cc t chc, cng ty cng tham gia pht hnh Th tn dng. iu ny dn n mt thc t l cc nh pht hnh Th tn dng phi nhn nhn li vai tr ca Th tn dng khng ch l mt ngun thu nhp m cn l mt cng c hu hiu duy tr v pht trin mi quan h vi tt c cc khch hng. dn chng cho s hiu qu ca loi hnh Th tn dng ny, chng ta c th thy r hn qua nhng v d in hnh sau: Trn th gii, General Motors pht hnh Th tn dng trn c s hp tc vi tp an ti chnh HFC, quan h ny mang li li ch cho c GM v HFC do thu ht thm c nhiu khch hng hn. Hay tp an xe hi Ford v ngn hng Barclay cng nhau pht hnh Th Ford Barclay Card thng 12 nm 1993. Vi mt chin dch khuyn mi nu khch hng s dng Th Ford Barclay Card s c gim gi 5%, c Ford v Barclay u duy tr c khch hng c v pht trin nhiu khch hng mi Cn Vit nam, loi hnh Th ny c pht hnh bi ngn hng ACB. Ngn hng ny phi hp vi Saigontourist ( phc v chin dch: Vit Nam im hn thin nin k mi) v Saigon Co-op cho ra i hai loi sn phm l : Th Saigontourist ACB v Saigon Co-op ACB. T ngy 1-10-2001
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ngn hng ACB pht hnh hai loi th tn dng ni a mi: ACB Mai Linh (dnh cho khch hng s dng taxi Mai Linh) v ACB Phc Lc Th (dnh cho khch hng mua sm cc siu th thuc h thng Citimart, Maximark, v Min ng). Sp ti NHNT Vit Nam c k hoch trin khai cc sn phm th lin kt: th ghi n quc t VCB-MTV mang thng hiu MasterCard Unembossed nhm vo i tng khch hng l gii tr, bao gm tng lp hc sinh sinh vin v th tn dng quc t: VCB-Vietnamairlines mang thng hiu American Express phc v cho nhu cu i li du lch ca ch th. Nh vy mt ln na khng nh li rng chin lc trin khai pht hnh Th lin kt ca cc ngn hng thng mi vi cc cng ty, t chc trong nc l rt cn thit v ph hp ngn hng tng thm li nhun, pht trin khch hng v to th lc mi trong cnh tranh. iu c ngha l ngn hng s cng vi cc cng ty nh Vietnamairlines, siu th, du lch l hnh, bo him, bu in pht hnh th tn dng hoc th ghi n lin kt. Ngoi vic c s dng nh th tn dng quc t hoc th ghi n thng thng, ngn hng cng vi cc cng ty lin kt s c im thng hoc u i khi s dng thanh ton ti cc a im dch v ca cng ty lin kt. y l mt sn phm gip ngn hng v cc cng ty thc hin cc chnh sch khch hng, xy dng v duy tr cc mi quan h lu di vi khch hng v c bit i vi loi th lin kt ny, ngn hng cng c th trin khai pht hnh m khng cn phi c s u t thm v mt cng ngh my mc. Ngoi ra, c th trin khai tip cc dch v thanh ton trn h thng ATM vi cc i tc: VMS (Mobiphone), GPC (Vinaphone), in lc Vit Nam; xy dng v trin khai n pht trin sn phm th chip theo chun EMV; trin khai dch v gi tin qua h thng giao dch t ng ATM gip khch hng tit kim thi gian, chi ph so vi vic gi tin qua quy giao dch. 3.2.2.3 Pht trin mng li c s chp nhn th Nh phn trn trnh by, s lng, phn b cng nh hot ng ca cc c s chp nhn th ca Vit Nam cng l mt nguyn nhn chnh dn n hn ch ca hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam. Con s ny cng c phn nh qua bo co ca cc t chc th quc t. Bng 3.4 SO SNH HOT NG CA H THNG C S CHP NHN
TH VISA TI VIT NAM V KHU VC CHU THI BNH DNG
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2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
C s chp nhn th n v: nghn c s VN AP 5530 7601 6538 9415 7756 12271 8987 14521 9223 16255
Doanh s chp nhn th n v: triu USD VN AP 93 96 115 138 205954 149 230086 127218 153963 180816
(Ngun: Visa international Quarter Report 2004) Bng 3.5 SO SNH HOT NG CA H THNG C S CHP NHN
TH MASTERCARD TI VIT NAM V KHU VC CHU THI BNH DNG (AP)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
C s chp nhn th n v: nghn c s VN AP 5000 6654 6100 8036 7305 11367 8956 14264 9021 15958
Doanh s chp nhn th n v: triu USD VN AP 11,3 6020 13,5 6579 17,3 7350 21,5 8764 26,7 9258
(Ngun: MasterCard International Key Performance Report 6 year trend) Nhn vo bng trn ta thy tc tng trng v mt s lng cng nhng doanh s ca cc c s chp nhn th ti Vit Nam so vi khu vc khng nh lm v s tng i, tuy nhin s tuyt i li rt nh, phn nh mt th trng cn ha hn nhiu tim nng. Tuy nhin, Ngoi vic th MasterCard ti th trng Chu TBD c doanh s qu nh so vi s lng cc c s chp nhn th, Vit Nam vn cn phi m rng cc c s chp nhn th tng ng
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vi vic tng doanh s chp nhn th. Hn na, cc c s ny tp trung nhiu nht thnh ph H Ch Minh sau n H Ni, Nng, An Giang, Vng Tu. Vi nhng CSCNT phn b khng ng u ti cc a phng nh vy th cha th p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. Nhm hon thin v m rng mt th trng thanh ton th, cc ngn hng phi to c mng li rng khp trong c nc tha mn nhu cu ngi tiu dng. ATM c xem l mt trong cc thit b bt buc phi c trong cng ngh ngn hng hin i ca bt k cc nh ch ti chnh no ang trn ng tng tc pht trin. Do vy chng ta cn thit lp, pht trin mt h thng my giao dch t ng (ATM) nhng ni c mt dn c cao, nhng trung tm thng mi ln, k c ngay trong cng s khch hng thy ngn hng bn cnh h, ngn hng chnh l ngi bn tin cy ca khch hng. m rng mng li CSCNT, cn phi: - Trang b y cc my mc thit b. Nn trang b my POS thay v dng my ch ha n, va m bo an ton cho CSCNT va to c s yn tm cho khch hng. - Cn c quy ch trch thng hay chng trnh khuyn mi nhm khuyn khch CSCNT t doanh s ln. c bit l mng thanh ton phi lun n nh, cung cp cho khch hng mt dch v thanh ton tt nht. - Gii quyt cho cc CSCNT mi c m ti khon m khng cn np tin m bo s d ti thiu ca ti khan. Trng hp CSCNT no cn rt ht tin cng nn chp nhn cho h rt ht s d. - Cc ngn hng nn thnh lp b phn chm sc khch hng v phng chng ri ro c nhim v thng bo y bn tin cnh gic, trc tip thu ha n ti cc CSCNT, thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my mc. - Thng xuyn t chc tp hun nghip v th cho cc CSCNT gip h gii p nhng vng mc trong thanh ton. - M rng cc CSCNT sang cc nghnh khch khng ch trong lnh vc kinh doanh nh hng khch sn truyn thng nh hin nay, xy dng mt mng li CSCNT v tinh phc v nhu cu s dng th nh: bu in, trm bn xng du, ng st, hng bo him, ca hng thi trang, gia dng, hng taxi - Xy dng v thc hin cc chin dch qung co, tip th mt cch tng th, c k hoch, thng xuyn hn. C th thc hin nh mt s cng ty nc
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gii kht l trang b bin hiu cho cc CSCNT, nh th va h tr c cc i l va thc hin c cng tc qung co. - C s phi hp ng b cc b phn nghip v to hu thun cho vic m rng cc CSCNT chng hn nh mt trong nhng iu kin cho cc n v kinh doanh vay vn l n v phi l i l thanh ton th cho ngn hng. - Thng xuyn thm CSCNT v t chc thm d kin khch hng. - Ngoi ra, cn phi lm cho cc CSCNT nhn thc c rng chp nhn thanh ton th l tng ngun thu qua bn hng, t cn trnh phn bit i x vi khch hng, trnh li dng thu thm ph thanh ton hoc p khch hng thanh ton bng ngoi t hng chnh lch gi. Tt c nhng iu u lm nh hng n doanh s s dng th ca khch hng. 3.2.2.4 y mnh cng tc tip th v c chnh sch khch hng ph hp c mt chnh sch khch hng ph hp v hiu qu, ngn hng cn phi phn on th trng v xc nh i tng khch hng ca tng on th trng, c th: - i vi khch hng truyn thng: L nhng khch hng tng c quan h lu di vi ngn hng v c doanh s thanh ton th cao. Vi i tng khch hng ny, ngn hng cn c chnh sch u i c bit di hnh thc khuyn mi, trao thng hoc cung cp mt s u i khi khch hng s dng cc dch v khc ca ngn hng nh v tn dng, thanh ton xut nhp khu Ngoi ra, ngn hng cn quan tm ti vic trang b y my mc, c chng trnh bo dng thng xuyn nhm m bo my mc lun hot ng tt. Mc d nhng vic lm ny cng c cc ngn hng thc hin nhng vn cha thnh chng trnh hot ng thng xuyn, lin tc. Do vy hin nay, h cn phi c chng trnh khuyn mi c th thng bo cho tng khch hng v thc hin mt cch thng xuyn, lin tc. Ngoi ra, cn phi lun thm hi, chm sc khch hng, c nh vy mi gi chn c khch hng. - i vi khch hng chin lc: ngn hng cn cng c v xy dng mi quan h vi cc i tc chin lc gm: Hng hng khng, Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam, cc hng bo him nh Bo Vit, Prudential, AIA, Tng cng ty xng du, cc cng ty du lch, l hnh, cc cng ty thng mi dch v. Trc ht, y l nhng cng ty ln, hot ng kinh doanh c uy tn, thu nhp ca nhn vin cao v n nh nn trc tin ngn hng c th khai
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thc i tng khch hng s dng th l nhn vin ca chnh cc cng ty ny. Ngoi ra, y l nhng cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc cung cp dch v tiu dng cho c nhn v c lu lng giao dch ln, nn ta c th chn lm i l thanh ton th hoc a im t my ATM. Vi khch hng ny, cn khn trng t vn cung cp dch v th vi h, gii thch cho h hiu r nhng tin ch m th mang li, ng thi cng phi c chnh sch khuyn mi hp dn trong giai on u khi h s dng dch v th ca ngn hng. - i vi khch hng tim nng: l nhng khch hng trong tng lai s s dng dch v th, gm hc sinh, sinh vin, y l i tng c trnh hiu bit v cng ngh hin i v nm bt nhanh nhng tin ch ca nn cng ngh ng dng. Tuy nhin, hin ti h cha c thu nhp nn cha c nhu cu s dng dch v th. Chc chn trong tng lai h s l khch hng tch cc s dng dch v th. Vi i tng ny, ngn hng nn dng hnh thc tuyn truyn kin thc v dch v th thng qua cc kho ni chuyn chuyn h c kin thc v to c hnh nh v th. 3.2.2.5. Cc ngn hng kt hp xy dng h thng ATM lin kt Thi gian qua, mt lot cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam, gm 4 NHTM quc doanh v mt s ngn hng thng mi c phn, ang trin khai rm r h thng my giao dch t ng ATM trn ton quc. H thng giao dch ATM c NHNN trin khai th im t nm 1995 nhng chnh thc c cc NHTM quc doanh trin khai vo nm 2002 cng vi th ghi n ni a ATM. Ngoi vic t my trong h thng, cc ngn hng cn thng tho cc hp ng thu ch t my bn ngoi nh ti cc trung tm thng mi, siu th, khu du lch Trong cuc chy ua ny, ngn hng no cng mun mang li tin ch cao nht cho khch hng ca mnh. Tuy nhin, theo cc chuyn gia quc t v trong nc, Vit Nam l nc i sau nn c th rt kinh nghim t cc nc i trc. Vi vic mnh ai ny ua nh hin nay rt c th trong mt siu th s c n 4 hoc 5 chic my ATM ca cc ngn hng khc nhau t cnh nhau. iu ny tng xy ra i vi cc ngn hng Singapore cch y khng lu. Mc d c nhng n lc ci tin cng ngh, a dng cc dch v ngn hng, nhng vic t mi ngn hng vn ng m khng c s hp tc lm gim hiu qu u t. Do , cc ngn hng cn lin kt xy dng mt h thng
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ATM chung tng tnh hiu qu khng nhng cho khch hng m cn cho bn thn tng ngn hng. C th l cc ngn hng s phi hp xy dng phn mm chung cho cc my ATM, cho php khch hng c th ca bt k ngn hng no cng c th rt tin v thc hin cc dch v ti my ATM ca ngn hng khc, sau cc ngn hng s t thc hin thanh ton b tr vi nhau. Vi gii php ny, s my ATM ca mi ngn hng s tng gp nhiu ln so vi s thc trang b ca mi ngn hng, nu mi ngn hng trang b 100 my ATM, 5 ngn hng s c 500 my v khch hng ca mi ngn hng c th s dng c trn 500 my . Nh vy, khch hng c li vi h thng ATM rng khp, mi ngn hng cng c li, m trc ht l gim chi ph u t ban u (thng thng gi my ATM l 30 000 USD/chic). Khi h thng ATM c lin kt li, cc ngn hng s cnh tranh nhau v gi, cht lng dch v, c nh vy mi ci thin c mi trng cnh tranh v dch v th s c iu kin pht trin, to c nim tin cho khch hng. Tuy nhin, vic lin kt gia cc ngn hng nh vy i hi trnh ca h thng thanh ton gia cc ngn hng phi tng ng nhau. Vy trong thi gian ti, vi vic trin khai xong d n hin i ho ngn hng v h thng thanh ton ng lot 4 ngn hng thng mi quc doanh v 2 ngn hng TMCP th vn t ra y s l kh thi. Cui cng, tng v vic thnh lp mt h thng thanh ton th ATM lin kt mun sm i vo thc t khng nhng cn s tham gia nhit tnh ca cc ngn hng m cn cn s ch huy ca mt nhc trng, l Ngn hng Nh nc hoc Hip hi th Vit Nam. 3.2.2.6. Gii php v k thut - cng ngh Trong thi i ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin pht trin mnh v thay i tng nm, tng thng, cc thit b cung ng dch v ngn hng cng thay i khng ngng, cnh tranh gia cc ngn hng ngy cng tr nn mnh m. Mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh thng li l p dng cc thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh vo hot ng ngn hng, nht l hot ng kinh doanh dch v th, c th l: - ng dng cng ngh tin tin: y chnh l mt tin ht sc quan trng cc ngn hng thng mi tip tc trin khai mt lot cc ng dng cng ngh tin tin nh Ngn hng in t, m rng h thng giao dch t ng
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ATM, tng cng h thng thng tin qun l (MIS), ng dng cc chun mc h k ton quc t. Trong , ngn hng in t cn c ng dng trong vic cung cp dch v th v n rt tin ch khi khch hng c th ngi ti nh thc hin cc giao dch thanh ton tin hng ho, dch v hoc tr cc khon chi ph pht sinh thng xuyn qua mng. c bit, khi cc bin php h tr bn pht trin th y l mt phng thc thanh ton tin li cho c ch th v c s chp nhn th. Tuy nhin, to lng tin cho khch hng khi s dng phng thc thanh ton qua mng trc tuyn ny, ngn hng cn c gii php k thut bo mt an ton nhm m bo quyn li cho cc ch th tham gia thanh ton th qua mng. - Trang b thit b ng b: Vi nhn thc cng ngh l nn tng quan trng m rng mng li hot ng, pht trin sn phm mi v a cc sn phm ngn hng hin i trn th gii p dng vo hot ng ngn hng, nn tin ch ca th ngn hng s c to ra v gn lin vi cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin, cng ngh thng tin li pht trin rt nhanh, nhiu k thut c coi l tin tin cch y vi nm nhng nay tr thnh li thi. Cng ngh ng dng trong lnh vc th ngn hng cng khng nm ngoi xu th . Trc y, cng ngh th t l gii php k thut chnh s dng trong th. ng vi mi k thut ch to th (t tnh hay vi mch in t) u c mt h thng thit b u cui phc v cho qu trnh lu hnh (my kim tra, my ATM, POS). Nhiu ngn hng nc ngoi trc y b ra nhng khon u t khng l pht trin h thng u cui s dng th t, gi y khi th thng minh thay th, s thay i ko theo mt chi ph qu t. y l mt bi hc ln cho cc ngn hng Vit Nam. Vy nn vi li th ca ngi i sau c iu kin tip thu nhng cng ngh mi nht ca cc nc i trc, cc ngn hng cn bit la chn pht trin h thng my mc u cui theo hng tng thch vi h thng ca th gii. C th, cn coi trng s ng b ca h thng k thut bao gm vic trang b h thng my kim tra, ATM, POS vi loi th thanh ton la chn l cng ngh th vi mch in t m bo tng thch vi h thng ca th gii. - Thit lp h thng d phng cho dch v th: i vi dch v th, tiu chun v chnh xc v thi gian x l giao dch ca khch hng l rt quan trng, c bit i vi nhng giao dch do khch hng t thc hin. Vi c tnh my in th l mt loi my c chng, gp s c rt kh khc phc. Ngn hng
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ngoi thng c thi my b hng 2 thng lin nn lm nh hng n tnh hnh pht hnh th ca ngn hng. Do vy, cc ngn hng cn suy ngh n vic trang b my d phng thay th kp thi khi c s c xy ra. Mc d vic u t cho my d phng khng phi l nh v cn lin quan ti nhng hao mn v hnh, nhng c nh vy giao dch th s khng b gin on, to c lng tin cho khch hng. Tuy nhin, vn bo tr v bo dng cc thit b chuyn dng vn l bin php cn thit m bo kh nng p ng lin tc ca dch v th. 3.2.2.7. Gii php v c cu t chc v trnh nhn s Khc vi cc nghip v truyn thng, kinh doanh th ngn hng l mt nghip v mi m, i hi cn b cn c thm nhng hiu bit ring bit v mng thanh ton, trnh tin hc, hiu bit v h thng x l s liu v truyn dn, cng nh trnh giao tip v hiu bit v lut l lin h gii quyt tranh chp vi cc t chc th quc t cng nh ngn hng pht hnh hay ngn hng thanh ton trn ton cu. c bit vi sc p th trng ngy cng tng, yu cu x l cng vic nhanh gn, chnh xc cng i hi cc cn b th phi hc hi nhiu hn na. V vy cc ngn hng c th: - Thnh lp mt b phn nghin cu v pht trin sn phm chuyn bit gm mt s cn b ca phng Th v Trung tm tin hc, thc hin chc nng nghin cu m rng cc tin ch sn phm cng nh nghin cu cc sn phm th mi. - o to kin thc c bn v tin hc v cng ngh thng tin cho cn b nghip v th, trong ch trng b phn qun l ri ro v b phn nghin cu pht trin. i vi b phn qun l ri ro, cc cn b ny phi lin tc cp nht cc thng tin v th gi mo qua h thng mng hoc cc phng tin truyn thng quc t c kin thc ph bin cho cc c s chp nhn th phng nga, hn ch bt ri ro c th xy ra. - T chc o to cn b tip th m bo c kin thc marketing cn thit v dch v th. i ng tip th ny phi c chng trnh chm sc khch hng thng xuyn, c bit i vi cc c s chp nhn th truyn thng lng nghe kin khch hng nhm phc v ngy mt tt hn. Nht l trong iu
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kin ang ngy cng c nhiu ngn hng tham gia cung cp dch v th th vic tranh ginh khch rt d xy ra. - nh k, t chc cc lp tp hun v nghip v th cp nht cc ng dng mi ca dch v th v trao i cc vn mi pht sinh cho cn b x l nghip v. - Xy dng tiu ch nh gi trnh nghip v v tc x l cng vic ca cc nhn vin theo tng b phn x l cng vic nh thi gian duyt h s pht hnh th, thi gian gi th cho khch hng, thi gian tr li thng tin v ti khon nhm to cho khch hng s hi lng nht. 3.3 MT S KIN NGH 3.3.1 Vi Ngn hng Nh nc Trn c s phn tch thc trng hot ng thanh ton th ti cc NHTM Vit Nam cho thy, th l mt sn phm mi ang c sc hp dn i vi th trng Vit Nam - mt th trng kh rng ln v rt tim nng cho pht trin th. Trong tng lai s c rt nhiu NHTM cng tham gia vo hot ng kinh doanh ny. gip cc NHTM Vit Nam, NHNN vi t cch l NHTW, thc hin chc nng l NH ca cc NH trong giai on ny cn c bit quan tm, ng h, to iu kin v ch o thng xuyn hot ng ny. - NHNN cn nghin cu phng n thnh lp Trung tm chuyn mch ti chnh, trong c x l vn b tr th gia cc NH. Theo , ch th c th s dng th bt k my ATM no cng c. NHNN thnh lp mt trung tm thanh ton b tr dnh ring cho cc giao dch thanh ton th trong nc. Theo , th do mt ngn hng pht hnh c em thanh ton ti mt NH khc trong nc th giao dch ny khng phi thc hin thng qua trung tm thanh ton ca TCTQT m thc hin thanh ton b tr gia hai ngn hng. Do s gim c chi ph. Trung tm ny s vn hnh theo c ch tho thun gia cc thnh vin, phn chia chi ph, thu nhp v ri ro gia cc thnh vin lin quan, gii php k thut bo v, tnh tin li v an ton
93
ca th, c ch hp tc h tr chin lc pht trin ca cc thnh vin v thc y nng cao cht lng dch v NH. - V s bt cp gia c ch kinh doanh th tn dng v qui nh hin hnh v qun l ngoi hi cc c quan qun l kinh t x hi v php lut cn c s quan tm nghin cu v vn ny. Nn ban hnh quy ch php l r rng i vi cc loi th pht hnh trong nc s dng nc ngoi v th do NH nc ngoi pht hnh c s dng thanh ton trong nc. - NH cn tng bc hn ch thanh ton bng tin mt trong dn c. y l chnh sch v m ca Nh nc v NHNN. C nh vy mi gp phn m rng thanh ton khng dng tin mt, m th NH l mt trong s . 3.3.2 Vi chnh ph - T chc tt cng tc gio dc xy dng thc n np cho ngi dn. Nh nc cn a ra cc quy nh, cc hnh pht tht cht ch i vi nhng ai khng c thc bo v gi gn my mc. Bi bt k mt s v thc, ph phch no cng gy thit hi v tin ca, sc lc ca x hi. Chi ph b ra bo v my, sa cha my c th cn cao hn li nhun thu c t my ny. Do , cn c s can thip v qun l ca nh nc trong vic gio dc thc k lut t gic cho cng ng. Duy tr mi trng kinh t, chnh tr x hi n nh, ch s lm php hp l, gi c khng bin ng nhiu th vic s dng th ca ngi dn s pht trin hn. Hn na, khi nn kinh t trong nc pht trin s to c hi ho nhp vi cng ng quc t, m rng cc mi quan h hp tc i ngoi, u t nc ngoi tng thu ht ngy cng nhiu du khch quc t vo Vit Nam. - To iu kin tng thu nhp cho ngi dn, nng cao mc sng v trnh dn tr, trnh hiu bit cho mi tng lp dn c v ngn hng v cc sn phm dch v ngn hng. - Thc hin chnh sch min gim, u i i vi cc hng ho nhp khu phc v cho kinh doanh th. Nh nc nn gim thu hoc min thu i vi cc thit b cng ngh nhp khu phc v kinh doanh th. Mt khc, mc
94
thu sut thu VAT 10% nh nc nh ln th thanh ton nh hin nay s khng khuyn khch c ngi dn s dng dch v ny nn Nh nc cn xem xt li cho ph hp. - To iu kin cho ngnh ngoi thng, du lch, hng khng pht trin. Tnh hnh kinh t v m trong thi gian tr li y thc s em n nhng thun li i vi dch v th Vit Nam. nng cao hiu qu hot ng thanh ton th, cc NHTM Vit Nam cn thc hin kt hp nhiu gii php. Bn cnh , cc ngn hng kinh doanh trong lnh vc th cn c s ng h, h tr t pha nh nc, t NHNN. Vi cc gii php v kin ngh trn y, hi vng phn no hn ch c nhng tn ti cng nh gii quyt c nhng bt cp nhm pht trin hot ng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam hin nay.

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3

CHNG 1 NHNG VN CHUNG V TH V HOT NG THANH TON TH

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

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S 1.1 CU TRC T CHC HIP HI TH QUC T HIP hi th quc t

Ngn hng pht hnh (issuer)

Ngn hng pht hnh v thanh ton (issuer & acquirer)

Ngn hng thanh ton (acquirer)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Ngn hng i l thanh ton

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Chi nhnh pht hnh

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Trung tm x l s liu (central processing)

C s chp nhn th (merchant)

Ngn hng pht hnh (issuer)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Ngn hng pht hnh

C s chp nhn thanh ton th

Ngn hng thanh ton

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

(Ngun: Bo co thng nin Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam 1995-2003)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

( Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th VN thng 11.2004)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Biu 2.3 TH PHN TH TN DNG QUC T DO NHTM VIT NAM

EXIMBANK 7% ACB 51% VCB 42%

(Ngun: Bo co tng kt Hi cc ngn hng thanh ton th VN thng 11.2004)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

Ph rt tin Ph thanh ton chm

( Ngun: Tng hp bo co kinh doanh ngn hng ACB& VCB)

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

quc t 1999-2004 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Th ghi n/ATM ni a ang lu hnh

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

250 200 150 100 50 0

Loi th Visa MasterCard

2002 61,8 24,2

2003 75,1 31,7

2004 120,5 56,9

o Thu Trang - Lp 4031

American Express JCB Diners Club Tng

19,7 2,8 0,2 108,7

33,6 2,9 0,8 144,1

42,4 2,9 3,2 225,9

26,1 0 300 56,8