I.

Az l anyag legfontosabb szerkezeti tulajdonsgai s szerepk a biolgiai

funkcikban
hf = E m E i

h
h
=
p m

i 0

R = NAk

(I.1)
(I.3)

mozgsi = m 2 = kT

(I.34)

pV = NkT

(I.35)

M = [ Z mp + ( A Z ) mn ] M ( A, Z )
E = mc 2

ni = n0 e

kT

1
2

3
2

(I.25)

(I.19)

II. Sugrzsok s klcsnhatsuk az l anyaggal

M=

P
A

E be =

P
A

JE =

E
tA

a tovbbiakban J

1
r

, ~

J = xJ
J = J 0e

J = J0

1
r

M i

(II.3)

M fekete (T ) = T 4

2 D

ln 2
D

sin c1
=
= n 21
sin c 2
n n
D= 2 1
r

(II.39)

(II.41)

4
4
M = (Ttest
Tkrnyezet
)

(II.5)
(II.10)

M j

(II.2)

max T = lland

(II.42)

= K ( N1 N 2 )

(II.56)

(II.11)
2

Pszrt ~
(II.12)

p0 4 1
~ 4
c3

V
= V
p

(II.60)

(II.13)

(II.14)

Z = c

(II.67)

JR
J0

(II.76)

R=
(II.17)

(II.63)

(II.21)

Z Z2

R = 1
Z1 + Z 2

(II.26)

eU and = max = hf max

(II.79)

J ~ A2

(II.27)

min =

hc
eU and

(II.80)

J1 + J 2 J ered

(II.28)

Emozgsi = hf Wki

(II.37)

D = D1 + D2
c=

, illetve c = f

PRtg = cRtgU and 2 ZI and = U and I and

(II.77)

(II.82)

 = m

x m = x

= hf = Ektsi + Emozgsi

(II.85)

hf = Ektsi + hf '+ Emozgsi

(II.89)

T = ln 2

1
1
1
=
+
Teff Tfiz Tbiol

N
t

(II.102)

(II.98)

(II.101)

(II.103)

E
m

X=

Q
m

(II.106)

Dleveg = f 0 X

(II.107)

(II.96)

(II.99)

= 0 e t

s = sm

D=

(II.95)

N = N 0 e t

E
x

hf = 2me c 2 + 2 Emozgsi

(II.87)

N
= N
t

s=

(II.86)

= C foto 3 Z 3

m =

= + +

Dleveg = K

t
r2

(II.105)

D ~ m J , illetve D ~ sm
H T = wR DTR

(II.108)

E = wT H T

(II.110)

S = N i Ei

(II.111)

III. Transzportjelensgek l rendszerekben

IV =

V
=
t ct

I V = A = lland
p+

1
2 + gh = lland
2

(III.1)

u=

(III.4)

l =

(III.5)

drift =

(III.6)

IN =

N
t

(III.28)

(III.19)

(III.25)
F

(III.26)

F = A

IV =

4 p
R
8
l

(III.12)

I =

(III.29)

l
(r 2 ) 2

(III.14)

J =

I
A

(III.30)

(III.17)

J = D

Rcs = 8

krit = Re

F = 6 r

(III.18)

c
x

1
D = l = ukT
3

(III.31)

(III.33)

J c
=
x
t

(III.38)

c

x c
D
=
x
t

(III.39)

x ~ R(t ) ~ Dt

(III.51)

T
x

(III.53)

x
J = ext
At

E = Q E + W

y
X = int
x

Q E = cmT

(III.54)

(i )

(III.93)

G = H TS

(III.94)

GT , p = W

(III.96)

GT , p 0

(III.99)

FT ,V 0

(III.100)

H S , p 0

(III.101)

G = A A + B B

(III.105)

A = 0 A + RT ln(cA )

(III.109)

J m = p (c v 2 c v 1 )

(III.113)

(III.56)

WV = pV WQ = Q W = (III.58)
(i )

(III.59)

WQ = W + WQ = ( + zF ) = e

(III.61)

QE = TS

(III.63)

E = yint (i ) xext (i )

(III.64)

W (i ) = yint xext

FT ,V = W

(III.50)

T
J = LT
x

J = LX

(III.92)

(III.40)

pozmzis = cRT

J E =

FT , = WV

Lk = ck

e
x

Dk ck u k
=
RT
NA

(III.118)

z F
c
J k = Dk k + ck k

RT x
x

U=
(III.67)

S = k ln

(III.72)

E = TS pV +

(III.83)

H = E + pV

(III.84)

H p = QE + W

(III.87)

RT
ln
F

(III.119)

p k+ c k,+ II + p k c k, I
k =1
m

k =1

U = II I =

p k+ c k,+ I

k =1
n

k =1

RT
cI
ln IIi
zi F ci

U m (t ) = U t 1 e Rm C m

U m (t ) = U t e
H p , = QE

(III.116)

(i )

1 1
E1 E2
S =
+
= E
T1
T2
T1 T2

J k = Lk

t
Rm C m

(III.121)
p k c k, II

(III.123)

(III.130)

(III.132)

(III.88)

F = E TS

(III.89)

FT = WV + W

(III.91)

U m ( x ) U m ( 0) = U t e

(III.133)

IV. Az rzkszervek biofizikja

~

(IV.5)

J
n = 10 lg 1
J2

(IV.25)

(IV.6)

P
J
n = 10 lg ki = 10 lg ki
Pbe
J be

(IV.26)

(IV.7)

n = nersts + ncsillapts

(IV.27)

(IV.8)

J
H phon = 10 lg
J0

(IV.29)

~ log

~
0

f2
f1

noktv = log 2

(IV.22)

H son =

1 J

16 J 0

0, 3

(IV.31)

VI. A molekulris s sejtdiagnosztika fizikai mdszerei

N szg =

N szg

1 1
tg
= a
tg
f k

(VI.18)

da
=
f1 f 2

(VI.23)

(VI.24)
f =

n sin

(VI.39)

1
kf + k nr

(VI.40)

Qf = kf

s = d sin k = k

= 0,61

N = N 0 e ( k f + k nr )t

p=

(VI.28)

J
A = lg 0 = ( )cx
J

(VI.41)

J VV J VH
J VV + J VH

(VI.43)

(VI.34)

VII. Elektromos jelek s mdszerek az orvosi gyakorlatban

U R = U Te

U C = U T 1 e RC

t
RC

1
XC =
2fC
U ki = U be

f0 =

(VII.2)

(VII.4)
R
2

R +

1
2 LC

X C2

fh =

1
2RC

(VII.5)

KU =

U ki
U be

K P = KU

Pki
Pbe

(VII.6)

ha Rki = Rbe

(VII.8)

KP =

n = 10 lg K P = 20 lg KU

(VII.10)

U ki = (U be1 U be 2 ) KU

(VII.11)

KU v =

KU
1 K v U KU

K vU =

U vissza
U ki

(VII.14)

VIII. Kpalkot mdszerek

J0
= ( 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ...) lg e
J

(VIII.2)

f D = f ' f =

hf 0 = g N N H 0

(VIII.3)

HU =

f ' = f 1
c

(VIII.4)

lg

f
c

fD =

2
f
c

vz
1000
vz

(VIII.5)

(VIII.10)

IX. Terpis mdszerek fizikai alapjai

akszb =

+r

2r =

q
+r
C

Statisztika s informatika
g ( x) =

1
2 2

(x)2
2 2

(1)

b* = y a * x
Qxy

r=

x=

xi
i =1

(2)

(19)

Qx Q y

n!
n x
P(n, x) =
p x (1 p )
x! (n x )!
n

(18)

t[ n 1] =

x 0
sx

t[n1] =

R0
s/ n

(20)

s=

( xi x ) 2
i =1

n 1

Qx
n 1

n
xi

n
2
Q x Qxx = xi i =1
n
i =1

(4)

t[ n1 + n 2 2] =

(6)

t[ n 2] = r

s
sx =
n

F=

(8)

Qh (a, b) = [ yi (axi + b)]

(16)

i =1

a* =

Qxy
Qxx

n1n2
n1 + n2

(21)

n n
xi yi

n
Qxy = xi yi i =1 i =1
n
i =1

x1 x2
Q1 + Q2
n1 + n2 2

z=

n2
1 r2

(22)

2
snagyobb
2
s kisebb

x np 1 / 2

[21] =

np (1 p )
n(ad bc) 2
(a + b)(c + d )(a + c)(b + d )

(23)

(17)

 (O E ) 2

2 =
z=

(24)

T1 n1 (n1 + n2 + 1) / 2
n1n2 (n1 + n2 + 1) / 12

SE (ln RR) =

OR =

SS A = n j (x j x )

a / b ad
=
c / d bc

SE (ln OR) =

SS A
j 1

MS A =

SS E = SST SS A

SST = (xi , j x )
MS E =

SS E
N j

F=

MS A
MS E

H=

Ri2
12
3(N + 1)
N ( N + 1) i ni

VP
VP + N

sp =

VN
VN + P

rs = 1

i =1
2

n(n 1)

a /(a + b) a (c + d )
RR =
=
c /(c + d ) c(a + b)

PPV =

VP
VP + P

NPV =

VN
VN + N

de =

VP + VN
VP + P + VN + N

w=

VP + N
VP + P + VN + N
m

k =1

k =1

(29)

I = nk I k = [nk log 2 ( p k )]

6 d i2

(28)

1 1 1 1
+ + +
a b c d

se =

i, j

1 a /(a + b) 1 c /(c + d )
+
(27)
a
c

(25)

(26)

H = I = [ p k log 2 ( p k )]
k =1

Gyakorlatok

MIKROSZKP

D=

(' )

1
1
1

= (n 21 1)
+
f
R
R
1
2

N szg =

da
f1 f 2

(2)(II.23)

(VI.23)

SPECILIS MIKROSZKPOK
s = d sin k = k

= 0,61

a' =

receptorsrsg

(8)
1 1

(a ' ) 2 mm 2

d
(mm)
x1

(1)(VI.24)

d ' 2 = 17

(9)

d
(mm)
x2

(11)

NUKLERIS MRSTECHNIKA

(3)(VI.28)

n sin

N j = N j+ z N z

(5)

n = n0 + Kc

(7)

J
1
= = e D
J0 2

(2)

x1 / 10 = 3,33D

(5)

FNYEMISSZI
=

max T = lland

(II.42)

hf = E j Ei

(2)

GAMMA ABSZORPCI

n
1
= 2 = n21
sin h n1

(I.1)

ln 2
D

(II.13)(3)

= m

Dm = D

m = m + m + m

FNYABSZORPCI

(II.85)
(10)

GAMMA ENERGIA

J
(100%)
T=
J0

(2)

J
A = lg 0 = ( )cx
J

(7)(VI.34)

A SZEM OPTIKJA
n n'
+
t k

D = Dp Dr =

(7)

17a
(mm)
x

d '1 = 17

REFRAKTOMTER

D=

a
360()
'
(rad)
60
x
2 (rad)

ltslessg (visus) =

1(' )
100%
(' )

(1)

IZOTPDIAGNOSZTIKA
1
1
1
=
+
Teff Tfiz Tbiol

(1)(II.18)
1 1

tp tr

1 U1
=
2 U2

(4)

(6)

(1)

RNTGEN CT
Di = lg

J i0
Ji

= lg e ijx

(6)

j=1

DOZIMETRIA

D=

E
m

(1 rad = 0,01 J/kg )

(1)

Z Z2

R = 1
Z1 + Z 2

X=

q
m

(1 R = 2,6 10-4 C/kg)

(2)

IMPULZUSGENERTOR

Dleveg = f 0 X
Dleveg = K
U=

(3)(II.107)

t
r2

(8)

Q
~X
C

(10)

Z = c

T = 1 + 2

(5)(II.77)

(2)

kitltsi tnyez =

1
100%
1 + 2

(3)

COULTER SZMLL
h=

X
Q
U = IR = R ~
t
t

cmegadott

(1)

cmrt

(11)

BRIMPEDANCIA
2

PRtg = cRtgU and ZI and

(II.82)

UV-DOZIMETRIA
Ebe =

P
A

(1)(II.3)

H = SEt

(2)

A(t ) = A + ( A0 A )e H U

(5)

A0 A
A(t ) A

(6)

H U = ln

U eff
I eff

(13)

* = RA

(14)

Z=

OSZCILLOSZKP

C=

1
2 fZ

(15)

* =

C
A

(16)

AUDIOMETRIA
J =

U pp = 2U max = 2 2U eff

U eff
R

(1)

(5)
J sajt = AU 2

(2)

ERST
U
KU = ki
U be

P
K P = ki
Pbe

R
n = 20 lg KU + 10 lg be
Rki

(3)(VII.6)

KU
1 K v KU

Q = E 2Vt

f0 =

(5)

SZENZOR
(dB)

(6)

~
0

SZINUSZOSZCILLTOR
KU v =

J
n = 10 lg
J0

1
2 LC

(3)(VII.14)

EKG
U ki = (U be1 U be 2 ) KU

(4)

(IV.8)

(VII.11)

U I = L R

U II = F R

Rprhuzamos ered =

U III = F L

p
V
= IV = R 4
8
l
t

R 4 hg
8 V

p = Rcs IV
Rcs = 8

(7)

DIFFZI

RAMLS

R
n

(3)(III.12)

(11)
(U = RI )

l
A2

c

x
Dt + c(t ) = c(t + t )
x

= K 0 e
D = 0,12

(6)

(4)

r2
T

elektrolit =

1
C
R

(T = ln 2 )

(5)
(8)

(12)

A korbbi tanulmnyokbl ismertnek vlt sszefggsek

E magassgi = mgh
E mozgsi =

1
m 2
2

E kondenztor =

= hf
n=

ckuum
ckzeg

1 1 1
= +
f t k
N=

K k
=
T t

R=

U
I

1
CU 2
2

R=

Z=

l
A

U eff
I eff

X L = 2fL
XC =

1
2fC

C = 0

A
d

Pelektromos = UI
Q = cmt

Statisztikai tblzatok
t-eloszls

szabadsgfok

p (valsznsg, ktoldal prba)

0,5

0,2

0,1

0,05

0,02

0,01

0,002

0,001

1,00

3,08

6,31

12,7

31,8

63,7

318,3

636,6

0,82

1,89

2,92

4,30

6,96

9,92

22,3

31,6

0,76

1,64

2,35

3,18

4,54

5,84

10,2

12,9

0,74

1,53

2,13

2,78

3,75

4,60

7,17

8,61

0,73

1,48

2,02

2,57

3,37

4,03

5,89

6,87

0,72

1,44

1,94

2,45

3,14

3,71

5,21

5,96

0,71

1,41

1,89

2,36

3,00

3,50

4,79

5,41

0,71

1,40

1,86

2,31

2,90

3,36

4,50

5,04

0,70

1,38

1,83

2,26

2,82

3,25

4,30

4,78

10

0,70

1,37

1,81

2,23

2,76

3,17

4,14

4,59

11

0,70

1,36

1,80

2,20

2,72

3,11

4,02

4,44

12

0,70

1,36

1,78

2,18

2,68

3,05

3,93

4,32

13

0,69

1,35

1,77

2,16

2,65

3,01

3,85

4,22

14

0,69

1,35

1,76

2,14

2,62

2,98

3,79

4,14

15

0,69

1,34

1,75

2,13

2,60

2,95

3,73

4,07

16

0,69

1,34

1,75

2,12

2,58

2,92

3,69

4,01

17

0,69

1,33

1,74

2,11

2,57

2,90

3,65

3,97

18

0,69

1,33

1,73

2,10

2,55

2,88

3,61

3,92

19

0,69

1,33

1,73

2,09

2,54

2,86

3,58

3,88

20

0,69

1,33

1,72

2,09

2,53

2,85

3,55

3,85

21

0,69

1,32

1,72

2,08

2,52

2,83

3,53

3,82

22

0,69

1,32

1,72

2,07

2,51

2,82

3,51

3,79

23

0,69

1,32

1,71

2,07

2,50

2,81

3,49

3,77

24

0,68

1,32

1,71

2,06

2,49

2,80

3,47

3,75

25

0,68

1,32

1,71

2,06

2,49

2,79

3,45

3,73

26

0,68

1,31

1,71

2,06

2,48

2,78

3,44

3,71

27

0,68

1,31

1,70

2,05

2,47

2,77

3,42

3,69

28

0,68

1,31

1,70

2,05

2,47

2,76

3,41

3,67

29

0,68

1,31

1,70

2,05

2,46

2,76

3,40

3,66

30

0,68

1,31

1,70

2,04

2,46

2,75

3,39

3,65

40

0,68

1,30

1,68

2,02

2,42

2,70

3,31

3,55

60

0,68

1,30

1,67

2,00

2,39

2,66

3,23

3,46

120

0,68

1,30

1,66

1,98

2,36

2,62

3,16

3,37

0,68

1,29

1,64

1,96

2,33

2,58

3,09

3,29

10

 2 (khi-ngyzet)-eloszls

szabadsgfok

p (valsznsg)
0,99

0,975

0,95

0,05

0,025

0,01

0,001

0,0000157

0,0000982

0,000393

3,84

5,02

6,63

10,83

0,0201

0,0506

0,103

5,99

7,88

9,21

13,82

0,115

0,216

0,352

7,81

9,35

11,34

16,27

0,297

0,484

0,711

9,49

11,14

13,28

18,47

0,554

0,831

1,15

11,07

12,83

15,09

20,51

0,872

1,24

1,64

12,59

14,45

16,81

22,46

1,24

1,69

2,17

14,07

16,01

18,47

24,32

1,65

2,18

2,73

15,51

17,53

20,09

26,13

2,09

2,70

3,33

16,92

19,02

21,67

27,88

10

2,56

3,25

3,94

18,31

20,48

23,21

29,59

11

3,05

3,61

4,57

19,68

21,92

24,72

31,26

12

3,57

4,40

5,23

21,03

23,34

26,22

32,91

13

4,11

5,01

5,89

22,36

24,74

27,69

34,53

14

4,66

5,63

6,57

23,68

26,12

29,14

36,12

15

5,23

6,26

7,26

25,00

27,49

30,58

37,70

16

5,81

6,91

7,96

26,33

28,85

32,00

39,25

17

6,41

7,56

8,67

27,59

30,19

33,41

40,79

18

7,01

8,23

9,39

28,87

31,53

34,81

42,31

19

7,63

8,91

10,12

30,14

32,85

36,19

43,82

20

8,26

9,59

10,85

31,41

34,17

37,57

45,31

21

8,90

10,28

11,59

32,67

35,48

38,93

46,80

22

9,54

10,98

12,34

33,92

36,78

40,29

48,27

23

10,20

11,69

13,09

35,17

38,08

41,64

49,73

24

10,86

12,40

13,85

36,42

39,36

42,98

51,18

25

11,52

13,12

14,61

37,65

40,65

44,31

52,62

26

12,20

13,84

15,38

38,89

41,92

45,64

54,05

27

12,88

14,57

16,15

40,11

43,19

46,96

55,48

28

13,56

15,31

16,93

41,34

44,46

48,28

56,89

29

14,26

16,05

17,71

42,56

45,72

49,59

58,30

30

14,95

16,79

18,49

43,77

46,98

50,89

59,70

40

22,16

24,43

26,51

55,76

59,34

63,69

73,40

50

29,71

32,36

34,76

67,51

71,42

76,15

86,66

60

37,48

40,48

43,19

79,08

83,30

88,38

99,61

100

70,06

74,22

77,93

124,3

129,5

135,8

149,4

11

llandk s adatok
egyetemes gzlland

R = 8,31 J/(mol.K)

Avogadro-szm

NA = 6.1023 /mol

Boltzmann-lland

k = 1,38.1023 J/K

Faraday-lland

F = 96500 C/mol

Planck-lland

h = 6,6.1034 J.s

fnysebessg (vkuumban)

c = 3.108 m/s

elektron tltse (elemi tlts)

e = 1,6.1019 C

elektron nyugalmi tmege

me = 9,1.1031 kg

proton nyugalmi tmege

mp = 1,673.1027 kg

neutron nyugalmi tmege

mn = 1,675.1027 kg

StefanBoltzmann-lland

= 5,7.108 J/(m2.K4.s)

Reynolds-szm (sima fal csvekre)

Re = 1160

cRtg

1,1109 V1

Cfoto

6 cm2/(gnm3)

f0

34 J/C
fajh [kJ/(kgK)]

relatv atomtmeg
nitrogn:

14

oxign:

16

oxign: cv

0,65

oxign: cp

0,92

olvadsh [kJ/kg]

srsg [kg/m ]
alumnium (Al):

2,7.10

vas (Fe)

7,9.103

lom (Pb):

11,3.103

testszvet (lgy):

1,04.103

vr (tlagos):

1,05.103

leveg (0C, 101 kPa):

1,29

csont:

1,7.10

zsrszvet:

0,92.103

jg:

prolgsh [kJ/kg]
vz (100C, 101 kPa):

0,85

vr (37C-on):

4,5

2257

standard kmiai potencil [kJ/mol]

glkz:

902,5
trsmutat

leveg:

vz:

1,333

cdrusolaj:

1,505

tmeggyengtsi egytthat [cm2/g]

viszkozits [mPas]
vz (27C-on):

334,4

m (24Na, lom absz.):

5.102

hallskszb [W/m2]
emberi fl (1 kHz-en):

fajh [kJ/(kgK)]

1012

hangsebessg [m/s]

vz:

4,18

izom:

3,76

testszvet (lgy):

1600

vr:

3,9

csont:

3600

tmr csont:

1,3

zsrszvet:

testszvet (tlagos)

3,5

fajlagos vezetkpessg [S/m]

izomszvet:

12

0,8

A fontosabb radioaktv izotpok jellemz adatai:

kmiai elem
s rendszma

hidrogn
szn

1
6

nitrogn
oxign
fluor
ntrium

7
8
9
11

foszfor
kn
klium

15
16
19

izotp

maximlis
rszecske
energik (MeV)

-energia
(MeV)

12,33 v
20,4 perc
5760 v
10 perc
2 perc
109,8 perc
15,02 ra

+
+
+
,

0,0186
0,96
0,155
1,19
1,73
0,633
1,392

32

14,28 nap
87,2 nap
1,28.109 v

, K (10%)

1,710
0,167
1,31

12,36 ra

Ca
51
Cr
52
Fe
59
Fe

163 nap
27,7 nap
8,2 ra
44,6 nap

K, e,
+,
,

P
S
40
K
35

20
24
26

bomls mdja

H
C
14
C
13
N
15
O
18
F
24
Na
11

42

kalcium
krm
vas

felezsi id

45

3,52 (75%)
1,99 (25%)
0,257
0,315 (e)
0,8
1,566

kobalt

27

60

5,272 v

0,318

rz

29

64

12,74 ra

(39%)
+ (19%)

0,575
0,656

0,687
0,99

kripton
rubdium

stroncium
ittrium
techncium
indium
jd

36
37

38
39
43
49
53

Co
Cu

85

Kr
81
Rb

10,73 v
4,7 ra

K (42%)
(1%)
,
+,

86

Rb
Sr
90
Y
99
Tcm
113 m
In
123
I
125
I
131
I

18,65 nap
29 v
64 ra
6,02 ra
1,658 ra
13,3 ra
59,7 nap
8,04 nap

, (0,4%)

K,
K,
,

5,29 nap
30,1 v

,
,

90

xenon
czium

54
55

133

arany
higany
radon
rdium

79
80
86
88

198

Au
Hg
222
Rn
226
Ra

2,695 nap
46,6 nap
3,824 nap
1600 v

,
,

, (6%)

urn

92

238

4,47.109 v

Xe
Cs

137

203

1,78
0,546
2,29

0,606
0,25
0,81
0,346
0,512 (92,6%)
1,173 (7,4%)
0,961
0,212
5,489
4,784
4,598
4,2

13

K dziskonstans

Gy lev m 2

GBq h

2,754
1,369

1,46
K utn
1,525

0,320
0,5
1,30
1,10
1,33
1,17

1,34
0,514
1,93
0,95
1,078

1,761
0,140
0,391
0,16
0,0355
0,364
0,080
0,723
0,081
0,661
0,411
0,279

0,186
0,260
0,609
0,048

444

160
305

54

80