REGLAREA VECTORIALA A MASINILOR DE CURENT ALTERNATIV

EDITURA ICPE
ISBN 973-97863-6-7

k s

&DSLWROXO 

 ,1752'8&(5(
 67$',8/ ^, 7(1',1`(/( $&78$/( "1 $&`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 SURGXFH IOX[XO LDU FXUHQWXO GLQ LQGXV SURGXFH FXSOXO HOHFWURPDJQHWLF 'DWRULW DFHVWHL SURSULHW@L PD>LQ RULHQWDW GXS FPS SULQ FRQVWUXF@LH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 XQGH XQ FXUHQW UHJOHD] IOX[XO GLQ PD>LQ >L FHOODOW FXUHQW RUWRJRQDO GHILQH>WH FXSOXO HOHFWURPDJQHWLF OD IHO FD OD PD>LQD GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX FX H[FLWD@LH VHSDUDW 6SUH H[HPSOX SHQWUX PRWRUXO DVLQFURQ VLVWHPXO SDUWLFXODU GH UHIHULQ@ SRDWH IL DOLQLDW RULHQWDW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

,1752'8&(5( FXUHQ@LL GH OLQLH GH DOLPHQWDUH 7RWRGDW SHQWUX D VH SXWHD UHDOL]D UHJODUHD GXS FPS HVWH QHFHVDU V VH GHWHUPLQH PRGXOXO DPSOLWXGLQHD >L SR]L@LD IOX[XOXL GH RULHQWDUH ([LVW PHWRGH GLUHFWH >L LQGLUHFWH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD DFHVWXL IOX[ 3HQWUX D VH UHDOL]D UHJODUHD LQWHUYLQ QXPHUR>L SDUDPHWUL LQWHUQL DL PD>LQLORU GH FD UH]LVWHQ@H LQGXFWLYLW@L SR]L@LH YLWH] HWF $FH>WL SDUDPHWUL GHSLQG GH PRGHOXO PD>LQLL GH SHUIRUPDQ@HOH FRQYHUWL]RUXOXL GH IUHFYHQ@ >L GH FHOH FHUXWH GH VLVWHP 'HRDUHFH PD>LQLOH GH FD VXQW VLVWHPH PXOWLYDULDELOH QHOLQHDUH XQGH XQLL SDUDPHWUL QX VXQW PVXUDELOL VDX VXQW JUHX GH PVXUDW >L GHSLQG GH SXQFWXO GH IXQF@LRQDUH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

)LJD (URDUHD GH YLWH] SHQWUX GLIHULWH WLSXUL GH DF@LRQUL

)LJ E &DSDFLWDWHD GH VXSUDQFUFDUH SHQWUX GLIHULWH WLSXUL GH DF@LRQUL

$FHVWH SHUIRUPDQ@H GHSLQG IRDUWH PXOW GH OHJHD GH FRPDQG GH WUDGXFWRDUHOH XWLOL]DWH GH FRQYHUWL]RUXO GH IUHFYHQ@ >L GH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH DSOLFD@LHL Q FDUH VH IRORVH>WH VLVWHPXO GH UHJODUH YHFWRULDO 'DWRULW SHUIRUPDQ@HORU ULGLFDWH FRQWUROXO YHFWRULDO SRDWH IL DVHPQDW FX VLVWHPHOH GH FRQWURO "7XUER" GH OD DXWRYHKLFXOH Q JHQHUDO VLVWHPHOH GH FRQWURO YHFWRULDOH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO UHDOL]ULL SUDFWLFH VH SRW FODVLILFD Q XUPWRDUHOH WUHL FDWHJRULL D DQDORJLFH  UHDOL]DWH FX FLUFXLWH LQWHJUDWH >L WUDQ]LVWRDUH E GLJLWDOH  UHDOL]DWH FX SURFHVRDUH GH VHPQDO '63 PLFURSURFHVRDUH >L LQWHUIH@H GH FDOFXODWRU F KLEULGH  UHDOL]DWH FX FLUFXLWH GH FRPDQG FRQWUROOHUH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 )LJ

,1752'8&(5(

)OX[XO GH RULHQWDUH

&RQWURO Q FXUHQW

&RQWURO Q WHQVLXQH

&RQWURO FRPELQDW Q WHQVLXQH >L FXUHQW

0HWRGH LQGLUHFWH GH RULHQWDUH

0HWRGH GLUHFWH GH RULHQWDUH

2ULHQWDUH GXS IOX[XO GLQ URWRU 2ULHQWDUH GXS IOX[XO GLQ VWDWRU 2ULHQWDUH GXS IOX[XO GLQ QWUHILHU

FHOH PDL XWLOL]DWH  UHDOL]DELOH 7DE  6WUDWHJLL GH FRQWURO YHFWRULDO SHQWUX PRWRUXO DVLQFURQ

)LJ &RQYHUWL]RU GH WHQVLXQH 3:0 FX SXWHUH XQLGLUHF@LRQDO >L UH]LVWHQ@ GH IUCQDUH SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD PRWRDUHORU GH FD FX FXUHQ@L VLQXVRLGDOL

Q FDGUXO FRQYHUWL]RDUHORU FX FLUFXLW LQWHUPHGLDU GH WHQVLXQH FRQWLQX LQYHUWRUXO 3:0 LQYHUWRU FX PRGXOD@LH Q O@LPH D LPSXOVXULORU GH FRPDQG GXS GLYHUVH VWUDWHJLL SURGXFH XQ FXUHQW VLQXVRLGDO $FHVW WLS GH LQYHUWRU DUH DYDQWDQMXO GH D SXWHD OXFUD >L FD VXUV GH FXUHQW GDF HVWH FRPDQGDW FD DWDUH IU D VH PRGLILFD VFKHPD GH IRU@ 'DF LQYHUWRDUHOH 3:0 OXFUHD] OD IUHFYHQ@H GH FRPXWD@LH ULGLFDWH    N+] VH UHGXFH ]JRPRWXO >L FRQ@LQXWXO GH DUPRQLFL FRUHVSXQ]WRU FXUHQWXOXL GLQ PRWRU 'H DVHPHQHD LQYHUWRDUHOH 3:0 SRW IL UHDOL]DWH VXE GLIHULWH IRUPH FRQVWUXFWLYH FXP DU IL LQYHUWRDUHOH 3:0 GH WUHL QLYHOH VDX PXOWLQLYHO DFHVW QLYHO VH UHIHU OD QXPUXO GH WUHSWH DO WHQVLXQLL GH ID]

,1752'8&(5(

)LJ &RQYHUWL]RU GH FXUHQW FX SRVLELOLWDWH GH OXFUX Q SDWUX FDGUDQH SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD PRWRDUHORU GH FD FX FXUHQ@L WUDSH]RLGDOL

)LJ &RQYHUWL]RU GLUHFW FLFORFRQYHUWL]RU SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD PRWRDUHORU GH FD FX FXUHQ@L VLQXVRLGDOL

Q FDGUXO FRQYHUWL]RDUHORU FX FLUFXLW LQWHUPHGLDU GH FXUHQW FRQWLQXX LQYHUWRUXO FX >DVH SXOVXUL SURGXFH R WHQVLXQH VLQXVRLGDO GDF YUIXULOH GDWRUDWH FRPXWD@LHL VH QHJOLMHD] >L GDF FXUHQWXO GH VDUFLQ HVWH GUHSWXQJKLXODU WUDSH]RLGDO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

7DE 'LVSR]LWLYH VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH GH SXWHUH XWLOL]DWH Q DF@LRQULOH HOHFWULFH

 ,1',&, '( 3(5)250$1`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 FDUH UHSUH]LQW DFFHOHUD@LD PD[LP LGHDO D PRWRUXOXL DF@LRQDW FX IOX[XO VWDELOLW OD YDORDUHD VD QRPLQDO $WW DFFHOHUD@LD PD[LP FCW >L WLPSXO GH DFFHOHUDUH VXQW PULPL FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD] QWUHJXO VLVWHP PRWRU FRQYHUWL]RU UHJXODWRU $FHVWHD VH SRW FRQVWLWXL Q GDWH GH FDWDORJ UHSUH]HQWDWLYH SHQWUX XQ VLVWHP GH DF@LRQDUH HOHFWULF 3UHFL]LD UVSXQVXOXL VH H[SULP Q WHUPHQL GH SUHFL]LH D FRQWUROXOXL FXSOXOXL HOHFWURPDJQHWLF D YLWH]HL >L/VDX SR]L@LHL 3HQWUX FD]XO FCQG VH FRQVLGHU QXPDL FRQWUROXO GH FXSOX SXOVD@LLOH DFHVWXLD WUHEXLH V ILH IRDUWH PLFL >L UVSXQVXO FCW PDL DSURDSH GH YDORDUHD LPSXV GH * FXSOX  0H  3UHFL]LD FRQWUROXOXL YLWH]HL HVWH GDW GH HURDUHD QWUH YDORDUHD LPSXV >L FHD UHDOL]DW SHQWUX WRW GRPHQLXO GH UHJODUH FDUH UHSUH]LQW UDSRUWXO QWUH YLWH]D PD[LP >L FHD PLQLP 3HQWUX DFHVWH WLSXUL GH VLVWHPH GH UHJODUH VH SRW RE@LQH SUHFL]LL GH UHJODUH VXE  SHQWUX YLWH]D  PD[LP >L GRPHQLL GH UHJODUH   Q DVWIHO GH FD]XUL VH SRDWH UHQXQ@D OD WUDGXFWRUXO FRQYHQ@LRQDO

,1752'8&(5( GH YLWH] >L VH SRW DSOLFD HVWLPDWRDUH GH YLWH] FDUH DX FD LQWUUL WHQVLXQLOH >L FXUHQ@LL PVXUD@L >L GH DVHPHQHD QHFHVLW >L DQXPL@L SDUDPHWUL DL PD>LQLL 3HQWUX VLVWHPHOH GH SR]L@LRQDUH HVWH QHFHVDU XQ WUDGXFWRU GH SR]L@LH GH SUHFL]LH ULGLFDW HQFRGHUH RSWLFH UH]ROYHUH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
=
Pm P m + Pmot + Pconv



XQGH 3P HVWH SXWHUHD OD DUERUHOH PRWRUXOXL 3PRW HVWH VXPD SLHUGHULORU GLQ PRWRU >L 3FRQY VXQW SLHUGHULOH Q FRQYHUWRU Q WLPSXO SURFHVHORU WUDQ]LWRULL DFFHOHUD@LL GHFHOHUD@LL VH GHILQH>WH UDQGDPHQWXO HQHUJHWLF $FHVW LQGLFH VH XWLOL]HD] Q FD]XO VLVWHPHORU FX IUHFYHQWH SURFHVH WUDQ]LWRULL GH DPSOLWXGLQH PDUH
w =
Wm W m + W mot + W conv



8Q DOW LQGLFH GH SHUIRUPDQ@ HVWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH SXWHUHD OD DUERUH >L SXWHUHD DSDUHQW N:/N9$
( kW / kVA) = Pm 3U 1 I 1



8Q UDSRUW PDUH N:/N9$ >L XQ UDQGDPHQWXO JOREDO EXQ LQSOLF R VFGHUH D SXWHULL DSDUHQWH >L GHFL D FRVWXOXL FRQYHUWL]RUXOXL GH IUHFYHQ@ 5DSRUWXO SLHUGHUL/FXSOX :/1P HVWH XQ DOW LQGLFH GH SHUIRUPDQ@ VHPQLILFDWLY SHQWUX IXQF@LRQDUHD OD YLWH]H VF]XWH UHJLP Q FDUH DFHDVW PULPH GHYLQH OLPLWDWLY >L GHDVHPHQHD R PVXU D QFO]LULL PRWRUXOXL  &2678/ 6,67(0(/25 '( $&`,21$5( (/(&75,& &RVWXO WRWDO &WRW DO XQXL VLVWHP GH DF@LRQDUH UHSUH]LQW VXPD
C tot = C echip + Cinst + Cintr + C pierd



,1752'8&(5( XQGH &HFKLS UHSUH]LQW FRVWXO VLVWHPXOXL GH DF@LRQDUH PRWRU FRQYHUWL]RU VLVWHP GH FRPDQG >L UHJODUH &LQVW VXQW FKHOWXLHOLOH GH LQVWDODUH &LQWU VXQW FKHOWXLHOLOH GH QWUH@LQHUH >L &SLHUG UHSUH]LQW FKHOWXLHOLOH SLHUGHULORU HQHUJHWLFH LQWURGXVH GH VLVWHP SH WRDW SHULRDGD GH IXQF@LRQDUH 'HRDUHFH XQ VLVWHP GH DF@LRQDUH DUH R YLD@ GH IXQF@LRQDUH OXQJ ~  RUH FKHOWXLHOLOH SLHUGHULORU HQHUJHWLFH WUHEXLH OXDWH VHULRV Q FRQVLGHUD@LH 0DVD VSHFLILF VH GHILQH>WH VHSDUDW SHQWUX PRWRU >L FRQYHUWL]RU
mmot = M ek [ Nm / kg ] Masa motor putere aparenta convertizor [ kVA / kg ] masa convertizor

 

mconv =

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 L0 >L FRPSRQHQWD GH FXSOX L7 $FHVWH GRX FRPSRQHQWH VXQW DSRL GHFXSODWH >L FRQWURODWH VHSDUDW "Q JHQHUDO FRPSRQHQWD GH PDJQHWL]DUH L0 YDULD] OHQW >L HVWH PHQ@LQXW FRQVWDQW SHQWUX XQ UVSXQV UDSLG Q WLPS FH FRPSRQHQWD GH FXSOX L7  YDULD] UDSLG 6H SRDWH VSXQH F YDULD@LD OXL L0 HVWH LPSXV GH LQGXFWLYLWDWHD GH PDJQHWL]DUH >L YDULD@LD OXL L7 GH LQGXFWLYLWDWHD WUDQ]LWRULH D PD>LQLL 3ULQFLSLLOH FRQWUROXOXL YHFWRULDO VXQW GDWH Q FDSLWROHOH XUPWRDUH FX SDUWLFXODULW@L VSHFLILFH ILHFUXL WLS GH VLVWHP >L PD>LQ GH FD 6H SRDWH FRQFOX]LRQD F VLVWHPHOH GH DF@LRQDUH FX PD>LQL GH FD VXQW SUHIHUDWH FHORU GH FF SHQWUX FHOH PDL PXOWH GLQWUH DSOLFD@LLOH GH SDWUX FDGUDQH /D YLWH]H PDUL SHVWH  USP >L SXWHUL PRGHUDWH VDX OD YLWH]H PRGHUDWH ~  USP >L SXWHUL PDUL 0: FRPXWDWRUXO PHFDQLF OLPLWHD] DSOLFD@LLOH PD>LQLORU GH FF 7HQGLQ@D DFWXDO Q VLVWHPHOH GH DF@LRQDUH FX YLWH] YDULDELO HVWH DFHHD GH D XWLOL]D PD>LQLOH GH FD RULXQGH HVWH SRVLELO >L DFHDVW WHQGLQ@ HVWH GH D>WHSWDW V FRQWLQXH

10