BI 3: THIT K MCH TH NGHIM V PHN MM BIN DCH & M PHNG Trang 1 4

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Mt board mch vi iu khin bao gm nhiu thnh phn to thnh: mch thc thi, mch np, chng trnh vit v bin dch cho assembly. Xem li phn kt ni phn cng cho vi iu khin bi 1 phn 1.3 3.1 MCH THC THI Mch thc thi l mch giao tip vi cc mch xut nhp vi iu khin thc hin chng trnh. 3.1.1 KHI N P Khi ny l mch in dng n p in th khong 5V, cp ngun n nh cho vi iu khin hot ng. C nhiu loi mch n p khc nhau, trong mch n p dng IC n p 7805 thng c s dng v mch ny rt d thc hin. S nh hnh di:

Mch trn ly ngun mt chiu t mt my bin p vi in p t 7V n 9V a vo ng IN. Khi kt ni mch in, do nhiu nguyn nhn, ngi dng d nhm ln cc tnh ca ngun cung cp khi u ni vo mch, trong trng hp ny rt d nh hng n cc linh kin trn board mch. V l do mt diode cu c lp thm vo mch, diode cu m bo cc tnh ca ngun cp cho mch theo mt chiu duy nht, v ngui dng cng khng cn quan tm n cc tnh ca ngun khi ni vo ng IN na. IC 7805 l IC n p, IC ny gi ng ra n nh trong khong 5V. Ng ra ny chnh l ngun Vcc cung cp cho mch vi iu khin hot ng, ng thi ng ra sau khi n p cn c ni vi hai u xut OUT cp ngun ny cho mt mch khc khi cn. 3.1.2 VI IU KHIN V CC MCH XUT NHP I. vi iu khin hot ng cn cc thnh phn sau: a. Cp ngun 5V cho vi iu khin (Vcc: 5V chn 40; GND: 0V chn 20) b. Mch to dao ng bng thch anh

Ghi ch: C1,C2= 30pF10pF (thng c s dng vi C1,C2 l t 33pF) dng n nh dao ng cho thch anh. Hnh 1.2.2

c. Mch Reset Vic kt ni chn RESET m bo h thng bt u lm vic khi Vi iu khin c cp in, hoc ang hot ng m h thng b li cn tc ng cho Vi iu khin hot ng tr li, hoc do ngi s dng mun quay v trng thi hot ng ban u. V vy chn RESET c kt ni nh sau: Vi Vi iu khin s dng thch anh c tn s fzat = 12MHz s dng C=10F v R=10K.

Hnh

d. Ni chn EA (chn 31) ln Vcc (5V): V cc bi th nghim ny ch thc hin chng trnh t b nh ROM ni, do ni chn EA vi Vcc thit t cho Vi iu khin thc hin chng trnh t b nh ROM ni (b nh ROM tch hp sn trong vi iu khin). II. Cc mch xut nhp t cc port S dng in tr treo trc mi Port, ng thi ni thm gic cm 8 chn lm ng nhn hoc xut tn hiu kt ni vi cc mch in khc t bn ngoi. Xem li phn in tr treo.

3.1.3 MCH VI IU KHIN Kt hp cc phn trn vo cng mt mch to thnh mch hot ng cho vi iu khin, s nguyn l nh hnh di (click vo hnh xem kch thc ln hn) :

Ch : Cc ng mch ln l cc ng ni BUS: tc l trn ng , nhng ng no cng tn th ni vi nhau, nhng ng khng cng tn th khng lin quan n nhau. Trong s nguyn l, cc ng BUS gip cho s d quan st hn v vic sp xp cc linh kin cng n gin, trt t hn. V d: ng kt ni P0_0 ni vo ng BUS t vi iu khin, ng P0_0 t jack 8 chn v P0_0 t in tr thanh, trn thc t c ni vi nhau vo cng mt im. 3.1.4 MT S LINH KIN a. Vi iu khin AT89S52

Khi gia cng trn mch, thng khng hn vi iu khin trc tip ln mch, m thay vo l mt cm 40 chn khi cn thit c th thay i vi iu khin khc ln trn mch d dng hn.

Mt loi cm 40 chn

Hnh dng AT89S52 thc t

S chn tng ng

b. Thch anh v t gm 33p

Thch anh 12Mhz

T gm 33p

c. in tr thanh 9 chn Cc in tr treo c thay bng in tr thanh 9 chn, s dng in tr thanh gip vic thit k mch n gin hn. , in tr thanh 9 chn thc cht l 8 in tr cng gi tr vi mi u ca in tr c ni vi nhau v u chung ny c a ra ngoi bng mt chn na

. Khi nhn trn in tr thanh, pha u no c du chm trn, th chn ngoi cng ca pha l chn chung. Thng thng chn chung ny thng c ni vi ngun Vcc d. Jack 8 chn

Jack 8 chn kt vi vi dy ni bus truyn tn hiu n cc phn khc ca mch

Dy ni bus 8 ng Thc cht Jack 8 chn c tch ra t mt phn ln hn, phn ny thng c gi l "ro cm".

T "ro cm" ny d dng tch ra thnh jack 2 chn hoc 3,4,5... chn ty ngi s dng

1.1.3.H MSC-51

Hin nay c rt nhiu h Vi iu khin trn th trng vi nhiu ng dng khc nhau, trong h Vi iu khin h MCS-51 c s dng rt rng ri trn th gii v Vit nam. Vo nm 1980 Intel cng b chp 8051(80C51), b vi iu khin u tin ca h vi iu khin MCS-51. N bao gm 4KB ROM, 128 byte RAM, 32 ng xut nhp, 1 port ni tip v 2 b nh thi 16 bit. Tip theo sau l s ra i ca chip 8052,8053,8055 vi nhiu tnh nng c ci tin Hin nay Intel khng cn cung cp cc loi Vi iu khin h MCS-51 na, thay vo cc nh sn xut khc nh Atmel, Philips/signetics, AMD, Siemens, Matra&Dallas, Semiconductors c cp php lm nh cung cp th hai cho cc chip ca h MSC-51. Chip Vi iu khin c s dng rng ri trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam hin nay l Vi iu khin ca hng Atmel vi nhiu chng loi vi iu khin khc nhau. Hng Atmel c cc chip Vi iu khin c tnh nng tng t nh chip Vi iu khin MCS-51 ca Intel, cc m s chip c thay i cht t khi c Atmel sn xut. M s 80 chuyn thnh 89, chng hn 80C52 ca Intel khi sn xut Atmel m s thnh 89C52 (M s y : AT89C52) vi tnh nng chng trnh tng t nh nhau. Tng t 8051,8053,8055 c m s tng ng Atmel l 89C51,89C53,89C55. Vi iu khin Atmel sau ny ngy cng c ci tin v c b sung thm nhiu chc nng tin li hn cho ngi dng. Bng 1 Dung lng RAM 128 byte 128 byte 128 byte 128 byte Dung lng ROM 4 Kbyte 8 Kbyte 12 Kbyte 20 Kbyte Ch np song song song song song song song song

89C51 89C52 89C53 89C55

Sau khong thi gian ci tin v pht trin, hng Atmel tung ra th trng dng Vi iu khin mang s hiu 89Sxx vi nhiu ci tin v c bit l c thm kh nng np chng trnh theo ch ni tip rt n gin v tin li cho ngi s dng. Bng 2 Dung lng RAM 128 byte 128 byte 128 byte Dung lng ROM 4 Kbyte 8 Kbyte 12 Kbyte Ch np ni tip ni tip ni tip

89S51 89S52 89S53

89S55

128 byte

20 Kbyte

ni tip

Tt c cc Vi iu khin trn u c c tnh c bn ging nhau v phn mm (cc tp lnh lp trnh nh nhau), cn phn cng c b sung vi chip c m s hai s cui cao hn, cc Vi iu khin sau ny c nhiu tnh nng vt tri hn Vi iu khin th h trc. Cc Vi iu khin 89Cxx nh trong bng 1 c cu toROM v RAM nh 98Sxx trong bng 2, tuy nhin 98Sxx c b sung mt s tnh nng v c thm ch np ni tip. Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi sch hng dn v Vi iu khin vi nhiu loi khc nhau nh 8051, 89C51, 89S8252, 89S52 v.v... cc sch ny u hng dn c th v phn cng cng nh cch thc lp trnh. Chng trnh phn mm dnh cho cc Vi iu khin ny l nh nhau, v vy bn c th tham kho thm v Vi iu khin cc sch ny. Cc phn thc hnh trn phn cng thc t, chng ti s cng cc bn thc hnh vi Vi iu khin 89S52 (M y :AT89S52; AT l vit tt ca nh sn xut ATMEL) v : Cc Vi iu khin 89Sxx c ci tin t dng 89Cxx Chng trnh vit dnh cho 89Cxx u chy c vi 89Sxx 89Sxx r hn 89Cxx 89Sxx c ch np ni tip vi mch np n gin c kh nng np ngay trn bo mch m khng cn tho chip vi iu khin sang mch khc np chng trnh v nhiu tnh nng ci tin khc. 1.1.4.CC LOI VI IU KHIN KHC Vi iu khin AVR Vi iu khin PIC Vi iu khin MCUs ca Philips Cc loi vi iu khin chuyn dng ca cc hng sn xut khc: Cc loi vi iu khin ny c s dng chuyn dng theo chc nng cn iu khin.

II.S LC PHN CNG VI IU KHIN-GIAO TIP BN NGOI

Cc thnh vin ca h MCS-51 (Atmel) c cc c im chung nh sau: C 4/8/12/20 Kbyte b nh FLASH ROM bn trong lu chng trnh. Nh vy Vi iu khin c kh nng np xo chng trnh bng in n 10000 ln. 128 Byte RAM ni 4 Port xut/nhp 8 bit T 2 n 3 b nh thi 16-bit C kh nng giao tip truyn d liu ni tip

C th m rng khng gian nh chng trnh ngoi 64KByte (b nh ROM ngoi): khi chng trnh do ngi lp trnh vit ra c dung lng ln hn dung lng b nh ROM ni, lu c chng trnh ny cn b nh ROM ln hn, cch gii quyt l kt ni Vi iu khin vi b nh ROM t bn ngoi (hay cn gi l ROM ngoi). Dung lng b nh ROM ngoi ln nht m Vi iu khin c th kt ni l 64KByte C th m rng khng gian nh d liu ngoi 64KByte (b nh RAM ngoi) B x l bit (thao tc trn cc bit ring r) 210 bit c th truy xut n tng bit

1.2.KHO ST S CHN
Mc d cc thnh vin ca h MSC-51 c nhiu kiu ng v khc nhau, chng hn nh hai hng chn DIP (Dual In-Line Pakage) dng v dt vung QFP (Quad Flat Pakage) v dng chp khng c chn LLC (Leadless Chip Carrier) v u c 40 chn cho cc chc nng khc nhau nh vo ra I/0, c , ghi , a ch, d liu v ngt. Tuy nhin, v hu ht cc nh pht trin chnh dng chp ng v 40 chn vi hai hng chn DIP, nn chng ta cng kho st Vi iu khin vi 40 chn dng DIP.

Hnh 1.2.1 1.2.1. Chn VCC: Chn s 40 l VCC cp in p ngun cho Vi iu khin Ngun in cp l +5V0.5. 1.2.2. Chn GND:Chn s 20 ni GND(hay ni Mass). Khi thit k cn s dng mt mch n p bo v cho Vi iu khin, cch n gin l s dng IC n p 7805.

1.2.3. Port 0 (P0) Port 0 gm 8 chn (t chn 32 n 39) c hai chc nng: Chc nng xut/nhp :cc chn ny c dng nhn tn hiu t bn ngoi vo x l, hoc dng xut tn hiu ra bn ngoi, chng hn xut tn hiu iu khin led n sng tt. Chc nng l bus d liu v bus a ch (AD7-AD0) : 8 chn ny (hoc Port 0) cn lm nhim v ly d liu t ROM hoc RAM ngoi (nu c kt ni vi b nh ngoi), ng thi Port 0 cn c dng nh a ch ca b nh ngoi. 1.2.4.Port 1 (P1) Port P1 gm 8 chn (t chn 1 n chn 8), ch c chc nng lm cc ng xut/nhp, khng c chc nng khc. 1.2.5.Port 2 (P2) Port 2 gm 8 chn (t chn 21 n chn 28) c hai chc nng: Chc nng xut/nhp Chc nng l bus a ch cao (A8-A15): khi kt ni vi b nh ngoi c dung lng ln,cn 2 byte nh a ch ca b nh, byte thp do P0 m nhn, byte cao do P2 ny m nhn. 1.2.6.Port 3 (P3) Port 3 gm 8 chn (t chn 10 n 17): Chc nng xut/nhp Vi mi chn c mt chc nng ring th hai nh trong bng sau

Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 P1.0 P1.1

Tn RxD TxD INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD T2 T2X

Chc nng Ng vo nhn d liu ni tip Ng xut d liu ni tip Ng vo ngt cng th 0 Ng vo ngt cng th 1 Ng vo ca Timer/Counter th 0 Ng vo ca Timer/Counter th 1 Ng iu khin ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi Ng iu khin c d liu t b nh bn ngoi Ng vo ca Timer/Counter th 2 Ng Np li/thu nhn ca Timer/Counter th 2

1.2.7. Chn RESET (RST) Ng vo RST chn 9 l ng vo Reset dng thit lp trng thi ban u cho vi

iu khin. H thng s c thit lp li cc gi tr ban u nu ng ny mc 1 ti thiu 2 chu k my. 1.2.8.Chn XTAL1 v XTAL2 Hai chn ny c v tr chn l 18 v 19 c s dng nhn ngun xung clock t bn ngoi hot ng, thng c ghp ni vi thch anh v cc t to ngun xung clock n nh. 1.2.9. Chn cho php b nh chng trnh PSEN PSEN ( program store enable) tn hiu c xut ra chn 29 dng truy xut b nh chng trnh ngoi. Chn ny thng c ni vi chn OE (output enable) ca ROM ngoi. Khi vi iu khin lm vic vi b nh chng trnh ngoi, chn ny pht ra tn hiu kch hot mc thp v c kch hot 2 ln trong mt chu k my Khi thc thi mt chng trnh ROM ni, chn ny c duy tr mc logic khng tch cc (logic 1) (Khng cn kt ni chn ny khi khng s dng n) 1.2.10. Chn ALE (chn cho php cht a ch-chn 30) Khi Vi iu khin truy xut b nh t bn ngoi, port 0 va c chc nng l bus a ch, va c chc nng l bus d liu do phi tch cc ng d liu v a ch. Tn hiu chn ALE dng lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc ng a ch v cc ng d liu khi kt ni chng vi IC cht. Cc xung tn hiu ALE c tc bng 1/6 ln tn s dao ng a vo Vi iu khin, nh vy c th dng tn hiu ng ra ALE lm xung clock cung cp cho cc phn khc ca h thng. Ghi ch: khi khng s dng c th b trng chn ny 1.2.11. Chn EA Chn EA dng xc nh chng trnh thc hin c ly t ROM ni hay ROM ngoi. Khi EA ni vi logic 1(+5V) th Vi iu khin thc hin chng trnh ly t b nh ni Khi EA ni vi logic 0(0V) th Vi iu khin thc hin chng trnh ly t b nh ngoi

1.3.KT NI PHN CNG

1.3.1.Kt ni trn hai chn XTAL1 v XTAL2.

Mch dao ng c a vo hai chn ny thng thng c kt ni vi dao ng thch anh nh sau:

Ghi ch: C1,C2= 30pF10pF (thng c s dng vi C1,C2 l t 33pF) dng n nh dao ng cho thch anh. Hnh 1.2.2

Hoc c th cp tn hiu xung clock ly t mt mch to dao ng no v a vo Vi iu khin theo cch sau:

NC: trng, chn XTAL2 trng

Hnh 1.2.3 1.3.2.Chu k my Gi fzat l tn s dao ng ca thch anh. i vi 89Sxx c th s dng thch anh c tn s fzat t 2MHz n 33MHz. Chu k my l khong thi gian cn thit c qui nh Vi iu khin thc hin hon thnh mt lnh c bn. Mt chu k my bng 12 ln chu k dao ng ca ngun xung dao ng cp cho n.

Tck = 12.Toc
Vi: Tck l chu k my Toc l chu k ca ngun xung dao ng cp cho Vi iu khin

Nh vy: Vi: Tck l chu k my foc l tn s dao ng cp cho Vi iu khin. V d: Ta kt ni Vi iu khin vi thch anh c tn s fzat l 12MHz, th chu k my Tck=12/(12.106)=10-6s =1s Chnh v l do thch anh c tn s fzat l 12MHz to ra chu k my l 1s, thun li cho vic tnh ton thi gian khi lp trnh do thch anh c tn s fzat l 12MHz thng c s dng trong thc t. Khi giao tip truyn ni tip vi my vi tnh dng thch anh c tn s fzat l 11.0592MHz. 1.3.3. Kt ni chn RESET-chn 9 Vic kt ni chn RESET m bo h thng bt u lm vic khi Vi iu khin c cp in, hoc ang hot ng m h thng b li cn tc ng cho Vi iu khin hot ng tr li, hoc do ngi s dng mun quay v trng thi hot ng ban u. V vy chn RESET c kt ni nh sau: Vi Vi iu khin s dng thch anh c tn s fzat = 12MHz s dng C=10F v R=10K.

Hnh 1.2.4 1.3.4. Kt ni cc Port vi led. Cc Port khi xut tn hiu mc logic 1 thng khng t n 5V m dao ng trong khong t 3.5V n 4.9V v dng xut ra rt nh di 5mA(P0,P2 dng xut khong 1mA; P1,P3 dng xut ra khong 1mA n 5mA) v vy dng xut ny khng c th lm led sng Tuy nhin khi cc Port xut tn hiu mc logic 0 dng in cho php i qua ln hn rt nhiu: Chn Vi iu khin khi mc 0: Dng ln nht qua P0 : -25mA Dng ln nht qua P1,P2,P3 : -15mA Do khi kt ni vi led hoc cc thit b khc Vi iu khin s gp tr ngi l nu tc ng lm led sng khi Vi iu khin xut mc 1, lc ny dng v p ra khng led c th sng r (led sng in p 1.6V-2.2V v dng trong khong 10mA). Khc phc bng cch sau: a.Cho led sng khi Vi iu khin mc 0: Px.x thay cho cc chn xut ca cc Port. V d: Chn P1.1, P2.0, v.v... Khi Px.x mc 1 led khng sng Khi Px.x mc 0 led sng

Hnh 1.2.5 b. Cho led sng khi Vi iu khin xut mc 1: Nh trnh by v ng ra Vi iu khin khi xut mc 1 khng cho led sng, led sng c cn t thm mt in tr ko ln ngun VCC(gi l in tr treo).

Hnh 1.2.6 Tu tng trng hp m chn R2 dng v p ph hp vi thit b nhn. Khi Px.x mc 0, c s chnh lch p gia ngun VCC v chn Px.x -dng in i t VCC qua R2 v Px.x v Mass, do hiu in th gia hai chn led gn nh bng 0, led khng sng. Khi Px.x mc 1 (+5V),dng in khng chy qua chn Vi iu khin v mass c, c s lch p gia hai chn led, dng in trong trng hp ny qua led v Mass do led sng. R2 thng c s dng vi gi tr t 4.7K n 10K. Nu tt c cc chn trong 1 Port u kt ni tc ng mc cao th in tr R2 c th thay bng in tr thanh 9 chn v n c hnh dng v s dng d hn khi lm mch in. c. Ngoi cch s dng in tr treo, vic s dng cng m cng c tc dng thay i cng dng in xut ra khi ng ra mc 1, cng m xut ra tn hiu mc 1 vi p v dng ln khi c tn hiu mc 1 t ng vo. Ty theo yu cu ca ngi thit k v dng v p cn thit m chn IC m cho ph hp. Chng hn t mt ng ra P0.0 lm nhiu led sng cng lc th vic s dng IC m c u tin hn. C th s dng 74HC244 hoc 74HC245, tuy nhin 74HC245 c ci tin t 74HC244 nn vic s dng 74HC245 d dng hn trong thit k mch.

Hnh 1.2.7

U TRC BN TRONG CA VI IU KHIN

1.4.B NH CHNG TRNH- B NH ROM B nh ROM dng lu chng trnh do ngi vit chng trnh vit ra. Chng trnh l tp hp cc cu lnh th hin cc thut ton gii quyt cc cng vic c th, chng trnh do ngi thit k vit trn my vi tnh, sau c a vo lu trong ROM ca vi iu khin, khi hot ng, vi iu khin truy xut tng cu lnh trong ROM thc hin chng trnh. ROM cn dng cha s liu cc bng, cc tham s h thng, cc s liu c nh ca h thng. Trong qu trnh hot ng ni dung ROM l c nh, khng th thay i, ni dung ROM ch thay i khi ROM ch xa hoc np chng trnh (do cc mch in ring bit thc hin). B nh ROM c tch hp trong chip Vi iu khin vi dung lng ty vo chng loi cn dng, chng hn i vi 89S52 l 8KByte, vi 89S53 l 12KByte. B nh bn trong Vi iu khin 89Sxx l b nh Flash ROM cho php xa b nh ROM bng in v np vo chng trnh mi cng bng in v c th np xa nhiu ln B nh ROM c nh a ch theo tng Byte, cc byte c nh a ch theo s hex-s thp lc phn, bt u t a ch 0000H, khi vit chng trnh cn ch n a ch ln nht trn ROM, chng trnh c lu s b mt khi a ch lu vt qua vng ny. V d: AT89S52 c 8KByte b nh ROM ni, a ch ln nht l 1FFFH, nu chng trnh vit ra c dung lng ln hn 8KByte cc byte trong cc a ch ln hn 1FFFH s b mt. Ngoi ra Vi iu khin cn c kh nng m rng b nh ROM vi vic giao tip vi b nh ROM bn ngoi ln n 64KByte(a ch t 0000H n FFFFH).

1.5.B NH D LIU- B NH RAM

B nh RAM dng lm mi trng x l thng tin, lu tr cc kt qu trung gian v kt qu cui cng ca cc php ton, x l thng tin. N cng dng t chc cc vng m d liu, trong cc thao tc thu pht, chuyn i d liu. RAM ni trong Vi iu khin c t chc nh sau: Cc v tr trn RAM c nh a ch theo tng Byte bng cc s thp lc phn (s Hex) Cc bank thanh ghi c a ch 00H n 1FH 210 v tr c nh a ch bit cc v tr RAM bnh thng Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit c a ch t 80H n FFH. Cc byte RAM 8 bit ca vi iu khin c gi l " nh", nu cc nh c chc nng c bit thng c gi l "thanh ghi", nu l bit th c gi l "bit nh". Cu trc b nh RAM bn trong Vi iu khin a ch byte a ch bit a ch byte a ch bit K hiu

7F Vng RAM bnh thng 30 2F 7F 7E 7D 2E 77 76 75 2D 6F 6E 6D 2C 67 66 65 2B 5F 5E 5D 2A 57 56 55 29 4F 4E 4D 28 47 46 45 27 3F 3E 3D 26 37 36 35 25 2F 2E 2D 24 27 26 25 23 1F 1E 1D 22 17 16 15 21 0F 0E 0D 20 07 06 05 1F 18 17 10 0F 08 07 Bank 2 Bank 1 Bank thanh ghi 0 Mc nh c gn t R0-R7 7C 74 6C 64 5C 54 4C 44 3C 34 2C 24 1C 14 0C 04 7B 73 6B 63 5B 53 4B 43 3B 33 2B 23 1B 13 0B 03 7A 72 6A 62 5A 52 4A 42 3A 32 2A 22 1A 12 0A 02 79 71 69 61 59 51 49 41 39 31 29 21 19 11 09 01 78 70 68 60 58 50 48 40 38 30 28 20 18 10 08 00

FF F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 B

E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 ACC D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PSW B8 - BC BB BA B9 B8 IP P3 IE P2 SBUF

B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 A8 AF AC AB AA A9 A8

A0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 99

98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 SCON 90 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 P1 TH1 TH0 TL1 TL0 TMOD

Bank 3

88 8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88 TCON 87 PCON 83 82 81 80 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 DPH DPL SP P0

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1.5.1. Cc bank thanh ghi Cc bank thanh ghi c a ch byte t 00H n 1FH, c 8 thanh ghi trong mi bank, cc thanh ghi c t tn t R0-R7, cc thanh ghi ny c t mc nh trong bank 1. C 4 bank thanh ghi v ti mi thi im ch c mt bank thanh ghi c truy xut vi cc thanh ghi t R0 n R7, thay i vic truy xut cc thanh ghi trn cc bank thanh ghi, ngi dng phi thay i gi tr cc bit chn bank trong thanh ghi trng thi PSW bng cc cu lnh trong chng trnh. Cc lnh dng cc thanh ghi t R0 n R7 mt khong khng gian lu tr t hn v thi gian thc hin nhanh hn so vi cc lnh dng cc nh RAM khc, ngoi ra cc thanh ghi ny cn c thm mt s chc nng c bit khc, v l do ny cc d liu s dng thng thng c ngi vit chng trnh a vo lu trong cc thanh ghi ny. Ngoi ra, c th truy xut thanh ghi trn cc bank thanh ghi nh vi cc nh bnh thng khc. V d: ngui dng c th truy xut n thanh ghi R7 bng nh 07H. 1.5.2. Vng RAM truy xut tng bit Trn RAM ni c 210 nh bit c nh a ch v c th truy xut n tng bit, cc bit nh ny cng c nh a ch bng cc s thp lc phn- s Hex. Trong c 128 bit nm trong cc nh c a ch byte t 20H n 2FH, cc bit nh cn li cha trong nhm thanh ghi c chc nng c bit. Mc d cc bit nh v nh (byte) cng c nh bng s Hex, tuy nhin chng s c nhn dng l a ch bit hay a ch byte thng qua cc cu lnh tng ng dnh cho cc bit nh hoc cc nh ny. V d: mov 05H,#10111111B ;>>> lnh ny thit lp gi tr cho nh c a ch l 05H JB 05H,nhan01 ;>>> lnh ny lin quan n trng thi ca bit nh c a ch 05H 1.5.3. Vng RAM bnh thng Vng RAM ny c a ch byte t 30H n 7FH, dng lu tr d liu, c truy xut theo tng byte. 1.5.4. Cc thanh ghi c chc nng c bit Cc thanh ghi ny c nh a ch byte, mt s c nh thm a ch bit, c a ch ca cc thanh ghi ny nm trong khong 80H n FFH. Cc thanh ghi c bit ny ny c dng xc lp trng thi hot ng cn thit cho Vi iu khin.

TM HIU MT S NH C CHC NNG C BIT 1.5.6.Cc thanh ghi c a ch 80H, 90H, A0H, B0H: y l cc thanh ghi kim tra v iu khin mc logic ca cc Port, c th truy xut v xc lp cc thanh ghi ny vi a ch byte hoc tn ring ln lt l P0, P1, P2, P3 tng ng vi cc Port xut. Chng hn tt c cc chn ca Port 0 ln mc logic 1, cn lm cho cc bit ca thanh ghi c a ch 80H ln mc 1. 1.5.7.thanh ghi A Thanh ghi A l thanh ghi quan trng, dng lu tr cc ton hng v kt qu ca php tnh. Thanh ghi A c di 8 bits, c a ch l E0H. 1.5.8. thanh ghi B Thanh ghi B a ch F0H, c dng vi thanh ghi A thc hin cc php ton s hc. Khi thc hin lnh chia vi thanh ghi A, s d c lu tr thanh ghi B. Ngoi ra thanh ghi B cn c dng nh mt thanh ghi m c nhiu chc nng. 1.5.9.Con tr ngn xp SP: a ch 81H Con tr ngn xp SP l mt thanh ghi c a ch 81H, gi tr ca n c tng,gim t ng khi thc hin cc lnh PUSH, CALL,POP con tr SP dng qun l v x l cc nhm d liu lin tc.Gi tr mc nh ca SP l 07H. 1.5.10. Con tr d liu DPTR. Con tr d liu DPTR l thanh ghi 16 bit duy nht ca Vi iu khin c to thnh t hai thanh ghi DPL (byte thp-a ch byte 82H) v DPH (byte cao-a ch byte 83H). Hai thanh ghi DPL v DPT c th truy xut c lp bi ngi s dng. Con tr d liu DPTR thng c s dng khi truy xut d liu t b nh ROM hoc b nh t bn ngoi. 1.5.11.Thanh ghi trng thi chng trnh PSW (a ch byte D0H)

BIT PSW.7

A CH K HIU BIT D7H C hoc C nh

CHC NNG

PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0

D6H D5H D4H D3H D2H D1H D0H

Cy AC F0 RS1 RS0 0V P

C nh ph C 0 hay c Zero Bit la chn dy thanh ghi Bit la chn dy thanh ghi C trn vi php tnh lin quan n s nh phn c du Cha c thit k s dng C chn l

Chc nng tng bit trong thanh trng thi PSW C nh C: C c s dng trong cc lnh ton hc: C=1 nu php ton cng xy ra trn hoc php tr c mn C=0 nu php ton cng khng trn hoc php tr khng c mn. C nh ph AC: C AC c dng trong cc php ton cng hai s BCD. Khi cng s BCD: Nu kt qu 4 bit ln hn 09H th AC=1 Nu kt qu 4 bit di 09H th AC=0. C 0 hay c nh Z: C Z = 0 khi thanh ghi A c gi tr khc 0 C Z =1 khi A thanh ghi A c gi tr l 0 Cc bit chn bank thanh ghi: Hai bit RS1 v RS2 dng xc lp bank thanh ghi c s dng, mc nh RS1=0 v RS2=0

RS1 0 0 1 1

RS2 0 1 0 1

Bank thank ghi c s dng Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3

C trn OV c s dng trong cc php ton cng c du, vi cc php ton cng khng du c trn OV c b qua, khng cn quan tm n OV. Nu: Php cng hai s c du ln hn +127 th OV=1

Hoc php tr hai s c du nh hn -127 th OV=1 Cc trng hp cn li OV=0 C chn l C chn l P t ng c t bng 1 hoc 0 sao cho tng s bit mang gi tr 1 trn thanh ghi A vi c P lun l mt s chn. C chn l c dng x l d liu trc khi truyn i theo kiu ni tip hoc x l d liu trc khi nhn vo theo kiu ni tip (hn ch li pht sinh trong qu trnh truyn). Cc thanh ghi khc s c cp trong cc bi sau