Ci t nhiu h iu hnh

Thit lp nhiu h iu hnh trong mt my l mt nhu cu cn thit cho rt nhiu bn nghin cu v hc tp cng nh l mt mt...thi thng chng ta thng thc tng ci mnh ca mi h iu hnh. Mc ch ca bi ny l gii thiu n cc bn cch install 3 h iu hnh Windows ME, Windows 2k, v Linux RedHat 7.1. Sau dng boot loader ca Win2k lm phn chnh iu khin cc h iu hnh. Nhng trc khi i vo install mi th ti xin trnh by mt s im cn ch cho cc bn cha hoc khng quen bit lm vi vic ci t nhiu h iu hnh.

Master Boot Record L mt thut ng c dn computer hay gi l MBR (bn s thy h nhc n nhng ch vit tc ny nhiu trn internet hoc trao i). y ch l mt mng d liu v cc partion trong my, khng hn khng km! Master Boot Record c to do h iu hnh v d nhin mi h iu hnh u c cch to ring bit. V d, WinNT4 v Win2k s c file boot.ini dng nh Master Boot Record. Mi khi khi ng my, mt chng trnh chuyn lm vic loading h iu hnh ca WinNT l NT bootloader (mt file loi .exe) s d tm ni dung ca file boot.ini load h hiu hnh cn thit cho ngi dng. Ring Windows 98 v Windows ME th c cht khc bit, chng khng c chng trnh tm h iu hnh nh NT bootloader v s mc nhin load h iu hnh ti phn partion u tin trong hard disk, thng thng l phn partition C trong hard disk. Theo mc nh th MBR s lun c lu gi ti da cng thp nht (nu bn c nhiu da cng th t l 0,1,2....) v partition nh nht ca n (partition u tin trong da s 0, d cho v d, ti tm gi ni ny l Boot Table). y l mt ni rt quan trng BIOS tm n khi my va khi ng. Ti cng xin nhc li cc bn khi nhm ln gia MBR v ni MBR. Mt my tnh c th c nhiu MBR (khi ci t mt h iu hnh, nht l linux, bn c th ci MBR ti Boot Sector ch khng nht thit l ti Boot Table) tuy nhin BIOS ch tm n Boot Table d tm h iu hnh m thi! Mt li lm thng thy khi bn ci t nhiu h iu hnh l ci sau khi ci t linux vo th khng vo c h thng Windows, v ngc li nu ti ci t windows th Linux ... mt tiu lun! l do l bn khi ci t cc h iu hnh, thng no cng mun thy ci MBR ca n vo Boot Table c! cho nn thng no ci t sau s xo ht thng tin ca thng trc ! ti ngh y l gt mc to nht cho cc bn trong vic ci t nhiu h iu hnh, tuy nhin chng ta s c cch dn xp n tho cho c 3 h thng cng tn ti. cng l trng tm ca bi vit. Boot Sector Boot Sector tht ra cng l mt mng d liu cha thng tin v mt partition no , mi khi bn to mt partition mi th mt Boot Sector s to km theo trn u n ch thng tin v ci partition , v d, Boot Sector s cho bn bit c bao nhiu Megabyte trong partition, t i ch u v cui ca n trong hard disk, cn trng bao nhiu.... D nhin l cu trc ca mi Boot Sector s khc nhau ty theo h iu hnh bn dng to n. m t thm chnh xc v tr ca MBR v cc Boot Sector xin xem hnh

Bn li vn Ti y ti xin bn li vn ci t 3 h iu hnh (WinME hoc Win98, Win2k, v Linux RedHat 7.1). Tin trnh khi ng ca mt my tnh bao gm trc tin l khi ng BIOS t Motherboard, BIOS s "nhy" (tm) n Boot Table (cha MBR) tm v khi ng h iu hnh da theo thng tin t MBR. Nu c nhiu h iu hnh, BIOS s t ng khi ng h iu hnh u tin m n tm thy. D nhin l xong xong vi qu trnh ny BIOS s kim tra tn hiu nhp t bn phm v kt hp vi thng tin t MBR chn (v khi ng) h iu hnh. Bn c th chn khi ng h iu hnh bn thch bng cch can thip t bn phm. Ti y bn s thy mt vn thng gp khi chng ta ci t hai h thng Windows v Linux l s tranh dnh vic qun l Boot Table. i vi h thng Windows th hu nh bn khng gp cn tr nhiu khi ci t hai h iu hnh chung vi nhau, theo lut thng thng th bn nn ci t h iu hnh version mi hn sau cng, v d, bn nn ci t Win98 hay WinME trc, sau mi ci t Win2k bi v Win2k mi hn. Mt t im ca ng trch ca h thng Windows l chng ch ci t MBR ti Boot Table m thi trong khi h thng Linux cho php bn ty ci t MBR ti Boot Table hoc ti Boot Sector. dn xp x tranh dnh ny, ti s ci MBR ca h thng windows vo Boot Table v ci MBR ca Linux vo Boot Sector ca n. Sau tm cch sa MBR ca h thng windows n cng thm Linux trong khi khi ng my. Tin hnh ci t Trc tin bn nn c 2 ci CD linux 7.1 v cc CD ca win ME, win2k .... ti nu ra mt s tnh hung cn bn nh sau bn tin tham kho: Tnh hung th nht: nu bn c sn hai h thng Windows (Win98 hoc WinME, v Win2k) trn mt ci HDD. Bn kim tra xem hai h thng kia chim hn 8032MB cha? Tng t nh h thng NT4, Linux Redhat 7.1 s khng nhn dng c da cng trn 8Gig. Bn s c th gp kh khn khi to partition cho Linux. Ring Mandrake 8.0 th c kh nng nhn dng c tt c. trnh tnh trng ny bn nn ci Linux ln partition ca Win2k (bn s xo Win2k! Ch backup d liu!) sau ci Win2k li sau v Win2k c th nhn dng partition nm ngoi 8Gig. Tnh hung th hai: nu bn c sn hai h thng Windows (Win98 hoc WinME, v Win2k) v c 2 da cng! Bn c th ci Linux vo mt trong hai da cng kia min sau n phi nm trong phm vi 8Gig l tt. Tnh hung th ba: bn ci mi tt c! u tin bn nn to mt partition cho WinME 5Gig l qu ri, ci t WinME vo

Ci t linux Redhat 7.1 vo, trong qu trnh ci t bn nh ch n vic b MBR ca n vo Boot Sector! Khi ci t bn nh to a mn khi ng ca RedHat, nh gi n sau ny bn mi c th khi ng vo linux c! Cui cng l tin hnh ci t Win2k, chc bn khng c g kh khn vi Win2k c.

Chnh xa MBR Trc tin bn nn dng floppy disk cho linux khi ng vo linux. Sau khi log in (xin xem bi tutorial) bn nn lm mt s vic sau 1) Tm mt ci floppy (c format vi Win hoc DOS) cn trng t nht l 1k 2) bn (ti cho l bn bit dng mt s lnh linux cn bn, ging nh dos, xem thm tutorital mt s lnh cn bn ca Linux) dng editor no nh vi m file sau /etc/lilo.conf 3) sau nhn hng u xem ci boot sector ca linux nm u, bn s thy i khi nh boot=/dev/hdxy. Trong x l s th t hard disk cu bn (a, b, c, ...) v y s l s th t ca partition (1, 2, 3, ....). Gi s bn bit kt qu l /dev/hda2 i nhe! ( l v d) 4) to mt directory /tmp (nu cha c) sau mount ci floppy disk (FAT system) vo directory /tmp ri copy 512 byte u ca ci partition (/dev/hda2) bn va tm c vo floppy. Nu bn khng chc th lm nh sau: b a floppy vo a v g cc lnh: mount /dev/fd0 /tmp -t vfat dd if=/dev/hda2 of=/tmp/linux.bin bs=512 count=1 umount /dev/fd0 5) ti y bn s c mt file tn l linux.bin trong floppy disk! Ly da floppy ra, reboot li my vo Win2k 6) copy ci file linux.bin vo ni no trong da ca Windows, v d bn b vo C: i nh. 7) bn dng 1 chng trnh text editor no open file boot.ini (ch y l file h thng nn windows s lm n n, bn phi t options l hin th cc file n th mi thy n c), thm vo mt hng nh th ny: c:\linux.bin="Welcome to my RedHat Linux" 8) reboot li my, bn s thy mt menu vi ba h iu hnh nh bn! Ch : dd: dump disk, n tng t nh lnh copy ca dos nhng dd s copy theo kiu binay c ngha l copy mt cch chnh xc machine data ca a. a2: l nh du mang ngha da cng u tin v partition s 2, nh thay i ch s ny ph hp vi v tr ci linux ca bn nh!!!! if: input file, ch tn ca input file, trong tng hp ny l th t ca da cng v partition ni linux ang nm of: ouput file, tn ca output file bs: boot sector, ch s byte ca mt sector count: m s ln copy --> ton b ngha ca lnh dd trn l copy ci Boot Sector (512 bytes) ca linux vo floppy disk v t tn n l linux.bin m thi!