BN PH GI V NHNG GII PHP I VI VIT NAM

ANTIDUMPINGS AND SOLUTIONS FOR VIETNAMESE BUSINESSES

LM MINH CHU Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Nng

TM TT Ton cu ha v hi nhp kinh t ngy cng su rng to ra cc thch thc to ln cho cc quc gia cng vi s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt trn th trng th gii. Cc quc gia ny phi i mt vi nhng kh khn trong y mnh xut khu do cc nc nhp khu tn dng nhng qui nh m to ra nhng ro cn mi nh chng bn ph gi, chng tr cp... bo h sn xut trong nc. Bi vit ny cp n mt s qui nh ca WTO v bn ph gi hng ha v tnh hnh v cc v kin chng bn ph gi ca nc ngoi i vi Vit Nam. T xut nhng gii php ch ng phng nga v tch cc i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. ABSTRACT Globalization and deep economic integration have created big challenges and threats to countries in addition to the fiercer competition in the world market. These countries face many difficulties in increasing exports because the importing countries take advantage of the WTO open rules to establish new barriers such as: antidumping, anti-subsidies, etc. to protect their domestic production. This paper firstly mentions several WTO regulations concerning product dumping and antidumping and reviews legal cases against Vietnamese companies. It also suggests some solutions to actively protect Vietnamese businesses from antidumping legal cases and to help them to take appropriate counter-measures.

1. Cc quy nh ca WTO v bn ph gi Theo Hip nh v chng bn ph gi ca WTO (ADP) bn ph gi l vic bn mt hng ho no vi gi thp hn gi ca n trn th trng ni a ca nc xut khu. Ni mt cch n gin, xc nh hnh ng bn ph gi ta phi so snh gi c hai th trng. Tuy nhin trn thc t, vic xc nh gi hng ho th trng nc xut khu (gi tr bnh thng) v gi th trng nc nhp khu (gi xut khu) to ra c s chnh xc cho s so snh gi trn hai th trng l kh phc tp. Theo WTO, gi tr bnh thng ca hng ho l gi ca hng ho c n nh ph thuc vo sc tiu th trn th trng nc xut khu. Khi khng c gi ni a so snh th ga tr bnh thng c coi l tng cc chi ph sn xut, tiu th hng ho cng vi mt phn li nhun no . Hoc theo cch khc, gi tr bnh thng c th l gi xut khu sang mt nc th ba.Trong trng hp khi nc xut khu cha c cng nhn l c nn kinh t th trng th gi tr bnh thng c xc nh trn c s gi hng ho tng t ca mt nc th ba c nn kinh t th trng. Gi xut khu hng ho thng c xc nh trn c s gi giao dch gia ngi xut khu v nhp khu ti nc nhp khu.Tuy nhin, gi giao dch c th khng c chp nhn l gi xut khu trong trng hp bun bn i lu, hoc trao i ni b. Khi gi xut khu thp hn so vi gi tr bnh thng ca hng ho th nc nhp khu c quyn p dng thu chng bn ph gi bo h cho sn xut trong nc v bn ph gi b cho l hnh thc cnh tranh khng lnh mnh. xem xt c hin tng bn ph

gi hay khng, khng nhng ch cn so snh cc mc gi trn hai th trng m cn phi xc nh c mc thit hi vt cht m bn ph gi gy ra cho ngnh sn xut ca nc nhp khu. Theo WTO, thit hi do bn ph gi gy ra c th l: thit hi vt cht i vi sn xut cng nghip trong nc; nguy c gy ra tn tht vt cht hoc gy cn tr n hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip tng t trong nc. y l mt tiu thc kh nh lng mt cch r rng, chnh xc. V vy cc nc nhp khu c nhiu c hi p dng cng c bo h sn xut trong nc bng p thu chng bn ph gi khi h cho rng hng nhp khu c th gy thit hi cho sn xut trong nc. 2. Tnh hnh v cc v kin bn ph gi i vi Vit Nam Ngy nay, ng trc thch thc v cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt trn th trng ni a, cc quc gia tng cng s dng cc cng c bo h ngy cng tinh vi thng qua cc bin php bo m thng mi cng bng ca WTO, trong c thu chng bn ph gi.V vy, cc v kin bn gi xy ra trn th gii ngy cng tng v s lng ch th tham gia v ngy cng m rng phm vi hng ho p dng. Theo s liu ca Ban Th k WTO, t nm 1995 n ht nm 2004 trn th gii tin hnh 2647 cuc iu tra v chng bn ph gi, ng u danh sch l n (399 v) Hoa K (354 v) v EU (303 v). Trong s 97 nc b kin, cc nc ng u l Trung Quc (386 v) Hn Quc (94 v) Hoa K (146 v)... i vi Vit Nam tnh n thng 3/2006 phi i ph vi 21 v kin chng bn ph gi, trong c 13 v Vit Nam phi chu thu chng bn ph gi. EU l nc khi kin Vit Nam nhiu nht (8 v) vi mc thu cao nht ln n 93% i vi mt hng Oxyde km. iu ng ch l s lng cc cuc iu tra chng bn ph gi tng mnh trong thi gian gn y. Nu trong giai on 1994-2001, Vit Nam ch chu 1-2 v kin/nm th n nm 2004 phi i ph vi 7 v kin lin tip lin quan n nhiu mt hng cng nghip xut khu. thi k trc, cc mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam b p dng thu chng bn ph gi cha phi l nhng mt hng chin lc, v vy nh hng cha ln n kim ngch xut khu ca nc ta. Nhng t v kin c tra, c ba sa nm 2002 n nay c th thy khng ch mt s mt hng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam: thu sn, giy dp... m c nhng mt hng xut khu c s lng cha ln nhng mi thm nhp th trng u c th tr thnh i tng ca kin bn ph gi do phng thc tnh gp tng lng hng ho lin quan t nhiu ngun nhp khu (khng c qu 7%) ca nc khi kin nh: kho Inx (EU) sm lp xe ap, xe my (Th Nh K), n hunh quang (Ai Cp)... D bo, cc v kin bn ph gi i vi hng xut khu ca Vit Nam s cn tip tc xy ra khng ch t cc nc pht trin m cn t cc nc ang pht trin. i vi cc mt hng c mc tng trng xut khu cao vo mt s th trng cng s c nguy c i u vi cc v kin bn ph gi trong thi gian ti. 3. Cc gii php i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi ca Vit Nam bo v quyn li cho cc doanh nghip xut khu ca Vit Nam, to iu kin thc y xut khu Vit Nam tng trng mnh m, cn phi thc hin cc gii php sau: 3.1. Ch ng phng chng cc v kin bn ph gi ca nc ngoi - Chnh ph tch cc trin khai m phn song phng,a phng tranh th nhiu nc tha nhn Vit Nam l nc c nn kinh t th trng, do khng p dng bin php chng bn ph gi i vi Vit Nam.

- D bo danh mc cc ngnh hng v cc mt hng Vit Nam c kh nng b kin ph gi trn c s r sot theo tnh hnh sn xut,xut khu tng ngnh hng ca Vit Nam v c ch chng bn ph gi ca tng quc gia t c s phng trnh cn thit. - Xy dng chin lc a dng ho sn phm v a phng ho th trng xut khu ca cc doanh nghip phn tn ri ro, trnh tp trung xut khu vi khi lng ln vo mt nc v iu ny c th to ra c s cho cc nc khi kin bn ph gi. Theo hng cc doanh nghip cn ch trng n cc th trng ln (Trung Quc, Nht Bn..) cc th trng mi ni (Hn Quc, c..) cc th trng mi (SNG, Trung ng, Nam Phi...). Bn cnh cn tng cng khai thc th trng ni a - mt th trng c tim nng pht trin. y l nhng kinh nghim ta rt ra c t cc v kin bn ph gi c tra, c basa ca M trc y. - Tng cng p dng cc bin php cnh tranh phi gi nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca hng xut khu thay cho cnh tranh bng gi thp. l phi u t nng cao cht lng sn phm, y mnh cc dch v hu mi, tip th qung co, p dng cc iu kin mua bn c li cho khch hng... - Xy dng c s d liu thng tin v th trng xut khu,v lut thng mi quc t,lut chng bn ph gi ca cc nc... v ph bin, hng dn cho cc doanh nghip cc thng tin cn thit nhm trnh nhng s h dn n cc v kin. 3.2. Cc gii php i ph vi v kin chng bn ph gi xy ra * V pha chnh ph: cn tch cc h tr cc doanh nghip trong khng kin - Thnh lp qu tr gip theo ui cc v kin h tr ti chnh cho cc doanh nghip khng kin. - Cung cp cho cc doanh nghip cc thng tin cn thit v cc th tc khng kin, gii thiu cc lut s gii nc s ti c kh nng gip cho doanh nghip thng kin... * V pha cc hip hi ngnh hng: cn pht huy vai tr l t chc tp hp v tng cng s hp tc gia cc doanh nghip trong ngnh nhm nng cao nng lc khng kin ca cc doanh nghip. - Thng qua hip hi quy nh hnh vi bo v ln nhau, phi hp gi c trn th trng, trnh tnh trng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh c th to ra c gy ra cc v kin ca nc ngoi. - Thit lp c ch phi hp trong tham gia khng kin v hng li khi khng kin thnh cng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tham gia khng kin. + T chc cho cc doanh nghip nghin cu thng tin v gi c,nh hng pht trin th trng, nhng quy nh php l ca nc s ti v chng bn ph gi... cc doanh nghip khng kin c hiu qu gim bt tn tht do thiu thng tin. * V pha cc doanh nghip: cn ch ng theo ui cc v kin khi b nc ngoi kin bn ph gi. - Hon thin h thng s sch chng t k ton ph hp vi cc quy nh ca lut php v chun mc quc t, lu tr y h s v tnh hnh kinh doanh nhm chun b sn sng cc chng c, cc lp lun chng minh khng bn ph gi ca doanh nghip, t chc nhn s, d tr kinh ph, xy dng cc phng n bo v li ch ca doanh nghip... - To ra nhng mi lin kt vi cc t chc lobby vn ng hnh lang nhm li ko nhng i tng c cng quyn li nc khi kin ng h mnh. Nh trong v kin tm c Lin minh hnh ng ngnh thng mi cng nghip tiu dng M (CITAC) Hip hi cc nh nhp khu v phn phi tm M (ASDA) ng v pha cc doanh nghip Vit Nam chng li v kin bn ph gi ca M.

- Ch ng thng lng vi chnh ph ca nc khi kin thc hin cam kt gi nu doanh nghip thc s c hnh vi ph gi, gy thit hi cho cc doanh nghip cng ngnh hng ca nc nhp khu. Cam kt gi l vic nh sn xut, xut khu cam kt sa i mc gi bn (tng gi ln) hoc cam kt ngng xut khu vi gi b coi l bn ph gi hng ho. y l mt tho thun t nguyn gia cc nh sn xut, xut khu v nc nhp khu. Khi mt cam kt gi c chp thun. qu trnh iu tra s chm dt. Hin nay, cam kt gi c coi l mt bin php i ph ch ng ca cc nc xut khu trong cc v kin chng bn ph gi, c bit i vi cc sn phm cng nghip. Trong giai on 1995-2001 trn th gii c 34 nc thc hin cam kt gi, trong c 10 nc cha phi l thnh vin WTO. Cam kt gi c u im l nhanh chng hn v t tn km hn so vi vic phi hon tt cuc iu tra ca c quan iu tra v bn ph gi. Hn na cc nh sn xut, xut khu nc b kin s c hng phn ln chnh lch trc v sau cam kt tng gi bn thay cho vic np thu chng bn ph gi cho nc nhp khu. Tuy nhin, nh xut khu lc ny cng phi i mt vi vic gim kh nng cnh tranh v gi ca hng xut khu,chp nhn thc hin cc th tc hnh chnh nghim ngt v phc tp hn trong giao dch xut khu... V vy cn c s cn nhc k lng cc yu t v kinh t, x hi, lut php, kh nng cnh tranh... trc khi thc hin bin php ny. C th thy, vi mc tng trng xut khu hng nm gn 20% trong thi gian gn y v vic mt s mt hng xut khu Vit Nam bc u c c ch ng vng chc ti cc th trng ln dn n kh nng cc v kin chng bn ph gi ngy cng gia tng. iu ny v lu di s km hm tc tng trng xut khu ca Vit Nam. V vy, gim thiu ti a nhng tc ng tiu cc do cc v kin bn ph gi gy ra, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn c cc bin php khng ch ng ph c hiu qu m phi ch ng ngn nga nhng nguy c xy ra cc v kin chng bn ph gi. l phi thc hin chin lc a dng ho sn phm v th trng xut khu, tng cng vai tr ca cc hip hi ngnh hng, chun b y cc iu kin v thng tin, tin hnh cam kt gi khi cn thit... TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Edition, October 2001), Antidumping, chapter 10. [2] gi - mt tri ca t do ho thng mi, 2003. [3] [4] [5] V Kim Dng, Bn ph gi v hot ng xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam, Tp ch Kinh t v Pht trin, s 94, 2005. inh Th M Loan, Cam kt gi theo php lut chng bn ph gi ca EU, Tp ch Thng mi, s 1+2, 2006. on Tt Thng, Nhng gii php gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi, Tp ch Thng mi, s 10, 2005. B Thng mi, Chng bn ph WTO Training Manual (Second