H thng thng tin, dn ng, gim st phc v qun l khng lu CNS/ATM

11:35, 27/07/2007

ThS. Nguyn Th Xun M Gii thiu Qun l khng lu (Air Traffic Management - ATM) c th hiu l qun l s lu thng ca tu bay di chuyn trn khng. S lu thng ca tu bay trn cc tuyn ng bay cn phi tun theo s iu hnh ca b phn kim sot khng lu di mt t m bo hot ng bay an ton, iu ho, v hiu qu. Tuy nhin, khc vi di mt t, xc nh tuyn ng bay trn khng, tu bay cn da vo mc tn hiu pht ln ca cc thit b ph tr dn ng, dn hng. Vic gim st hot ng bay ca b phn kim sot khng lu khng th thc hin bng mt thng m cn ti s h tr ca cc thit b radar. Lin lc gia kim sot vin khng lu di t vi phi cng trn tri cn nh ti cc trang thit b thng tin t i khng (v d nh HF, VHF). Ngoi ra nhu cu trao i thng tin gia cc b phn di t lin quan ti qun l khng lu cng cn ti s gip ca h tng thng tin mt t. Tuy nhin, h tng k thut phc v qun l khng lu hin nay bc l nhiu mt hn ch. Khi lu lng bay t ti mt ngng no , nhng hn ch ny s l ro cn khin h thng s khng an ton v hiu qu p ng cc yu cu ca qun l khng lu. Vo nm 1983, t chc hng khng dn dng quc t ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) tin hnh nghin cu tm gii php cho vn ny. y l mt c quan ca t chc lin hp quc, c trch nhim lp ra cc nguyn tc v k thut ca dn ng hng khng quc t, to iu kin i vi cc k hoch v pht trin ca nn khng vn quc t m bo s pht trin an ton v hp l. Sau thi gian nghin cu, ICAO nhn thy rng ch khi thay th ton b h tng thng tin, dn ng, gim st (Communication, Navigation, Serveillance - CNS) hin ti bng mt h thng mi cng vi phng thc qun l khng lu trn mi c kh nng khc phc nhng hn ch ca h thng trn phng din ton cu. ICAO cng ng thi a ra mt m hnh CNS/ATM mi ng dng cc cng ngh vin thng hin i, trong ni bt l lin kt d liu v v tinh. Nm 1991, xut ny chnh thc c ph chun.

Sau khi khi nim CNS/ATM ra i, nhiu nhm nghin cu c thnh lp xy dng cc tiu chun cho h thng. y l mt h thng ln nn xy dng h thng v chuyn i t h thng c sang h thng mi l c mt qu trnh lu di, vi s hp tc ca tt c cc quc gia trn ton cu cng vi nhiu t chc lin quan khc - nh cc t chc hng khng, cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng, cc nh cung cp thit b... Cc hot ng xy dng h thng CNS/ATM c din ra di s ch o ca ICAO. Khi nim h thng Theo nh ngha ca ICAO, CNS/ATM l cc h thng thng tin, dn ng, gim st, s dng cc cng ngh s, bao gm cc h thng v tinh cng vi nhiu mc t ng khc nhau, p dng h tr h thng qun l khng lu hp nht trn ton cu. H thng qun l khng lu (ATM) l h thng c chc nng cung cp cc dch v khng lu (Air Traffic Service - ATS), qun l lung khng lu (Air Traffic Flow Management - ATFM), qun l khng phn (Airspace Management) v cc mt lin quan ti ATM ca hot ng bay (Flight Operation). H thng ATM c vn hnh khai thc bi ngun nhn lc qun l khng lu (ATM Human Resources) v c tr gip bi h thng h tr qun l khng lu (ATM Support System). Cc dch v khng bo (Air Information Service - AIS), v kh tng (MET) ng vai tr cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho ATM qun l khng lu m bo an ton, iu ho, v hiu qu. Mi hot ng ca ATM c din ra trn c s h tng CNS. Bn cht CNS l tp hp cc h thng thng tin, dn ng, gim st. Thng tin (C) c nhim v phn b, trao i thng tin gia cc b phn mt t, tu bay, kt ni cc thnh phn trong h thng vi nhau, v vi nhng nh cung cp, ngi dng lin quan khc. Dn ng (N) c chc nng xc nh v tr, tc , hng dch chuyn ca tu bay, gip tu bay di chuyn ng hng. Gim st (S) cung cp cho cc b phn kim sot khng lu di mt t v tr, hot ng ca cc tu bay trn tri. Hnh 1 m t h thng CNS/ATM.

Hnh 1. M hnh CNS/ATM u im ln nht ca CNS/ATM so vi cc h thng hng khng c l kh nng kt ni gia cc h thng. Phn ln cc h thng hng khng hin ang hot ng l nhng h thng ri rc. Thng tin, dn ng, gim st l cc h thng hot ng c lp, khng lin quan ti nhau. Xt ring v thng tin, thng tin t i khng v thng tin mt t cng l hai mng c lp, da trn cc phng tin v cc mng c lp. Chnh v khng c s kt ni gia cc h thng nn c s h tng cc trang thit b rt ln v cng knh, nhng kh nng li hn ch bi khng c s b tr ln nhau, vic nng cp cng kh khn v tn km. H thng CNS/ATM yu cu cc thnh phn h thng u phi tun theo mt tiu chun chung thng nht. Trn c s , tt c cc h thng u c kh nng kt ni vi nhau, m rng tm hot ng ca h thng trn din rng ton cu. Bn cnh , s tng tc gia cc chc nng ca h thng cho php pht trin kh nng t ng ho nhiu mc, nng cao hiu qu qun l khng lu v gim ti lng cng vic ca ngi s dng, p ng c yu cu khi lu lng bay tng cao. Trong cc cng ngh c ng dng trong CNS/ATM, cng ngh v tinh l cng ngh nng ct, khc phc c nhng hn ch ca h thng c bi kh nng bao ph mi ni, k c i dng xa xi, ni non him tr, sa mc rng ln. u im ny cho php m rng thm nhiu ng bay mi, rt ngn di ng bay, hot ng tu bay linh hot hn theo hnh trnh mong mun. thy r hn nhng u im ca CNS/ATM, sau y ta s tm hiu qua mt s cng ngh c ng dng trong CNS/ATM. Thng tin Khi nhc ti CNS/ATM th mng vin thng hng khng (Aeronautical

Telecommunication Network - ATN) l khi nim khng th tch ri. y l mng chuyn dng trong ngnh hng khng, kt ni tt c cc b phn lin quan ti qun l khng lu di mt t v tu bay hot ng trn tri. Tiu chun ATN c xy dng da trn m hnh tham chiu OSI 7 lp. N c kh nng s dng bt k thit b, mng thng tin d liu no lm phng tin truyn dn. Bi vy ATN tn dng c h tng thng tin sn c ca cc h thng c. ATN bao hm c mng thng tin mt t v trn khng. Phn thng tin mt t ca ATN c th l cc mng X25, ISDN, Frame Relay... Phn thng tin t i khng c th l cc trm thu pht sng HF, VHF, v tinh... ng dng thng tin v tinh trong ATN gip ATN m bo tnh bao ph ton cu. Hin nay, Inmarsat l mng v tinh a tnh c dng trong thng tin hng khng, v tin ti s l mt phn h tng ca ATN.

Hnh 2. Mng ATN ATN l nn tng, trn tch hp mi ng dng ca qun l khng lu. Hn na, cc ng dng trn nn ATN p dng c phng thc thng tin s liu thay v ch c thng tin thoi truyn thng, to nn tnh a dng trong thng tin v khc phc c nhng hn ch ca thng tin thoi. Hin ti ICAO xy dng tiu chun cho mt s ng dng, bao gm cc ng dng t i khng nh Qun l khung cnh (Context Management - CM), Gim st ph thuc t ng (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - ADS), Thng tin lin kt d liu gia kim sot vin khng lu v phi cng (Controller-Pilot Datalink Communications - CPDLC), v cc ng dng mt t nh H thng trao i in vn dch v khng lu (Air Traffic Service Message Handling System - AMHS), Thng tin d liu gia cc h thng dch v khng lu (Air Traffic Service Inter-facility Data Communication - AIDC). Thc t, thng tin lin kt s liu c trong hng khng trc khi c khi nim CNS/ATM. l h thng bo co v lin lc vi tu bay (Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System - ACARS) dng cho cc hot ng khai thc bay (Aeronautical Operational Control - AOC). Tuy nhin loi lin kt d liu ny l nh

hng k t trong khi cc ng dng lin kt d liu ca CNS/ATM li l nh hng bit. Thi gian u, b chun v ATN cha hon thnh xong, nhng do mun sm nhn c cc li ch ca CNS/ATM mang li, mt s nh cung cp dch v khng lu v hng hng khng dng mng ACARS thc hin cc ng dng lin kt d liu CPDLC, ADS, song phi c b chuyn i gia hai nh dng hng k t v hng bit. Giao thc chuyn i gia hai nh dng l ARINC 622, c quy nh trong FANS-1/A do hai nh sn sut Boeing v Airbus xy dng. m bo tnh thng sut, lin mt mch ca dch v trn mt din rng, cc mng thng tin ca cc nh cung cp dch v lin kt d liu phi c kt ni vi nhau. y c th xem nh mt bc chuyn tip t h thng c sang h thng CNS/ATM hin i. Dn ng Chc nng dn ng trong qun l khng lu s khng cn b hn ch v tm ph v nhng tuyn ng bay c nh do kh nng v s lng c hn ca cc thit b dn ng mt t truyn thng cng vi v tr c th lp t c thit b khi p dng cng ngh dn ng bng v tinh ca CNS/ATM. Cc h thng v tinh dn ng ton cu (Global Navigation Satellite Systems - GNSS) m bo cung cp dch v lin tc ti mi ni, k c i dng v nhng khu vc xa xi. GNSS c kh nng p ng cc yu cu v an ton v mang li hiu qu kinh t ti ngi dng; c th thay th ton b cc thit b dn ng truyn thng (tuy nhin trc cn phi gii quyt xong mt s vn v th tc hnh chnh, khai thc, v k thut). Hin nay GPS v GLONASS l hai h thng v tinh dn ng chnh ang c hng khng s dng. GPS hot ng y cc chc nng, cn GLONASS vn cha hon thnh xong. Chng bao ph ton cu, m bo ti bt k v tr no trn th gii, tu bay cng nhn thy ti thiu 3 - 4 qu v tinh ca cng mt h. Tn hiu nhn c t t nht 3 qu v tinh s gip tu bay xc nh c v tr ca mnh. To tnh ton trong GNSS da theo h to h thng o c th gii (World Geodetic System WGS84). Do nh hng ca mt s tc nhn khin kt qu tnh ton v tr tu bay ca GNSS b sai lch. Hin ba loi h thng b tr cho GPS v GLONASS ang c xy dng, l h thng tng cng c s v tinh (Satellite-Based Augmetation Systems - SBAS), h thng tng cng c s mt t (Ground-Based Augmetation System - GBAS), H thng tng cng c s tu bay (Aircraft-Based Augmentation Systems - ABAS). Mc ch ca nhng h thng ny nhm sa cc sai s trong xc nh v tr ca GNSS, gip tu bay xc nh c chnh xc v tr hin thi. Chm v tinh GPS c minh ho trong hnh 3.

Hnh 3 Gim st Trong h thng c, gim st l chc nng ca cc thit b radar. Ti nhng ni khng nm trong phm vi qut ca radar, v tr tu bay phi c bo v b phn kim sot mt t thng qua thoi. y l mt hn ch rt ln ca h tng k thut c. Vi CNS/ATM mi, nh p dng cng ngh dn ng bng v tinh v lin kt d liu, chc nng gim st thc hin c bi h thng gim st ph thuc t ng ADS, mt trong cc ng dng lin kt d liu. H thng hot ng theo nguyn tc: tu bay truyn thng tin v v tr v tc nhn c t GNSS cng vi thng tin ca bn thn tu bay, v d nh nhn dng tu bay, v cc d liu cn thit khc theo lin kt d liu xung ti cc b phn kim sot khng lu di mt t. Vic pht thng tin ca tu bay ph thuc vo iu kin b phn kim sot khng lu t ra, bao gm pht theo chu k, pht khi xy ra mt s kin no , hoc pht khi c yu cu. i vi gim st ph thuc qung b ADS-B, thng tin c pht theo chu k trn mt knh lin kt d liu qung b cho php tt c ngi dng nm trong phm vi qung b, d l trn khng hay di t, u c th nhn v s dng thng tin . iu ny gip kh nng gim st thc hin c trn mt phm vi rt rng, c th ton cu nu phm vi qung b l ton cu. Kh nng h tr ca CNS trong Qun l khng lu H tng k thut mi cho php thay i cc phng thc khai thc qun l khng lu, p ng c lu lng bay ang tng vi tc ngy cng nhanh chng. Lin lc gia phi cng v kim sot vin khng lu s thc hin c qua lin kt d liu thay v thoi thng thng. Hn na, qua lin kt d liu, h thng trn my bay c kh nng truy cp vo cc h thng thng tin di mt t ly nhng thng tin cn thit thay v phi yu cu kim sot vin khng lu cung cp nh trc y. H thng qun l khng lu khi ny l mt h thng hp nht, tch hp tt c cc chc nng. Cc chc nng c lin kt,

tng tc vi nhau qua cc lin kt d liu, to ra nhng kh nng m h thng hin ti khng th c. H thng c th nhn, ghi li v x l cc thng tin mt cch t ng. V d n c kh nng o c phn cch gia cc tu bay, pht hin, d on trc nhng ng xy ra, v t ng pht hiu lnh ngn chn hu ho mt cch kp thi. Vi kh nng t ng ho cao nh th, vai tr ca con ngi cng c th thay i, ngi kim sot vin khng lu khng cn phi trc tip iu khin nh trc m ch cn gim st v can thip khi cn thit. Ngoi ra, do tnh ton cu ca h thng, trch nhim kim sot khng lu trong khng phn ca tng quc gia c th u quyn cho nhng t chc bn ngoi lnh th. Tm hot ng ca h thng l khng bin gii. Di tm ph rng khp ton cu ca h thng, h thng cho php m thm nhiu ng bay mi vi mt ln, phn cch cho php gim, gip khc phc c tnh trng tc nghn c th xy ra khi lu lng bay qu ln. Tu bay cng c php la chn tuyn ng theo mun, hoc thay i tuyn ng bay mt cch linh hot khi gp chng ngi vt trn ng, gip s lu thng thng sut, an ton, hiu qu v kinh t. K hoch xy dng CNS/ATM CNS/ATM l mt d n mang tnh ton cu, do ICAO ch o, vi s tham gia thc hin ca tt c cc quc gia thnh vin ca ICAO trn ton th gii cng vi s tham gia ca cc t chc lin quan nh cc nh cung cp thit b, cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng, cc t chc ti chnh... Vic thc hin c phn chia theo tng khu vc, v do i din ca ICAO ti khu vc ch o. Vit Nam thuc khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng. Qu trnh thc hin cc nc khng ging nhau, ph thuc vo nng lc ca tng nc, tuy nhin v c bn vn theo trnh t hng dn ca ICAO, v c s hp tc ng b gia cc nc. Cc thnh phn h thng c th thc hin song song mt cch ng thi. xy dng h thng hon chnh y cc tnh nng s cn mt khong thi gian di. Trong thi gian y nhiu cng ngh mi ra i hoc c nng cp u vit hn. Chnh v th m ICAO a ra chin lc thc hin n u, s dng n y tn dng c li ch ti a ca h thng t cng ngh hin thi, ng thi trong qu trnh thc hin cng lin tc cp nht cng ngh nhn c nhng li ch ti u. Sau thi gian xy dng tiu chun cho h thng v ln k hoch thc hin, h thng CNS/ATM chnh thc bt u c trin khai vo nm 1998 v d kin ti khong nm 2020 th hon thin. Australia l mt trong nhng nc i u trong qu trnh thc hin. Tnh hnh xy dng CNS/ATM ti Vit Nam Hng khng Vit Nam cng ang trong qu trnh xy dng h thng CNS/ATM. Theo bo co trong cuc hp ln th 5 ca nhm thc hin h thng dn ng hng khng

tng lai ng nam din ra ti TP. H Ch Minh t ngy 16 n 19/1/2007 va ri, h thng qun l khng lu t ng (Automation Air Traffic Management System - ATMS) c lp t ti c quan kim sot khng lu H Ch Minh nm 2004 v nm 2006 chnh thc i vo hot ng. H thng tch hp rt nhiu chc nng, trong h tr cc chc nng lin kt d liu, gim st s dng ADS, thng tin mt t s dng AIDC, thng tin t i khng s dng CPDLC. Mang y cc chc nng, ATMS chnh l mt h thng trung tm, c kh nng chn, x l, tch hp tt c thng tin, d liu cn thit t nhiu ngun, cung cp cho cc dch v kim sot khng lu, qun l lung khng lu, qun l khng phn. Hin ti, mng ATN cha c trin khai ti Vit Nam, v vy h thng ADS/CPDLC ca ATMS s c thc hin qua lin kt d liu do ARINC cung cp. H thng ang trong qu trnh th nghim. Trong thi gian ti, Vit Nam s tip tc u t, ci t thm cc trm lin kt d liu VHF ti cc tnh H Ni, Nng, Quy Nhn, TP. H Ch Minh, v C Mau; thit lp kt ni AIDC gia ATMS vi cc trung tm k cn v kim sot khng lu Ni Bi; thit lp kt ni ATN ti cc nc Lo, Singapore, Hng Kng, v Thi Lan theo khuyn co ca ICAO; trin khai h thng AMHS. Kt lun Nhng li ch tim nng m CNS/ATM mang li tht ln: nng cao mc an ton hng khng, gim chi ph vn chuyn, gim thi gian tr, tng sc cha ca vng khng phn, v nng cao hiu sut ca kim sot vin khng lu. Tuy nhin trin khai CNS/ATM cn phi xem xt nhiu vn , cn nhiu thch thc cn phi vt qua, v d nh h thng phi xy dng th no m bo tnh an ton, p ng c yu cu nh mong i, vn kh nng ti chnh, v cc vn chnh sch... Ti liu tham kho [1]. International Civil Aviation Organization Asia and Pacific Office (2000), Guidance Material on CNS/ATM Operations in the Asia/Pacific Region, ICAO Asia Pacific Regional Office Bangkok. [2]. CANSO CNS/ATM Working Group (1999), Demystifying CNS/ATM, http://www.canso.org. [3]. EATCHEAP (1997), Overal CNS/ATM architecture for EATCHEAP, EUROCONTROL [4]. www.icao.int [5]. http://www.gpstextbook.com