CHNG 6: B BIN TN MC TIU THC HIN: Sau khi hc xong bi ny sinh vin s t c kin thc sau: - Hiu c nguyn

tc hot ng ca thit b bin tn - Phn tch c tng quan gia dng in, in p v ng dng ca thit b bin tn.

6.1. Cc khi nim c bn: B bin tn l thit b dng bin i ngun in c tn s f1 c nh thnh ngun in c tn s fr thay i c nh cc kha bn dn. Bin tn chia lm hai loi: Bin tn gin tip v bin tn trc tip.

Bin tn gin tip hay cn gi l bin tn c khu trung gian mt chiu, dng b chnh lu bin i ngun xoay chiu thnh ngun mt chiu, sau li dng b nghch lu bin i ngun mt chiu thnh ngun xoay chiu. Khu trung gian mt chiu ng vai tr mt khu tch lu nng lng di dng ngun p dng t n hoc ngun dng dng cun cm to ra mt khu cch ly nht nh gia ph ti v ngun in p li.

Bin tn trc tip khc vi bin tn gin tip, Bin tn trc tip to ra in p trn ti bng cc phn ca in p li, mi ln ni ti vo ngun bng mt phn t ng ngt duy nht trong mt khong thi gian nht nh,khng thng qua mt khu nng lng trung gian no.

u v khuyt ca bin tn trc tip v gin tip Bin tn trc tip c th trao i nng lng vi li in mt cch lin tc. Nht l i vi cc ng c cng sut ln v cc ln t hng trm Kw n vi Mw. Ngoi ra tn hao cng sut bin tn trc tip cng t hn v ph ti ch ni vi ngun qua mt phn t ng ct, khng phi qua hai phn t v qua khu trung gian nh bin tn gin tip. S van v qui lut iu khin bin tn trc tip s phc tp hn bin tn gin tip. Vi k thut in t v k thut vi x l pht trin hin nay th vn ny hon ton thc hin c.

6.2. Bin tn gin tip: Bin tn gin tip c cu to t b chnh lu, khu lc trung gian v b nghch lu. Tu thuc khu trung gian mt chiu lm vic ch ngun dng hay ngun p bin tn chia lm 3 loi chnh: Bin tn ngun dng. Bin tn ngun p vi ngun c iu khin. Bin tn ngun p khng iu khin

6.2.1. Bin tn ngun dng:

Bin tn ngun dng dng chnh lu c iu khin cng vi cun cm to nn ngun dng cung cp cho nghch lu ngun dng song song.H thng t chuyn mch c cch ly vi ti qua h thng diode cch ly .Dng ra nghch lu c dng xung hnh ch nht, in p ra c dng tng i Sin nu ph ti l ng c.

u im ca bin tn loi ny khi dng vi ng c khng ng b c kh nng tr nng lng v li. Vi cng sut nh th s ny khng ph hp v hiu sut km v cng knh nhng vi cng sut trn 100 Kw th y l mt phng n hiu qu. Nhc im ca s ny l h s cng sut thp v ph thuc vo ph ti, nht l khi ti nh.

6.2.2. Bin tn ngun p vi ngun c iu khin

Bin tn ngun p dng nghch lu ngun p vi u vo mt chiu iu khin c. in p mt chiu cung cp( dng chnh lu c iu khin hoc chnh lu khng iu khin) sau iu chnh nh b bin i xung p mt chiu. Bin tn ngun p c dng in p ra xung ch nht, bin c iu chnh nh thay i in p mt chiu.

Hnh dng v gi tr in p ra khng ph thuc ph ti, dng in ti xc nh. in p ra c mo phi tuyn ln, c th khng ph hp vi mt s loi ph ti. H s cng sut ca s khng i, khng ph thuc vo ti. Tuy nhin phi qua nhiu khu bin i v hiu sut km, do ch ph thuc cho ti nh, di 30KW. Ngy nay bin tn ngun p c ch to ch yu vi in p bin iu b rng xung.

6.2.3. Bin tn ngun p bin iu b rng xung

Dng chnh lu khng iu khin u vo. in p v tn s u ra s hon ton do phn nghch lu xc nh. Nghch lu thng s dng cc van iu khin hon ton nh GTO, IGBT, Transistor cng sut. IGBT hoc Transistor cng sut c s dng cho bin tn cng sut ti 300 KW in p li u vo n 690V. Tn s sng mang n 12Khz i vi cng sut 55Khz , vi cng sut ln hn tn s ny b gii hn di 3 Khz.

GTO c s dng cho cc bin tn cng sut trn 300KW, in p li n 690V tn s sng mang 1 Khz. Tn s ng ngt cao trong bin iu b rng xung to ra in p u ra gn Sin hoc ch cn nhng mch lc LC n gin l c th to in p hnh Sin tuyt i. H s cng sut ca s gn nh bng 1 (c 0.98) v khng ph thuc vo ph ti. Tuy nhin thi im ng in ban u dng np cho t mt chiu c th c gi tr rt ln, cn phi c hn ch dng khi ng np t ban u.

6.3. Gii thiu v b bin tn trc tip: Bin tn trc tip l thit b bin i trc tip ngun xoay chiu c tn s f1 sang ngun xoay chiu c tn s fr.
Nguo n Nguo n Bo bie n ta n tr c tie p Ta n so Bie n o i K ie u khie n ie n a p /ta n so Ta n so co nh

6.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn trc tip

B bin tn trc tip gm hai nhm chuyn mch ni song song ngc. Cho xung m ln lt hai nhm chnh lu trn ta s nhn c dng in xoay chiu chy qua ti. mi pha u ra (a, b, c) c cp in bi hai nhm Thyristor. Nhm T to ra dng in chy thun v nhm N to ra dng chy ngc.

 hn ch dng k sinh chy qua hai Thyristor ca nhm T v nhm N ang dn, ngi ta dng cc cun khng K1 v K6.

f1

~
V1

T1

N4 T3

N6

T5

N2

K1

K4

K3

K6

K5

K2

fr Vr Bien oi K

6.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca b bin tn trc tip

Khi iu khin theo nhm th mi nhm c m trong na chu k in p u ra. Xt s lm vic pha a Trong khong thi gian t1: nhm T1 m, cn trong khong t2 th nhm N4 m. Cc Thyristor trong cng mt nhm chuyn mch cho nhau nh in p li (chuyn mch t nhin). Mi Thyristor m 1/3 chu k ca in p li. Thay i s Thyristor m trong mi nhm ta s thay i c thi gian ca chu k in p u ra T2= t1 + t2 do thay i c tn s u ra ca bin tn.

Va(V)

t(s)

a
T1 Tr T2

Va(V) b

T th ta tm c mi quan h gia tn s li v tn s ra:

fr T1 m = = f1 T2 2n + m 2

Trong : m: s pha u vo ca b bin tn (m=3). n: s nh hnh sin (tc s Thyristor m mi nhm) trong mt na chu k ca in p ra. Tn s u ra lun ln nh hn tn s li v n l s nguyn nn tn s ra c iu chnh nhy cp. in p ra Vr c thay i bng cch thay i gc chm ca cc Thyristor

 to ra in p ba pha u ra ta iu khin cc nhm Thyristor m theo th t T1-N2-T3-N4-T5-N6-T1 mi nhm cho m 1/3 chu k ca in p ra. Nu in p ra c lc phng hon ton th bng cch iu khin nh trn ta c th in p ra ba pha (h thng in p ba pha u ra b bin tn trc tip) Nhn xt: Hiu sut cao v tn tht nng lng khng ng k, khng cn dng t chuyn mch. Ch cho tn s fr <f1 tc < 0. Lm vic ch tnh nn thun tin i vi nhng c cu cn di chuyn nhiu
VA(v)
T1 2/3 N4 T1

wt(rad)

Vb
T3 N6 N6

wt(rad)

Vc
T5 N2 N2

wt(rad)

6.4. B bin tn gin tip: B bin tn gin tip l b bin i ngun in xoay chiu c V1, f1 l hng s thnh ngun in xoay chiu c Vr, fr bin i, qua khu trung gian mt chiu. Tn s u ra c xc nh bi nhp ng m ca cc thit b nghch lu. Thit b bin tn gin tip gm ba khu c bn. Khu chnh lu: bin i ngun xoay chiu sang mt chiu. B lc: gim bt nhp nh ca p v dng u ra ca b chnh lu. Khu nghch lu: bin i in p mt chiu t vo ng c (Thit b nghch lu c th l Thyristor hoc transistor cng sut)
IE U KHIE N nguo n NGHCH fr,vr LU bie n o i K

+
VdF1

+ LO C -

CHNH LU

HSO

6.4.1. Bin tn p dng Thyristor

Nhm chnh lu gm 6 Thyristor T7 n T12 va lm chc nng bin i dng in p t xoay chiu thnh mt chiu va c nhim v iu chnh gi tr in p V0. B lc phng gm cc cun khng K v t C0. Phn chnh lu ca nhm nghch lu l cc Thyristor T1-T6. Chng c m theo th t T1-T2----T6. Cch nhau 1/6 chu k p ra. Nh vy ti mi thi im c hai Thyristor m, mt ni vi cc dng v mt ni vi cc m ca in p V0. Kt qu in p dy u ra a vo ng c c dng nh sau
K K1

D7

D9

D11

T1
+

T3 +

T5 -

T7

T9

T11

C1 + C5 D1 D3
C0

C3

Vuf1 ~ V0

D5

D4
D10 D12 D8

D6 + + C4 C2

a b c
D2 C6 + -

T10

T12 T8

T4

T6

T2

K2

in p u ra b bin tn gin tip

Vab [V]

wt (rad)

Bng cch thay i khong thi gian m Thyristor ta thay i c thi gian chu k ca in p ra, ngha l iu chnh c tn s ra.

T C1-C6 chuyn mch gia cc Thyristor Gi s trong mt khong no T1 v T2 m, t C1 c np t ngun vi cc tnh nh hnh v. Khi cho xung m T3 t C1 phng qua T1 v T3 to ra dng in kha T1 h tr cho T3 m. Cc diode D1-D6 ngn tc dng ca cc t chuyn mch vi ph ti, lm cho p trn ti khng b nh hng bi s phng np ca t. Cc diode D7-D12 to mt cu ngc, c tc dng m ng cho dng in phn khng t pha ng c chy v t C0. Dng in ny xut hin do s lch pha gia dng v p ng c. Vy t C0 c nhim v cha nng lng phn khng v ng c l mt ti n gin i vi b nghch lu m c tc ng mt cch khc nhau vi tng iu ha ca dng sng in p. i vi b nghch lu p dng sng ny gn nh ch nht.

 gi c quan h in p/tn s=const, ta c th p dng phng php iu ch b rng xung. cho in p ra c dng gn vi hnh sin hn ngi ta tm cch phi hp cc xung iu khin b nghch lu. iu ny c thc hin bng cch to ra mt sng sin chun mong mun v so snh n vi mt di xung tam gic. Giao im gia hai sng xc nh cc thi im mi cc Thyristor. Khi mun gim bin sng c bn i mt na th sng chun hnh sin cng phi gim i mt na. Khi gim tn s sng chun hnh sin th s xung mi chu k s tng ln.

Nguyn l lm vic ca b nghch lu Thyristor theo phng php iu khin xung

Trong chu k ca in p ra ta ng ct Thyristor mt s ln nht nh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra ph thuc vo t s thi gian ng m. Nu c hai Thyristor T1 v T2 cng dn, dng in i t ngun qua T1 v T2 pha a v pha c, in p Vac=V0. Nu ta cho T2 ngng dn th lc dng ti qua T1, D5 v Vac=0. Nu cho T1 ngng dn T2 dn th dng ti qua T2 v D4, Vac=0. Nu T1 v T2 ngng dn, dng in ti s qua D5, D4 v ngc chiu ngun in Vac= -V0.
+
T5 T1 D1 T3 D3 D5

Vo
T6 D4 T4 D6 D2 T2

Khi T1 v T2 cng dn nng lng c a t ngun mt chiu vo ti. Khi T1, T2 ngng dn nng lng t ti c a tr li ngun cn khi c mt Thyristor dn th gia ngun v ti khng c trao i nng lng. th biu din qu trnh xung in p lc ban iu khin b bin tn bng phng php xung
+ v0 a
0

t1

t2

t(s)

-v0 +v0 b
0

ts)

-v0 t1 c
0

ts) t2

Mch nh hnh v trn c dng sng gn nh hnh ch nht. Transistor T ng vai tr nh mt b iu chnh in p mt chiu iu khin in p lin lc. Tn s ng ct c th ln hn v cc thnh phn b lc nh hn so vi trng hp dng thyristor. iu ch b rng xung cho php loi b Transistor ny. Cc thyristor Th1 v Th2 c nhim v bo v ngn mch, hay n bo v cho Transistor khi c dng qu ln trong b nghch lu, lc ny Thyristor c mi, ngn mch b nghch lu v tc ng thit b bo v.
T K T1 T3 T5

V1~

C1

Th2

C2 Th1

a b c
T4 T6 T2

Bin tn dng dng Thyristor Nguyn tc hot ng Cu chnh lu iu khin gm 6 Thyristor T7-T12 cu bin tn gm 6 thyristor T1-T6. Mi Thyristor c ni tip qua mt Diode v trong mi na cu c 3 t in. Cu chnh lu thng qua in cm K san bng cung cp cho cu bin tn dng in Id. mi thi im c hai Thyristor dn in cc Thyristor c iu khin m theo th t 1,2,....,6,1, mi thyristor dn trong khong 1200.
K

T1 T7 T9 T11

T3

T5

V1 ~

D1 D3

D5

D4

D6

D2

K T10 T12 T8

T4

T6

T2

Dng in ra c dng gn nh bc thang. in p ra c dng hnh sin nhng mang cc inh nhn ti cc thi im chuyn mch. Ta bit rng cc diode ni ngc b nghch lu p ngn cn in p lin lc mt chiu i cc tnh v cho dng in ngc chy qua. Khi vt qu tc c th ng c tr thnh my pht. Do i cc tnh in p gc m c th lm b bin tn lm vic ch nghch lu v tr nng lng v ngun.

Bin tn dng transistor Nguyn tc hot ng B nghch lu dng Transistor cng s dng 6 Transistor v 6 diode. Nhng trong s nghch lu dng cc diode c mc ni tip vi cc Transistor v cc diode ny c nhim v ngn dng ngc bo v cho tt c cc transistor
+
T1 T3 T5

D1

D3

D5

Vo K
D2

D4

D6

T4

T6

T2

Vic dng ngy cng nhiu cc Thyristor kha bng cc khin hay Transistor cng sut trong cc b nghch lu p chng t rng b nghch lu dng khng c s dng rng ri vi truyn ng cng sut nh v gy ra moment v va p ln, cc cun dy c kch thc ln v vic iu chnh tc kh