2-8

2-8.1 ?
(1) ?
(2) ?
(3) -?
(4) ?
(5) ?
2-8.2 ?
(1) ?
(2) ?
(3) ?
(4) (Defrost) ?
2-8.3 ?
(1) ?
(2) ?
(3) ?
2-8.4 ?
(1) ?
(2) ?
(3) ?
(4) ?
(5) ?
2-8.5 ?
(1) ?
(2) ?

2-8.1 ?
(1) ?





239



(Evaporator)
(Condenser)
(Compressor)
(Expansion Valve)
(Refrigeration Flow Control) (Receiver Tank)

2-8.1 Indirect Contact

(Indirect Contact)

(Direct Contact)

(N2)
(CO2) Cryogenic Refrigeration
( 2-8.2)

( C O 2 N 2 )

( C O 2 N 2 )

2-8.2 Direct Contact

(Compression Cycle)

240

(2) ?
2-8.1

Water ()
Fruits ()
Apples ( )
Apricots
Bananas()
Blackberries
Bluesberries
Cantaloupes()
Cherries()
Cranberries
Dates(dry)()
Dates(fresh)()
Grapefruit()
Grapes()
Lemons()
Limes()
Oranges()
Peaches()
Pears()
Pineapples ()
Plums ()
Prunes (fresh) ()
Raspberries
VEGETABIES()
Asparagus()
Beans, String( )
Beans, lima ()
Beans, dried ()
Beets()
Proccoli ()
Brussols Sprouts
Cabbage ( )
Carrots ()
Cauliflower ()
Corn (green) (-)
Corn (dried) (-)
Cucumbers (,)
Eggplant ()

(oF)
32

BTU/lb/ F

0.5
1.0

114

28.4
28.1
28
28.9
28.6
29
26
27.3
-4.1
27.1
28.4
26.3
28.1
29
28
29.4
28.5
29.4
28
28
30.1

0.86
0.88
0.80
0.88
0.86
0.94
0.87
0.90
0.36
0.82
0.91
0.86
0.92
0.89
0.90
0.90
0.86
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.85

0.45
0.46
0.42
0.46
0.45
0.48
0.45
0.46
0.26
0.43
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45

121
122
108
122
118
132
120
124
29
112
126
116
127
122
124
124
118
122
123
123
122

29.8
29.7
30.1

0.94
0.91
0.73
0.30
0.86
0.92
0.88
0.94
0.86
0.93
0.80
0.28
0.97
0.94

0.48
0.47
0.40
0.24
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.45
0.47
0.43
0.23
0.49
0.47

134
128
94
18
129
130
122
132
126
132
108
15
137
132

31.1
29.2
31
31.2
29.6
30.1
28.9
30.5
30.4
241


Peas (green) ( )
Peas (dried) ( )
Potatoes ( )
Potatoes (sweet) ()
Spinach ()
Squash ()
Tomatoes (green) ()
Tomatoes (ripening) ()
Turnips ()
Vegetables (mixed) ()
MEATS AND FISH
Becon ()
Beef (dried) ( )
Beef (fresh-lean) ()
Beef (fresh-fat) ()
Cod fish (fresh) ()
Fish (frozen) ()
Fish (iced) ()
Fish (dried) ()
Hame and loins (,
)
Lamb ()
Livers ()
Oysters (shell) ()
Oysters (tub) (
)
Pork (fresh) ()
Pork (smoked) ()
Poultry (fresh) ( )
Poultry (frozen) ( )
Sausage (drying) ()
Sausage (franks)
Sausage (fresh) ()
Sausage(smoked)
Scallops ()
Shrimp ()
Veal ()
MISCELLANEOUS
Bread ()
Bread (dough)
Butter ()

(oF)
30
28.9
28.5
30.3
30.1
30.4
40.4
30.5
30

BTU/lb/ F

0.42
0.79
0.22
0.28
0.43
0.82
0.40
0.75
0.48
0.94
0.47
0.92
0.48
0.95
0.48
0.95
0.40
0.93
0.45
0.90

106
14
111
97
132
130
134
134
137
130

27

0.50
0.22-0.34
0.77
0.60
0.90
0.76
0.76
0.56
0.68

0.30
0.19-0.26
0.40
0.35
0.49
0.41
0.41
0.34
0.38

29
7-22
100
79
119
101
101
65
86.5

29
29
27
27

0.67
0.72
0.83
0.90

0.30
0.40
0.44
0.46

83.5
93.3
116
125

28

0.38
0.32
0.37
0.37
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.48
0.45
0.39

86.5

27
27
26
29
26
25
28
28
29

0.68
0.60
0.79
0.79
0.89
0.86
0.89
0.86
0.89
0.83
0.71

0.34

46-53

30 0
17

0.70
0.75
0.64

0.34

15

29
28
28
28

242

106
106
93
86
93
86
116
119
91


Cheese (American) ()
Egg (crated) ()
Egg (frozen) ()
Milk ()
Yeast ()

(oF)
27
27
31

BTU/lb/ F

0.64
0.36
0.76
0.40
0.41
0.93
0.49
0.77
0.41

79
100
100
124
102

2-8.1 32oF
1 BTU/lb/ F 0.5 BTU/lb/ F
(Latent Heat of Fusion) 144 BTU/lb
(3) -?
- P-H Diagram

2-8.3 -
2-8.3
P-H
Sub-cooled liquid
Super Heat

Discharge Line (Pressure, Temperature Gauge)

Suction Line (Pressure, Temperature Gauge)

243


?
(4) ?
8

2-7.1
(5) ?
2-7.1 ?
2-8.2 ?
(1) ?
2-8.1
1. (Compressor)
3 1) (Reciprocating
Compressor) 2) (Rotary Compressor) 3) (Centrifugal Compressor)

R-12, R-22, R-500, R-717 ()

(Single Stage)
(Multi Stage)

)
2-8.4

2. (Condenser)

3 1) (Air
Cooled) 2) (Water Cooled) 3) (Evaporative Condenser)

244

)
2-8.5

3. (Receiver Tank)

Flooded Coil

4. (Expansion Valve)

-

5. (Evaporator)

2-8.6
(2) ?

(Cool Room)

(Frozen Room)
5oC 18oC 10
245

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Freon R12, R22, R502)
(Ammonia: R717)
R12, R502 R22

(Evaporator)

(Direct Expansion) (Condenser)
(Expansion Valve) 2-8.7

2-8.7
(Flooded Coil)

2-8.8

2-8.8
(Pump Recirculation)

246

 3-5
2-8.9

2-8.9

Sharp Freezer

8-10

2-8.10 Sharp Freezer

Contact Freezer Plate Block Freezer

Sharp Freezer

4
2-8.11

2-8.11 Contact Freezer

247

 Air Blast Freezer

1) 3 / 2)
38 W/m2K 3) 1-3 /-

Tunnel Freezer
4-6

2-8.11 Air Blast Freezer Tunnel Freezer

Belt Freezer / IQF (Individual Quick Freezing)

30 2-8.12

Air Flow

2-8.12 Air Blast Freezer Belt Freezer

Fluidized Bed Freezer Belt Freezer
IQF
Air Blast IQF

Cryogenic Freezer
(-196oC) ( -78oC)
Air Blast

248

 2-8.13 Cryogenic Freezer

2-8.2
(W/m2K)
100-1,000
15-50
35-40
140-280

Contact Freezer
Tunnel Freezer
Belt Freezer (Spiral Freezer)
Evaporating Liquid / Solid Freezer

2-8.3

1.Contact Freezer

2.Air Blast Freezer

2.1 Tunnel

Block

IQF

2.2 Belt

IQF

2.3 Fluidization

IQF

3.Cryogenic

IQF

(Wet product)
Pre-Packaged

Pre-Packaged

Tunnel Belt

(Dehydration)
Pre-Packaged

249

(3) ?
(Coefficient of Performance: COP) (Q)
(W) -(P-H diagram)
- R-12, R-22, R-502 R-717
-
1 /
/ COP 4
1.
2. ()
3. ()
4.
-

1. FE AC P-H diagram
2. F () AC B
3. C (S) FE D

E D

F
A

2-8.14 -
-
(h)
hC hB = 1 kg
hD hC = 1 kg
hD - hF = 1 kg

COP =

h C hB
hD h C

(Q)
(W)
0

m (hC hB )

(2-8.1)
(2-8.2)

m (hD hC )

= kg/sec

250


1. - ABF
F Sub Cooled Liquid
COP
2. FED
3. C C

C (Superheated Vapor)
4. 1 3 Sub Cooled
Superheated
hC, hF hB hD
Superheated Vapor
- hC hg
- hF hf hF = hB

- hD Superheated Vapor
C D hD C
C FE D hD
COP

= R-717 ()

= 2.8 Bar (g)

(
= Pg+Patm : Patm = 1.013 ) = 3.813 Bar (abs)

= 15 Bar (g) = 16.013 Bar (abs)

= 114 kW

2-8.15 - R-717 ()

h
251

- 1 hg 3.813 h1 = 1,758 kJ/kg

- 2 h 1 16.013
h2 = 1,967 kJ/kg
- 3 hf 16.013 h3 = 692 kJ/kg
- 4 h4 = h5 = 692 kJ/kg
COP = (h1 h4) / (h2 h1) = (1,758 692) / (1,967 1,758) = 5.10
kW/TR
= 0.75
kW / TR = [COP x 3.14 x (1,000 / 12,000)] 1
= COP x =
5.10 x 114
= 581.4 kWth = 165.31
( 1 = 12,000 Btu / hr = 3.517 kWth)

-
COP
COP
COP
2-8.4

1)



2)

-
-
-
3)
-
-
-
(
)
4)

5)

6)

1)

2)

-
- (Fin)
-
-
3)

-
- (Fin)
()
-
-

4)
5) (Air Bleed)

252

(4) (Defrost) ?
0C

-



1. (Water Defrost)

5-10
(Timer)
2. (Heater Defrost)
(Heater)

3. (Hot Gas Defrost)

2-8.16

2-8.16

253

2-8.3 ?
(1) ?
2-8.5

Direct Expansion

Flood Coil

Pump Recirculation

Individual Unit

0, -18, -30 oC

(2) ?

-
-
-
-
-
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons)

2-8.6

R-11
R-12
R-22
R-134a
R-290
R-500
R-502
R-717

Trichloromonofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Monochlorodifluoromethane

CCl3F
CCl2F2
CHClF2

Propane
Azeotropic Mixture Refrigerant R-12/R-152a 78.3/26.2 wt%
Azeotropic Mixture Refrigerant R-22/R-115 48.8/51.2 wt%
Ammonia

CH3CH2CH3
CCl2F2/CH3CHF2
CHClF2/CClF2CF3
NH3

ODP1
1.0

GWP2
1.0

0.05
0
0

0.34
0.34
0

1
ODP: Ozone Depression Potential R-11 R-11 ODP = 1
2
GWP: Global Warming Potential R-11 (R-11 GWP =1)
254


CFCs HCFCs
CFCs 1 .. 2539 HCFCs ..2573
HCFCs R-22
R-123 R-11, R-143a R-12, R-407c
R-22

1) (Latent Heat) 3) (Specific Volume)
2) (Compression Ratio)
4) (Specific Heat)





(3) (Load of Refrigeration) ?

1) 2)
3) 4)
5)

2-8.4 ?

Cooling Load (kW) c
Electric Power
Consumption of
Refrigeration
(kWh)

x
C.O.P. of
System d

Power of
Auxilary
(kW) h

Motor
Eff

me

Operating
Time (hr)

Trans
Eff t

Operating
Time (hr)

i
Pump, Cooling fan, FCU

255


1.

2.

3.
(COP)

4.
(COP)

5.
(m ; Motor Efficiency)

6.
(t)

3
4%

256

7.
(Operating Time)

- (Optimum Start)
- (Optimum Stop)
-

8.

9.
(Operating Time)

()

(1) ?
(2) ?
(3) ?
(4) (Defrost System) ?
(5) ?
(1) ?

2 COP


(2-8.1)

COP

(hC hB) / (hD hC)

ECON 450 2
2
COP
50% 75% ( 24 350
80% 3 ) [ 1)
2) 2 ]

257


1
2

(Barg)
15.5
14.0

1.
- No.1
- No.2
- R-717
-
3.0 Bar
-
16.5 Bar
-
16.5 Bar
-
3.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
- (Load)
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.
-
No.1 COPL = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1)
-
-m = (COPL x WCL) / (h1 - h4)
-
No. 2 COPH = (h1N - h4N) /(h2N - h1N)
-
%COP = ((COPH - COPL) / COPL) x 100
- WS = WCL - WCH
-
EO = (WCL x h1O) + (WCH x h2O) x LF/100
-
EN = (WCL x h1N) + (WCH x h2N) x LF/100

(Barg)
2.0
2.0

(kW)
400
360

WCL
WCH

kW
kW

400
360

h1

kJ/kg

1,751

h2

kJ/kg

2,005

h4

kJ/kg

696

h1N

kJ/kg

1,751

h2N

kJ/kg

1,989

h4N
LF
hS
h1O
h2O
h1N
h2N
CE

kJ/kg
%
hr/y
hr/y
hr/y
hr/y
hr/y
B/kWh

682
80
8,400
4,200
4,200
2,100
6,300
3.00

4.15

COPL
m

kg/s

1.57
4.49

COPH
%COP

8.19

WS
EO

kW
kWh/y

40.00
2,553,600

EN

kWh/y

2,486,400

258


- ES = (EO - EN)
- CSS = ES x CE

ES
CSS

kWh/y
B/y

67,200
201,600

(2) ?

COP

COP

(Condenser Approach Temperature)

2-3oC 4-6oF

10

11

12

Time

Time

10

11

12

) 1
) 2
2-8.17 COP
2-8.17 COP
COP COP
1 2

(2-8.1) COP

(hC hB) / (hD hC)

= x
x
= [(COP- COP)/ COP] x
x 0.5

= 1-1 / ( / ) x

ECON 450
1 Condenser Approach Temperature
2
( 24 350

259

 80% 3 ) [ 1)
2) 2 ]

(Barg)
2.0
2.0

(Barg) (oC)
15.5
40
14.0
38

1.
-
- R-717
-
3.0 Bar
-
16.5 Bar
- 16.5
Bar
-
3.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
- 15.0 Bar
- (Load)
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.
-
COPO = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1)
-
COPN = (h1N - h4N) /(h2N - h1N)
-
COP = ((COPH - COPL) / COPL) x 100
-
EO = 0.5 x (%COP/100) x WCO x hS x LF/100
-
ES = 1-[1/(hO - hN)] x EO
- CSS = ES x CE

(oC) (oC)
32
35.5
32
37

WCO

kW

400

(kW)
400
360

h1

kJ/kg

1,751

h2

kJ/kg

2,005

h4

kJ/kg

696

h1N

kJ/kg

1,751

h2N
h4N
LF
hS
nO
hn
nn
hn
CE

kJ/kg
kJ/kg
%
h/y

B/kWh

COPO
COPN

1,989
682
80
8,400
1
8,400
2
4,200
3.00

4.15
4.49

%COP

8.19

EO

kWh/y

110,074

ES

kWh/y

55,037

CSS

B/y

165,110

260

(3) ?

COP
1) Evaporator 2) Evaporator 3)
Evaporator 4) Evaporator 5)

( h1-h2 ) COP

(2-8.1) COP = (hC hB) / (hD hC)

ECON 150
-5oC
-10oC

( 24 350
80% 3 ) [ 1)
2) 2 ]

(Barg) (oC)
(Barg)
14.0
2.0
-10
14.0
2.5
-5

261

(kW)
147
-


1.
-
- R-717
-
3.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
-
3.5 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
-
15.0 Bar
- (Load)
-
-
2.
-
COPO = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1)
-
COPN = (h1N - h4N) /(h2N - h1N)
-
%COP = ((COPH - COPL) / COPL) x 100
-
ES = (%COP/100) x WCO x hS x LF/100
- CSS = ES x CE

WCO

kW

147.0

h1

kJ/kg

1,751.0

h2

kJ/kg

1,989.0

h4

kJ/kg

682.0

h1N

kJ/kg

1,757.0

h2N

kJ/kg

1,963.0

h4N
LF
hS
CE

kJ/kg
%
hr/y
B/kWh

682.0
80.0
8,400.0
3.0

COPO

4.5

COPN

5.2

%COP

16.3

ES
CSS

kWh/y
B/y

80,311.4
240,934.2

(4) ?



Hot Gas Defrost

(2-8.1) COP =
(hC hB) / (hD hC)
(Btu/hr)
= [3,412 x heater (kW) x (min)] / 60
Hot Gas (Btu/hr)
= [(3,412 x COP x (kW)) / ( (kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)] x ( )
262


ECON 22
0oC

( 24 350
80% 3 ) [ 1)
2) 2 ]

heater
Hot Gas

(Barg)
19
19

(Barg)
2.7
2.7

(min)
20
-

Heater (kW)
11.5
-

(kW)
22.4
-

WH
T1
WCO

kW
min
kW

11.5
20.0
22.4

h1
h2

kJ/kg
kJ/kg

1,218.0
1,245.0

h4
t
T2
hS
CE

kJ/kg
o
C
min
hr/y
B/kWh

1,066.0
83.0
40.0
8,400.0
3.0

1.
- Heater
-
-
- R-717
- 3.7 Bar
- 20.0 Bar
-
20.0 Bar
-
-
-
-
2.
- COPO = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1)
- Heater
EH = WH x hS x (T1/(T1+T2))
- Heater
EH1 = (3,412 x WH x T1)/60
- Hot Gas
ECO1 = (3,412 x WCO x COPO)/(h1-h4)) x (h2-h4)
- Hot Gas
T3 = (EH1/ECO) x 60
-
ECO = WCO x hS x (T3/(T3+T2)
-
ES = EH - ECO
- CSS = ES x CE

COPO

263

5.6

EH

kWh/y

32,200.0

EH1

Btu/hr

13,079.3

ECO1

Btu

506,728.0

T3

min

1.5

ECO

kWh/y

7,013.5

ES
CSS

kWh/y
B/y

25,186.5
75,559.6

(5) ?
-
-
-
-
-
-

(2-8.1) COP = (hC hB) / (hD hC)

(kg/s)
= (COP x (kW)) / ( (kJ) - (kJ))
(kWth)
= (kg/s) x ( (kJ) - (kJ))

ECON 22
0oC 250 15

6
-
( 24 350 3 ) [ 1)
2) 2 ]

(Barg)
19
19

(Barg)
3.5
3.5

(W)
250
-

(Unit)
15
9

(kW)
22.4
-

WCO

kW

22.4

h1
h2

kJ/kg
kJ/kg

1,204
1,243

h4
WL
nO
nN

kJ/kg
Watt
unit
unit

1,066
250
15
9

1.
-
-R-717
- 4.5 Bar
- 20.0 Bar
-
20.0 Bar
-
-
-
264

FC
hS
CE

-
-
-
2.
- COPO = (h1 - h4) / (h2 - h1)

mR = (COP x WCO) / (h1-h4)

Q1 = mR x (h1-h4)
kW/TR ReP = WCO/(Q1/3.517)

QS1 = 3.412 x WL x (nO-nN) x FC

QS = QS1 x hS
ES = ReP x (QS/12,000)
CSS = ES x CE

h/y
B/kWh

1.25
8,400
3.00

COPO

3.54

mR
Q1
ReP

kg/s
kWth
kW/TR

0.57
79.30
0.99

QS1

Btu/hr

6,397.50

QS
ES
CSS

Btuh/y
kWh/y
B/y

3,739,000
4,449.15
13,347.46

2-8.5 ?
(1) ?

1.
1.1
load
1.2

1.3
(High pressure)
(Low pressure)

1.4

1.5

10C

90%
80 %

Load 80-90%

(Low pressure) 10 C

265

1.6

1.7
(Unload)

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

2.
2.1 /

2.2

.

266

4 %

Unload
40-50%

(Oil free)

2.3

2.4

2.5 1

........
1

2.6

2.7

2.8

..........

2.9

2.10

(Header)

Header

GPM/kW

GPM/kW

4 %

267

2.11

.........

2.12

2.13

3.
3.1

........

3.2 (CT)

10-20%
20-30%

3.3

3.4
Sprinkle Pipe

1/3
1/3

3.5 Sprinkle Pipe

3.6

3.7

3.8
CT

268

40%

2 F

Chiller 20-30%

1/3

Sprinkle Pipe

Louver

3.9 CT

3.10 filler

3.11

40F
40F

3.12

3.13

3.14
chiller 1

3.15

3.16

4.
4.1

CT
(Hood)
CT

chiller kW/TR

filling

40F

Spinkle pipe Spinkle head
filling


()

filling

3%

(High pressure)

269

4.2

condenser

60F
60F

4.3

4.4

40F
40F

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10 EV

4.11

270

60F

40F

(Eliminator)
EV

4%

5.
5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.9

6.
6.1

.......................

271

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5 2

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10

6.11

6.12

272

6.13

6.14

(2) ?

1.
1.1
-
-
1.2

1.3
- Refrigerant dryer
-
-
1.4
-
-
- /
- /
2.
2.1
-
-
- Automatic air vent
2.2 (Strainer)
2.3
-
-
2.4

273


3.
3.1
- PVC Filling
-
-
3.2
-
- -
- (butterfly valve)
3.3 () ()
4.
4.1
- (Air filter)
- (Cooling coil)
4.2
-
-
-
-
4.3
-
-

274