______________________________

The Principles of Translation

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e        *  6  d2   ,   !  .
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! ( BZ    0    , ) (contrastive linguistics.B
H A / )Source  language1= L1
        ! *2
! '2 (language = SL      <*  !  language 2=L2) /  /
 ! '2 ( Target language =TL.
C'  ' translation '  Y   :2   Z'  !  ' interpretation B       26Z  2A  /0   d   *   6Z
)!  '2 ( interpreter . ' '  2 interpreter   Z :  
.


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6+ ) 0123 . /,

 '     Z,0 ! //0 2 t '  B   d</ ! I
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 !Z )   ( Catford, 1965 (!    :

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent
textual material in another language
  ! :Y   B =  ) A(  !    ) Y  .(/
! 2 )   :2 (E. Nida    2I:
  A-  B &2 :  D 2& 2A8  '  ( B60 ' 2 4
 4 =A
&!2 2 ):!(  :2 (P. Newmark
  t B = &2 !    &2   :Y Y

  ):!(  ( Werner Winter

  !  B >  d = :Y B  ! t <^ > & 2!    Y
    ( Cervantes)%:B
=   !  t 4K B& + 8   
! ( Cowley) 4* t   <!  (!:
  ...  , ,  <  <      !  >t !  Y  +.
  C < B2:
= 9 +4 24* 
Traduttore,Traditore
 * < EB
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C ( 2 CD      (.
'  A4 K , 
 B -
 * & %      >4'    A     *  , <! +K
*>t B  ! !(2! ,- <2 K      '  K .
(    ^!  ( !  (Z =   !-  A     Y
   /!, *2  !   (       25 !  ( Z <!' 

!  A  <!'  !'   ! +  :2 /A-  . '  A-    B

 (   A     / !  DI:t   ^! )  (Form
). ( meaning   ( I 2K B B62 ,- 2& 2 !   22X ^!
     +  Y . <  ,6 Z >  (   B2A6
 ! +/Z  K ( 2.
)@23 .

=3/ <: ;1
 (!2 2& Z) (1988 24&   !  :  +AK C2 &
 /   !     ' Bt ( Elephantine)2Z4H .B  B
 
2 !    ^!   ! &! B &   +AK C2 :2
 ' Bt !! .
     ^!     +AK 240 C2  ( .    /0
!!24 !D )  ( Livius Andricus 6 ! !  (  2H . K
+AK C2 !   :2 ! Z  ,- >!  
! 2 t  >! D
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 ' !   !     -  ,! ,  > . Saint ) %K
B   = ( Jerome 
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F!2A . K K 2  BZ40      !2   :4  22^!
.   A
K ) K >I  >I*(   &  H  A  / ! FA
!.
K >* * C2 X  :   D4    K   : =2C
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   C 2H  !   -  d .
 &2  & %6<     ! t Y&  ! ( Bt 
   +2d  +E6 C   '-  .Bt   24 +   +2d 62,Y
! >4 2 2,D C2 1384  1380  . +-
 +AK K !* - F +E6  '   4 A2!  Z6,t  ! . K !*
   !- ,2 =  B> AA  2  DZ   2 Z K   *62
      E   2 4   /-.
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( <   ,- t A -C8 t Y ( - 9  2 /K >

 AH /K d( - Dt  &222 (YF


/
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 &>2  DZ !0   %25  t 6 !,-  X ! 2 F4  0
< 2, K  .    < !,- 2 2   :& >
  2> 2, 2  t .     t  2 2,/  d 6:- 
 t 6  BD,   ( 6  !(6 t!6  t    
   Y>  4 d 6>4  4X & 2W t  :2 62,Y
^! ( .Bt
 260>   '   !    (  ( Mollier) 24! :' 
tt  6    . 9   & 0 2A  * Z  :2
A  2 !  2 > 9  t    . & %     2  Bt 8  2  < - & ,64    ' !.
& %  >   62,Y t 6  !-  ( Bt ( 6 :t  .Bt
!  ,K 2 ! >     , 6 6  t   6 ' 
!   9K.B

 
,.A*/..C.DE 
.C.DE

  ! - (A. Cowley)4 K 62,Y Z* /0  B  &2 ) - ( Pindar
H &      ,,
! =2C     62,Y '   .B  ^!
! ! 4   B ! 6D ! B0   .  K! 4 &     (!:
 6 &2  ,   ,    !  0!  + ' .
     1  <!   :t'  1   6 F '.
 ) - ( Dryden 62,Y* /-! 4     ! 4 *26   B !    
  ! 4  D   K     , <   Y^C)imitation
(  .      *6K:
: metaphrase -1 ,   , A-   A- K ( 2 )  !^ t 
 !(.
  : paraphrase -2   * !>Z ^  , 
   !>Z ('
 26Z  :t )  !>Z !  [Z  ^! (.

 *> , ,[ Z  t D, >!Z   B t ,  *   : imitation-3

.B   4!    +-    t / !( t (!  <!
. ' +-    *> !26  ^  %&
 /    !   A  !  :Y !   Z '  C
AK DI
/   A  !  =    
 +^  =   <!2 :Y 
0 Y6     !2 = A  <!'  !80      *
. 2( ^!+!-  t (
   :2 ,0   2 =  
  ( full translation) + (  !    !   extent)I)
 ( 0G
.*  26  ( translation) partial + 2 / A6
2    4 ( :Y /  ^ -    A  ^- 2, +  
 . ! !,^     ^! K ' :Y A   6K +
>  ^!4  ! C^* ( 2   t   62,Y =  (  K
:2   t  ! =     -  .*26! (' :Y) 62,Y
1- "Let's" usually expresses a suggestion and is reported by the verb "suggest" in indirect
speech.
e.g.: He said, "Let's leave the case at the station"
He suggested leaving the case at the station.

2-The word "Paper" derives from "Papyrus" which is the name of a plant and was used
for writing in old Egypt.

restricted) (   total) ,   '   ( 2^! ( level) K6C

 (  
: A-  2(  K 4   !I *   2 .!2 *26  (
* ( semantics)  (syntax) ! ( morphology)' ( phonology)
:  ! :Y /    ! ! A ,   . ( graphology) 04
Translation is a branch of contrastive linguistics.

.B ,     < 

      :Y  ! - ! !  . ! .2

.that often arises in the gastrointestinal tract tumor is a fibroma The
A2t !!! -  B , !( 4!4   !.
 d'  > ' 0 
* 04    [Z,I ( (! '  !8  +
'     ' :Y /    !  :Y- ' .B
  : =2    ,   B I
.Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language
!4!!t -1 A-  B  !^ *62 4
-2  A-  B  !^ *62 4
-3  A-  B 
 4 ^! .
(   
< ( rank) 0/     : ) ( free

2rank bound) 0/
( MN! *26  ( literal) O5PG.

!      ,6, A B < ^- >I!I  > 
 .    ,6, ^-  =  !t /- I <! . +2D
&  2E ,   H  .B
/ ,' word
( ' A- / group/phrase
 clause
sentence ,
 text


: :   2& *   A ^ 

  Z A  ^!
>I!I      / 1 .    2 C K ( 2 &2 !>Z 
! 
A   ! ,  , ,  .' 2   D '   
 B 
 , , A-   A     .A  A- t < [t
!  !   ,  !    Good bye A-   B  D
A- !   thank you.

,  ,[  Z  A  Z  *     !:0/

2 R

,  ,   C^  !   .    ,   , A-   A[  ^!t <,  ,     .  :2 ( (word- for- word Translation
 ,   ) 6   A4 .B62 A   !>Z
 (    God protector)
.! !A    2&  d 2( ,
 (  > 4  +- ,  ,  *      !:O5PGMN

A- 
Z4B   BZ(  ! !.:t /  ^  -  , 2&
:  !62,Y[ t<
God protect you.
) B (    B ' t9    you , ) B ,  ,   
.( 2 Good- bye  >! Z  62,Y
  !.    !D   '  !2 62,Y      : /
.26!   +   
1) The entire SL text is replaced by TL text material.
2) Some parts of the SL text are left untranslated.
3) This translation Lies between the two extremes of free and rank- based.
4) A total translation in which equivalences shift freely up and down the rank scale.
5) A total translation in which the selection of TL equivalents is deliberately confined to
one rank, in the grammatical units.
6) Translation in which all levels of SL text (grammar, lexis , Phonology.) are replaced
by TL material.
7) Replacement of SL textual material by equivalent TL textual material, not at all levels.

( Peter Newmark).) 2T 5  

Semantic )    !   '    (  !1981)!2
 ,    2    ! >  ( Communicative)2&  ( translation
   ! !  !2  Z( +   d . B  !tB   ,
:*&

- Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as

possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.
- Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic
structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.
BA !tB
 Z4B   ( ,  ,    ) 2    * F C
AK DI
   <,^' 6! 2  !D,   A  >!Z >  *  
  <! 1  K
   ,^ 2& > *  2&   .[ Z :2 !
. ! ,^  2 '!2    9 - /   4K .   ,^
:/
Y  !   / wet paint62,Y BC- B   ' /    ' -1
t = 2 2E!Y  2   2& !  =   ^!8   = A-  . !
.B! A 
: 2Y
   t A- -2
 !2<
2 6  * t  ! > 22 9  B ' E 62,Y  ,    
- It is forbidden to use tobacco products
- No smoking
.2 6  * >  2   2&    ^!  A--3
- It was as dark as coal
2&  ^!.B Orwell George ! Animal Farm  0  62,Y , -4
.2   t 
- They knew every inch of the farm
B24!A  t   +^  .2   ^!    A- C -5
-to kill time
- to rise the price
- to play with someone's feeling
- to break the silence

- golden hair
- to die of hunger
Y Z2) [/ . OA/
'  
  =  * <!   Y .B ' E' =  * <! 

 >>   ,6  'C- <  .B62 t      > + ,6 
*  (6! :!(  ! !.   * <!   ':2 Y?(

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2 , <!  2&  = +  =  * <!.
   C +K ! B 2 6!
. '6!  *   <!0A B 
6! ! !I  6 6 (  (!    John Donne)  DI Z5 
.   
:!(  ( ' ?( =  * <!Etienne Dollet)4 2
.! 0 ' 6! /K  *  ! 

.   <!/   A 2  *   .:2 W   4  A *  ,^>!  Z  *[  Z4  [Z4    *  . 2(      Z( +D  *     ,^   4  A  25 ,  2   0  8  *  .0A
According to Newmark , Cicero(106-43 B.C) believed that:
" a translator must be either an interpreter or a rhetorician and who knows an
interpreter's knowledge is not equaled to bilingualism, and that the rhetorician is not only
one who looks things superficially but one who sees through things " (Newmark:1981)
  B 6'   * <! 2 - 
 A^  26 '  :!( : t  t
!  !9!  )     !( /   )     !( A
.  8 
:!(  ( 1988) !2 2&
"A translator requires a knowledge of literary and non literary textual criticism, since he
has to assess the quality of a text before he decides how to interpret and then translate it.
there are differences between literary and technical translation. The technical translator is
concerned with content and the literary translator, with form. A technical translation must
be literal; a literary translation must be free"

&(  :2?( =  * <!  ,6 -1   ,6 -2 < 20 -3

<tC   .

OA/. Y
 [/
Mollanazar (2001) says:
"A good translation is one which conveys the same message accurately , naturally and
"clearly
:!(  (Duddly Fits) %2t 4
"  <! A-  B :=     *  ! ,  /0 [Z 
 ^ d  , B2t  d  2d-  ".
! % )   ( Maurice Nadeau:B
=   <!     (! A-  A  BC  *  Y   [Z2Z2
 ^ ,    ( "
! t ):!( ( Northrop Frye
"   <!  B Z  ^ , (! ! .  :2   Y!  < ,' 
 B   !  + 6 (  !A6 .
:!( :2 ( Ernest Simmons) :!2 B6
  <!   B !>Z &2  ^ ,  C-' t ) 2 +D (    D 
' .
8 ' ^Z' !< *   !(   B I ?(: 
!>Z -1  ^ ,   .
'6! 4 -2 .  ' [Z
*  -3 <  ( A ) .  t
-4(  B 2K 0 '  .
'    -5 
!   ^  , .

10

.  ' B-' 6! C !8 C  ( -6

.  ' ! F(   Y *C-  -7

: !(  (1974 )  2!

  ,/   : A     6   * !B   <!  
B- %W !  '  >*  B   B60    2I . 2 /   
. A

Dryden ( 1631- 1700) says :

a . the translator must understand the language of the author.
b . the translator must be familiar with the author's thoughts.
c . the translator must look into himself to conform his genius to that of the author's .
d . if the thoughts in the translator's language and those of the author's are identical,
then rendering would occur smoothly.
e . if the thoughts in the translator's language and those of the author's are not identical ,
then redressing is required .

  *2!Y  *^ C< +   ' !    <! Z( ! 

d *2!0 (
:   <!(?  <! 
  2K  2K      (accuracy) B^ / BK   <!  -1
. ,^     4 A >!Z
  2A8    (  <!fluency)  BC   <!  -2
  (!!  Y A-  .     ! !' A -!/ C C^
.  ! AK 2A8 !  !-  <!     / 
    (!!  d6  ! A     (!! B^ e!
.   22 / 
: 

11

t  > C  4 9 . B ' +    

!A^ C d
.2 (
-something new must be added to translations to accommodate for inevitable losses

(Steiner, 1966)
- some translators , having faced the intolerable atrocities and having been tired of
the injustices of their own communities , have found tranquility in translation to keep
themselves away from the tormenting currents . Julia Zulawskis statement is interesting
; In 1950, I started translating to run away from our century for a while . This
statement implies that you do not have to satisfy others curiosities but your own desire
is sometimes a priority
(Mac Shane, 1971)
- the inexperienced young writers can learn from translations carried out by great
translators of great writers and thinkers of great eras . (Mac Shane. 1971)

- translation of a literary work is as tasteless as a stewed strawberry.

1959)

(Harry Smith,

- Almost all translations are bad . (Max Eastman)

- poetry is of so subtle a spirit that in pouring out of one language into another, it will
all evaporate . (Denham)
- the literal translation is a lie, it is a fake and a fraud (Burton, 1973)
- translation is a customs house through which passes, if the custom officials are
not alert , more smuggled goods of foreign idioms than through any other linguistic
frontier
(Julia Casares , 1956)
- we must learn to depend not whole on any man's translation. (George Joey, 17th
century)
- A good translation takes us a very long way . (Goethe, 19th century)
- Translation is a sin . (Grant Showerman. 1916)
- Translation from one language into another is like gazing at a tapestry with the
wrong side out . (Cervantes, 17th century)
- Poetry cannot be translated . (Samuel Johnson, 18th century)
- Translation is like a woman, if it was beautiful, it could not be faithful .

12

- Few readers will get as much out of the originals as they would from a good
translation . (Elsa Gress, 1971)
- I sometimes suspect that the universe is nothing but a translation from God's
original and this is the reason that everything here is topsy- turvy . My cabalist theory
is that Almighty trusted Satan to translate his creation and it was published before he
could correct it . (Isaac Bashevis)
- Translation undresses a literary work, shows it in its true nakedness. An author can
fool himself in his own language, but many of his shortcomings become clear to him in
another language. Translation tells the bitter truth. It unveils all masks . (Isaac
Bashevis)

 _; )^].)
C ( ' :  *26  ' !  (  B   2&  C +E6
. (   >  tC< > B2   B C ( ' B !  <!  
.2) )^]: ,A
  Bt ( d2 2I !    * <!>2(?
! A^ ! 
d
    :2 ' -   + ,6   !9!  /  A  *     
   *   -C8  <! !' :2 (6!  * <!    
 6!  ! !I  6 6    Z !(  (J. Donne )   I
. '   
 t 26 '  C- .   t ,6    2& !   
'C-   .      t Y C2/  t ,6  ,H 
t  > 2(?       :2  KC- :,6  t ,6 
. t  Z 
  ! d Z . B  ' - C  :2 >Y!  
'   ! ! ' <t -C8 62,Y  ! <!  F( 
! , 6 A     !  <B    B,- . 6 + I 62,Y
  0   ! (   6 ! 6  d 9 ,W B> Y
. !I   KC- 
   t F(    ^!   t !d 26 Y 8
t  :2 t  A2   >  < 24 B 62,Y  !   t C
  ( ! '( !Z^ ! K    * ,2< :2 t Y  ^!
.   t 
!   t  A   *2  !   '     - +!- 2
. 2>t > :2I

13

A , ]^) : ) 
). M.

Z ,6  2>   24 ! t       (Malinovsky) 6Z24 '
.    t 4   ! ,2AK   ' :  !X Trobereyand ! ! 
 >  Z <  *2  K B  , '      > 4 
!  62,Y  Bt 2IH   < Z   +K *2    . 62 Y
) (Edward Sapir  4 22 ) Benjamin
 t   > & 2
6 ( Lee Whorf ( 6   !- B 
  B2A6  
 " &- 2" )
 (Sapir Whorf hypothesis  . 
   Z  B  2> 26 2  B
.  
 !  ^!  < ^C :
!!( C- 6  <! 2 ( t >  <^ B2K>
< 0 FY     0   0   > 6 !A' 8  Y
 B2K> < . 62 A 2-
 2 '   !< 29 t      2 5 ,6>  '!2  2Z Z *2
/ > < FY    <tC !!  2>    26
 + !  t  .  ! ' !    <! (kinship terms )
t  62,Y  . 2 BK!    BA6 ,2t   62,Y t
 6 6  > *26 FY>    * Z   . t  "
 &" " !- " [Z4   "  " " [Z4 " Z' ! .  4  B
   62,Y / !>Z / [Z4  "uncle " Z' ! . ,6 2
! " <! & = " - " <!  = < :2 " 4* .
t

62,Y

 __________ aunt<aunt __________ 4

uncle ___________
! ___________ uncle ( t  - !- < 4 
!9! * 2Y &!   '212 . t,
 6& !- 6& + <  - 6& < 4< 6& - < < 4*  24 >
 26,Y ' cousin  . 6 ! t !0 2 , 2  t
: 2   %-   62,Y
& 4< 6  <2  .
< *!- 6!<   .
My aunt bought me a nice present.

14

He married one of his cousins.

 !- !   Y' " &! " B t . 2 BK '  < !&  6
!2 2    .   +    *26  62,Y FY   2K !
.
) Skin6  <!2 (
 *0) Shell  '!2:X  ( + t(
) Bark<(
 '!2) Peel(
A ) Ring(
6) Hide(-Z!(-:-(
< H)HuskF  6 (
&!B
   >4  Y     ! 6 ! B2K> < 
 !/ Z  B2K    B    ! ,6 2 ) (Whorf -
  /0  1   <!   Y  2  !< -  B!   d '  Z6,t
 Z *2 2 5 B    6  !( d2 t B2A6 
 8 2( +D 
 " !(   8  Z   B2 "   22
""Our language determines our mind
  06 
  B2A6  ! ! A " -linguistic determinism ) ) "  - .
t 8  
      2  A   .    ! ,6   t
   Z   F(  25  (! t 8 
 !AK .
  ! Z 2 >  2 !    Z>  (   
! < > *  Z Y!-  . ! Z>< > !  <
6  6    2: , ' .
 < > +AK 6    6  < >  : %-
Noun Adj
t

15

Adj noun
62,Y

   < > < SOV  < SVO   < :2 VSO  VOS .
( O= object
, V= verb
) , S = subject

 : / t  62,Y  *   2 6 Z> <    </ 

 . 2

  Z> ( < > ' ! 2  t : *2 +  6 

 ' 2   riviere , fleure "   4    B  : " 
 "    B   Y: " .   62,Y t!    2K
> &2      /  6 FY  , !   '
FY stream + !  . river
 *  4   : 62,Y'  'Y   scowl 62,Y  B  'Y
Y , !(  scowl   B2A/- <*  
Scowl= look + angrily
 !I !  , 
 !2 ' jerk jerk = pull + suddenly : 62,Y
t    2-   + , ,  > 62,Y t K .
The little man jerked down the brim of his hat and scowled at the girl.

 : /' elope  t   62,Y: 62,Y &2   

  .2  4
 t !

 ,6   Y    !  ,6 2'    . B ' <C   2

   ( out of context ) Bt  *  K '  '  Y   2
! (  * : 2K   2& /   . *2 , 29! ' '  old 
: *2
  & 2
 K B
 <6> B

16

An old man
An old friend
An old tree

An old jacket

> B 

. 2 BK t" [2," ' 

thick

smoke

heavy make-up

[2,
[2, 

strong coffee
heavy accent
concentrated

[2, '!>K
[2, d>4
[2, !,

 'Z ..... H B  2- Z A4  wear ' 62,Y  : /

: 2  ( t    A- . * !  Z  ' t  24 !
Wear a jacket - wear gloves wear tie wear shoes- wear a ring
wear
.glasses wear cosmetics - wear denture

^- ^< 2    B  (. B> 2 A >Z Y! 9!

: .  !2 Y A 2    (^ - Y    (
t
Fork and spoon

 

62,Y
Sooner or later
YI  K

!K 
*

Law and order

2 *

More or less

2* 2
2& 

Hope and fear

Cheese and bread

B6 -!d  t . B Y t >Z !9! ! +     Y ,

 * !   <2Z <  . F  -   >  B !

17

 t F 6 !I !>Z  '& 2I    /*     :2 4

* + ' > > !- !t :2 '  >I ! A ..... 2 BZ
t ' ...... communion , baptism , father , god mother god . 62,Y
 X 2 21 2t !!(  2A8   ( 2    ( 
(!! Z  B    - ,6 Z> ( 2 > !  . ,2AK ! !2
I'   ,0 !     >  4  62,Y t!   . Bt!2
- ' Z   !     4 t  .   ' 
!  - !  !  t 2 :-. B
)^] 
)2 b
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 <   .   B2At  ! 
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  9 >,4 ^C  ?( ^< >2 [Z4    6
> [Z4   !<   / ! C- .'  ^- <  2 t  ?' 
t!!   >  !-  F&   ^-   .  > !Y4  
t  B2  . B : 2 BK
  *2A6 F B66Y 
*    22 !
) ( [t
?(   I Y >  t : B
 2  B 
 2  B 
 2  B !<
(  2 B !< .
) !( !4

 0 !>Z 6 Z8-t   !<  '    +  2?( >2

 ( Z>    BY      Y 2  >  !X4 ' 
 B2  <!'   !  +  /   . 2   +24 ^
A   
 !>2 '   .
 ,6 Y    . B      6 !Y4 '
  !2  2  !-  Z^   +A ?( K .  2(

18

B B  +A '! B-d !A 2 B (,2   t  t ! ' 
.   2A 2 2   *  2A :2I
: 2 ! 62,Y   !
as black as coal
as

'  

 2 

as brave as a lion

2 B-d 
cunning as fox

as clear as crystal

*I  

as like as two beans

2 2 +

as flat as a board

B  t^ 

mouse as poor as a church

'  (+

  (+

: 2 2& t   A-  : /

As graceful as a swan
As good as gold
As meek as a lamb
As soft as wax
As plentiful as blackberries
As smooth as velvet

. B !    62,Y & ' 2 24 B ! +A X t

He is an owl .
: !(  62,Y 24 B " (A " " " & <!+A (t 
. He eats like a horse

19

2 -C8  2 >    6 >*  >0 :2 ( idioms ) C^

 +  !  B6 ,  A-  
 C^ . B A 
 C^ .  2     ! X4  t  B :
 [ ! Z +AK '   +    > 6 K B    ' 
 . > "   ,4 9  C^  t : + 2 2 //0   t  +K
2 ! > 62,Y C^ !

he

'  

he is no scholar

B62 :2I
plays fast and loose

it doesnt serve our purpose

' <!  

I miss him

'  *  4

it's beyond his mind

  K , -

? did you have a good time

BF( <!

he went back on his word

4!K 

she
B>t 
he didnt turn a hair
2 <*  
 YI
he made a scene
 & 2K
takes after her mother
that is my
B <!  !
it makes no appeal
 
be fair
: 
affair
I feel
do me a favor

&
!behave yourself
! come what may
 *  Z4

!  I

! well done

! ! 
blue
!  t

[Z4  [Z4   +K F& 22X A4K ' B2A !  -  :2 >,4 9
.  2& /  > ,4 9    + 62
: t  62,Y >,4 9  ! I

'  

out of sight , out of mind . Bt 

20

better a good lie, than a harmful truth :2Y t B  :2 B,/

as long as the blanket , so far you may stretch  B2,( '  B&
there is a telepathy among heart '  '
he fishes in troubled waters 2(  ! 4 +(
killing two birds with one stone  2  
the face is the index of the heart    A< '6<
Knowledge is power ! !   !
Whenever there is a will, there is way B 6<! !
-

Better late than never

B 2  :(  > 2

: 2  ( t   >,4 9  C^ : /

.More catholic than pope .Carrying coal to new castle .Killing two birds with one stone -

21

. A bird at hand is worth ten on the bush .A burnt child dreads the fire .Actions speak louder than words .All that glitters is not gold .Bird of a feather, flock together .A mans best friend are his ten fingers .Charity begins at home .No gains, no pains .Prevention is better than cure

.Too many cooks spoil the broth

.Beat about the bush .Make hay while the sun shines .Take a leap in the dark .Seeing is believing .One swallow doesnt make summer .There is no smoke without fire .Making mountains out of mole hills .Its never too late to mend -

: 2 2 t   C^> ,4 9 - as like as two beans.

- as flat as a board.
- as plentiful as blackberries .

22

- it's beyond his mind.

- I feel blue .
- that is my affair .
- come what may !
- knowledge is power.
- beat about the bush.
- seeing is believing .
- no pains , no gains.
- charity begins at home .
- more catholic than pope .
- all that glitters is not gold .
- birds of a feather , flock together.

23