,

2010

.
) ,

BELT).

Kuiper

(23)

(30 ) ~ 25

(20 ) 20-

200 .

( 2700 ,),

CH4,

( 2300 ,)

NH4

Kuiper

( 1989).

~ 100 .

(scattered disc).

80 Kuiper

(<39 .)

(2060) 132-152 ..

Oort,

(e =0382) .

> 50.000 .

Gerard Kuiper,

1951.

Edgeworth

( 60558

1943 ).

( 70 ), 10199 -

UIPER

(UIPER

Voyager 2.

CH4-CO).

259 , 8405 ( 72 ), 7066

, 2060

Ch. Kowal

1977 9/1/1992

, ,

D.Rabinowitz.

( 220 ),

17o

( 12.952.000 )

5145 ).

5. i<120 2005 JT50

Cassini

20461.

( 2004). (IAU)
.

(albedo ~5%)
, .
-

(1).

(
.
,

).

)
.

Kitt Peak National Observatory -

Cerro Tololo Inter-American

Observatory - .

(1930)
,

.
.
CCD
(2)

30/8/1992,

Mauna Kea 2,24

() . 1992 QB1, (3),

, . Halley

(76-200 ).

1993 FW (4).

M.

T. Quinn S. Tremaine

, .

3
Duncan,

(TNO=Trans Neptunian Objects).

. Jewitt

J. Luu

1987
(1)

(0.94 AU), >34 AU
2. 2005 VB123. e<0.01.

3.

2001 XZ255

4.

i<3.

i >70, , 2007 DA61, 2004

YH32

9 .

.,

. ,

1.1999 XS35 e=0.947

(2). CCD( charge-coupled device)

( )
( video).
, '
()

. ,


/ CCD

(3) 160 , e=0,0654,

46.5925 AU. 40.8754 AU (4) .

Kuiper, -,

20-30 ..

Kuiper

Oort.

( ~ 15 .). ,

. Kuiper

30-55 . (

Kuiper .

. T

, (90482 Orcus

28978 Ixion, )

>50.000 . ( Oort),

( Kuiper)

3/2,

2/1

..

-ploutinos-

Kuiper reasonant

1 ().

1993, 1.100

ploutinos ( 1).

, 18

( )

. ~500.000

39,5-48 . ,

> 35 .

(= "Q-B-1-os",

cubewanos

1992(QB1).

( 10).

(-

1,86

).

( 40-42 , )

Kirkwood

(5)

50 . .

Kuiper

Oort.

cubewanos , 2 .

(5) Pan-STARRS (Panoramic Survey

Telescope And Rapid Response System) 1,8

3 !- 1,4 .pixels/,

100.000

42-48 .

, ( 1800 ), 20.000

( 7 ., e <0,1, i >10o

 ),.

.,

., .

twotinos.

- . (2)

) . .

2/5

~ 47,7
3( ).

3/4

3/5(8),

(7),

4/7

(9),3/7(10).

2007 6

.(3). cubewanos

i> 30 ,

(6),

2/1

2().

(Collisional

families).

),

.

>1660 ~2.0
g/cm. cubewano (
) 136108 2003 L61 2

2()).

Collisional family
4 (*).

60

Langrange L4 L5 (11). (>25)

. Kuiper
(1/1).
> 30%
Kuiper .

,
.

, Kuiper

L61 20% ,

( CH4, NH4) ,

(Resonances).

Kuiper

3/2, 2/1

. 2 ,

3 . 3/2 2/3
200 ~39,5 .

(6) (84522) 2002 TC302, (26375) 1999 DE9 (38084) 1999 HB12
(60621) 2000 FE8 (69988) 1998 WA31 (119068) 2001 KC77
(7) (15836) 1995 DA2
(8) (126154) 2001 YH140 (9)
(119070) 2001 KP77, (118698) 2000 OY51
(10) (95625)

2002 GX32
(11) 2001 QR322 2004 UP10 2005
TN532005 TO74 2006 RJ103 2007 RW10

2000

1996TO66,

5(#).

2000EB173 2000WR106.

50000 Quaoar,

SDOs

OO67

>1020

SDOs

()

.).

&

Kuiper ,

1/10 ,

(Sedna)

Extended scattered disc E-SDO

~30 .

(+).

>99%

SDOs

Scattered-Extended objects.

>100 ( .

).

()

KUIPER .

(2006)

Kuiper 9 .

(Scattered disc)

~ 50 . ( ) 20-

30 .. .

~100 .

KBOs SDOs

Hubble

()
(HD139664, HD53143).
(NEW
HORIZONS ). NASA
.

()

SDOs

1999 TD10

(~0.9),

(KBOs),

2002 XU93

2004 XR190

( 5(#),

(+).

.
Sedna ( 6 )
(>900 .)
Oort (87269)

i (~78)

, .

2000 CR105 ( 393.8 .- 44,1 .) ,

2004 VN112 ( 61,783 .- 52,316 .)

()

& voyager 1 , 1980 (12/11 )

,
.
Pluto express
NEW HORIZONS
.
19/1/2006
(19,00,000
UTC)

14/6/2015.

,
2-3
( ) 2020.
( Atlas V551
59,7 ) 575 kgr

21 /. (47.000
/) -
9 !
405 (
2007) 4 /
gravity assist
2,27 .. (
).
893 ,


9,22 . .
!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

^ Dutch requests. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.

^ S. ALAN STERN (1997). Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30
50 AU Kuiper Gap. Geophysical, Astrophysical, and Planetary Sciences, Space Science Department, Southwest
Research Institute. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
^ a b c d e f g Audrey Delsanti and David Jewitt. The Solar System Beyond The Planets. Institute for Astronomy,
University of Hawaii. Retrieved on 2007-03-09.
^ David Jewitt. Kuiper Belt Page. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
^ a b c d e Harold F. Levison, Luke Donnes (2007). "Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics", in Lucy Ann Adams
McFadden, Lucy-Ann Adams, Paul Robert Weissman, Torrence V. Johnson: Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd,
Academic Press, 575588. ISBN 0120885891.
^ Craig B. Agnor & Douglas P. Hamilton (2006). Neptunes capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet
gravitational encounter. Nature. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
^ Grard FAURE (2004). DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM OF ASTEROIDS AS OF MAY 20, 2004. Retrieved on
2007-06-01.
^ What is improper about the term "Kuiper belt"? (or, Why name a thing after a man who didn't believe its existence?).
Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
^ John Davies (2001). Beyond Pluto: Exploring the outer limits of the solar system. Cambridge University Press, xii.

() 1 PLUTINOS (3:2)

90482 Orcus(1)

.
argument
.

38628 Huya(2)

28978 Ixion(3)

38083
(4)

17/2/04

10/3/00

22/5/01

17/4/1999

48.31 AU
30.53
39.419
0.22552
247.492
4.68 km/s
79.561
20.55233
268.586
73.8325
1 (92-432 km)
946.3+74.1~7.51020
~1.5 g/cm
?
+3.40
19.75 -2.76 %
19.11

50.986 AU
28.538
39.762
0.282
250.73
4.63 km/s
348.506
15.463
169.296
67.637

49.269
30.091
39.680
0.242
249.95
4.66 km/s
268.546
19.584
71.028
298.779

45.105
33.205
39.155
0.152
245.01
4.73 km/s
84.451
12.731
10.001
81.785

48050 km
8.3161019
2.0? g/cm

<822 km
<5.81020
2.0? g/cm

87-276 km[
0.69-221018
2.0? g/cm

0.110.02
19.3

0.15-0.37
19.6

0.10?

(1) 90482 Orcus

(3) 28978 Ixion

,
.
22/5/2001 Deep Ecliptic Survey.

()

(,
).
.

,
Orcus (
). Michael Brown
( Caltech),
Chad Trujillo (Gemini Observatory), David Rabinowitz
( Yale University).. 17/2/2004

1 , IAUC 8812 ~220

(4) .

( ),
(2) 38628 Huya. . 17/4/1999
. Deep Ecliptic Survey.
Ignacio Ferrin 10/3/2000.

() 2 CUBEWANOS

(15760) 1992QB1 (136472)2005FY9

20000 Varuna
2003EL61

.
argument
.

(15760) 1992QB1

30/8/1992

31/3/2005

28/12/04

28/11/200

46.5925 AU
40.8754 AU
43.7339 AU
0.0654
289.225
4.4990 km/s
14.5829
2.1927
359.4575
2.1541

53.0736
38.508 AU
45.791
0.159
309.868
4.419 km/s
85.14653
28.963
79.3816
298.407

51.526
35.164
43.335
0.18874
285.4
4.484 km/s
198.07
28.19
121.90
239.51

45.335 AU
40.915 AU
43.129 AU
0.051
283.20
4.53 km/s
89.673
17.2
97.296
271.631

160 km

1300 1900 km
~ 41021
~2 g/cm

07

0.8 0.2

~19601518996
(4.20.1)1021 kg
2.63.3 g/cm
3.91540.0002 h
0.70.1

2
874 km
~5.91020 kg
0.992 g/cm
3.17 h
0.037-0.21

17

2003EL61

David C. Jewitt Jane X. Luu J. Ortiz M.Brown Sierra

Mauna Kea Observatory, .
Nevada Observatory, .
, 2
.
(136472)2005FY9

Michael
E.
Brown,
Chad Trujillo,David Rabinowitz.

(m=+17). .
.
CH4.
20000 Varuna
.

. R. McMillan
(Spacewatch).

() 3 TWOTINOS (2:1)

.
argument
.

1996TR66

1998 SM165

2002 WC19

2000 JG81

8/10/1996

16/9/1998

16/11/2002

6/5/2000

66.906 AU
28.656
47.781
0.400
330.28
4.13 km/s
43.591
12.432
343.070
308.898

65.154
29.902 AU
47.528 AU
0.371
327.67
4.17 km/s
35.495
13.515
183.158
130.468

61.546 AU
34.172 AU
47.859 AU
0.286
331.15

139 km
2.81018? kg
2.0? g/cm

238 km
1.41019? kg
2.0? g/cm

60.093
35.222
47.657 AU)
0.261
329.01
4.24 km/s
305.041
9.191
109.692
45.322
1 (127 km)
400 km
7.81019? kg
2.0? g/cm

0.10?

0.10?

0.10?

0.09

11.3
23.4
45.9
170.1
67 km

( * ) 4 KBOs

.
argument
.

2002 TX300

1995 SM55

1996 TO66

2003 OP32

15/10/2002

19/9/1995

12/10/1996

26/7/2003

48.481 AU
37.798 AU
43.139 AU
0.124
283.35
4.52 km/s
62.175
25.856
324.575
338.907

45.905 AU
37.400 AU
41.653 AU
0.102
268.83
4.60 km/s
315.427
27.092
21.067
72.287

48.471
37.952
43.212
0.122
284.06
4.51 km/s
124.299
27.460
355.236
240.207

47.963
38.602
43.282
0.108
284.76
4.51 km/s
57.925
27.189
182.940
69.449

709 km
1.63.71020
2.0? g/cm

702 km
3.61020
2.0? g/cm

666 km
3.11020
2.0? g/cm

>0.19

0.10

330-750 km
3.8-441019? kg
2.0? g/cm
6.250 h
>0.04

0.10?

 5 SDOs

2004 XR190
1996 TL66

(#)

.
argument
.

21/10/2003

11/12/2004

9/10/1996

15/10/1995

97.56
37.77
67.6681
0.44177
557 years
3.436 km/s
197.63427
44.187
35.8696
151.4305

61.783
52.316
57.050
0.083
430.91
3.94 km/s
259.042
46.746
252.369
289.910

130.774
35.029
82.901
0.577
754.83
2.98 km/s
1.971
24.018
217.798
184.699

64.462
40.016
52.239
0.234
377.57
4.06 km/s
33.6
0.2
260.7
83.4

425850 km
0.64.81020 kg

~575 115 km
2.6?1020

1.5? g/cm

2.0? g/cm

~350 and ~160 km

~4.5 and ~0.4 1019
kg
2.0? g/cm

<0.25?

0.10?

0.10?

2400-2500 km
(1.67 0.02)1022 kg

> 8 h?
0.86 0.07
18.7

( )
M. E. Brown
(Palomar obs), C. A. Trujillo, D. L. Rabinowitz.

, . 4-8%
(2397 ) 27
.

CH4
.
.
90377 2005 (10/9, Keck obs
Hawai).
.
14/11/2003
975.56 AU

76.156 AU

525.86

0.855

12,059.06 years

1.04 km/s
.
357.457

11.934

144.514
.
311.123
argument

1995 TL8

1,1801,800 km
8.310207.01021kg
2.0? g/cm
0.42 d (10 h)
>0.2?
20.4 (Perihelic

2004 XR190
Lynne Jones (Canada-France-

Hawaii Telescope ). i=47

,

.
1996 TL66
DavidJewitt,JaneLuu, Jun Chen.

1995 TL8
A. Gleason (Spacewatch).

5/10/2005 (HST) 10%

.

() 6 SEDNA


2008
Date
12 Jan
26 Jan
09 Feb
23 Feb
08 Mar
22 Mar
05 Apr
19 Apr
03 May
17 May
31 May
14 Jun
28 Jun
12 Jul
26 Jul
09 Aug
23 Aug
06 Sep
20 Sep
04 Oct
18 Oct
01 Nov

RA

Dec. Vis

01 36.2 -05 06 18.8

01 36.2 -05 03 18.8
01 36.4 -04 59 18.8
01 36.7 -04 55 18.8
01 37.1 -04 51 18.8
01 37.6 -04 46 18.8
01 38.1 -04 42 18.8
01 38.6 -04 39 18.8
01 39.2 -04 35 18.8
01 39.7 -04 33 18.8
01 40.1 -04 31 18.8
01 40.5 -04 30 18.8
01 40.7 -04 30 18.8
01 40.9 -04 31 18.8
01 40.9 -04 33 18.8
01 40.8 -04 35 18.8
01 40.6 -04 38 18.8
01 40.2 -04 41 18.8
01 39.8 -04 44 18.7
01 39.3 -04 47 18.7
01 38.8 -04 50 18.7
01 38.3 -04 52 18.7

Diam
96. 79
97. 03
97. 24
97. 43
97. 59
97. 69
97.74
97.74
97.68
97.57
97. 42
97. 23
97. 01
96. 79
96. 56
96. 34
96 .14
95. 98
95. 86
95. 79
95. 78
95. 83

Tilt Dist

Elong Con

96.79 089
96.78 076
96.78 062
96.78 048
96.78 035
96.78 024
96.77 015
96.77 016
96.77 025
96.77 037
96.77 050
96.76 063
96.76 075
96.76 088
96.76 101
96.76 114
96.75 127
96.75 140
96.75 152
96.75 163
96.75 165
96.74 157
15 Nov
29 Nov
13 Dec
27 Dec

M. Brown (Samuel Oschin telescope).

Sedna

.
Sedna

Kuiper ,
1/10 Oort
,
.
Oort
.

. Sedna .


. ,
.

Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet
01 37.8 -04 53
01 37.4 -04 54
01 37.1 -04 54
01 36.8 -04 52

18.7 95. 93
18.8 96. 08
18.8 96. 27
18.8 96. 48

96.74
96.74
96.74
96.74

145
132
118
105

Cet
Cet
Cet
Cet

;


;
~100 ,
100-1000 .

Kuiper.
(1/16 )
CO, CH4 N+

50-500 kgr/sec.
. 2015



.

(;) .
>30 . ,
.

50 kgr/sec 2 1027 /sec, .
,
..
,

,
.
2 , SWAP (Solar Wind
Around Pluto ),
PEPSSI (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation).
.

().
.

.

~160 .
()
.
Roche(1)
.
.
-
(2).

,

.

>40.000/. (3).
,

,


(termination shock).
.
1

(heliopause),

,
Voyager 1 2
32 (4) . Voyager 1
2004 (),
1,6 . (~ 94 )
. Voyager 2
3 (30/8/2007),

Pioneers 10&11
.

( )

.


,
(heliosheath).
(1) Roche ( Roche
lobe)

.
(2) ,

. (~27 ),
.
(3/2005) SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)

.

.
(bow shock)




.
,
.
230 . . .
(Mira),

(130 /) GALEX
NASA.
.
2
(~125000 .). ,
.
Sedna,
Kuiper beltOort cloud
.
(3) ,
(
)
.

(4)
.
& , 2010.

OORT.

,
.
. 1932
Ernst pik (1893- 1985)

.
1950
Jan Hendrik Oort (1900- 1992)

(~4,5 ),
,

,

.

. Oort

.

, ,
( )
( ).
(~10
.)
.
( .),
. Oort
>20000 .


().
. Oort
.
2000-5000 . .
100000-200000
. (~1 ).
20000-50000 .
-
( Halley)
Pioneer Pioneer Voyager Voyager
10
11
2
1

(AU)

100.374

80.497

91.651

112.887

(km/s)

12.080

11.442

15.485

17.076

(AU/year)

2.548

2.414

3.267

3.602

3.0

14.4

-33,0

34.9

25.82

-8.68

-54.51

12.17

(J2000)

(J2000)

5.064 hrs

18.744
19.873 hrs 17.173 hrs
hrs

Tau

Sct

Tel

Oph

100.511

80.753

91.978

112.735

13.93

11.19

12.75

15.63

-16.7

-17.2

-16,9

-16.4

Mar 3,
1972

Apr 6,
1973

Aug 20,
1977

Sep 5,
1977

(AU)

 2000-20000 ..
Hills (5).

10-100
(6).
(5) J. G. Hills
1981. Jack G. Hills (November 1981).
"Comet showers and the steady-state infall of comets from the
Oort cloud". The Astronomical Journal 86: 17301740.
doi:10.1086/113058
(6). Harold F. Levison, Luke Dones, Martin J. Duncan (April
2001). "The Origin of Halley-Type Comets: Probing the Inner
Oort Cloud

Hills

.
Oort
. (7).
& . Oort

~1,3 (8), ~ 500
>10,9.
Oort
. 5
3x1025 kgr, Hills
.

CH4,
C2H6 , CO HCN. ,
1996 PW (9) .

Oort
(10)
.
Oort.
Oort
.
4,5 .
.


800 .
.
J. Fernndez (11)
Oort (scattered disc),
1/2
,

.

2,5 . .


.
Oort

.

(7) Julio A. Fernndez (1997-04-07). "The Formation of the Oort

Cloud and the Primitive Galactic Environment
(8) Alessandro Morbidelli (2008-02-03). "Origin and dynamical
evolution of comets and their reservoirs
(9)
.

(10) Tempel 1
(11) Julio A. Fernndez, Tabar Gallardo and Adrin Brunini
(December 2004). "The scattered disc population as a source of
Oort cloud comets: evaluation of its current and past role in
populating the Oort cloud".

 Hills
.
.

. (<200 )
Kuiper
(38-100 .)
( Hale-Bopp, Hyakutake)
Oort.
Kuiper ,
.

( ~5 .) (12)
Halley.
Oort,

.
Oort


.

,
(13).

Oort.


(14)

.


.
100000200000 .
(15).



.
.



(16).

(12) .V. V. Emelyanenko,

D. J. Asher, M. E. Bailey (2007). "The fundamental role of the
Oort cloud in determining the flux of comets through the planetary
system
(13) Luke Dones, Paul R Weissman, Harold F Levison, Martin J
Duncan. "Oort Cloud Formation and Dynamics
(14) Marc Fouchard, Christiane Froeschl, Giovanni Valsecchi,
Hans Rickman (2006). "Long-term effects of the galactic tide on
cometary dynamics
(15) Harold F. Levison, Luke Donnes (2007). "Comet Populations
and Cometary Dynamics

.
. 10 .
Oort
Gliese 710 (17) 1
(~70000 .). (18)
1984 R. Muller
(19)
.

, 26 .


!

().
Oort. 4
((148209) 2000 CR105 ,
2006 SQ372 , 2008 KV42
Sedna) ( 1)
Oort
.

.




(20).


.

(16) Julio A. Fernndez (October 2000). "Long-Period Comets

and the Oort Cloud.
(17) Gliese 710 (Serpens)
(epoch2000)RA=18h 19m 51 DEC -01 56.4 m=9,65
Sp K7V, Radial velocity=-24.0 km/s .
(m=1,2).
(18) L. A. Molnar, R. L. Mutel (1998-01-09). "Close Approaches
of Stars to the Oort Cloud: Algol and Gliese 710
(19) .
(20) Kenyon, Scott J.; Benjamin C. Bromley (2 December 2004).
"Stellar encounters as the origin of distant Solar System objects in
highly eccentric orbits

(. Sedna
.)

1

OORT

.
argument
.

(148209) 2000
CR105

2006 SQ372

2008 KV42

(21)

(Dracula) (22)

6/2/2000

27/9/2006

31/3/2008

393.8 AU
44.1 AU
218.9 AU
0.798
3240.91
1.63 km/s
4.73
22.776
128.3
316.7

2005.38 AU
24.17 AU
1014.777 AU
0.976
32326.21

70.595 AU
20.330 AU
45.462
0.553
306.54
4.06 km/s
329.635
103.503
261.024

253 km
1.31019? kg

50100 km

58.9 km

Marc
W.
Buie,
Lowell
Observatory.

Brett
J. Gladman, John J.
Kavelaars, Jean-Marc
Petit, Canada-FranceHawaii Telescope

0.01969
19.46
197.36
122.34

Andrew Becker,
Nathan Kaib, SDSS

0.10?

(21) 2006
SQ372
(
) ,
180 .
.
(22) (104) 2008 KV42
Oort.

Halley Oort.
( )

(21) . (*)

Sedna

(*)
Halley
.
C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS), C/2002
CE10 (LINEAR), C/2002 VQ94 (LINEAR), C/2004 HV60
(Spacewatch). .
2007 36 ( 12
), >
. 5335 .
1996 PW.

18/2/1991 R. McNaught.
1,58
. 22,10 . (e=0.87 ,i=61,95)
10000
.
( ).

(21)
. ,

,

.
. ,
, . (
). ' ,

Eris 2010
*********************************************************
0h UT
(J2000)
Mag

r
El. Con
DATE
R.A.
Decl.
V
A.U.
A.U.
o
hh mm.m
o '
*********************************************************
09 Jan 01 37.2 -04 35 18.8 96.64 96.68 092 Cet
23 Jan 01 37.2 -04 32 18.8 96.87 96.68 078 Cet
06 Feb 01 37.4 -04 29 18.8 97.09 96.68 065 Cet
20 Feb 01 37.6 -04 25 18.8 97.29 96.67 051 Cet
06 Mar 01 38.0 -04 21 18.8 97.45 96.67 038 Cet
20 Mar 01 38.5 -04 17 18.8 97.57 96.67 026 Cet
03 Apr 01 39.0 -04 13 18.8 97.63 96.67 016 Cet
17 Apr 01 39.5 -04 09 18.7 97.64 96.67 014 Cet
01 May 01 40.1 -04 05 18.8 97.59 96.66 023 Cet
15 May 01 40.6 -04 03 18.8 97.49 96.66 035 Cet
29 May 01 41.0 -04 01 18.8 97.35 96.66 047 Cet
12 Jun 01 41.4 -03 60 18.8 97.16 96.66 060 Cet
26 Jun 01 41.7 -03 60 18.8 96.95 96.65 073 Cet
10 Jul 01 41.9 -04 00 18.8 96.73 96.65 086 Cet
24 Jul 01 41.9 -04 02 18.8 96.49 96.65 099 Cet
07 Aug 01 41.8 -04 04 18.8 96.27 96.65 112 Cet
21 Aug 01 41.6 -04 06 18.8 96.07 96.65 125 Cet
04 Sep 01 41.3 -04 09 18.7 95.90 96.64 137 Cet
18 Sep 01 40.9 -04 12 18.7 95.77 96.64 150 Cet
02 Oct 01 40.5 -04 15 18.7 95.69 96.64 161 Cet
16 Oct 01 39.9 -04 18 18.7 95.67 96.64 166 Cet
30 Oct 01 39.4 -04 20 18.7 95.70 96.63 160 Cet
13 Nov 01 38.9 -04 22 18.7 95.79 96.63 148 Cet
27 Nov 01 38.5 -04 23 18.7 95.93 96.63 135 Cet
11 Dec 01 38.1 -04 23 18.8 96.11 96.63 121 Cet
25 Dec 01 37.9 -04 22 18.8 96.32 96.63 108 Cet

 ;


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~100 ,
100-1000 .

Kuiper.
(1/16 )
CO, CH4 N+

50-500 kgr/sec.
. 2015


.

(;) .
>30 . ,
.

50 kgr/sec 2 1027 /sec,
. ,

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,

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.
2 , SWAP (Solar Wind
Around Pluto ),
PEPSSI (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation).
.