ASCII Character Codes

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Technical Reference
SOME OF THE MAIN TOPICS IN THIS CHAPTER ARE

General Information Award BIOS Error Codes AMI BIOS Error Codes Phoenix BIOS Error Codes Microid Research (MR) BIOS Error Codes IBM BIOS Beep and Alphanumeric Error Codes ROM BIOS Hard Drive Parameters Modem Control Codes DOS Command Reference
Technical Reference
General Information
ASCII Character Code Charts
Figure 1 lists ASCII control character values. Figure 2 shows the IBM extended ASCII line-drawing characters in an easy-to-use format. I frequently use these extended ASCII line-drawing characters for visual enhancement in documents I create.
DEC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 HEX 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1FA CHAR NAME Ctrl-@ Ctrl-A Ctrl-B Ctrl-C Ctrl-D Ctrl-E Ctrl-F Ctrl-G Ctrl-H Ctrl-I Ctrl-J Ctrl-K Ctrl-L Ctrl-M Ctrl-N Ctrl-O Ctrl-P Ctrl-Q Ctrl-R Ctrl-S Ctrl-T Ctrl-U Ctrl-V Ctrl-W Ctrl-X Ctrl-Y Ctrl-Z Ctrl-[ Ctrl-\ Ctrl-] Ctrl-^ Ctrl-_ NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US CONTROL CODE Null Start of Heading Start of Text End of Text End of Transit Enquiry Acknowledge Bell Back Space Horizontal Tab Line Feed Vertical Tab Form Feed Carriage Return Shift Out Shift In Data Line Escape Device Control 1 Device Control 2 Device Control 3 Device Control 4 Negative Acknowledge Synchronous Idle End of Transmit Block Cancel End of Medium Substitute Escape File Separator Group Separator Record Separator Unit Separator
!!
Figure 1
ASCII control codes.
General Information
218 DA
191 C2 196 C4 197 C5 193 C1
191 BF
201 C9 204 CC 200 C8
203 CB 205 CD 186 BA 206 CE 202 CA
187 BB 185 B9 188 BC
176 177 178 219 220
B0 B1 B2 DB DC DD DE DF FE
195 C3 192 C0
179 B3
180 B4 217 D9
213 D5 198 C6 212 D4
209 D1 205 CD 216 D8 207 CF
184 B8 181 B5 190 BE
214 D6 199 C7 211 D3
210 D2 196 C4 215 D7 208 D0
183 B7 182 B6 189 BD
221 222 223 254
179 B3
186 BA
Figure 2
Extended ASCII line-drawing characters.
Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions
Table 1
Dec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Hexadecimal/ASCII Conversions
Hex 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 Octal 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 Binary 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0001 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 Name blank happy face inverse happy face heart diamond club spade bullet inverse bullet circle inverse circle male sign female sign single note double note sun right triangle left triangle up/down arrow Character
A
B
H o K L M N O
P Q
(continues)
Technical Reference Table 1

Dec 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Continued
Hex 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D Octal 023 024 025 026 027 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 Binary 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 Name double exclamation paragraph sign section sign rectangular bullet up/down to line up arrow down arrow right arrow left arrow lower left box left/right arrow up triangle down triangle space exclamation point quotation mark number sign dollar sign percent sign ampersand apostrophe opening parenthesis closing parenthesis asterisk plus sign comma hyphen or minus sign period slash zero one two three four five six seven eight nine colon semicolon less-than sign equal sign Character !! s
d e
Space ! # $ % & ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < =
General Information
Dec 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Hex 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Octal 076 077 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 150 Binary 0011 0011 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 Name greater-than sign question mark at sign capital A capital B capital C capital D capital E capital F capital G capital H capital I capital J capital K capital L capital M capital N capital O capital P capital Q capital R capital S capital T capital U capital V capital W capital X capital Y capital Z opening bracket backward slash closing bracket caret underscore grave lowercase A lowercase B lowercase C lowercase D lowercase E lowercase F lowercase G lowercase H Character > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h (continues)

Dec 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
Continued
Hex 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 90 91 92 93 Octal 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 220 221 222 223 Binary 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 Name lowercase I lowercase J lowercase K lowercase L lowercase M lowercase N lowercase O lowercase P lowercase Q lowercase R lowercase S lowercase T lowercase U lowercase V lowercase W lowercase X lowercase Y lowercase Z opening brace vertical line closing brace tilde small house C cedilla u umlaut e acute a circumflex a umlaut a grave a ring c cedilla e circumflex e umlaut e grave I umlaut I circumflex I grave A umlaut A ring E acute ae ligature AE ligature o circumflex Character i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ f
General Information
Dec 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 Hex 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF Octal 224 225 226 227 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 Binary 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Name o umlaut o grave u circumflex u grave y umlaut O umlaut U umlaut cent sign pound sign yen sign Pt function a acute I acute o acute u acute n tilde N tilde a macron o macron opening question mark upper-left box upper-right box 1/2 1/4 opening exclamation opening guillemets closing guillemets light block medium block dark block single vertical single right junction 2 to 1 right junction 1 to 2 right junction 1 to 2 upper-right 2 to 1 upper-right double right junction double vertical double upper-right double lower-right 1 to 2 lower-right 2 to 1 lower-right single upper-right Character _ a _ o 12 14 s s s (continues)

Dec 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234
Continued
Hex C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA Octal 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 350 351 352 Binary 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 Name single lower-left single lower junction single upper junction single left junction single horizontal single intersection 2 to 1 left junction 1 to 2 left junction double lower-left double upper-left double lower junction double upper junction double left junction double horizontal double intersection 1 to 2 lower junction 2 to 1 lower junction 1 to 2 upper junction 2 to 1 upper junction 1 to 2 lower-left 2 to 1 lower-left 2 to 1 upper-left 1 to 2 upper-left 2 to 1 intersection 1 to 2 intersection single lower-right single upper-right inverse space lower inverse left inverse right inverse upper inverse alpha beta Gamma pi Sigma sigma mu tau Phi theta Omega Character
g g
General Information
Dec 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Hex EB EC ED EE EF F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF Octal 353 354 355 356 357 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 Binary 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Name delta infinity phi epsilon intersection of sets is identical to plus/minus sign greater/equal sign less/equal sign top half integral lower half integral division sign approximately degree filled-in degree small bullet square root superscript n superscript 2 box phantom space Character
Extended ASCII Keycodes for ANSI.SYS

Table 2
Code 0;1 0;3 0;14 0;15 0;16 0;17 0;18 0;19 0;20 0;21 0;22 0;23 0;24 0;25 0;26 0;27
Extended ASCII Keycodes for ANSI.SYS

Keystroke Alt+Esc Null Character Alt+Backspace Shift+Tab Alt+Q Alt+W Alt+E Alt+R Alt+T Alt+Y Alt+U Alt+I Alt+O Alt+P Alt+[ Alt+] Code 0;28 0;30 0;31 0;32 0;33 0;34 0;35 0;36 0;37 0;38 0;39 0;40 0;41 0;43 0;44 0;45 Keystroke Alt+Enter Alt+A Alt+S Alt+D Alt+F Alt+G Alt+H Alt+J Alt+K Alt+L Alt+; Alt+ Alt+ Alt+\ Alt+Z Alt+X (continues)

Code 0;46 0;47 0;48 0;49 0;50 0;51 0;52 0;53 0;55 0;59 0;60 0;61 0;62 0;63 0;64 0;65 0;66 0;67 0;68 0;71 0;72 0;73 0;74 0;75 0;76 0;77 0;78 0;79 0;80 0;81 0;82 0;83 0;84 0;85 0;86 0;87 0;88 0;89 0;90 0;91 0;92 0;93 0;94
Continued
Keystroke Alt+C Alt+V Alt+B Alt+N Alt+M Alt+, Alt+. Alt+/ Alt+Keypad * F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Home Up Arrow Page Up Alt+Keypad Left Arrow Keypad 5 Right Arrow Alt+Keypad + End Down Arrow Page Down Insert Delete Shift+F1 Shift+F2 Shift+F3 Shift+F4 Shift+F5 Shift+F6 Shift+F7 Shift+F8 Shift+F9 Shift+F10 Ctrl+F1 Code 0;95 0;96 0;97 0;98 0;99 0;100 0;101 0;102 0;103 0;104 0;105 0;106 0;107 0;108 0;109 0;110 0;111 0;112 0;113 0;114 0;115 0;116 0;117 0;118 0;119 0;120 0;121 0;122 0;123 0;124 0;125 0;126 0;127 0;128 0;129 0;130 0;131 0;132 0;133 0;134 0;135 0;136 0;137 Keystroke Ctrl+F2 Ctrl+F3 Ctrl+F4 Ctrl+F5 Ctrl+F6 Ctrl+F7 Ctrl+F8 Ctrl+F9 Ctrl+F10 Alt+F1 Alt+F2 Alt+F3 Alt+F4 Alt+F5 Alt+F6 Alt+F7 Alt+F8 Alt+F9 Alt+F10 Ctrl+Print Screen Ctrl+Left Arrow Ctrl+Right Arrow Ctrl+End Ctrl+Page Down Ctrl+Home Alt+1 Alt+2 Alt+3 Alt+4 Alt+5 Alt+6 Alt+7 Alt+8 Alt+9 Alt+0 Alt+Alt+= Ctrl+Page Up F11 F12 Shift+F11 Shift+F12 Ctrl+F11
General Information
Code 0;138 0;139 0;140 0;141 0;142 0;143 0;144 0;145 0;146 0;147 0;148 0;149 0;150 Keystroke Ctrl+F12 Alt+F11 Alt+F12 Ctrl+Up Arrow Ctrl+Keypad Ctrl+Keypad 5 Ctrl+Keypad + Ctrl+Down Arrow Ctrl+Insert Ctrl+Delete Ctrl+Tab Ctrl+Keypad / Ctrl+Keypad * Code 0;151 0;152 0;153 0;155 0;157 0;159 0;160 0;161 0;162 0;163 0;164 0;165 0;166 Keystroke Alt+Home Alt+Up Arrow Alt+Page Up Alt+Left Arrow Alt+Right Arrow Alt+End Alt+Down Arrow Alt+Page Down Alt+Insert Alt+Delete Alt+Keypad / Alt+Tab Alt+Keypad Enter
EBCDIC Character Codes

Table 3
Dec 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
EBCDIC Character Codes

Hex 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Octal 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 Binary 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 Name NUL SOH STX ETX SEL HT RNL DEL GE SPS RPT VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 RES/ENP NL BS POC (continues) Character

Dec 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
Continued
Hex 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 Octal 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 050 051 052 053 054 055 056 057 060 061 062 063 064 065 066 067 070 071 072 073 074 075 076 077 100 101 102 Binary 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0100 0100 0100 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 Name CAN EM UBS CU1 IFS IGS IRS IUS/ITB DS SOS FS WUS BYP/INP LF ETB ESC SA SFE SM/SW CSP MFA ENQ ACK BEL Character
SYN IR PP TRN NBS EOT SBS IT RFF CU3 DC4 NAK SUB SP RSP
General Information
Dec 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Hex 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E Octal 103 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 Binary 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0100 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 Name Character
. < ( + | &
! $ * ) ; /
| , % > (continues)

Dec 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153
Continued
Hex 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Octal 157 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 230 231 Binary 0110 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 0111 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 Name Character ?
: # @ = a b c d e f g h i
j k l m n o p q r
General Information
Dec 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 Hex 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Octal 232 233 234 235 236 237 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 300 301 302 303 304 305 Binary 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1011 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 Name Character
~ s t u v w x y z
{ A B C D E (continues)

Dec 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239
Continued
Hex C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF Octal 306 307 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 Binary 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1101 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 1110 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Name Character F G H I SHY
} J K L M N O P Q R
\ NSP S T U V W X Y Z
General Information
Dec 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Hex F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF Octal 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 Binary 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Name Character 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
EO
Metric System (SI) Prefixes

Table 4
Multiplier 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 100 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Metric System Prefixes

Exponent Form 10 1021
24
Prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
SI Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m n p f a z y
001 000 000 000 000 000 000
001 000 000 000 000 000
001 000 000 000 000
001 000 001 000 000 001 000 000 000 001
1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24
Technical Reference
U.S.Metric Units of Length Conversions

Table 5
1 1 1 1
Conversions from U.S. to Metric
inch = 2.54 centimeters = 25.4 millimeters foot = 30.48 centimeters = .3048 meter yard = .914 meter mile = 1.609 kilometers
Table 6
1 1 1 1
Conversions from Metric to U.S.
millimeter = .03937 inch centimeter = .3937 inch meter = 3.2808 feet = 1.0936 yards = 39.37 inches kilometer = .621 mile
Powers of 2
Table 7
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Powers of 2
2n 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1,024 2,048 4,096 8,192 16,384 32,768 65,536 131,072 262,144 524,288 1,048,576 2,097,152 4,194,304 Hexadecimal 1 2 4 8 10 20 40 80 100 200 400 800 1000 2000 4000 8000 10000 20000 40000 80000 100000 200000 400000
General Information
n 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 2n 8,388,608 16,777,216 33,554,432 67,108,864 134,217,728 268,435,456 536,870,912 1,073,741,824 2,147,483,648 4,294,967,296 8,589,934,592 17,179,869,184 34,359,738,368 68,719,476,736 137,438,953,472 274,877,906,944 549,755,813,888 1,099,511,627,776 2,199,023,255,552 4,398,046,511,104 8,796,093,022,208 17,592,186,044,416 35,184,372,088,832 70,368,744,177,664 140,737,488,355,328 281,474,976,710,656 562,949,953,421,312 1,125,899,906,842,624 2,251,799,813,685,248 4,503,599,627,370,496 9,007,199,254,740,992 18,014,398,509,481,984 36,028,797,018,963,968 72,057,594,037,927,936 144,115,188,075,855,872 288,230,376,151,711,744 576,460,752,303,423,488 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 2,305,843,009,213,693,952 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 Hexadecimal 800000 1000000 2000000 4000000 8000000 10000000 20000000 40000000 80000000 100000000 200000000 400000000 800000000 1000000000 2000000000 4000000000 8000000000 10000000000 20000000000 40000000000 80000000000 100000000000 200000000000 400000000000 800000000000 1000000000000 2000000000000 4000000000000 8000000000000 10000000000000 20000000000000 40000000000000 80000000000000 100000000000000 200000000000000 400000000000000 800000000000000 1000000000000000 2000000000000000 4000000000000000 8000000000000000 10000000000000000
Technical Reference
Award BIOS Error Codes

Award BIOS Text Error Messages and Beep Codes
During the power on self test (POST), if the BIOS detects an error requiring you to do something, it will either sound a beep code or display a message. If a message is displayed, it will be accompanied by the following:
PRESS F1 TO CONTINUE, CTRL-ALT-ESC OR DEL TO ENTER SETUP
Currently there is only one beep code in the Award BIOS. A single long beep followed by two short beeps indicates that a video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot initialize the video screen to display any additional information. One or more of the following messages may be displayed if the BIOS detects an error during the POST. Table 8 includes Award BIOS messages for both the ISA and the EISA BIOS.
Table 8
Award BIOS Error Messages (ISA and EISA BIOS)

Description The checksum of the BIOS code in the BIOS chip is incorrect, indicating the BIOS code may have become corrupt. Replace the BIOS. CMOS battery is no longer functional. Replace battery. Checksum of CMOS is incorrect, so the system loads the default equipment configuration. A checksum error may indicate that CMOS has become corrupt. This error might have been caused by a weak battery. Check the battery and replace if necessary. Checksum of CMOS is incorrect. This can indicate that CMOS has become corrupt. This error may have been caused by a weak battery. Check the battery and replace if necessary. Displays the running speed of the CPU. Type of diskette drive installed in the system is different from the CMOS definition. Run Setup to reconfigure the drive type correctly. The display switch on the motherboard can be set to either monochrome or color. This message indicates the switch is set to a different setting than indicated in Setup. Determine which setting is correct, and then either turn off the system and change the jumper; or, enter Setup and change the VIDEO selection. Since last powering off the system, the display adapter has been changed. You must configure the system for the new display type. The EISA nonvolatile RAM checksum is incorrect or cannot correctly read the EISA slot. This can indicate either the EISA nonvolatile memory has become corrupt or the slot has been configured incorrectly. Also be sure the card is installed firmly in the slot. The slot configuration information stored in the EISA nonvolatile memory is incomplete. Hard drive cannot be initialized. Be sure the adapter is installed correctly and all cables are correctly and firmly attached. Also be sure the correct hard drive type is selected in Setup. Cannot initialize controller. Make sure the cord is correctly and firmly installed in the bus. Be sure the correct hard drive type is selected in Setup. Also check to see if any jumper needs to be set correctly on the hard drive.
Error Message BIOS ROM checksum error System halted CMOS battery failed CMOS checksum error Defaults loaded
CMOS CHECKSUM ERROR DISK BOOT FAILURE, INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER CPU at nnnn DISKETTE DRIVES OR TYPES MISMATCH ERROR - RUN SETUP Display switch is set incorrectly.
DISPLAY TYPE HAS CHANGED SINCE LAST BOOT EISA Configuration Checksum Error
EISA Configuration Is Not Complete ERROR ENCOUNTERED INITIALIZING HARD DRIVE ERROR INITIALIZING HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Error Message FLOPPY DISK CNTRLR ERROR OR NO CNTRLR PRESENT Floppy disk(s) fail Description Cannot find or initialize the floppy drive controller. Make sure the controller is installed correctly and firmly. If there are no floppy drives installed, be sure the Diskette Drive selection in Setup is set to NONE. Cannot find or initialize the floppy drive controller or the drive. Make sure the controller is installed correctly. If no floppy drives are installed, be sure the Diskette Drive selection in Setup is set to NONE or AUTO. Please wait a moment Some hard drives require extra time to initialize. Cannot find or initialize the hard drive controller or the drive. Make sure the controller is installed correctly. If no hard drives are installed, be sure the Hard Drive selection in Setup is set to NONE. The system may run specific disk diagnostic routines. This message appears if one or more hard disks return an error when the diagnostics run. The nonvolatile memory containing EISA configuration information was programmed incorrectly or has become corrupt. Rerun EISA configuration utility to correctly program the memory. Cannot initialize the keyboard. Make sure the keyboard is attached correctly and no keys are being pressed during the boot. If you are purposely configuring the system without a keyboard, set the error halt condition in Setup to HALT ON ALL, BUT KEYBOARD. This will cause the BIOS to ignore the missing keyboard and continue the boot. This message usually indicates that one or more keys have been pressed during the keyboard tests. Be sure no objects are resting on the keyboard. Indicates a memory address error at a specific location. You can use this location along with the memory map for your system to find and replace the bad memory chips. Indicates a memory parity error at a specific location. You can use this location along with the memory map for your system to find and replace the bad memory chips. Memory has been added or removed since the last boot. In EISA mode, use configuration utility to reconfigure the memory configuration. In ISA mode, enter Setup and enter the new memory size in the memory fields. This message displays during a full memory test, counting down the memory areas being tested. If POST detects an error during memory testing, additional information appears giving specifics about the type and location of the memory error. Indicates an error verifying a value already written to memory. Use the location along with your systems memory map to locate the bad chip. This could mean that either a boot drive was not detected or the drive does not contain proper system boot files. Insert a system disk into drive A: and press Enter. If you assumed the system would boot from the hard drive, make sure the controller is inserted correctly and all cables are properly attached. Also be sure the disk is formatted as a boot device. Then reboot the system. This message is used in conjunction with the I/O CHANNEL CHECK and RAM PARITY ERROR messages when the segment that has caused the problem cannot be isolated. This message is used in conjunction with the I/O CHANNEL CHECK and RAM PARITY ERROR messages when the segment that has caused the problem has been isolated. (continues)
HARD DISK initializing HARD DISK INSTALL FAILURE
Hard disk(s) diagnosis fail
Invalid EISA Configuration
Keyboard error or no keyboard present
Keyboard is locked out Unlock the key Memory Address Error at
Memory parity Error at
MEMORY SIZE HAS CHANGED SINCE LAST BOOT Memory Test Memory test fail: Memory Verify Error at No boot device was found.
OFFENDING ADDRESS NOT FOUND OFFENDING SEGMENT:
Technical Reference Table 8 Continued

Description If the system cannot boot using the current CMOS configuration, the BIOS can override the current configuration with a set of BIOS defaults designed for the most stable, minimal-performance system operations. This will be displayed at the bottom of the screen when an error occurs that requires you to reboot. Press any key to reboot the system. You can press Esc to skip the full memory test. When BIOS detects a non-maskable interrupt condition during boot, this will allow you to disable the NMI and continue to boot; or you can reboot the system with the NMI enabled. System OEMs may replace the Award BIOS POST display with their own proprietary display. Including this message in the OEM display permits the operator to switch between the OEM display and the default POST display. POST detects an error in the primary master IDE hard drive. POST detects an error in the secondary master IDE hard drive. Indicates a parity error in RAM. Award offers a save-to-disk feature for notebook computers. This message may appear when the operator restarts the system after a save-to-disk shutdown. See the Press Tab message earlier for a description of this feature. POST detects an error in the primary slave IDE hard drive. POST detects an error in the secondary slave IDE hard drive. A valid board ID was found in a slot that was configured as having no board ID. The board installed is not responding to the ID request, or no board ID has been found in the indicated slot. Indicates that a slot designated as empty by the EISA configuration utility actually contains a board. Indicates the present boot attempt has been aborted and the system must be rebooted. Press and hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys and press Del. The board ID does not match the ID stored in the EISA nonvolatile memory.
Error Message Override enabled Defaults loaded PRESS A KEY TO REBOOT Press ESC to skip memory test PRESS F1 TO DISABLE NMI, F2 TO REBOOT Press TAB to show POST screen
Primary master hard disk fail Primary slave hard disk fail RAM PARITY ERROR CHECKING FOR SEGMENT Resuming from disk, Press TAB to show POST screen
Secondary master hard disk fail Secondary slave hard disk fail Should Be Empty But EISA Board Found Should Have EISA Board But Not Found Slot Not Empty SYSTEM HALTED, (CTRL-ALT-DEL) TO REBOOT Wrong Board In Slot
Award BIOS POST Codes

Award BIOS POST Codes are shown in Table 9.
Table 9
C0h 01h
Award BIOS POST Codes

Name Turn Off Chipset Cache Processor Test 1 Description OEM specific-cache control Processor Status (1FLAGS) Verification. Tests the following processor status flags: carry, zero, sign, overflow. The BIOS will set each of these flags, verify they are set, and then turn each flag off and verify it is off. Read/write/verify all CPU registers except SS, SP, and BP with data pattern FF and 00.
POST (Hex)
02h
Processor Test 2

POST (Hex) 03h Name Initialize Chips Description Disable NMI, PIE, AIE, UEI, SQWV. Disable video, parity checking, DMA. Reset math coprocessor. Clear all page registers, CMOS shutdown byte. Initialize timer 0, 1, and 2, including set EISA timer to a known state. Initialize DMA controllers 0 and 1. Initialize interrupt controllers 0 and 1. Initialize EISA extended registers. RAM must be periodically refreshed in order to keep the memory from decaying. This function ensures that the memory refresh function is working properly. Keyboard controller initialization.
04h
Test Memory Refresh Toggle
05h 06h 07h Beh C1h C5h C6h 08h
Blank video, Initialize keyboard Reserved Test CMOS Interface and Battery Status Chipset Default Initialization Memory presence test Early Shadow Cache presence test Setup low memory
Verifies CMOS is working correctly, detects bad battery. Program chipset registers with power on BIOS defaults. OEM-specific test to size onboard memory. OEM-specific early shadow; enable for fast boot. External cache size detection. Early chip set initialization, memory presence test, OEM chip set routines, clear low 64KB of memory, test first 64KB memory. Cyrix CPU initialization, cache initialization. Initialize first 120 interrupt vectors with SPURIOUS_INT_HDLR and initialize INT 00h-1Fh according to INT_TBL. Test CMOS RAM Checksum; if bad, or Insert key is pressed, load defaults. Detect type of keyboard controller (optional), set NUM_LOCK status. Detect CPU clock. Read CMOS location 14h to find out type of video in use. Detect and initialize video adapter. Test video memory, write sign-on message to screen. Setup shadow RAM. Enable shadow according to Setup. BIOS checksum test. Keyboard detect and initialization. Test DMA Controller. Test DMA Page Registers. None. Test 8254 Timer 0 Counter 2. Verify 8259 Channel 1 masked interrupts by alternately turning off and on the interrupt lines. Verify 8259 Channel 2 masked interrupts by alternately turning off and on the interrupt lines. Turn off interrupts then verify no interrupt mask register is on. Force an interrupt and verify the interrupt occurred. Verify NMI can be cleared. None. (continues)
09h 0Ah
Early Cache Initialization Setup Interrupt Vector Table
0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 12h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 1Ah
Test CMOS RAM Checksum Initialize keyboard Initialize Video Interface Test Video Memory Test DMA Controller 0 Test DMA Controller 1 Test DMA Page Registers 13 Reserved Test Timer Counter 2 Test 8259-1 Mask Bits Test 8259-2 Mask Bits Test Stuck 8259s Interrupt Bits Test 8259 Interrupt Functionality Test Stuck NMI Bits (Parity/IO Check) Display CPU clock

1B1Eh 1Fh
Continued
Name Reserved Set EISA Mode Description None. If EISA nonvolatile memory checksum is good, execute EISA initialization. If not, execute ISA tests and clear EISA mode flag. Test EISA Configuration Memory Integrity (checksum and communication interface). Initialize slot 0 (System Board). Initialize slots 1 through 15. Size base memory from 256KB640KB and extended memory above 1MB. Test base memory from 256KB640KB and extended memory above 1MB using various patterns. Note: This will be skipped in EISA mode and can be skipped with Esc key in ISA mode. If EISA mode flag is set then test EISA memory found in slots. Note: This will be skipped in ISA mode and can be skipped with Esc key in EISA mode. None. None. Detect if mouse is present, initialize mouse, install interrupt vectors. Initialize cache controller. Program chipset registers with Setup values. Display virus protect disable or enable. Initialize floppy disk drive controller and any drives. Initialize hard drive controller and any drives. Initialize any serial and parallel ports (also game port). None. Initialize math coprocessor. None. None. None. Reboot if manufacturing POST loop pin is set. Otherwise display any messages (that is, any non-fatal errors that were detected during POST) and enter Setup. Ask password security (optional). Write all CMOS values back to RAM and clear screen. Enable parity checker. Enable NMI. Enable cache before boot. Initialize any option ROMs present from C8000hEFFFFh. Note: When FSCAN option is enabled, will initialize from C8000hF7FFFh. Initialize time value in 40h: BIOS area. Setup virus protect according to Setup.
POST (Hex)
20h 21-2Fh 30h 31h
Enable Slot 0 Enable Slts 115 Size Base and Extended Memory Test Base and Extended Memory
32h
Test EISA Extended Memory initialization Reserved Setup Enabled Initialize and Install Mouse Setup Cache Controller Reserved Chipset Initialization Virus Protect Initialize Floppy Drive and Controller Initialize Hard Drive and Controller Detect and Initialize Serial/Parallel Ports Reserved Detect and Initialize Math Coprocessor Reserved Reserved Reserved Manufacturing POST Loop or Display Messages Security Check Write CMOS Pre-boot Enable Initialize Option ROMs
333Bh 3Ch 3Dh 3Eh 3Fh BFh 40h 41h 42h 43h 44h 45h 46h 47h 484Dh 4Eh
4Fh 50h 51h 52h
53h 60h
Initialize Time Value Setup Virus Protect
AMI BIOS Error Codes

POST (Hex) 61h 62h 63h B0h B1h E1Efh FFh Name Set Boot Speed Setup NumLock Boot Attempt Spurious Unclaimed NMI Setup Pages Boot Description Set system speed for boot. Setup NumLock status. Set low stack boot via INT 19h. If interrupt occurs in protected mode. If unmasked NMI occurs, display Press F1 to disable NMI, F2 reboot. E1- Page 1, E2 - Page 2, etc. None.

AMI BIOS Text Error Messages
Table 10
Message Bad PnP Serial ID Checksum Floppy Disk Controller Resource Conflict NVRAM Checksum Error, NVRAM Cleared NVRAM Cleared By Jumper NVRAM Data Invalid, NVRAM Cleared Parallel Port Resource Conflict PCI Error Log is Full PCI I/O Port Conflict PCI IRQ Conflict PCI Memory Conflict Primary Boot Device Not Found Primary IDE Controller Resource Conflict Primary Input Device Not Found Secondary IDE Controller Resource Conflict Serial Port 1 Resource Conflict Serial Port 2 Resource Conflict Static Device Resource Conflict System Board Device Resource Conflict
AMI BIOS Text Error Messages

Explanation The Serial ID checksum of a Plug-and-Play card is invalid. The floppy disk controller has requested a resource that is already in use. The extended system configuration data (ESCD) was reinitialized because of an NVRAM checksum error. Clear CMOS and ESCD RAM and reboot. The Clear CMOS jumper has been moved to the Clear position. CMOS RAM and ESCD have been cleared. Invalid data found in the ESCD, which might mean that you have changed devices in the system. When this message is displayed, the BIOS has already rewritten the ESCD with current configuration data. The parallel port requested a resource that is already in use. More than 15 PCI conflict errors have been detected and no additional PCI errors can be logged. Two devices requested the same I/O address, resulting in a conflict. Two devices requested the same IRQ, resulting in a conflict. Two devices requested the same memory resource, resulting in a conflict. The designated primary boot device (hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive) could not be found. The primary IDE controller has requested a resource that is already in use. The designated primary input device (keyboard, mouse, or other device if input is redirected) could not be found. The secondary IDE controller has requested a resource that is already in use. Serial Port 1 has requested a resource that is already in use. Serial Port 2 has requested a resource that is already in use. A card that is not Plug-and-Play ISA has requested a resource that is already in use. A card that is not Plug-and-Play ISA has requested a resource that is already in use. (continues)

Message A20 Error Address Line Short! CMOS Battery State Low CMOS Checksum Invalid Run Setup CMOS Display Type Mismatch CMOS Memory Size Mismatch CMOS Time and Date Not Set Diskette Boot Failure DMA Error DMA #1 Error DMA #2 Error FDD Controller Failure HDD Controller Failure Insert Bootable Media INTR #1 Error INTR #2 Error Invalid Boot Diskette KB/Interface Error Keyboard Error Keyboard Stuck Key Detected Off Board Parity Error
Continued
Explanation Gate A20 on the keyboard controller is not working. Error in the address decoding circuitry on the motherboard. The battery power is low; replace battery. After CMOS RAM values are saved, a checksum value is generated for error checking. The previous value is different from the current value. CMOS system options not set The values stored in CMOS RAM are either corrupt or nonexistent. Run Setup. The video type in CMOS RAM does not match the type detected by the BIOS. Run Setup. The amount of memory on the motherboard is different from the amount indicated in CMOS RAM. Run Setup. Run Setup to set the date and time in CMOS RAM. The boot disk in floppy drive A: is corrupt. It cannot be used to boot the system. Use another boot disk and follow the screen instructions. Error in the DMA controller. Error in the first DMA controller. Error in the second DMA controller. The BIOS cannot communicate with the floppy disk drive controller. Check all appropriate cables and connections. The BIOS cannot communicate with the hard disk drive controller. Check all appropriate cables and connections. The BIOS cannot find a bootable medium. Insert a bootable floppy disk or CD-ROM. Interrupt controller 1 failed POST. Interrupt controller 2 failed POST. The BIOS can read the disk in floppy drive A:, but cannot boot the system from it. Use another boot disk. There is an error in the keyboard connector. There is a timing problem with the keyboard. A stuck keyboard key was detected. Parity error in memory installed in an expansion slot. The format is: OFF BOARD PARITY ERROR ADDR (HEX) = (XXXX), where XXXX is the hex address where the error occurred. Parity error in memory installed on the motherboard. The format is: ON BOARD PARITY ERROR ADDR (HEX) = (XXXX), where XXXX is the hex address where the error occurred. Parity error in system memory at an unknown address. An error caused the computer to halt. There is an error in counter/timer 2. An uncorrectable ECC memory error was detected. An undetermined NMI was detected. Memory failed. If the memory location can be determined, it is displayed as xxxxx. If not, the message is Memory Parity Error ????. An expansion card failed. If the address can be determined, it is displayed as xxxxx. If not, the message is I/O Card Parity Error ????. A device has driven the bus signal for more than 7.8 microseconds.
On Board Parity Error
Parity Error System Halted! Timer Channel 2 Error Uncorrectable ECC Error Undetermined NMI Memory Parity Error at xxxxx I/O Card Parity Error at xxxxx DMA Bus Time-out
AMI BIOS Beep Codes

Table 11
Beeps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AMI BIOS Beep Codes

Error Message DRAM Refresh Failure Parity Error Base 64KB (First Bank) Memory Failure System Timer Failure Processor Error Keyboard Controller Gate A20 Failure Virtual Mode Processor Exception Interrupt Error Display Memory Read/ Write Error ROM Checksum Error CMOS Shutdown Register Read/Write Error Cache Error/L2 Cache Bad Conventional/extended memory failure Display/retrace test failed Description The memory refresh circuitry on the motherboard is faulty. A parity error occurred in system memory. Memory failure in the first bank of memory. Memory failure in the first bank of memory, or timer 1 on the motherboard is not functioning. The processor on the motherboard generated an error. The keyboard controller might be bad. The BIOS cannot switch to protected mode. The processor generated an exception interrupt. The system video adapter is either missing or its memory is faulty. ROM checksum value does not match the value encoded in BIOS. The shutdown register for CMOS RAM failed.
11 1 3 1 8 long, short long, short
The L2 cache is faulty. The motherboard memory is faulty. The video card is faulty, try reseating or moving to a different slot.
AMI POST Codes

Table 12
Code 00h 00h 02h 08h 0Dh 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 10h
AMI BIOS POST Codes

POST Operation In Progress Give control to ROM in flash and execute boot. Execute boot. Disable internal cache. Keyboard controller test. Disable DMA controller #1, #2. Disable interrupt controller #1, #2. Reset video display. Check for signature of the board manufacturing company. If default jumper is set, go to Load CMOS Default. Check the validity of CMOS; if there is anything wrong or invalid, force to default. Load default CMOS settings. Clear error register, clear CMOS pending interrupt, check and set clock rate, check and set base memory size 512KB or 640KB. If base memory size is 640KB, allocate extended BIOS data area (EBDA). Otherwise, calculate the EBDA. (continues)

Code 10h
Continued
POST Operation In Progress Set up overlay environment. Update setup Flags with current operating environment. Initialize interrupt vector pointing to the error handlers. Update setup Flags in EBDA. Initialize CMOS pointers in EBDA. Program all chipset registers. Initialize system timer. Go to real memory base 64KB test. 16KB base RAM test. Hook made available prior to initializing the interrupt vector table. Setup interrupt vectors. Initialize and load interrupt vectors. Video rows initialization. Set monochrome mode. Set color displaycolor mode set. Clear parity status, if any. Custom video initialization required internally by some chipsets before video initialization. Test optional video ROM. Initialize registers internal to chipset after video initialization. Check for video ROM. Display memory read/write test. Test video horizontal and vertical tracing. Display video memory read/write test. Test video horizontal and vertical tracing. Beep if no video controller installed. Check for MDA. Setup video configuration (column x row). Display copyright message. Initialize messaging services. Clear the screen. Display the first screen sign-on. Update screen pointer. Display setup message. Display keyboard sign on. Display mouse sign-on. Memory test starting segment at 00000h. Calculate the memory size left to be tested. Disable caching. Check if the system memory size is larger than zero. Test and initialize to zero all DRAM. Remap memory partition if necessary. Test 1MB of memory. Update counter onscreen. Repeat memory test for each MB of memory until done. ChipsetAdjustMemorySize. Adjust any base of extended memory size because of chipset. Test DMA master page registers. Test DMA slave page registers. Program DMA controllers. Clear DMA write control registers. Unmask timer and NMI. Update master mask register. Run keyboard detection. Run mouse detection. Read interrupt mask; set up diskette ISR, #2, keyboard, and timer. 8042 interface test; enable keyboard interrupt if keyboard is detected. Enable interrupt. Check and set keyboard lock bit. Floppy unit initialization. Floppy controller and data setup.
13h 15h 1Bh 20h 23h 23h 24h 25h 28h 29h 2Ah 2Bh 2Ch 2Dh 2Eh 2Fh 30h 31h 32h 34h 36h 37h 39h 40h 43h 4Fh
52h 61h 62h 65h 66h 67h 80h 80h 81h 82h 83h 88h

Code 8Ch 8Fh 92h 96h 97h 98h 9Ah 9Dh A0h A0h A1h A2h A3h A6h A7h ABh ACh ADh ADh AEh AFh B0h B1h B3h B4h BBh POST Operation In Progress Set up interface between the BIOS POST and the device initialization management (DIM). Read interrupt mask. Unmask floppy interrupt. Setup floppy controller and data setup. Set up COM port and LPT port timeout values. Display wait message if setup key is pressed. Clear to bottom of the screen. Perform chipset initialization required before option ROM scans. Give control to ROM in flash. Verify and give control to optional ROM. Perform any chipset initialization required after option ROM scans; give control to ROM in flash. Adds MP entries for buses, I/O APIC, I/O INTRs, and LINTs. Timer data area initializationset time and date. Set up printer base addresses. Enable internal cache. Set COM base addresses. Keyboard stuck key check. Reset floating point unit. Log and display POST errors if any. Check to see if computer is in manufacturing mode. If there are POST errors, display setup key and boot key options. Call Setup program if setup was requested. Load and wait for the valid password; unmask INT-0A redirection. Custom floating point unit initialization. Initialize internal floating point unit. Update CMOS with floating point unit presence. A fatal error results in a continuous echo of DEAD to port 80hecho DE (wait 1 sec.), echo AD (wait 1 sec.). Set typematic rate. Read keyboard ID. Process POST errors. Test cache memory. Set up display mode (40 25, 80 25). Jump to PreOS (pre-operating system) module. Perform work before registers and circular keyboard buffer are cleared. Reinitialize message services. Initialize APM. Perform post-SMI initialization. Circumvents EMM386s attempts to utilize the lower 32KB area base. Fix CMOS read and CMOS write so that every call does not set NMI off. Shadow product information in the compatibility segment. Give a beep for boot. Handle chipset specific manipulation before boot. Check keyboard for data before MP manipulation. Initialize DS, ES, GS, and FS. Check if keyboard system- bit is set. Check whether a hard or soft reset has occurred. Power on initialization. Initialize special chipsets in power on/hard reset. Check cache size and type, write reserved cache size information to CMOS, determine processor speed (optional). Disable NMI reporting. Reset video adapter. If the microprocessor is in protected mode, load GDT 4GB segmentChipsetPreInit(). Disable L1 and L2 cache; perform any initialization required before the main chipset configuration is done. System validity check. Calculate checksum. Provides capability to do any special chipset initialization required before keyboard controller testing can begin. (continues)
BBh
D0h D1h D2h D3h D4h D5h D6h

Code D7h D8h D9h DAh DBh DDh DEh DFh E0h E1h E1h E1h E1h E1h E1h E1h E1h E2h E3h E4h E5h E6h E7h E8h E8h E9h EAh EBh EBh ECh EDh F0h F1h F2h F3h F4h F5h
Continued
POST Operation In Progress Flush the keyboard input buffer. Issue keyboard BAT command. Retrieve 8042 KBC output buffer. If keyboard initialization failed, display error message and halt. Provides capability to do any special chipset initialization after KBC test. Initialize keyboard controller command byte. A fatal error results in a continuous echo of DEAD to port 80h, echo DE (wait 1 sec.), and echo AD (wait 1 sec). Disable master/slave DMA controllers. Initialize master/slave programmable interrupt controllers. ChipsetInit. Preset any defaults needed to chipset registers. Start the refresh timer(s) running. Size all L2/L3 cache (if present/required). Detect EDO memory module. Size memory partition boundaries. Disable all memory holes. The 512640KB must be DRAM mapped. Gate A20 must be set and left set for POST. Initialize timer channel 2 for speaker. Initialize timer channel 0 for system timer. Clear pending parity errors; disable and clear parity, reactivate parity. Enter flat mode. Test the first 2MB of system memory. Get minimum memory partition size and test memory. Remap SIMMs if failure detected and remapping supported. Display error message and halt if remapping not supported. After memory test, clear pending parity errors. Disable and clear parity, set bits to reactivate parity. Set up stack for POST. Enable enhanced POST. Shadow FE00h block. Look for the location of dispatcher in the packing list. Call decompression dispatcher Init function. Make F000h DRAM R/W enabled. Force use of EDI. Actively dispatch BIOS. Initialize I/O cards in slots. Enable extended NMI sources. Test extended NMI sources. Display EISA error message, if any. Get keyboard controller vendor; program the keyboard controller. Enable extended NMI sources. Initialize mouse.
Note
Some port 80 codes are listed more than once because they test multiple functions. For example, code 0EBh tests both for the location of dispatcher in the packing list and for calling the decompression dispatcher Init function.
Phoenix BIOS Error Codes

Phoenix BIOS Text Error Messages
Table 13 Phoenix BIOS Text Error Messages
Explanation Drive A: is present but fails the POST diskette tests. Check that the drive is defined with the proper diskette type in Setup and that the disk drive is installed correctly. Extended memory not working or not configured properly at offset nnnn. The hexadecimal number nnnn is a map of the bits at the RAM address (System, Extended, or Shadow memory) that failed the memory test. Each 1 in the map indicates a failed bit. Fixed disk is not working or not configured properly. Check to see if fixed disk is installed properly. Run Setup to be sure the fixed-disk type is correctly identified. Type of diskette drive for drive A: not correctly identified in Setup. Problem with NVRAM (CMOS) access. The keyboard controller failed test. Try replacing the keyboard. Keyboard not working. BIOS discovered a stuck key and displays the scan code nn for the stuck key. Unlock the system to proceed. Monitor type not correctly identified in Setup. Operating system cannot be located on either drive A: or C:. Enter Setup and see if fixed disk and drive A: are properly identified. Parity error found in the system bus. BIOS attempts to locate the address and display it on the screen. If it cannot locate the address, it displays ????. Parity error found in the I/O bus. BIOS attempts to locate the address and display it onscreen. If it cannot locate the address, it displays ????. Displayed after any recoverable error message. Press F1 to start the boot process or F2 to enter Setup and change any settings. Real-time clock fails BIOS test. Might require motherboard repair. Shadow RAM failed at offset nnnn of the 64KB block at which the error was detected. The CMOS clock battery indicator shows the battery is dead. Replace the battery and run Setup to reconfigure the system. RAM cache failed the BIOS test. BIOS disabled the cache. System CMOS RAM has been corrupted or modified incorrectly, perhaps by an application program that changes data stored in CMOS. Run Setup and reconfigure the system either by getting the default values or making your own selections. System RAM failed at offset nnnn of the 64KB block at which the error was detected. The timer test failed. Requires repair of system motherboard. Error Message Diskette drive A error
Extended RAM Failed at offset: nnnn Failing Bits: nnnn
Fixed Disk 0 Failure Fixed Disk 1 Failure Fixed Disk Controller Failure Incorrect Drive A type run SETUP Invalid NVRAM media type Keyboard controller error Keyboard error Keyboard error nn Keyboard locked Unlock key switch Monitor type does not match CMOS - Run SETUP Operating system not found Parity Check 1 Parity Check 2 Press <F1> to resume, <F2> to Setup Real-time clock error Shadow RAM Failed at offset: nnnn System battery is dead Replace and run SETUP System cache error Cache disabled System CMOS checksum bad - run SETUP
System RAM Failed at offset: nnnn System timer error
Technical Reference
Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes

Table 14
Beeps 1-2-2-3 1-3-1-1 1-3-1-3 1-3-3-1 1-3-3-2 1-3-3-3 1-3-4-1 1-3-4-3 1-4-1-1 2-1-2-2 2-1-2-3 2-2-3-1 2-2-4-1 1-2
Phoenix BIOS Beep Codes

Port 80h Code 16h 20h 22h 28h 29h 2Ah 2Ch 2Eh 30h 45h 46h 58h 5Ch 98h Explanation BIOS ROM checksum Test DRAM refresh Test keyboard controller Autosize DRAM Initialize POST memory manager Clear 512KB base RAM RAM failure on address line xxxx RAM failure on data bits xxxx of low byte of memory bus RAM failure on data bits xxxx of high byte of memory bus POST device initialization Check ROM copyright notice Test for unexpected interrupts Test RAM between 512640KB Search for option ROMs. One long and two short beeps on checksum failure
Phoenix BIOS POST Codes

Table 15
Code 02h 03h 04h 06h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 16h 17h 18h 1Ah
Phoenix BIOS POST Codes

POST Operation in Progress Verify real mode Disable non-maskable interrupt (NMI) Get processor type Initialize system hardware Initialize chipset with initial POST values Set IN POST flag Initialize CPU registers Enable CPU cache Initialize caches to initial POST values Initialize I/O component Initialize the local bus IDE Initialize power management Load alternate registers with initial POST values Restore CPU control word during warm boot Initialize PCI bus mastering devices Initialize keyboard controller BIOS ROM checksum Initialize cache before memory autosize 8254 timer initialization 8237 DMA controller initialization

Code 1Ch 20h 22h 24h 26h 28h 29h 2Ah 2Ch 2Eh 2Fh 30h 32h 33h 34h 35h 36h 37h 38h 39h 3Ah 3Ch 3Dh 40h 42h 44h 45h 46h 47h 48h 49h 4Ah 4Bh 4Ch 4Eh 50h 51h 52h 54h 56h 58h 59h 5Ah POST Operation in Progress Reset programmable interrupt controller Test DRAM refresh Test keyboard controller Set ES segment register to 4GB Enable A20 line Autosize DRAM Initialize POST memory manager Clear 512KB base RAM RAM failure on address line xxxx* RAM failure on data bits xxxx* of low byte of memory bus Enable cache before system BIOS shadow RAM failure on data bits xxxx* of high byte of memory bus Test CPU bus-clock frequency Initialize POST dispatch manager Test CMOS RAM Initialize alternate chipset registers Warm start shut down Reinitialize the chipset (motherboard only) Shadow system BIOS ROM Reinitialize the cache (motherboard only) Autosize cache Configure advanced chipset registers Load alternate registers with CMOS valuesnew Set Initial CPU speed new Initialize interrupt vectors Initialize BIOS interrupts POST device initialization Check ROM copyright notice Initialize manager for PCI option ROMs Check video configuration against CMOS RAM data Initialize PCI bus and devices Initialize all video adapters in system Display QuietBoot screen Shadow video BIOS ROM Display BIOS copyright notice Display CPU type and speed Initialize EISA motherboard Test keyboard Set key click if enabled Enable keyboard Test for unexpected interrupts Initialize POST display service Display prompt Press F2 to enter SETUP (continues)

Code 5Bh 5Ch 60h 62h 64h 66h 67h 68h 69h 6Ah 6Ch 6Eh 70h 72h 74h 76h 7Ah 7Ch 7Eh 80h 81h 82h 83h 84h 85h 86h 87h 88h 89h 8Ah 8Bh 8Ch 8Fh 90h 91h 92h 93h 94h 95h 96h 97h 98h 99h
Continued
POST Operation in Progress Disable CPU cache Test RAM between 512640KB Test extended memory Test extended memory address lines Jump to UserPatch1 Configure advanced cache registers Initialize multiprocessor APIC Enable external and processor caches Setup System Management mode (SMM) area Display external L2 cache size Display shadow area message Display possible high address for UMB recovery Display error messages Check for configuration errors Test real-time clock Check for keyboard errors Test for key lock on Set up hardware interrupt vectors Initialize coprocessor if present Disable onboard Super I/O ports and IRQs Late POST device initialization Detect and install external RS232 ports Configure non-MCD IDE controllers Detect and install external parallel ports Initialize PC-compatible PnP ISA devices Reinitialize onboard I/O ports Configure motherboard configurable devices Initialize BIOS data area Enable non-maskable interrupts (NMIs) Initialize extended BIOS data area Test and initialize PS/2 mouse Initialize diskette controller Determine number of ATA drives Initialize hard-disk controllers Initialize local-bus hard-disk controllers Jump to UserPatch2 Build MPTABLE for multiprocessor boards Disable A20 address line (Rel. 5.1 and earlier) Install CD-ROM for boot Clear huge ES segment register Fix up multiprocessor table Search for option ROMs Check for S.M.A.R.T. drive

Code 9Ah 9Ch 9Eh 9Fh A0h A2h A4h A8h AAh ACh AEh B0h B2h B4h B5h B6h B8h B9h Bah BBh BCh BDh BEh BFh C0h C1h C2h C3h C4h E0h E1h E2h E3h E4h E5h E6h E7h E8h E9h EAh EBh ECh EDh POST Operation in Progress Shadow option ROMs Set up power management Enable hardware interrupts Determine number of ATA and SCSI drives Set time of day Check key lock Initialize typematic rate Erase F2 prompt Scan for F2 key stroke Enter SETUP Clear IN POST flag Check for errors POST done; prepare to boot operating system One short beep before boot Terminate QuietBoot Check password (optional) Clear global descriptor table Clean up all graphics Initialize DMI parameters Initialize PnP Option ROMs Clear parity checkers Display MultiBoot menu Clear screen (optional) Check virus and backup reminders Try to boot with INT 19h Initialize POST Error Manager (PEM) Initialize error logging Initialize error display function Initialize system error handler Initialize the chipset Initialize the bridge Initialize the processor Initialize system timer Initialize system I/O Check force recovery boot Checksum BIOS ROM Go to BIOS Set huge segment Initialize multiprocessor Initialize OEM special code Initialize PIC and DMA Initialize memory type Initialize memory size (continues)

Code EEh EFh F0h F1h F2h F3h F4h F5h F6h F7h
Continued
POST Operation in Progress Shadow boot block System memory test Initialize interrupt vectors Initialize runtime clock Initialize video Initialize beeper Initialize boot Clear huge segment Boot to mini-DOS Boot to full DOS
If the BIOS detects error 2C, 2E, or 30 (base 512KB RAM error), it displays an additional word-bitmap (xxxx) indicating the address line or bits that failed. For example, 2C 0002 means address line 1 (bit one set) has failed. 2E 1020 means data bits 12 and 5 (bits 12 and 5 set) have failed. The BIOS also sends this bitmap to the port-80 LED display. It first displays the check point code, followed by a delay, the high-order byte, another delay, and then the low-order byte of the error. It repeats this sequence continuously. Even with this information, normally you wont be able to replace the individual chips that are bad; youll have to replace the entire bank of memory instead.
Microid Research (MR) BIOS Error Codes

Microid Research Beep Codes
The MR BIOS generates patterns of high and low beeps to signal an error condition. The beep codes are shown in Table 16.
Table 16
03h 04h 05h 08h 09h 09h 0Ah 0Ah 0Ah 0Ah 0Ah 0Ah 0Ah 0Bh 0Bh
Microid Research Beep Codes

Beep Codes LH-LLL LH-HLL LH-LHL LH-HHL LH-LLH LH-HLH LH-LLLL LH-HLLL LH-LHLL LH-HHLL LH-LLHL LH-HLHL LH-LHHL LH-HHHL LH-LLLH Error Messages ROM-BIOS Checksum Failure DMA Page Register Failure Keyboard Controller Selftest Failure Memory Refresh Circuitry Failure Master (16-bit) DMA Controller Failure Slave (8-bit) DMA Controller Failure Base 64KB Pattern Test Failure Base 64KB Parity Circuitry Failure Base 64KB Parity Error Base 64KB Data Bus Failure Base 64KB Address Bus Failure Base 64KB Block Access Read Failure Base 64KB Block Access Read/Write Failure Master 8259 (Port 21) Failure Slave 8259 (Port A1) Failure
Port 80h Code
Microid Research (MR) BIOS Error Codes

Port 80h Code 0Ch 0Ch 0Ch 0Ch 0Ch 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Eh 0Fh 0Fh 10h Beep Codes LH-HLLH LH-LHLH LH-HHLH LH-LLHH LH-HLHH LH-LHHH LH-HHHH LH-LLLLH LH-HLLLH LH-LHLLH LH-HHLLH LH-LLHLH Error Messages Master 8259 (Port 20) Interrupt Address Error Slave 8259 (Port A0) Interrupt Address Error 8259 (Port 20/A0) Interrupt Address Error Master 8259 (Port 20) Stuck Interrupt Error Slave 8259 (Port A0) Stuck Interrupt Error System Timer 8254 CH0/IRQ0 Interrupt Failure 8254 Channel 0 (System Timer) Failure 8254 Channel 2 (Speaker) Failure 8254 OUT2 (Speaker Detect) Failure CMOS RAM Read/Write Test Failure RTC Periodic Interrupt/IRQ8 Failure Video ROM Checksum Failure at Address XXXX, Mono Card Memory Error at Address XXXX, Mono Card Memory Address Line Error at Address XXXX, Color Graphics Card Memory Error at Address XXXX, Color Graphics Card Address Line Error at Address XXXX Real Time Clock (RTC) Battery is Discharged Battery Backed Memory (CMOS) is Corrupt Keyboard Controller Failure Memory Parity Error
11h 11h 12h 14h 18h 19h 14h 18h 19h 14h 18h 19h
(None) (None) LH-HLHLH LH-LHHLH
LH-HHHLH
I/O Channel Error
(None)
12h 17h 17h 17h 1Ah 1Ah 1Eh
(None) LH-LLLHH LH-HLLHH (None) LH-LHLHH (None) (None)
1Fh
(None)
RAM Pattern Test Failed at XXXX, Parity Circuit Failure in Bank XXXX, Data Bus Test Failed: Address XXXX, Address Line Test Failed at XXXX, Block Access Read Failure at Address XXXX, Block Access Read/Write Failure: Address XXXX, Banks Decode to Same Location: XXXX and YYYY Keyboard Error - Stuck Key Keyboard Failure or no 15hKeyboard Present A20 Test Failure Due to 8042 Timeout A20 Gate Stuck in Disabled State (A20=0) A20 Gate Stuck in Asserted State (A20 Follows CPU) Real Time Clock (RTC) is Not Updating Real Time Clock (RTC) Settings are Invalid Diskette CMOS Configuration is Invalid, Diskette Controller Failure, Diskette Drive A: Failure, Diskette Drive B: Failure Fixed Disk CMOS Configuration is Invalid, Fixed Disk C:(80) Failure, Fixed Disk D:(81) Failure, Please Wait for Fixed Disk to Spin Up (continues)

20h
Continued
Beep Codes (None) Error Messages Fixed Disk, Diskette, Serial Port, Parallel Port, Video, Memory, or Numeric Coprocessor Configuration Change System Key is in Locked Position - Turn Key to Unlocked Position Adapter ROM Checksum Failure at Address XXXX
Port 80h Code
21h 29h L = Low tone H = High tone
(None) (None)
Microid Research POST Codes

Table 17
POST Code 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 13h 10h 11h 12h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h
Microid Research POST Codes

Meaning Cold-Boot commences. (Not seen with warm boot). HOOK 00. OEM specific, typically resets chipset to default. Disable critical I/O: 6845s, 8237s, 765, and parity latches. BIOS checksum test. Page register test. (Ports 818F). 8042 (Keyboard Controller) Selftest. Gang Port Init: 8237 m/s, 8254 ch2/1, RTC REG F/A, 8259 m/s. HOOK 01. OEM specific, typically disables cache, shadow. Refresh toggle test (PORTB). Pattern test master/slave 8237s, eight 16-bit regs each. Base 64KB memory test. Pattern test master/slave 8259 mask regs. 8259/IRQ tests, purge powerup ints. 8254 channel-0 test and initialization. 8254 channel-2 toggle test, test speaker circuitry. RTC tests/inits: Init REG-B, write/readback NVRAM, PIE test. HOOK 02. OEM specific, select 8MHz bus. Video Initialization. CMOS checksum test. Signon msg, Accept KB BAT, perform first try KB init, cold-boot delay. Size/Test base memory (low 64KB already done). Perform second try KB init, if necessary. HOOK 03. OEM specific. Size/test cache. Test A20 gate, off then on. Size/Test extended memory. HOOK 04 and Size/Test system memory (special OEM memory).
IBM BIOS Beep and Alphanumeric Error Codes

POST Code 1Ah 1Bh 1Ch 1Dh 1Eh 1Fh 20h 21h 22h 23h 24h 28h 25h 26h 27h 29h 2Ah 2Bh 2Ch 2Dh 2Eh 2Fh Meaning Test RTC Update-In-Progress and validate time. Serial port determination, off-board/onboard. Parallel port determination, off-board/onboard. Coprocessor determination/initialization. Floppy controller test/determination, CMOS validation. Fixed Disk controller test/determination, CMOS validation. Rigorous CMOS parameter validation, display other config. changes. Front-Panel lock check, wait for user to acknowledge errors. Set NumLock, Password-Security Trap, dispatch to Setup utility. HOOK 05. OEM specific. Set typematic rate. HOOK 06. OEM specific, typically enables shadow, cache, turbo. Floppy subsystem initialization. Fixed subsystem initialization. ACK errors, set primary adapter video mode. Disable A20-gate, set low stack, install C800-E000 ROMs. ACK errors, set video mode, set DOS time variables from RTC. Enable parity checking and NMI. Install E000 ROM. ACK errors. HOOK 07. OEM specific. Log-in EMS (if built-in). Pass control to INT19 (boot disk).

After completing the POST, an audio code indicates either a normal condition or that one of several errors has occurred.
Table 18
IBM POST Audio Error Codes

Sound Graph Description Normal POSTsystem OK POST errorerror code on display Power supply, system board Power supply, system board Power supply, system board System board Video adapter (MDA/CGA) Video adapter (EGA/VGA) 3270 keyboard card
Audio Code 1 short beep 2 short beeps No beep Continuous beep Repeating short beeps 1 long, 1 short beep 1 long, 2 short beeps 1 long, 3 short beeps 3 long beeps
Technical Reference
IBM has developed a system in which the first part of the error code indicates the device the error involves, and the last part indicates the exact error meaning. One of the biggest problems with these error codes is that IBM does not publish a complete list of the errors in any single publication; instead, it details specific error codes in many different publications. I have researched these codes for many years; the following table represents all the codes I have found meanings for. These codes have been selected from a number of sources, including all IBMs technical-reference and hardware-maintenance service manuals.
Table 19
Code
IBM POST and Diagnostics Error Codes

Description
1xx
101 102 102 103 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 119 120 121 121 131 131 132 133 134 151 152 160 161
System Board Errors

System board interrupt failure (unexpected interrupt). System board timer failure. PS/2; real-time clock (RTC)/64 byte CMOS RAM test failure. System board timer interrupt failure. PS/2; 2KB CMOS RAM extension test failure. System board protected mode failure. System board 8042 keyboard controller command failure. System board converting logic test failure. System board non-maskable interrupt (NMI) test failure; hot NMI. System board timer bus test failure. System board memory select error; low MB chip select test failed. PS/2 system board parity check error (PARITY CHECK 1). PS/2 I/O channel (bus) parity check error (PARITY CHECK 2). PS/2 Micro Channel Arbitration error; watchdog time-out (NMI error). PS/2 Micro Channel Arbitration error; DMA arbitration time-out (NMI error). PS/2 external ROM checksum error. Cache parity error, ROM checksum error or DMA error. System board port read/write failure. System board parity or L2-cache error during previous power-on. E Step level 82077 (floppy controller) and 2.88MB drive installed (not supported). Microprocessor self-test error. 256KB ROM checksum error (second 128KB bank). Unexpected hardware interrupts occurred. PC system board cassette port wrap test failure. Direct memory access (DMA) compatibility registers error. Direct memory access (DMA) extended registers error. Direct memory access (DMA) verify logic error. Direct memory access (DMA) arbitration logic error. Battery or CMOS RAM failure. Real-time clock or CMOS RAM failure. PS/2 system board ID not recognized. CMOS configuration empty (dead battery).

Code Description
1xx
162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 175 176 177 177 178 179 180x 181 182 183 183 184 184 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 199
System Board Errors

CMOS checksum error or adapter ID mismatch. CMOS error; date and time not set (clock not updating). Memory size error; CMOS setting does not match memory. PS/2 Micro Channel adapter ID and CMOS mismatch. PS/2 Micro Channel adapter time-out error (card busy). PS/2 CMOS clock not updating. CMOS configuration error (math coprocessor). System board and processor card configuration mismatch. Run Setup. ASCII setup conflict error. PC Convertible; LCD not in use when suspended. Rolling-bit-test failure on CMOS shutdown address byte. PC Convertible; base 128KB checksum failure. Rolling-bit-test failure on NVRAM diagnostic byte. PC Convertible; diskette active when suspended. Bad CMOS/NVRAM checksum. PC Convertible; real-time clock RAM verification error. Bad configuration. PC Convertible; LCD configuration changed. Bad EEPROM CRC #1. PC Convertible; LCD alternate mode failed. Tamper evident. Bad PAP (privileged-access password) CRC. Bad EEPROM. Bad EEPROM. NVRAM error log full. Sub Address data error, where x = the slot number that caused the error. Unsupported configurations. Privileged-access switch (JMP2) is not in the write-enable position. PAP is needed to boot from the system programs. Privileged-access password required. Bad power-on password checksumerase it. Bad power-on password. Bad startup sequence. Password-protection hardware error. Serial number error. Bad EEPROM checksum CRC #2. Excessive incorrect password attempts. 82385 cache controller test failure. System board memory error. User indicated INSTALLED DEVICES list is not correct. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
2xx
20x 201 202 203 204 205 207 210 211 212 213 215 216 221 225 230 231 231 235 241 251
Memory (RAM) Errors

Memory error. Memory test failure; error location might be displayed. Memory address error; lines 0015. Memory address error; lines 1623 (ISA) or 1631 (MCA). Memory remapped due to error (run diagnostics again). Base 128KB memory error; memory remapped. ROM failure. System board memory parity error. PS/2 memory; base 64KB on system board failed. Watchdog time-out error (reported by NMI interrupt handler). DMA bus arbitration time-out (reported by NMI interrupt handler). PS/2 memory; base 64KB on daughter/SIP 2 failed. PS/2 memory; base 64KB on daughter/SIP 1 failed. PS/2 memory; ROM to RAM copy failed (ROM shadowing). PS/2 memory; wrong-speed memory on system board, unsupported SIMM. Overlapping adapter and planar memory (Family 1). Non-contiguous adapter memory installed (Family 1). 2/4-16MB Enhanced 386 memory adapter; memory module 1 failed. Stuck data line on memory module, microprocessor or system board. 2/4-16MB Enhanced 386 memory adapter; memory module 2 failed. 2/4-16MB Enhanced 386 memory adapter; memory module 3 failed.
3xx
301 302 303 304 305 306 341 342 343 365 366 367
Keyboard Errors
Keyboard reset or stuck key failure (SS 301, SS = scan code in hex). System unit keylock is locked. Keyboard-to-system board interface error; keyboard controller failure. Keyboard or system board error; keyboard clock high. Keyboard +5v dc error; PS/2 keyboard fuse (on system board) error. Unsupported keyboard attached. Keyboard error. Keyboard cable error. Keyboard LED card or cable failure. Keyboard LED card or cable failure. Keyboard interface cable failure. Keyboard LED card or cable failure.
4xx 4xx
401 401 408
Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) Errors PS/2 System Board Parallel Port Errors
Monochrome memory, horizontal sync frequency, or video test failure. PS/2 system board parallel port failure. User indicated display attributes failure.

Code Description
4xx
416 424 432
PS/2 System Board Parallel Port Errors

User indicated character set failure. User indicated 80525 mode failure. Parallel port test failure; monochrome display adapter.
5xx
*501 501 503 508 516 524 532 540 548 556 564
Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) Errors

CRT error. CGA memory, horizontal sync frequency, or video test failure. CGA adapter controller failed. User indicated display attribute failure. User indicated character set failure. User indicated 8025 mode failure. User indicated 4025 mode failure. User indicated 320200 graphics mode failure. User indicated 640200 graphics mode failure. User indicated light-pen test failed. User indicated paging test failure.
6xx
601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 630
Floppy Drive/Controller Errors

Floppy drive/controller POST failure; disk drive or controller error. Diskette boot sector is not valid. Diskette size error. Non-media sense. Diskette drive locked. Diskette verify test failure. Write-protect error. Drive-command error. Diskette initialization failure; track 0 bad. Drive time-out error. Controller chip (NEC) error. Direct memory access (DMA) error. Direct memory access (DMA) boundary overrun error. Drive index timing error. Drive speed error. Drive seek error. Drive cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error. Sector not found error. Address mark error. Controller chip (NEC) seek error. Diskette data compare error. Diskette change error. Diskette removed. Index stuck high; drive A:. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
6xx
631 632 633 640 641 642 643 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660
Floppy Drive/Controller Errors

Index stuck low; drive A:. Track 0 stuck off; drive A:. Track 0 stuck on; drive A:. Index stuck high; drive B:. Index stuck low; drive B:. Track 0 stuck off; drive B:. Track 0 stuck on; drive B:. No index pulse. Drive track 0 detection failed. No transitions on read data line. Format test failed. Incorrect media type in drive. Drive speed error. Format failure. Verify failure. Read failure. Write failure. Controller error. Drive failure. Write-protect stuck protected. Changeline stuck changed. Write-protect stuck unprotected. Changeline stuck unchanged.
7xx
701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713
Math Coprocessor Errors

Math coprocessor presence/initialization error. Exception errors test failure. Rounding test failure. Arithmetic test 1 failure. Arithmetic test 2 failure. Arithmetic test 3 (80387 only) failure. Combination test failure. Integer load/store test failure. Equivalent expressions errors. Exception (interrupt) errors. Save state (FSAVE) errors. Protected mode test failure. Special test (voltage/temperature sensitivity) failure.
9xx
901 902
Parallel Printer Adapter Errors

Printer adapter data register latch error. Printer adapter control register latch error.

Code Description
9xx
903 904 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 92x
Parallel Printer Adapter Errors

Printer adapter register address decode error. Printer adapter address decode error. Status line(s) wrap connector error. Status line bit 8 wrap error. Status line bit 7 wrap error. Status line bit 6 wrap error. Status line bit 5 wrap error. Status line bit 4 wrap error. Printer adapter interrupt wrap error. Unexpected printer adapter interrupt. Feature register error.
10xx
1001 1002 1003 1004 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 102x
Alternate Parallel Printer Adapter Errors

Printer adapter data register latch error. Printer adapter control register latch error. Printer adapter register address decode error. Printer adapter address decode error. Status line(s) wrap connector error. Status line bit 8 wrap error. Status line bit 7 wrap error. Status line bit 6 wrap error. Status line bit 5 wrap error. Status line bit 4 wrap error. Printer adapter interrupt wrap error. Unexpected printer adapter interrupt. Feature register error.
11xx
1101 1102 1102 1103 1103 1104 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113
Primary Async Communications (Serial COM1:) Errors

16450/16550 chip error; serial port A error. Card selected feedback error. PC Convertible internal modem test failed. Port 102h register test failure. PC Convertible internal modem dial tone test 1 failed. PC Convertible internal modem dial tone test 2 failed. Serial option cannot be put to sleep. Cable error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 3 error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. 16450/16550 chip register failure. Internal wrap test of 16450/16550 chip modem control line failure. External wrap test of 16450/16550 chip modem control line failure. 16450/16550 chip transmit error. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
11xx
1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155

16450/16550 chip receive error. 16450/16550 chip receive error; data not equal to transmit data. 16450/16550 chip interrupt function error. 16450/16550 chip baud rate test failure. 16450/16550 chip receive external data wrap test failure. 16550 chip first-in/first-out (FIFO) buffer failure. Interrupt enable register error; all bits cannot be set. Interrupt enable register error; all bits cannot be reset. Interrupt pending; stuck on. Interrupt ID register; stuck on. Modem control register error; all bits cannot be set. Modem control register error; all bits cannot be reset. Modem status register error; all bits cannot be set. Modem status register error; all bits cannot be reset. Interrupt ID error. Cannot force overrun error. No modem status interrupt. Invalid interrupt pending. No data ready. No data available interrupt. No transmit holding interrupt. No interrupts. No received sine status interrupt. No receive data available. Transmit holding register not empty. No modem status interrupt. Transmit holding register not empty. No interrupts. No interrupt 4. No interrupt 3. No data transferred. Maximum baud rate error. Minimum baud rate error. Time-out error. Invalid data returned. Modem status register error. No data set ready and delta data set ready. No data set ready. No delta data set ready. Modem status register not clear. No clear to send and delta clear to send.

Code Description
11xx
1156 1157

No clear to send. No delta clear to send.
12xx
1201 1202 1203 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239
Alternate Async Communications (Serial COM2:, COM3:, and COM4:) Errors

16450/16550 chip error. Card selected feedback error. Port 102h register test failure. Serial option cannot be put to sleep. Cable error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 3 error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. 16450/16550 chip register failure. Internal wrap test of 16450/16550 chip modem control line failure. External wrap test of 16450/16550 chip modem control line failure. 16450/16550 chip transmit error. 16450/16550 chip receive error. 16450/16550 chip receive error; data not equal to transmit data. 16450/16550 chip interrupt function error. 16450/16550 chip baud rate test failure. 16450/16550 chip receive external data wrap test failure. 16550 chip first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer failure. Interrupt enable register error; all bits cannot be set. Interrupt enable register error; all bits cannot be reset. Interrupt pending; stuck on. Interrupt ID register; stuck on. Modem control register error; all bits cannot be set. Modem control register error; all bits cannot be reset. Modem status register error; all bits cannot be set. Modem status register error; all bits cannot be reset. Interrupt ID error. Cannot force overrun error. No modem status interrupt. Invalid interrupt pending. No data ready. No data available interrupt. No transmit holding interrupt. No interrupts. No received sine status interrupt. No receive data available. Transmit holding register not empty. No modem status interrupt. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
12xx
1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257
Alternate Async Communications (Serial COM2:, COM3:, and COM4:) Errors

Transmit holding register not empty. No interrupts. No interrupt 4. No interrupt 3. No data transferred. Maximum baud rate error. Minimum baud rate error. Time-out error. Invalid data returned. Modem status register error. No data set ready and delta data set ready. No data set ready. No delta data set ready. Modem status register not clear. No clear to send and delta clear to send. No clear to send. No delta clear to send.
13xx
1301 1302
Game Control Adapter Errors

Game control adapter test failure. Joystick test failure.
14xx
1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406
Matrix Printer Errors

Printer test failure. Printer not ready error. Printer no-paper error. System board time-out. Parallel adapter failure. Printer presence test failed.
15xx
1501 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) Communications Adapter Errors

SDLC adapter test failure. 8255 Port B failure. 8255 Port A failure. 8255 Port C failure. 8253 Timer #1 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #1 stuck on. 8253 Timer #0 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #0 stuck on. 8253 Timer #2 did not reach terminal count.

Code Description
15xx
1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1547 1548 1549
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) Communications Adapter Errors

8253 Timer #2 stuck on. 8273 Port B error. 8273 Port A error. 8273 command/read time-out. Interrupt Level 4 failure. Ring Indicate stuck on. Receive Clock stuck on. Transmit Clock stuck on. Test Indicate stuck on. Ring Indicate not on. Receive Clock not on. Transmit Clock not on. Test Indicate not on. Data Set Ready not on. Carrier Detect not on. Clear to Send not on. Data Set Ready stuck on. Carrier Detect stuck on. Clear to Send stuck on. Interrupt Level 3 failure. Receive interrupt results error. Wrap data compare error. Direct memory access Channel 1 error. Direct memory access Channel 1 error. 8273 error-checking or status-reporting error. Stray interrupt Level 4. Stray interrupt Level 3. Interrupt presentation sequence time-out.
16xx
1604 1608 1624 1634 1644 1652 1654 1658 1662 1664 1668
Display Station Emulation Adapter (DSEA) Errors (5520, 525x)

DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA or twinaxial network error. or twinaxial network error. error. error. error. error. error. error. interrupt level error. error. interrupt level error. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
16xx
1669 1674 1674 1684 1688
Display Station Emulation Adapter (DSEA) Errors (5520, 525x)

DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA DSEA diagnostics error; use 3.0 or higher. diagnostics error; use 3.0 or higher. station address error. device address error. device address error.
17xx
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1720 1726 1730 1731 1732 1733 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754
ST-506/412 Fixed Disk and Controller Errors

Fixed disk general POST error. Drive/controller time-out error. Drive seek error. Controller failed. Drive sector not found error. Write fault error. Drive track 0 error. Head select error. Error correction code (ECC) error. Sector buffer overrun. Bad address mark. Internal controller diagnostics failure. Data compare error. Drive not ready. Track 0 indicator failure. Diagnostics cylinder errors. Surface read errors. Hard drive type error. Bad diagnostics cylinder. Data compare error. Controller error. Controller error. Controller error. BIOS undefined error return. Bad command error. Data corrected error. Bad track error. Bad sector error. Bad initialization error. Bad sense error. Drive verify failure. Drive read failure. Drive write failure. Drive random read test failure. Drive seek test failure.

Code Description
17xx
1755 1756 1757 1780 1781 1782 1790 1791
ST-506/412 Fixed Disk and Controller Errors

Controller failure. Controller error-correction code (ECC) test failure. Controller head-select failure. Seek failure; drive 0. Seek failure; drive 1. Controller test failure. Diagnostic cylinder read error; drive 0. Diagnostic cylinder read error; drive 1.
18xx
1801 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821
I/O Expansion Unit Errors

I/O expansion unit POST failure. Enable/disable failure. Extender card wrap test failure; disabled. High-order address lines failure; disabled. Wait state failure; disabled. Enable/disable could not be set on. Wait state failure; disabled. Extender card wrap test failure; enabled. High-order address lines failure; enabled. Disable not functioning. Wait request switch not set correctly. Receiver card wrap test failure. Receiver high order address lines failure.
19xx 20xx
2001 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
3270 PC Attachment Card Errors Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Adapter Errors
BSC adapter test failure. 8255 Port A failure. 8255 Port B failure. 8255 Port C failure. 8253 Timer #1 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #1 stuck on. 8253 Timer #2 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #2 output stuck on. 8251 data set ready failed to come on. 8251 clear to send not sensed. 8251 data set ready stuck on. 8251 clear to send stuck on. 8251 hardware reset failure. 8251 software reset failure. 8251 software error reset failure. 8251 transmit ready did not come on. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
20xx
2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052
Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Adapter Errors

8251 receive ready did not come on. 8251 could not force overrun error status. Interrupt failure; no timer interrupt. Interrupt failure; transmit; replace card or planar. Interrupt failure; transmit; replace card. Interrupt failure; receive; replace card or planar. Interrupt failure; receive; replace card. Ring indicate stuck on. Receive clock stuck on. Transmit clock stuck on. Test indicate stuck on. Ring indicate stuck on. Receive clock not on. Transmit clock not on. Test indicate not on. Data set ready not on. Carrier detect not on. Clear to send not on. Data set ready stuck on. Carrier detect stuck on. Clear to send stuck on. Unexpected transmit interrupt. Unexpected receive interrupt. Transmit data did not equal receive data. 8251 detected overrun error. Lost data set ready during data wrap. Receive time-out during data wrap.
21xx
2101 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121
Alternate Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Adapter Errors

BSC adapter test failure. 8255 Port A failure. 8255 Port B failure. 8255 Port C failure. 8253 Timer #1 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #1 stuck on. 8253 Timer #2 did not reach terminal count. 8253 Timer #2 output stuck on. 8251 Data set ready failed to come on. 8251 Clear to send not sensed. 8251 Data set ready stuck on. 8251 Clear to send stuck on. 8251 Hardware reset failure.

Code Description
21xx
2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152
Alternate Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Adapter Errors

8251 Software reset failure. 8251 Software error reset failure. 8251 Transmit ready did not come on. 8251 Receive ready did not come on. 8251 Could not force overrun error status. Interrupt failure; no timer interrupt. Interrupt failure; transmit; replace card or planar. Interrupt failure; transmit; replace card. Interrupt failure; receive; replace card or planar. Interrupt failure; receive; replace card. Ring indicate stuck on. Receive clock stuck on. Transmit clock stuck on. Test indicate stuck on. Ring indicate stuck on. Receive clock not on. Transmit clock not on. Test indicate not on. Data set ready not on. Carrier detect not on. Clear to send not on. Data set ready stuck on. Carrier detect stuck on. Clear to send stuck on. Unexpected transmit interrupt. Unexpected receive interrupt. Transmit data did not equal receive data. 8251 detected overrun error. Lost data set ready during data wrap. Receive time-out during data wrap.
22xx 23xx 24xx

2401 2402 2408 2409 2410 2416
Cluster Adapter Errors Plasma Monitor Adapter Errors Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) or Video Graphics Array (VGA) Errors
Video adapter test failure. Video display error. User indicated display attribute test failed. Video display error. Video adapter error; video port error. User indicated character set test failed. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
24xx
2424 2432 2440 2448 2456 2464
Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) or Video Graphics Array (VGA) Errors

User User User User User User indicated indicated indicated indicated indicated indicated 8025 mode failure. 4025 mode failure. 320200 graphics mode failure. 640200 graphics mode failure. light-pen test failure. paging test failure.
25xx
2501 2502 2508 2509 2510 2516 2524 2532 2540 2548 2556 2564
Alternate Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) Errors

Video adapter test failure. Video display error. User indicated display attribute test failed. Video display error. Video adapter error. User indicated character set test failed. User indicated 8025 mode failure. User indicated 4025 mode failure. User indicated 320200 graphics mode failure. User indicated 640200 graphics mode failure. User indicated light-pen test failure. User indicated paging test failure.
26xx
2601 2655 2657 2668 2672 2673 2674 2677 2680 2681 2682 2694 2697 2698
XT or AT/370 370-M (Memory) and 370-P (Processor) Adapter Errors

370-M adapter error. 370-M adapter error. 370-M adapter error. 370-M adapter error. 370-M adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-M adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-P adapter error. 370-P adapter error. XT or AT/370 diagnostic diskette error.
27xx
2701 2702 2703
XT or AT/370 3277-EM (Emulation) Adapter Errors

3277-EM adapter error. 3277-EM adapter error. 3277-EM adapter error.

Code Description
28xx 29xx 30xx

3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3015 3041 3042
3278/79 Emulation Adapter or 3270 Connection Adapter Errors Color/Graphics Printer Errors Primary PC Network Adapter Errors
Processor test failure. ROM checksum test failure. Unit ID PROM test failure. RAM test failure. Host interface controller test failure. 12v test failure. Digital loopback test failure. Host detected host interface controller failure. Sync failure and no Go bit. Host interface controller test okay and no Go bit. Go bit and no command 41. Card not present. Digital failure; fall through. Analog failure. Hot carrier; not this card. Hot carrier; this card!
31xx
3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3115 3141 3142
Secondary PC Network Adapter Errors

Processor test failure. ROM checksum test failure. Unit ID PROM test failure. RAM test failure. Host interface controller test failure. [p/m]12v test failure. Digital loopback test failure. Host detected host interface controller failure. Sync failure and no Go bit. Host interface controller test okay and no Go bit. Go bit and no command 41. Card not present. Digital failure; fall through. Analog failure. Hot carrier; not this card. Hot carrier; this card!
32xx 33xx
3270 PC or AT Display and Programmed Symbols Adapter Errors Compact Printer Errors
(continues)

Code
Continued
Description
35xx
3504 3508 3509 3540 3588 3599
Enhanced Display Station Emulation Adapter (EDSEA) Errors

Adapter connected to Twinaxial cable during offline test. Workstation address error. Diagnostic program failure. Workstation address invalid. Adapter address switch error. Diagnostic program failure.
36xx
3601 3602 3603 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640
General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) Adapter Errors

Adapter test failure. Serial poll mode register write error. Adapter address error. Adapter listen error. Adapter talk error. Adapter control error. Adapter standby error. Adapter asynchronous control error. Adapter asynchronous control error. Adapter error; cannot pass control. Adapter error; cannot address to listen. Adapter error; cannot unaddress to listen. Adapter error; cannot address to talk. Adapter error; cannot unaddress to talk. Adapter error; cannot address to listen with extended addressing. Adapter error; cannot unaddress to listen with extended addressing. Adapter error; cannot address to talk with extended addressing. Adapter error; cannot unaddress to talk with extended addressing. Write to self error. Generate handshake error. Cannot detect Device Clear message error. Cannot detect Selected Device Clear message error. Cannot detect end with end of identify. Cannot detect end of transmission with end of identify. Cannot detect end with 0-bit end of string. Cannot detect end with 7-bit end of string. Cannot detect group execute trigger. Mode 3 addressing error. Cannot recognize undefined command. Cannot detect remote, remote changed, lockout, or lockout changed. Cannot clear remote or lockout. Cannot detect service request. Cannot conduct serial poll. Cannot conduct parallel poll.

Code Description
36xx
3650 3651 3652 3653 3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3697 3698
General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) Adapter Errors

Adapter error; direct memory access (DMA) to 7210. Data error; error on direct memory access (DMA) to 7210. Adapter error; direct memory access (DMA) from 7210. Data error on direct memory access (DMA) from 7210. Uninvoked interrupt received. Cannot interrupt on address status changed. Cannot interrupt on address status changed. Cannot interrupt on command output. Cannot interrupt on data out. Cannot interrupt on data in. Cannot interrupt on error. Cannot interrupt on device clear. Cannot interrupt on end. Cannot interrupt on device execute trigger. Cannot interrupt on address pass through. Cannot interrupt on command pass through. Cannot interrupt on remote changed. Cannot interrupt on lockout changed. Cannot interrupt on service request In. Cannot interrupt on terminal count on direct memory access to 7210. Cannot interrupt on terminal count on direct memory access from 7210. Spurious direct memory access terminal-count interrupt. Illegal direct memory access configuration setting detected. Illegal interrupt level setting detected.
37xx 38xx
3801 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823
System Board SCSI Controller Error Data Acquisition Adapter Errors

Adapter test failure. Timer read test failure. Timer interrupt test failure. Delay; binary input 13 test failure. Rate; binary input 13 test failure. Binary output 14; interrupt statusinterrupt request test failure. Binary output 0; count-in test failure. Binary input strobe; count-out test failure. Binary output 0; binary output clear to send test failure. Binary output 1; binary input 0 test failure. Binary output 2; binary input 1 test failure. Binary output 3; binary input 2 test failure. Binary output 4; binary input 3 test failure. Binary output 5; binary input 4 test failure. Binary output 6; binary input 5 test failure. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
38xx
3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844
Data Acquisition Adapter Errors

Binary output 7; binary input 6 test failure. Binary output 8; binary input 7 test failure. Binary output 9; binary input 8 test failure. Binary output 10; binary input 9 test failure. Binary output 11; binary input 10 test failure. Binary output 12; binary input 11 test failure. Binary output 13; binary input 12 test failure. Binary output 15; analog input CE test failure. Binary output strobe; binary output GATE test failure. Binary input clear to send; binary input HOLD test failure. Analog input command output; binary input 15 test failure. Counter interrupt test failure. Counter read test failure. Analog output 0 ranges test failure. Analog output 1 ranges test failure. Analog input 0 values test failure. Analog input 1 values test failure. Analog input 2 values test failure. Analog input 3 values test failure. Analog input interrupt test failure. Analog input 23 address or value test failure.
39xx
3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919
Professional Graphics Adapter (PGA) Errors

PGA test failure. ROM1 self-test failure. ROM2 self-test failure. RAM self-test failure. Cold start cycle power error. Data error in communications RAM. Address error in communications RAM. Bad data reading/writing 6845-like register. Bad data in lower E0h bytes reading/writing 6845-like registers. Graphics controller display bank output latches error. Basic clock error. Command control error. Vertical sync scanner error. Horizontal sync scanner error. Intech error. Look-up table address error. Look-up table red RAM chip error. Look-up table green RAM chip error. Look-up table blue RAM chip error.

Code Description
39xx
3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961

Look-up table data latch error. Horizontal display error. Vertical display error. Light-pen error. Unexpected error. Emulator addressing error. Emulator data latch error. Base for error codes 39283930 (Emulator RAM). Emulator RAM error. Emulator RAM error. Emulator RAM error. Emulator horizontal/vertical display problem. Emulator cursor position error. Emulator attribute display problem. Emulator cursor display error. Fundamental emulation RAM problem. Emulation character set problem. Emulation graphics display error. Emulation character display problem. Emulation bank select error. Adapter RAM U2 error. Adapter RAM U4 error. Adapter RAM U6 error. Adapter RAM U8 error. Adapter RAM U10 error. Adapter RAM U1 error. Adapter RAM U3 error. Adapter RAM U5 error. Adapter RAM U7 error. Adapter RAM U9 error. Adapter RAM U12 error. Adapter RAM U14 error. Adapter RAM U16 error. Adapter RAM U18 error. Adapter RAM U20 error. Adapter RAM U11 error. Adapter RAM U13 error. Adapter RAM U15 error. Adapter RAM U17 error. Adapter RAM U19 error. Adapter RAM U22 error. Adapter RAM U24 error. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
39xx
3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995

Adapter RAM U26 error. Adapter RAM U28 error. Adapter RAM U30 error. Adapter RAM U21 error. Adapter RAM U23 error. Adapter RAM U25 error. Adapter RAM U27 error. Adapter RAM U29 error. Adapter RAM U32 error. Adapter RAM U34 error. Adapter RAM U36 error. Adapter RAM U38 error. Adapter RAM U40 error. Adapter RAM U31 error. Adapter RAM U33 error. Adapter RAM U35 error. Adapter RAM U37 error. Adapter RAM U39 error. Graphics controller RAM timing error. Graphics controller read/write latch error. Shift register bus output latches error. Addressing error (vertical column of memory; U2 at top). Addressing error (vertical column of memory; U4 at top). Addressing error (vertical column of memory; U6 at top). Addressing error (vertical column of memory; U8 at top). Addressing error (vertical column of memory; U10 at top). Base for error codes 39893991 (horizontal bank latch errors). Horizontal bank latch errors. Horizontal bank latch errors. Horizontal bank latch errors. RAG/CAG graphics controller error. Multiple write modes, nibble mask errors. Row nibble (display RAM) error. Graphics controller addressing error.
44xx 45xx 46xx

4611 4612
5278 Display Attachment Unit and 5279 Display Errors IEEE Interface Adapter (IEEE-488) Errors A Real-Time Interface Coprocessor (ARTIC) Multiport/2 Adapter Errors
ARTIC adapter error. Memory module error.

Code Description
46xx
4613 4630 4640 4641 4650
A Real-Time Interface Coprocessor (ARTIC) Multiport/2 Adapter Errors

Memory module error. ARTIC adapter error. Memory module error. Memory module error. ARTIC interface cable error.
48xx 49xx 50xx

5001 5002 5003 5004 5008 5016 5020 5024 5032 5040 5048 5064
Internal Modem Errors Alternate Internal Modem Errors PC Convertible LCD Errors
LCD display buffer failure. LCD font buffer failure. LCD controller failure. User indicated PEL/drive test failed. User indicated display attribute test failed. User indicated character set test failed. User indicated alternate character set test failure. User indicated 8025 mode test failure. User indicated 4025 mode test failure. User indicated 320200 graphics test failure. User indicated 640200 graphics test failure. User indicated paging test failure.
51xx
5101 5102 5103 5104 5105
PC Convertible Portable Printer Errors

Portable printer interface failure. Portable printer busy error. Portable printer paper or ribbon error. Portable printer time-out. User indicated print-pattern test error.
56xx 70xx
7000 7001 7002
Financial Communication System Errors Phoenix BIOS/Chipset Unique Error Codes

Chipset CMOS failure. Chipset shadow RAM failure. Chipset CMOS configuration error.
71xx
7101 7102 7103 7104 7105
Voice Communications Adapter (VCA) Errors

Adapter test failure. Instruction or external data memory error. PC to VCA interrupt error. Internal data memory error. Direct memory access (DMA) error. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
71xx
7106 7107 7108 7109 7111 7112 7114
Voice Communications Adapter (VCA) Errors

Internal registers error. Interactive shared memory error. VCA to PC interrupt error. DC wrap error. External analog wrap and tone-output error. Microphone to speaker wrap error. Telephone attachment test failure.
73xx
7301 7306 7307 7308 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325
3 1/2-Inch External Diskette Drive Errors

Diskette drive/adapter test failure. Disk changeline failure. Diskette is write-protected. Drive command error. Diskette initialization failure; track 0 bad. Drive time-out error. Controller chip (NEC) error. Direct memory access (DMA) error. DMA boundary overrun. Drive index timing error. Drive speed error. Drive seek error. Drive cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error. Sector not found error. Address mark error. Controller chip (NEC) seek error.
74xx 74xx
7426 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450 7451 7452
IBM PS/2 Display Adapter (VGA Card) Errors 8514/A Display Adapter Errors
8514 display error. 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 8514/A memory module 31 30 29 28 22 21 18 17 32 14 13 12 06 error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error.

Code Description
74xx
7453 7454 7455 7460 7461 7462 7463 7464 7465 7466 7467 7468 7469 7470 7471 7472 7473 7474 7475
8514/A Display Adapter Errors

8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A 8514/A memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory memory module module module module module module module module module module module module module module module module module module module 05 02 01 16 27 26 25 24 23 20 19 15 11 10 09 08 07 04 03 error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error. error.
76xx
7601 7602 7603 7604
4216 PagePrinter Adapter Errors

Adapter test failure. Adapter error. Printer error. Printer cable error.
84xx 85xx
850x 851x 852x 8599
PS/2 Speech Adapter Errors 2MB XMA Memory Adapter or XMA Adapter/A Errors
Adapter error. Adapter error. Memory module error. Unusable memory segment found.
86xx
8601 8602 8603 8604 8611 8612 8613
PS/2 Pointing Device (Mouse) Errors

Pointing device error; mouse time-out. Pointing device error; mouse interface. Pointing device or system-bus failure; mouse interrupt. Pointing device or system board error. System bus errorI/F between 8042 and TrackPoint II. TrackPoint II error. System bus error or TrackPoint II error.
89xx
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Adapter Errors

(continues)

Code
Continued
Description
91xx 96xx 100xx

10001 10002 10003 10004 10006 10007 10008 10009 10010 10011 10012 10013 10014 10015 10016 10017 10018 10019 10026 10027 10028 10029 10030 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 10041 10042 10044 10045 10046
IBM 3363 Write-Once Read Multiple (WORM) Optical Drive/Adapter Errors SCSI Adapter with Cache (32-Bit) Errors Multiprotocol Adapter/A Errors
Presence test failure. Card selected feedback error. Port 102h register rest failure. Port 103h register rest failure. Serial option cannot be put to sleep. Cable error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 3 error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. 16550 chip register failure. Internal wrap test of 16550 chip modem control line failure. External wrap test of 16550 chip modem control line failure. 16550 chip transmit error. 16550 chip receive error. 16550 chip receive error; data not equal to transmit data. 16550 chip interrupt function error. 16550 chip baud rate test failure. 16550 chip receive external data wrap test failure. 16550 chip first-in/first-out (FIFO) buffer failure. 8255 Port A error. 8255 Port B error. 8255 Port C error. 8254 timer 0 error. 8254 timer 1 error. 8254 timer 2 error. Binary sync data set ready response to data terminal ready error. Binary sync clear to send response to ready to send error. 8251 hardware reset test failed. 8251 function error. 8251 status error. Binary sync timer interrupt error. Binary sync transmit interrupt error. Binary sync receive interrupt error. Stray interrupt request (IRQ) 3 error. Stray interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. Binary sync external wrap error. Binary sync data wrap error. Binary sync line status/condition error. Binary sync time-out error during data wrap test.

Code Description
100xx
10050 10051 10052 10053 10054 10055 10056 10057 10058 10059 10060 10061 10062 10063 10064
Multiprotocol Adapter/A Errors

8273 command acceptance or results ready time-out error. 8273 Port A error. 8273 Port B error. SDLC modem status change logic error. SDLC timer interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. SDLC modem status change interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. SDLC external wrap error. SDLC interrupt results error. SDLC data wrap error. SDLC transmit interrupt error. SDLC receive interrupt error. Direct memory access (DMA) channel 1 transmit error. Direct memory access (DMA) channel 1 receive error. 8273 status detect failure. 8273 error detect failure.
101xx
10101 10102 10103 10106 10108 10109 10110 10111 10113 10114 10115 10116 10117 10118 10125 10126 10127 10128 10129 10130 10133 10134 10135 10136 10137 10138
300/1200bps Internal Modem/A Errors

Presence test failure. Card selected feedback error. Port 102h register test failure. Serial option cannot be put to sleep. Interrupt request (IRQ) 3 error. Interrupt request (IRQ) 4 error. 16450 chip register failure. Internal wrap test of 16450 modem control line failure. 16450 transmit error. 16450 receive error. 16450 receive error data not equal transmit data. 16450 interrupt function error. 16450 baud rate test failure. 16450 receive external data wrap test failure. Modem reset result code error. Modem general result code error. Modem S registers write/read error. Modem turn echo on/off error. Modem enable/disable result codes error. Modem enable number/word result codes error. Connect results for 300 baud not received. Connect results for 1200 baud not received. Modem fails local analog loopback test at 300 baud. Modem fails local analog loopback test at 1200 baud. Modem does not respond to escape/reset sequence. S-Register 13 does not show correct parity or number of data bits. (continues)

Code
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Description
104xx
10139 10450 10451 10452 10453 10454 10455 10456 10461 10462 10463 10464 10465 10466 10467 10468 10469 10470 10471 10472 10473 10480 10481 10482 10483 10484 10485 10486 10487 10488 10489 10490 10491 10492 10493 10499
ESDI or MCA IDE Fixed Disk or Adapter Errors

S-Register 15 does not reflect correct bit rate. Read/write test failed. Read verify test failed. Seek test failed. Wrong drive type indicated. Controller sector buffer test failure. Controller invalid failure. Controller diagnostic command failure. Drive format error. Controller head select error. Drive read/write sector error. Drive primary defect map unreadable. Controller; error-correction code (ECC) 8-bit error. Controller; error-correction code (ECC) 9-bit error. Drive soft seek error. Drive hard seek error. Drive soft error count exceeded. Controller attachment diagnostic error. Controller wrap mode interface error. Controller wrap mode drive select error. Read verify test errors. Seek failure; drive 0. Seek failure; drive 1. Controller transfer acknowledge error. Controller reset failure. Controller; head select 3 error. Controller; head select 2 error. Controller; head select 1 error. Controller; head select 0 error. Controller; read gatecommand complete 2 error. Controller; write gatecommand complete 1 error. Diagnostic area read error; drive 0. Diagnostic area read error; drive 1. Controller error, drive 1. Reset error, drive 1. Controller failure.
107xx 112xx 113xx
5 1/4-Inch External Diskette Drive or Adapter Errors SCSI Adapter (16-bit without Cache) Errors System Board SCSI Adapter (16-Bit) Errors

Code Description
129xx
129005 12901 12902 12904 12905 12907 12908 12912x 12913x 12914x 12915x 12916x 12917x 12918x 12919x 12940x 12950x 129900
Processor Complex (CPU Board) Errors

DMA error. Processor board; processor test failed. Processor board; cache test failed. Second level cache failure. Cache enable/disable errors. Cache fatal error. Cache POST program error. Hardware failure. Micro channel bus time-out. Software failure. Processor complex error. Processor complex error. Processor complex error. Processor complex error. Processor complex error. Processor complex failure. Processor complex failure. Processor complex serial-number mismatch.
149xx
14901 14902 14922 14932
P70/P75 Plasma Display and Adapter Errors

Plasma display adapter failure. Plasma display adapter failure. Plasma display failure. External display failure.
152xx 164xx 165xx

16520 16540
XGA Display Adapter/A Errors 120MB Internal Tape Drive Errors 6157 Streaming Tape Drive or Tape Attachment Adapter Errors
Streaming tape drive failure. Tape attachment adapter failure.
166xx 167xx 180xx

18001 18002 18003 18004 18005 18006 18012
Primary Token-Ring Network Adapter Errors Alternate Token-Ring Network Adapter Errors PS/2 Wizard Adapter Errors
Interrupt controller failure. Incorrect timer count. Timer interrupt failure. Sync check interrupt failure. Parity check interrupt failure. Access error interrupt failure. Bad checksum error. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
180xx
18013 18021 18022 18023 18029 18031 18032 18039
PS/2 Wizard Adapter Errors

Micro Channel interface error. Wizard memory compare or parity error. Wizard memory address line error. Dynamic RAM controller failure. Wizard memory byte enable error. Wizard memory-expansion module memory compare or parity error. Wizard memory-expansion module address line error. Wizard memory-expansion module byte enable error.
185xx 194xx 200xx 208xx 209xx 210xx

210PLSC
DBCS Japanese Display Adapter/A Errors 80286 Memory-Expansion Option Memory-Module Errors Image Adapter/A Errors Unknown SCSI Device Errors SCSI Removable Disk Errors SCSI Fixed Disk Errors
PLSC codes indicate errors P = SCSI ID number (Physical Unit Number or PUN) L = Logical unit number (LUN, usually 0) S = Host Adapter slot number C = SCSI Drive capacity: A = 60MB B = 80MB C = 120MB D = 160MB E = 320MB F = 400MB H = 1,024MB (1GB) I = 104MB J = 212MB U = Undetermined or Non IBM OEM Drive
211xx 212xx 213xx 214xx 215xx 216xx 217xx
SCSI Tape Drive Errors SCSI Printer Errors SCSI Processor Errors SCSI Write-Once Read Multiple (WORM) Drive Errors SCSI CD-ROM Drive Errors SCSI Scanner Errors SCSI Magneto Optical Drive Errors

Code Description
218xx 219xx 243xxxx I998xxxx

I998001x I988002x I988003x I988004x I988005x I988006x I988007x I988008x I988009x I9880402 I9880403
SCSI Jukebox Changer Errors SCSI Communications Errors XGA-2 Adapter/A Errors Dynamic Configuration Select (DCS) Information Codes
Bad integrity of DCS master boot record. Read failure of DCS master boot record. DCS master boot record is not compatible with the planar ID. DCS master boot record is not compatible with the model/submodel byte. Bad integrity of CMOS/NVRAM (or internal process error). Read failure of header/mask/configuration record. Bad integrity of header/mask/configuration record. Hard disk does not support the command to set the maximum RBA. DCS master boot record is older than system ROM. Copyright notice in E000 segment does not match the one in DCS MBR. DCS MBR is not compatible with the system board ID or model/submodel byte.
I99900xx
I999001x I999002x I999003x I999004x I999005x I999006x I999007x I999008x I999009x I99900x1 I99900x2 I99900x3 I99900x4 I99900x5 I99900x6 I99900x7 I99900x9
Initial Microcode Load (IML) Error

Invalid disk IML record. Disk IML record load error. Disk IML record incompatible with system board. Disk IML record incompatible with processor/processor card. Disk IML not attempted. Disk stage II System Image load error. Disk stage II image checksum error. IML not supported on primary disk drive. Disk IML record is older than ROM. Invalid diskette IML record. Diskette IML record load error. Diskette IML record incompatible with system board. Diskette IML record incompatible with processor card. Diskette IML recovery prevented (valid password and CE override not set). Diskette stage II image load error. Diskette stage II image checksum error. Diskette IML record older than ROM.
I99903xx
I9990302 I9990303 I9990304 I9990305 I9990306
No Bootable Device, Initial Program Load (IPL) Errors

Invalid disk boot record, unable to read IPL boot record from disk. IML system partition boot failure. No bootable device with ASCII console. No bootable media found. Invalid SCSI Device boot record. (continues)

Code
Continued
Description
I99904xx
I9990401 I9990402 I9990403
IML-to-System Mismatch
Unauthorized access (manufacturing boot request with valid password). Missing ROM IBM copyright notice. IML boot record incompatible with system board/processor card.
I99906xx
IML (boot) Errors
Disk Software Interfaces and Error Codes

The operating system has to talk to the disk drives through the BIOS. Normally the OS calls on the BIOS via a standard software interface called INT13h. INT13h represents a series of functions that the BIOS can perform, regardless of the type of drive. This allows the same operating systems software to work on different types of drives such as IDE or SCSI, even though at a hardware and direct software command level their interfaces are different. The device drivers for the respective drives or controllers translates the INT13h commands into the low-level commands that actually operate the drive. Figure 3 shows a representation of the relationship between different disk software interfaces at work in a typical PC system. This figure shows the chain of command from the hardware, which is the actual drive controller, to the BIOS, OS, and, finally, the application programs.
Disk Interfaces Application Program OS INT 21h OS INT 25/26h
ROM BIOS/Device Drivers INT 13h Disk Controller/Host Adapter I/O Ports CCB/SCB (Command/Subsystem Control Block) Commands Floppy 3F0-3F7 Floppy Drives XT IDE 320-323 Primary ATA-IDE 1F0-1F7 Hard Disk Drives Secondary ATA-IDE 170-177
Figure 3
Disk software interface levels and relationships.
INT13h provides several standard functions which the operating system (or in some cases applications that require more direct disk access) can use. Table 20 shows the different functions available at the Interrupt 13h BIOS interface. Some functions are available to floppy drives or hard drives only, and others are available to both types of drives.
IBM BIOS Beep and Alphanumeric Error Codes Table 20

Function 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 17h 18h 19h 1Ah 1Bh 1Ch
Int13h BIOS Disk Functions

Floppy Disk Hard Disk Description Reset disk system Get status of last operation Read sectors Write sectors Verify sectors Format track Format bad track Format drive Read drive parameters Initialize drive characteristics Read long Write long Seek Alternate hard disk reset Read sector buffer Write sector buffer Test for drive ready Recalibrate drive Controller RAM diagnostic Controller drive diagnostic Controller internal diagnostic Get disk type Get floppy disk change status Set floppy disk type for format Set media type for format Park hard disk heads ESDILow-level format ESDIGet manufacturing header ESDIGet configuration

Often, diagnostics programs use the INT13h interface to talk more directly to the drive, bypassing the operating system and working directly with the BIOS. An example of this type of program would be hard disk low-level format programs or the DiskEdit program that comes with the Norton Utilities, and which allows direct editing of disk sectors, file allocation tables, directories, etc. This type of access is accomplished by sending INT13h commmands directly instead of working with the higher level INT21h operating system commands. INT21h commands are fileoriented, while INT13h commands are cylinder, head, and sector oriented. Anytime a program uses INT13h commands, an error status is returned after each command. If an error occurs, the status will be reported as a number other than 00h, and most programs will then attempt to display this error to the user. Table 21 shows the error codes that might be returned by the BIOS INT13h routines. In some cases you may see these codes referred to when running a low-level format program, disk editor, or other program that can directly access a disk drive through the BIOS.

Code 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 10h 11h 20h 40h 80h AAh BBh CCh 0Eh FFh
INT13h BIOS Error Codes

Description No error Bad command Address mark not found Write protect Request sector not found Reset failed Media change error Initialization failed Cross 64KB DMA boundary Bad sector flag detected Bad track flag detected Bad ECC on disk read ECC corrected data error Controller has failed Seek operation failed Drive failed to respond Drive not ready Undefined error Write fault Register error Sense operation failed
Most of these errors indicate a problem with the disk media, the drive hardware, cable, or controller.
ROM BIOS Hard Drive Parameters

The following explains the column headings used in Tables 22 to 26. Type = Drive type number Cylinders = Total number of cylinders Heads = Total number of heads WPC = Write precompensation starting cylinder 65535 = No write precompensation 0 = Write precompensation on all cylinders Ctrl = Control byte, with values according to the following table.
Bit Number Bit Bit Bit Bit 0 1 2 3 Hex 01h 02h 04h 08h Meaning Not used (XT = drive step rate) Not used (XT = drive step rate) Not used (XT = drive step rate) More than eight heads

Bit Number Bit Bit Bit Bit 4 5 6 7 Hex 10h 20h 40h 80h Meaning Not used (XT = embedded servo drive) OEM defect map at (cylinders +1) Disable ECC retries Disable disk access retries
LZ = Landing-zone cylinder for head parking S/T = Number of sectors per track Meg = Drive capacity in megabytes M = Drive capacity in millions of bytes
Table 22
Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
IBM AT and PS/2 BIOS Hard Disk Table

Cylinders 306 615 615 940 940 615 462 733 900 820 855 855 306 733 0 612 977 977 1024 733 733 733 306 612 306 612 698 976 306 611 Heads 4 4 6 8 6 4 8 5 15 3 5 7 8 7 0 4 5 7 7 5 7 5 4 4 4 4 7 5 4 4 WPC 128 300 300 512 512 65535 256 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 65535 0 0 300 65535 512 300 300 300 0 305 65535 65535 300 488 0 306 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 20h 20h 00h 20h LZ 305 615 615 940 940 615 511 733 901 820 855 855 319 733 0 663 977 977 1023 732 732 733 336 663 340 670 732 977 340 663 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Meg 10.16 20.42 30.63 62.42 46.82 20.42 30.68 30.42 112.06 20.42 35.49 49.68 20.32 42.59 0 20.32 40.55 56.77 59.50 30.42 42.59 30.42 10.16 20.32 10.16 20.32 40.56 40.51 10.16 20.29 M 10.65 21.41 32.12 65.45 49.09 21.41 32.17 31.90 117.50 21.41 37.21 52.09 21.31 44.66 0 21.31 42.52 59.53 62.39 31.90 44.66 31.90 10.65 21.31 10.65 21.31 42.53 42.48 10.65 21.27 (continues)

Type 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Continued
Cylinders 732 1023 614 775 921 402 580 845 769 531 577 654 923 531 0 0 0 Heads 7 5 4 2 2 4 6 2 3 4 2 2 5 8 0 0 0 WPC 300 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 0 0 0 Ctrl 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 20h 00h 00h 00h LZ 732 1023 663 900 1000 460 640 1023 1023 532 1023 674 1023 532 0 0 0 S/T 17 17 25 27 33 26 26 36 36 39 36 32 36 39 0 0 0 Meg 42.53 42.46 29.98 20.43 29.68 20.41 44.18 29.71 40.55 40.45 20.29 20.44 81.12 80.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 M 44.60 44.52 31.44 21.43 31.12 21.41 46.33 31.15 42.52 42.41 21.27 21.43 85.06 84.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
The landing zone (LZ) and sectors per track (S/T) fields are not used in the 10MB (original) controller and contain 00h values for each entry. Table entry 15 is reserved to act as a pointer that indicates the type is greater than 15. Older IBM systems do not have every entry in this table. The maximum usable type number varies for each particular ROM version. Most IBM PS/2 systems were supplied with hard disk drives that have the defect map written as data on the cylinder one cylinder beyond the highest reported cylinder. This special data is read by the IBM PS/2 Advanced Diagnostics low-level format program. This process automates the entry of the defect list and eliminates the chance of human error, as long as you use only the IBM PS/2 Advanced Diagnostics for hard disk low-level formatting. This type of table does not apply to IBM ESDI or SCSI hard disk controllers, host adapters, and drives. Because the ESDI and SCSI controllers or host adapters query the drive directly for the required parameters, no table-entry selection is necessary. Note, however, that the table for the ST-506/412 drives can still be found currently in the ROM BIOS of most of the PS/2 systems, even if the model came standard with an ESDI or SCSI disk subsystem.
Table 23
Type 1 2 3 4
Compaq Deskpro 386 Hard Disk Table

Cylinders 306 615 615 1024 Heads 4 4 6 8 WPC 128 128 128 512 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h LZ 305 638 615 1023 S/T 17 17 17 17 Meg 10.16 20.42 30.63 68.00 M 10.65 21.41 32.12 71.30

Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Cylinders 940 697 462 925 900 980 925 925 612 980 0 612 980 966 1023 733 733 805 924 966 966 1023 966 748 805 615 615 905 748 966 966 966 966 611 1023 1023 1023 1023 805 805 748 748 966 Heads 6 5 8 5 15 5 7 9 8 4 0 4 5 6 8 5 7 6 8 14 16 14 10 16 6 4 8 9 8 7 8 9 5 16 11 15 15 16 4 2 8 6 5 WPC 512 128 256 128 65535 65535 128 128 256 128 0 0 128 128 65535 256 256 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 128 128 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 08h 08h 08h 08h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 08h 08h 08h 08h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h LZ 939 696 511 924 899 980 924 924 611 980 0 612 980 966 1023 732 732 805 924 966 966 1023 966 748 805 615 615 905 748 966 966 966 966 611 1023 1023 1023 1023 805 805 748 748 966 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 26 25 25 25 34 34 34 34 34 63 33 34 33 63 26 26 33 33 25 Meg 46.82 28.93 30.68 38.39 112.06 40.67 53.75 69.10 40.64 32.54 0 20.32 40.67 48.11 67.93 30.42 42.59 40.09 61.36 112.26 128.30 118.88 80.19 99.34 61.32 30.03 60.06 99.43 99.34 112.26 128.30 144.33 80.19 300.73 181.32 254.75 247.26 503.51 40.88 20.44 96.42 72.32 58.96 M 49.09 30.33 32.17 40.26 117.50 42.65 56.36 72.46 42.61 34.12 0 21.31 42.65 50.45 71.23 31.90 44.66 42.04 64.34 117.71 134.53 124.66 84.08 104.17 64.30 31.49 62.98 104.26 104.17 117.71 134.53 151.35 84.08 315.33 190.13 267.13 259.27 527.97 42.86 21.43 101.11 75.83 61.82

Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
AMI ROM BIOS (286 BIOS Version 04/30/89) Hard Disk Table
Cylinders 306 615 615 940 940 615 462 733 900 820 855 855 306 733 0 612 977 977 1024 733 733 733 306 925 925 754 754 699 823 918 1024 1024 1024 612 1024 1024 615 987 987 820 977 981 830 Heads 4 4 6 8 6 4 8 5 15 3 5 7 8 7 0 4 5 7 7 5 7 5 4 7 9 7 11 7 10 7 11 15 5 2 9 8 8 3 7 6 5 5 7 WPC 128 300 300 512 512 65535 256 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 65535 0 0 300 65535 512 300 300 300 0 0 65535 526 65535 256 65535 874 65535 65535 1024 128 65535 512 128 805 805 820 815 811 512 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 08h 00h 08h 00h 08h 08h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h LZ 305 615 615 940 940 615 511 733 901 820 855 855 319 733 0 663 977 977 1023 732 732 733 336 925 925 754 754 699 823 918 1024 1024 1024 612 1024 1024 615 987 987 820 977 981 830 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Meg 10.16 20.42 30.63 62.42 46.82 20.42 30.68 30.42 112.06 20.42 35.49 49.68 20.32 42.59 0 20.32 40.55 56.77 59.50 30.42 42.59 30.42 10.16 53.75 69.10 43.81 68.85 40.62 68.32 53.34 93.50 127.50 42.50 10.16 76.50 68.00 40.84 24.58 57.35 40.84 40.55 40.72 48.23 M 10.65 21.41 32.12 65.45 49.09 21.41 32.17 31.90 117.50 21.41 37.21 52.09 21.31 44.66 0 21.31 42.52 59.53 62.39 31.90 44.66 31.90 10.65 56.36 72.46 45.94 72.19 42.59 71.63 55.93 98.04 133.69 44.56 10.65 80.22 71.30 42.82 25.77 60.14 42.82 42.52 42.69 50.57

Type 44 45 46 47 Cylinders 830 917 1224 0 Heads 10 15 15 0 WPC 65535 65535 65535 0 Ctrl 08h 08h 08h 00h LZ 830 918 1223 0 S/T 17 17 17 0 Meg 68.90 114.18 152.40 0.00 M 72.24 119.72 159.81 0.00
Table 25 shows the Award ROM BIOS (286 BIOS version 04/30/89) (Modular 286, 386SX, and 386 BIOS version 3.05) hard disk parameters.
Table 25
Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Award ROM BIOS Version 3.05 Hard Disk Table

Cylinders 306 615 615 940 940 615 462 733 900 820 855 855 306 733 0 612 977 977 1024 733 733 733 306 977 1024 1224 1224 1224 1024 1024 918 925 Heads 4 4 6 8 6 4 8 5 15 3 5 7 8 7 0 4 5 7 7 5 7 5 4 5 9 7 11 15 8 11 11 9 WPC 128 300 300 512 512 65535 256 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 65535 0 0 300 65535 512 300 300 300 0 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 08h 08h 00h 08h 08h 08h LZ 305 615 615 940 940 615 511 733 901 820 855 855 319 733 0 663 977 977 1023 732 732 733 336 976 1023 1223 1223 1223 1023 1023 1023 926 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Meg 10.16 20.42 30.63 62.42 46.82 20.42 30.68 30.42 112.06 20.42 35.49 49.68 20.32 42.59 0 20.32 40.55 56.77 59.50 30.42 42.59 30.42 10.16 40.55 76.50 71.12 111.76 152.40 68.00 93.50 83.82 69.10 M 10.65 21.41 32.12 65.45 49.09 21.41 32.17 31.90 117.50 21.41 37.21 52.09 21.31 44.66 0 21.31 42.52 59.53 62.39 31.90 44.66 31.90 10.65 42.52 80.22 74.58 117.19 159.81 71.30 98.04 87.89 72.46 (continues)

Type 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Continued
Cylinders 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 918 820 1024 1024 809 820 776 0 0 Heads 10 12 13 14 2 16 15 6 5 5 6 6 8 0 0 WPC 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 0 0 Ctrl 08h 08h 08h 08h 00h 08h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h LZ 1023 1023 1023 1023 1023 1023 1023 820 1023 1023 808 819 775 0 0 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 26 17 26 33 0 0 Meg 85.00 102.00 110.50 119.00 17.00 136.00 114.30 40.84 42.50 65.00 40.29 62.46 100.03 0.00 0.00 M 89.13 106.95 115.87 124.78 17.83 142.61 119.85 42.82 44.56 68.16 42.25 65.50 104.89 0.00 0.00
Table 26 shows the Phoenix 286 ROM BIOS (80286 ROM BIOS version 3.01, dated 11/01/86) hard disk parameters.
Table 26
Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Phoenix 286 (80286 ROM BIOS Version 3.01) Hard Disk Table
Cylinders 306 615 615 940 940 615 462 733 900 820 855 855 306 733 0 612 977 977 1024 733 733 Heads 4 4 6 8 6 4 8 5 15 3 5 7 8 7 0 4 5 7 7 5 7 WPC 128 300 300 512 512 65535 256 65535 65535 65535 65535 65535 128 65535 0 0 300 65535 512 300 300 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h LZ 305 638 615 940 940 615 511 733 901 820 855 855 319 733 0 633 977 977 1023 732 733 S/T 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 Meg 10.16 20.42 30.63 62.42 46.82 20.42 30.68 30.42 112.06 20.42 35.49 49.68 20.32 42.59 0.00 20.32 40.55 56.77 59.50 30.42 42.59 M 10.65 21.41 32.12 65.45 49.09 21.41 32.17 31.90 117.50 21.41 37.21 52.09 21.31 44.66 0.00 21.31 42.52 59.53 62.39 31.90 44.66
Modem Control Codes

Type 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Cylinders 733 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1024 830 823 615 615 917 1023 823 820 1024 925 1024 Heads 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 10 4 8 15 15 10 6 8 9 5 WPC 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 512 65535 256 128 128 65535 65535 512 65535 65535 65535 65535 Ctrl 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 08h 08h 00h 00h 08h 08h 08h 00h 00h 08h 00h LZ 733 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1024 830 824 664 664 918 1024 823 820 1024 925 1024 S/T 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Meg 30.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.50 68.90 68.32 20.42 40.84 114.18 127.38 68.32 40.84 68.00 69.10 42.50 M 31.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 44.56 72.24 71.63 21.41 42.82 119.72 133.56 71.63 42.82 71.30 72.46 44.56
Modem Control Codes

This section lists the command and control codes for popular modems. Most modems use a standard AT command set that was developed by Hayes and augmented by U.S. Robotics. Table 27 comes in handy when you need to reconfigure a modem without the original manual. Even if your modem is not Hayes or U.S. Robotics, it probably follows most of these commands because this command set has become somewhat of a standard. S-register values listed at the end of the table are also somewhat standard but are more subject to variation in the defaults by brand and model.
Table 27
Command
& % A A/
Modem AT Commands and S-Register Features

Modem Functions and Options See Extended Command Set See Extended Command Set Force Answer mode when modem has not received an incoming call Reexecute last command once (continues)

Command
A> Any key AT Bn
Continued
Modem Functions and Options Repeat last command continuously Terminate current connection attempt; exit Repeat mode Attention: must precede all other commands, except A/, A>, and +++ Handshake options B0 CCITT answer sequence B1 Bell answer tone Transmitter On/Off C0 Transmitter Off Transmitter OnDefault Dial number n and go into originate mode Use any of these options: P Pulse dialDefault T Touch-tone dial , (Comma) Pause for two seconds ; Return to command state after dialing ... Dial the letters that follow ! Flash switch-hook to transfer call W Wait for second dial tone (if X3 or higher is set) @ Wait for an answer (if X3 or higher is set) R Reverse frequencies S Dial stored number Dial the last-dialed number Dial number stored in NVRAM at position Command mode local echo; not applicable after a connection has been made E0 Echo Off E1 Echo On Local echo On/Off when a connection has been made F0 Echo On (Half duplex)
C1
Cn
Dn
DL DSn En
Fn
Hn
In
Kn
Echo Off (Full duplex)Default On/Off hook control H0 Hang up (go on hook)Default H1 Go off hook Inquiry I0 Return product code I1 Return memory (ROM) checksum I2 Run memory (RAM) test I3 Return call duration/real time I4 Return current modem settings I5 Return NVRAM settings I6 Return link diagnostics I7 Return product configuration Modem clock operation K0 ATI3 displays call durationDefault K1 ATI3 displays real time; set with ATI3=HH:MM:SSK1
F1
Modem Control Codes

Command
Ln
Modem Functions and Options Loudness of speaker volume L0 Low L1 Low L2 Medium L3 High Monitor (speaker) control M0 Speaker always Off M1 Speaker On until carrier is establishedDefault M2 Speaker always On M3 Speaker On after last digit dialed, Off at carrier detect Return online after command execution O0 Return online, normal O1 Return online, retrain Pulse dial Result codes display Q0 Result codes displayed Q1 Result codes suppressed (quiet mode) Q2 Quiet in answer mode only Set Register commands: r is any S-register; n must be a decimal number between 0 and 255. Set bit .b of register r to n (0/Off or 1/On) Query register r Tone dial Verbal/Numeric result codes V0 Numeric mode V1 Verbal mode Result code options Long space disconnect Y0 Disabled Y1 Enabled; disconnects after 1 1/2-second break Software reset Escape code sequence, preceded and followed by at least one second of no data transmission Pause for 125 msec Repeat command continuously or up to 10 dial attempts, Cancel by pressing any key Online HelpBasic command summary Online HelpAmpersand command summary Online HelpPercent command summary Online HelpDial command summary Online HelpS-register summary Stop/restart display of Help screens Cancel display Help screens Cancel display Help screens (continues)
Mn
P Qn
Sr=n Sr.b=n Sr? T Vn
Xn Yn
Z +++ /(Slash) > $ &$ %$ D$ S$
<Ctrl>-S <Ctrl>-C <Ctrl>-K

Command
Continued
Modem Functions and Options
Extended Command Set

&An
&Bn
ARQ result codes 1417, 19 &A0 Suppress ARQ result codes &A1 Display ARQ result codesDefault &A2 Display HST and V.32 result codes &A3 Display protocol result codes Data Rate, terminal-to-modem (DTE/DCE) &B0 DTE rate follows connection rateDefault &B1 Fixed DTE rate Fixed DTE rate in ARQ mode; variable DTE rate in non-ARQ mode Carrier Detect (CD) operations &C0 CD override &C1 Normal CD operations Data Terminal Ready (DTR) operations &D0 DTR override &D1 DTR Off; goes to command state &D2 DTR Off; goes to command state and on hook &D3 DTR Off; resets modem Load factory settings into RAM Guard tone &G0 No guard tone; U.S., CanadaDefault &G1 Guard tone; some European countries &G2 Guard tone; U.K., requires B0 Transmit Data flow control &H0 Flow control disabledDefault &H1 Hardware (CTS) flow control &H2 Software (XON/XOFF) flow control &H3 Hardware and software control Received Data software flow control
&B2
&Cn
&Dn
&F &Gn
&Hn
&In
&Jn
&Kn
Flow control disabledDefault XON/XOFF to local modem and remote computer &I2 XON/XOFF to local modem only &I3 Host mode, Hewlett-Packard protocol &I4 Terminal mode, Hewlett-Packard protocol &I5 ARQ mode-same as &I2; non-ARQ mode; look for incoming XON/XOFF Telephone jack selection &J0 RJ-11/RJ-41S/RJ-45S &J1 RJ-12/RJ-13 Data compression &K0 Disabled &K1 Auto enable/disableDefault &K2 Enabled &K3 V.42bis only
&I0 &I1
Modem Control Codes

Command Modem Functions and Options

&Ln
&Mn
&Nn
&Pn
Normal/Leased line operation &L0 Normal phone lineDefault &L1 Leased line Error Control/Synchronous Options &M0 Normal mode, no error control &M1 Sync mode &M2 Sync mode 2stored number dialing &M3 Sync mode 3manual dialing &M4 Normal/ARQ modeNormal if ARQ connection cannot be madeDefault &M5 ARQ modehang up if ARQ connection cannot be made Data Rate, data link (DCE/DCE) &N0 Normal link operationsDefault &N1 300bps &N2 1,200bps &N3 2,400bps &N4 4,800bps &N5 7,200bps &N6 9,600bps &N7 12Kbps &N8 14.4Kbps Pulse dial make/break ratio &P0 North AmericaDefault British Commonwealth Received Data hardware (RTS) flow control &R0 CTS tracks RTS &R1 Ignore RTSDefault &R2 Pass received data on RTS high; used Pass received data on RTS high Extended Command Set Data Set Ready (DSR) override &S0 DSR override (always OnDefault) &S1 Modem controls DSR &S2 Pulsed DSR; CTS follows CD &S3 Pulsed DSR Modem testing &T0 End testing &T1 Analog loopback &T2 Reserved &T3 Digital loopback &T4 Grant remote digital loopback &T5 Deny remote digital loopback &T6 Initiate remote digital loopback
&P1
&Rn
&Sn
&Tn
(continues)

Command
Continued

Remote digital loopback with self-test Analog loopback with self-test Write current settings to NVRAM Synchronous timing source &X0 Modems transmit clockDefault &X1 Terminal equipment &X2 Modems receiver clock Break handling. Destructive breaks clear the buffer; expedited Breaks are sent immediately to remote system
&T7 &T8 &W &Xn
&Yn
&Zn=L &Zn=s &Zn? %Rn
%T
Destructive, but dont send break Destructive, expeditedDefault &Y2 Nondestructive, expedited &Y3 Nondestructive, unexpedited Store last-dialed phone number in NVRAM at position Write phone number(s) to NVRAM at position n (0-3); 36 characters maximum Display phone number in NVRAM at position n (n=0-3) Remote access to Rack Controller Unit (RCU) %R0 Disabled %R1 Enabled Enable Touch-tone recognition
&Y0 &Y1
Modem S-Register Functions and Defaults

S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13
Number of rings before automatic answering when DIP switch 5 is UP. Default = 1. S0 = 0 disables Auto Answer, equivalent to DIP switch 5 Down Counts and stores number of rings from incoming call Define escape code character. Default = + Define ASCII carriage return Define ASCII line feed Define ASCII Backspace Number of seconds modem waits before dialing Number of seconds modem waits for a carrier Duration (sec) for pause (,) option in Dial command and pause between command reexecutions for Repeat (>) command Duration (.1 sec units) of remote carrier signal before recognition Duration (.1 sec units) modem waits after loss of carrier before hanging up Duration and spacing (ms) of dialed touch-tones Guard time (in .02 sec units) for escape code sequence (+++) Bitmapped register: 1 Reset when DTR drops 2 Auto answer in originate mode 4 Disable result code pause 8 DS0 on DTR low-to-high
Modem Control Codes

Command Modem Functions and Options

DS0 on power up, ATZ Disable HST modulation 64 Disable MNP Level 3 128 Watchdog hardware reset Bitmapped register: 1 Disable high-frequency equalization 2 Disable online fallback 4 Force 300bps back channel 8 Set non-ARQ transmit buffer to 128 bytes 16 Disable MNP Level 4 32 Set Del as Backspace key 64 Unusual MNP incompatibility 128 Custom applications only
16 32
S15
Bitmapped Register
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 S18 S19 S21 S22 S23
Analog loopback Dial test Test pattern Initiate remote digital loopback Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved &Tn Test timer, disabled when set to 0 Set inactivity timer in minutes Length of Break, DCE to DTE, in 10ms units Define ASCII XON 17 17 Define ASCII XOFF 19 19

S24 S25 S26 S27
S28
Duration (20ms units) of pulsed DSR when modem is set to &S2 or &S3 Delay to DTR in 10ms units Duration (10ms units) of delay between RTS and CTS, synchronous mode Bitmapped register: 1 Enable V.21 modulation, 300bps 2 Enable unencoded V.32 modulation 4 Disable V.32 modulation 8 Disable 2100Hz answer tone 16 Disable MNP handshake 32 Disable V.42 Detect phase 64 Reserved 128 Unusual software incompatibility Duration (.1 sec units) of V.21/V.23 handshake delay (continues)

Command
Continued

S32
Voice/Data switch options: 1 0 Disabled 1 Go off hook in originate mode 2 Go off hook in answer mode 3 Redial last-dialed number 4 Dial number stored at position 0 5 Auto answer toggle On/Off 6 Reset modem Initiate remote digital loopback Bitmapped register: 1 Disable V.32bis 2 Disable enhanced V.32 mode 4 Disable quick V.32 retrain 8 Enable V.23 modulation 16 Change MR LED to DSR 32 Enable MI/MIC 64 Reserved 128 Reserved Duration (sec) before disconnect when DTR drops during an ARQ call
7
S34
S38
ARQ = Automatic repeat request ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange BPS = Bits per second CCITT = Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph CD = Carrier detect CRC = Cyclic redundancy check DCE = Data communications equipment DTE = Data terminal equipment EIA = Electronic Industries Association HDLC = High-level data link control HST = High-speed technology Hz = Hertz LAPM = Link access procedure for modems MI/MIC = Mode indicate/Mode indicate common MNP = Microcom networking protocol NVRAM = Non-volatile memory RAM = Random access memory ROM = Read-only memory SDLC = Synchronous Data Link Control MR = Modem ready LED = Light-emitting diode
DOS Command Reference

DTR = Data terminal ready CTS = Clear to send RTS = Ready to send DSR = Data set ready

Even if the systems you support, upgrade, and repair are all running the latest version of Windows, you will inevitably find yourself occasionally troubleshooting these systems from the DOS command line. With that in mind, I have included this brief DOS command reference to aid you when you are at the command line.*
*This DOS command reference is based substantially on material found in Paul McFedries Windows 98 Unleashed Professional Reference Edition, copyright 1998 Sams Publishing, all rights reserved. Used with permission.
DOS Commands Found in DOS 6.22, Windows 95, and Windows 98

Windows 95 and Windows 98 both still include DOS commands. The version of DOS with Windows 95 is called 7.0 and the version with Windows 98 is called 7.1. For the most part, DOS 7.x commands are just a subset of the commands found in DOS 6.22. However, DOS 7.x does have a few new features not found in DOS 6.x, so the new DOS is not the same as the old DOS. Heres a partial list of improvements: s You can start Windows programs from the DOS prompt and even from within batch files. s The new DOS includes support for long filenames. s Reduced reliance on real-mode drivers means that more conventional memory is available for DOS programs. s Each DOS program can have its own settings and environment (CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT). These are controlled via property sheets, so theres no need to create program information files (PIFs) from scratch for each program. s You can run DOS programs in MS-DOS mode if they need full access to the computers resources. s The DOS session window has a toolbar for easy access to common features. s You can access shared network folders via the command prompt. s Most DOS commands are now native Windows 98 commands. Windows 98 is, for the most part, the operating system on your machine. Yes, it comes with some real-mode components (such as IO.SYS) that are DOS-like, but they really just handle a few chores until Windows 98 can get itself into protected mode. After Windows 98 is running, however, DOS is just two things: s COMMAND.COM, which provides the DOS prompt and a collection of internal DOS commands (such as COPY and DIR) s A few external DOS commands, such as FORMAT.COM and XCOPY.EXE
Technical Reference
For Windows 95 (and, so, Windows 98), Microsoft enhanced some of these commands, dropped other commands, and made a few of the dropped commands available on the CD-ROM. Table 28 lists the internal DOS commands available within the DOS 6.22, Windows 95, and Windows 98 versions of COMMAND.COM.
Table 28
Command
BREAK CD CHCP
The Windows 98 Internal DOS Commands

Description Sets or clears extended Ctrl+C checking. Changes to a different directory or, if run without parameters, displays the name of the current directory. Displays the number of the active character set (code page). You can also use this command to change the active character set for all devices that support character-set switching. Takes the same action as the CD command. Clears the screen. Copies one or more files to the location you specify. Changes the terminal device used to control the computer. Displays or sets the current date. Deletes the files you specify. Displays a list of the files and subfolders that exist in the current or specified folder. Deletes the files you specify. Quits COMMAND.COM and returns to the program that started the command interpreter, if one exists. Loads a program into upper memory. Takes the same action as the LH command. Enables direct disk access. Creates a folder or subfolder. Takes the same action as the MD command. Specifies which folders Windows 98 should search for executable files. Changes the appearance of the command prompt. Deletes a folder. Changes the name of the specified file or files. Takes the same action as the REN command. Takes the same action as the RD command. Displays, sets, or removes environment variables. Displays or sets the current time. Displays the contents of the specified text file. Disables direct disk access. Displays the operating system version number. Directs the operating system to verify that files are written correctly to a disk and displays the status of verification. Displays the volume label and serial number for a disk.
CHDIR CLS COPY CTTY DATE DEL DIR ERASE EXIT LH LOADHIGH LOCK MD MKDIR PATH PROMPT RD REN RENAME RMDIR SET TIME TYPE UNLOCK VER VERIFY VOL

The DOS external commands are located in the COMMAND subfolder of the main Windows 95/98 folder. Table 29 lists the external DOS commands that ship with Windows 95/98.
Table 29
Command
ATTRIB.EXE CHKDSK.EXE CHOICE.COM
The Windows 98 External DOS Commands

Description Displays or changes the attributes of the specified files. Checks a disk for (and optionally repairs) lost and cross-linked clusters. ScanDisk does a better job at finding and repairing these errors. Used in batch files to present the user with a list of options. Starts a new instance of the command interpreter. This file is usually found in the root directory of the boot drive. (Windows 98 only) Runs Windows Script Host scripts. (Windows 95 OSR 2 and Windows 98 only) Converts FAT drives to FAT32. Tests and edits executable files. Deletes a folder and all its files and subfolders. Makes an exact copy of a floppy disk. A memory-resident program that recalls commands, edits previous command lines, and runs macros. Starts a text editor you can use to create and edit ASCII text files. (Windows 95/98 only) Extracts files from a compressed cabinet (CAB) file. Compares two files and displays the differences between them. Starts the FDISK utility. Searches files for a specified text string. Formats a disk. Extracts a file from an Internet Explorer backup information (DAT) file. Configures a keyboard for a specific language. Creates or modifies the volume label of a disk. Displays the amount of used and free memory on the computer. Configures a printer, serial port, or display adapter; sets the keyboard repeat rate; redirects printer output from a parallel port to a serial port; prepares, selects, refreshes, or displays the numbers of the character sets (code pages) for parallel printers or the keyboard and screen; and displays the status of all the devices installed on the computer. Pauses command output to display one screen at a time. Moves files and renames folders. Loads the real-mode CD-ROM driver. Loads country-specific information for national language support. The real-mode version of ScanDisk. (Windows 98 only) Scans the Registry for damage. Reads input, sorts data, and writes the results to the screen, a file, or another device. Enables you to set various parameters for running Windows programs from the DOS prompt. Substitutes a drive letter for a path name. Creates a bootable disk by copying Windows 98s system files and COMMAND.COM to the disk. The extended copy command. (Windows 95 and Windows 98 only) The 32-bit version of XCOPY.
COMMAND.COM CSCRIPT.EXE CVT.EXE DEBUG.EXE DELTREE.EXE DISKCOPY.COM DOSKEY.COM EDIT.COM EXTRACT.EXE FC.EXE FDISK.EXE FIND.EXE FORMAT.COM IEXTRACT.EXE KEYB.COM LABEL.EXE MEM.EXE MODE.COM
MORE.COM MOVE.EXE MSCDEX.EXE NLSFUNC.EXE SCANDISK.EXE SCANREG.EXE SORT.EXE START.EXE SUBST.EXE SYS.COM XCOPY.EXE XCOPY32.EXE
Technical Reference
DOS 6.22 Commands Not Installed by Windows 95/98 but Available on the CD-ROM
Microsoft deleted quite a few DOS commands when it put together the Windows 98 package. Most of these commands were either obsolete (such as EGA.SYS) or dangerous (such as RECOVER). Three of these commands, however, can be found on the Windows 98 CD-ROM in the \TOOLS\OLDMSDOS\ folder. Ive summarized them in Table 30.
Table 30
Command
HELP.COM MSD.EXE QBASIC.EXE
Old DOS Commands Available on the Windows 98 CD-ROM

Description Displays descriptions, syntax, and examples for all DOS commands. HELP.HLP is also available. Runs the Microsoft Diagnostics program used to gather system information for troubleshooting. Superseded by the System Information utility in Windows 98. The programming environment for creating QBASIC applications. QBASIC.HLP is also available.
Table 31 lists commands that were available in the Windows 95 CD-ROM in the \OTHER\OLDMSDOS folder. These were commands that were available in DOS 6.22 but were not installed by Windows 95 because they are obsolete.
Table 31
Command
APPEND.EXE
Old DOS Commands Available on the Windows 95 CD-ROM

Description Establishes a DOS search path for data files. A device driver used by MemMaker to optimize memory use. You cannot use this driver. Extracts a file from compressed format on the DOS distribution disks to a usable uncompressed form. Enables the Print Screen key to print the contents of a graphics screen on a suitable printer. Launches a full screen online help utility for the DOS commands. Client device driver for an InterLnk network. Server device driver for an InterLnk network. Forces a program to load into the second 64KB of memory. Utility for optimizing memory usage by device drivers and other programs loaded by CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. Runs the Microsoft Diagnostics program used to gather system information for troubleshooting. Print spooler for ASCII text files. Starts the Microsoft QuickBASIC development environment, a program for writing and running BASIC language programs. Replaces or adds files to a subdirectory. Restores files created by the BACKUP program from one disk to another. A program used by MemMaker to optimize memory use. You cannot use this program. Displays the subdirectory stricture of a disk. Undeletes a file or group of files.
CHKSTATE.SYS EXPAND.EXE GRAPHICS.COM HELP.COM INTERLNK.EXE INTERSVR.EXE LOADFIX.COM MEMMAKER.EXE MSD.EXE PRINT.EXE QBASIC.EXE REPLACE.EXE RESTORE.EXE SIZER.EXE TREE.EXE UNDELETE.EXE
DOS 6.22 Commands Not Available in Windows 95 or Windows 98

Finally, Table 32 is a list of DOS 6.22 commands that are gone for good and wont be found in either Windows 95 or Windows 98.
Table 32
Command
ASSIGN BACKUP
DOS 6.22
Description In DOS 25, attached an alias drive letter to an existing drive. Replaced by SUBST in DOS 6 and later. A utility to back up files from a hard disk to a series of floppy disks. Replaced by MSBACKUP in DOS 6 and with the GUI version of Backup for Windows 95 and Windows 98. Compares two sets of disk files of the same name and same length. Included in DOS 15 but only on supplemental disk in DOS 6. In DOS 46, a full screen menu driven shell for the DOS command line. Included only on the supplemental disk for DOS 6.2. In DOS 15, edits an ASCII file, replaced by EDIT. Only on supplemental disk in DOS 6. Returns the same help information as including the /? switch with a DOS command. A utility that sped up the process of opening files in DOS. A DOS 35 utility for loading tables of additional character sets for CGA adapters. Only on the supplemental disk in DOS 6. In DOS 3.15, connects one drive to a subdirectory of another. Only on the supplemental disk in DOS 6. In DOS 5, records information about the FAT, the root directory, and optionally the partition table which can be used by UNFORMAT and UNDELETE. Only on the supplemental disk in DOS 6. Microsoft Anti-Virus for Windows 3.x. Microsoft Backup for Windows 3.x. Controls use of APM in laptop systems and other APM-enabled systems. A file recovery utility with DOS 25 that was not distributed with DOS 6 or later. Not recommended for use with any version. DOS version control program that reports a different DOS version number to programs requiring a specific version of DOS to run. File sharing and locking capabilities for DOS. SMARTDrive monitoring and configuration program for Windows 3.x. Recovers a disk that was accidentally formatted. Note that using the /U switch with the FORMAT command will prevent the UNFORMAT command from being able to recover the disk. A memory resident utility that warns you of virus-like activity.
COMP DOSSHELL EDLIN FASTHELP FASTOPEN GRAFTABL JOIN MIRROR
MSAV MSBACKUP POWER RECOVER SETVER SHARE SMARTMON UNFORMAT
VSAFE

ASCII Character Codes

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This is the Current CHead at the BOTTOM of the Page

SOME OF THE MAIN TOPICS IN THIS CHAPTER ARE

ASCII control codes.

191 C2 196 C4 197 C5 193 C1

201 C9 204 CC 200 C8

203 CB 205 CD 186 BA 206 CE 202 CA

187 BB 185 B9 188 BC

176 177 178 219 220

213 D5 198 C6 212 D4

209 D1 205 CD 216 D8 207 CF

184 B8 181 B5 190 BE

214 D6 199 C7 211 D3

210 D2 196 C4 215 D7 208 D0

183 B7 182 B6 189 BD

221 222 223 254

Extended ASCII line-drawing characters.

Technical Reference Table 1

Technical Reference Table 1

Technical Reference Table 1

Extended ASCII Keycodes for ANSI.SYS

Extended ASCII Keycodes for ANSI.SYS

Technical Reference Table 2

EBCDIC Character Codes

EBCDIC Character Codes

Technical Reference Table 3

Technical Reference Table 3

Technical Reference Table 3

Metric System (SI) Prefixes

Metric System Prefixes

001 000 000 000 000 000 000

001 000 000 000 000 000

001 000 000 000 000

U.S.Metric Units of Length Conversions

Conversions from U.S. to Metric

Conversions from Metric to U.S.

Award BIOS Error Codes

Award BIOS Error Messages (ISA and EISA BIOS)

Award BIOS Error Codes

HARD DISK initializing HARD DISK INSTALL FAILURE

Hard disk(s) diagnosis fail

Invalid EISA Configuration

Keyboard error or no keyboard present

Keyboard is locked out Unlock the key Memory Address Error at

Memory parity Error at

OFFENDING ADDRESS NOT FOUND OFFENDING SEGMENT:

Technical Reference Table 8 Continued

Award BIOS POST Codes

Award BIOS POST Codes

Award BIOS Error Codes

Test Memory Refresh Toggle

05h 06h 07h Beh C1h C5h C6h 08h

Early Cache Initialization Setup Interrupt Vector Table

Technical Reference Table 9

20h 21-2Fh 30h 31h

4Fh 50h 51h 52h

Initialize Time Value Setup Virus Protect

AMI BIOS Error Codes

AMI BIOS Error Codes

AMI BIOS Text Error Messages

Technical Reference Table 10

On Board Parity Error

AMI BIOS Error Codes

AMI BIOS Beep Codes