V Hu H GV THPT Cm Xuyn, H Tnh

5





Trong cc thi tuyn sinh vo i hc, Cao
ng v thi hc sinh gii cc cp thng gp
bi ton chng minh bt ng thc nhiu
bin. Bi ton ny thng gy kh khn cho
a s hc sinh. Trong phm vi bi vit chng
ti gii thiu phng php kho st hm s
chng minh bt ng thc dng ny.


V Hu H
(GV THPT Cm Xuyn, H Tnh)
1. ni dung phng php
Ni dung phng php th hin k nng xc
nh hm s cn kho st gii bi ton
chng minh bt ng thc (BT) dng:
BI TON
Cho cc s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a D e tho mn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2
... .
n
g a g a g a n g o + + + > s vi s
thc D o e . Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
... ( ).
n
f a f a f a nf o + + + >
gii bi ton ny ta cn biu din ( )
i
f a
qua ( ),
i
g a i = 1, 2, , n, nn xt hm s
( ) ( ) ( ) . , . h t f t m g t t D = e S m c xc
nh sao cho hm s ( ) h t t cc tiu ti
0
, t o = ( ) ( )
' 0 h o = hay
'( )
'( )
f
m
g
o
o
= .
Lu . - Trong bi ton trn ta phi c s m v
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1 2
...
n
a a a o = = = = .
- Bi ton dng: Cho cc s thc
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a D e
tho mn
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2
... . ,
n
g a g a g a n g o + + + s >
vi s thc D o e . Chng minh rng
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
... ( ),
n
f a f a f a nf o + + + s
c gii tng t bi ton trn. Khi hm
s ( ) h t t cc i ti
0
t o = v
'( )
'( )
f
m
g
o
o
=
.

2. mt s bi ton minh ha
Bi ton 1. Cho x, y, z l ba s dng tho
mn 1 + + s x y z . Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82 + + + + + > x y z
x y z
.
Phn tch. y ( ) ; g t t =
2
2
1
( ) ; f t t
t
= +
3. n = Ta c 3 ( ) 1 g o =

1
;
3
o =
1
'
40 82 3
.
1 41
'
3
f
m
g
| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .

Li gii. V x, y, z l cc s dng v
1 x y z + + s , nn ( ) , , 0;1 x y z e . Xt hm s
( ) ( )
2
2
1 40 82
, 0;1 .
41
h t t t t
t
= + + e Ta c
( )
4
2 4
1 40 82
' 0
41 1
t
h t
t t

= + =
+
( )
1
0 ; 1 .
3
t = e

t 0
1
3
1
'( ) h t 0 +

( ) h t
27 82
41


www.VNMATH.com
V Hu H GV THPT Cm Xuyn, H Tnh

6
T bng bin thin, suy ra
27 82
( ) (0;1)
41
h t t > , e
2
2
1 40 82 27 82
(0;1)
41 41
t t t
t
+ > + , e .
Thay t ln lt bi x, y, z ri cng theo v cc
BT cng chiu, suy ra

2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ + + + + x y z
x y z

( )
40 82 81 82
82.
41 41
> + + + > x y z
Nhn xt. C th kho st hm s
2
2
1 40. 82 1
( ) . , (0;1)
9.41
h t t t
t t
= + e , suy ra
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
x y z
x y z
+ + + + +
40 82 1 1 1 82
9.41 41 x y z
| |
> + + +
|
\ .

40 82 9 82
82.
9.41 41 x y z
| |
> + >
|
+ +
\ .

Vi cch gii ny c th thay i bi ton thnh:
Cho x, y, z l ba s dng tho mn
9 xy yz zx xyz + + > . Chng minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
82 x y z
x y z
+ + + + + > .
Bi ton 2. Cho a, b, c l ba s dng
tho mn
2 2 2
1 + + = a b c . Chng minh rng
1 1 1 3 3 9
1 1 1 2
+
+ + >
a b c
.
Phn tch. Trong bi ny
2
( ) , g t t =
1
( ) ,
1
f t
t
=

3 n = . Khi 3 ( ) 1 g o =
1
;
3
o =
'( ) 9 6 3
'( ) 4
f
m
g
o
o
+
= = .
Li gii. V a, b, c dng v
2 2 2
1, a b c + + =
suy ra ( ) , , 0;1 a b c e . Xt hm s
2
1 9 6 3
( ) , (0; 1).
1 4
h t t t
t
+
= e

Khi
( )
2
1 9 6 3
'( ) ; (0; 1).
2
1
h t t t
t
+
= e

( )
( )
2
1 9 6 3
' 0
2
1
h t t
t
+
= =

3 2
3 3 6 3 3 3 4 2 3 0 + + = t t t
1
6 3 3 36 3 27
(0; 1);
6 3
t

= e

2
3
(0; 1)
3
t = e ;
v
3
6 3 3 36 3 27
1
6 3
t
+
= > .

t 0
1
t
2
t 1
'( ) h t + 0 0 +

( ) h t 1

3
4


T bng bin thin, suy ra
2
1 9 6 3 3
, (0;1)
1 4 4
t t
t
+
> + e

.
Thay t ln lt bi a, b, c ri cng theo v cc
BT cng chiu suy ra
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 9 6 3 9
1 1 1 4 4
a b c
a b c
+
+ + > + + +


1 1 1 9 3 3
1 1 1 2 a b c
+
+ + >

.
Nhn xt. Vi bi ton 2, c phng php
hm li v phng php tip tuyn u khng
gii c, y l im mnh ca phng
php ny.
Bi ton 3. Cho a,b,c l cc s dng tha
mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng
3 2
2 1 1 1
+ + >
+ + +
a b c
a b c
.
Li gii. t ln , ln , ln . = = = x a y b z c Khi
, , x y z e v 0. x y z + + = BT cho
tng ng vi
www.VNMATH.com
V Hu H GV THPT Cm Xuyn, H Tnh

7
e e e 3 2
.
2 1 e 1 e 1 e
x y z
x y z
+ + >
+ + +

Xt hm s ( )
e 3 2
,
8 1 e
t
t
h t t =
+
vi t e
th
( )
( )
2
3
e 2e 3 2
' 0 0
8
2 1 e
t t
t
h t t
+
= = =
+
.
t 0 +
'( ) h t 0 +

( ) h t
2
2


T bng bin thin suy ra ( )
2
,
2
> e h t t
e 3 2 2
,
8 2 1
t
t
t t
e
> + e
+
.
Thay t bi x, y, z ri cng cc bt ng thc
cng chiu, ta c

e e e
1 1 1
x y z
x y z
e e e
+ +
+ + +

( )
3 2 3 2 3 2
.
8 2 2
x y z > + + + =
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 0
a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton 4. (USAMO, 2003)
Cho cc s dng a,b,c. Chng minh rng
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
8
2 2 2
+ + + + + +
+ + s
+ + + + + +
a b c b c a c a b
a b c b c a c a b

Li gii
t
3 3 3
; ;
a b c
x y z
a b c a b c a b c
= = =
+ + + + + +
.
Khi x, y, z dng v 3 x y z + + = ( , , (0;3)) e x y z .
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
2 2 2
2 2 2
6 9 6 9 6 9
8.
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
+ + + + + +
+ + s
+ + +

Xt hm s ( )
2
2
6 9
11 ,
3 6 9
t t
h t t
t t
+ +
=
+
vi (0;3). t e
Khi ( )
( )
2
2
2
(0;3)
19 16 3
' 0
3
(0;3).
2 3
19
t
t t
h t
t
t t
=1e
+ +

= =

= e
+

t 0 1 3
'( ) h t + 0
( ) h t
25
3



T bng bin thin suy ra
2
2
6 9 25
11 .
3 6 9 3
t t
t
t t
+ +
s
+

Thay t ln lt bi x, y, z ri cng theo v cc
BT cng chiu, suy ra
2 2 2
2 2 2
6 9 6 9 6 9
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
x x y y z z
x x y y z z
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + +

( ) 8. x y z s11 + + 25 =
bi tp t luyn
1. Gi s x,y l cc s dng c tng bng 1. Tm
gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
1 1
x y
A
x y
= +

.
2. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tho mn
2 2 2
3 a b c + + = . Chng minh rng
1 1 1
3.
2 2 2 a b c
+ + >


3. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng c tng bng 3. Chng
minh rng
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
. a b c
a b c
+ + > + +
4. Cho cc s dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
5
b c a c a b a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + +
+ + >
+ + + + + +
.
5. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng c tng bng 1.
Chng minh rng
2 2 2
9
1 1 1 10
a b c
a b c
+ + s
+ + +
.
6. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng c tch bng 1.
Chng minh rng
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 a a b b c c
+ + >
+ + +
.
www.VNMATH.com