Thong Tin Ve Tinh

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
THNG TIN V TINH

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
THNG TIN V TINH
Bin son :
TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG
LI NI U
Thng tin v tinh tr thnh mt phng tin thng tin rt ph bin v a dng. N th hin t cc cho anten truyn hnh gia nh cho n cc h thng thng tin ton cu truyn cc khi lng s liu v lu lng thoi ln cng vi cc chng trnh truyn hnh. V mt v tinh c th ph sng cho mt vng rng ln trn tri t, nn mt b pht p trn v tnh c th cho php ni mng nhiu trm mt t t cc vng a l cch xa nhau trn tri t. Cc v tinh m bo ng truyn thng tin cho cc cho cc vng dn c xa xi ho lnh khi m cc phng tin thng tin khc kh t n. T nghin cu cc s liu quan trc hn 20 nm ca nh thin vn Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler chng minh rng cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri trn cc qu o elip ch khng phi trn. ng tng kt cc nghin cu ca mnh trong ba nh lut chuyn ng hnh tinh. Hai nh lut u c cng b trong tp ch New Astromy vo nm 1609 v nh lut th ba c cng b trong cun sch Harmony of The World vo nm 1619. Ba nh lut ny c trnh by nh sau. nh lut 1. Qu o cu mt hnh tinh c dng elip vi mt tri nm ti tiu im nh lut 2. Bn knh ca vect ni hnh tinh v mt tri qut cc din tch bng nhau trong khong thi gian bng nhau nh lut 3. Bnh phng chu k quay quanh qu o ca hnh tinh t l vi lp phng bn trc chnh ca elip Ba nh lut ny l c s m t qu o ca v tinh quay quanh tri t trong v tinh ng vai tr hnh tinh cn tri t ng vai tr mt tri. n nay nhiu h thng thng tin v tinh c thit lp vi cc qu o v tinh khc nhau, trong ch c v tinh Molnya ca Lin x c l s dng qu o elip, cn cc v tinh cn li u s dng qu o trn. Hin nay khng ch c cc h thng thng tin v tinh cho cc i tng c nh m cc h thng thng tin v tinh di ng cng c thit lp v a vo khai thc. Ngy cng c xu th tch hp thng tin v tinh vi thng tin mt t. Ti liu ny bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "Thng tin v tinh" c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v thng tin v tinh. Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng, Truyn dn v tuyn s, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn. Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n cc kin thc cn bn v thng tin v tinh. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui ti liu ny. Ti liu ny c chia lm by chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l p n cho cc bi tp.
Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

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Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Tng quan cc qu o v tinh trong thng tin v tinh Phn b tn s Cc v tinh ca INTELSAT Cc v tinh DOMSAT Cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh 1.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng Tham kho thm [1] v [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp 1.1.3. Mc ch chng Hiu c cc loi qu o v ng dng ca chng trong thng tin v tinh Hiu c t chc ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh Hiu c quy hoch tn s cho thng tin v tinh
1.2. CC QU O V TINH TRONG CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

Tu thuc vo cao so vi mt t cc qu o ca v tinh trong h thng thng tin v tinh c chia thnh (hnh 2.1): * HEO (Highly Elpitical Orbit): qu o elip cao * GSO (Geostationary Orbit) hay GEO (Geostatinary Earth Orbit): qu o a tnh * MEO (Medium Earth Orbit): qu o trung * LEO (Low Earth Orbit): qu o thp.
MEO 40.000 km 10.000 km 1.000 km GEO 36.000km HEO
LEO
Hnh 1.1. Cc qu o v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh
1.3. PHN B TN S CHO CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

Phn b tn s cho cc dch v v tinh l mt qu trnh rt phc tp i hi s cng tc quc t v c quy hoch. Phn b tn c thc hin di s bo tr ca Lin on vin thng quc t (ITU). tin cho vic quy hoch tn s, ton th gii c chia thnh ba vng: Vng 1: Chu u, Chu Phi, Lin x c v Mng C Vng 2: Bc M, Nam M v o Xanh Vng 3: Chu (tr vng 1), c v Ty nam Thi Bnh Dng Trong cc vng ny bng tn c phn b cho cc dch v v tinh khc nhau, mc d mt dch v c th c cp pht cc bng tn khc nhau cc vng khc nhau. Cc dch v do v tinh cung cp bao gm: Cc dch v v tinh c nh (FSS) Cc dch v v tinh qung b (BSS) Cc dch v v tinh di ng (MSS) Cc dch v v tinh o hng Cc dch v v tinh kh tng Tng phn loi trn li c chia thnh cc phn nhm dch v; chng hn dch v v tinh c nh cung cp cc ng truyn cho cc mng in thoi hin c cng nh cc tn hiu truyn hnh cho cc hng TV cp phn phi trn cc h thng cp. Cc dch v v tinh qung b c mc ch ch yu pht qung b trc tip n gia nh v i khi c gi l v tinh qung b trc tip (DBS:direct broadcast setellite), Chu u gi l dch v trc tip n nh (DTH: direct to home). Cc dch v v tinh di ng bao gm: di ng mt t, di ng trn bin v di ng trn my bay. Cc dch v v tinh o hng bao gm cc h thng nh v ton cu v cc v tinh cho cc dch v kh tng thng cung cp c dch v tm kim v cu h. Bng 1.1. lit k cc k hiu bng tn s dng chung cho cc dch v v tinh.

Bng 1.1. Cc k hiu bng tn Di tn, GHz 0,1-0,3 0,3-1,0 1,0-2,0 2,0-4,0 4,0-8,0 8,0-12,0 12,0-18,0 18,0-27,0 27,0-40,0 40,0-75 75-110 110-300 300-3000 K hiu bng tn VHF UHF L S C X Ku K Ka V W mm m
Bng Ku l bng nm di bng K cn bng Ka l bng nm trn K. Ku l bng hin nay c s dng cho cc v tinh qung b trc tip v n cng c s dng cho mt s dch v v tinh c nh. Bng C c s dng cho cc dch v v tinh c nh v cc dch v qung b trc tip khng c s dng bng ny. Bng VHF c s dng cho mt s dch v di ng v o hng v truyn s liu t cc v tinh thi tit. Bng L c s dng cho cc dch v di ng v cc h thng o hng. i vi cc dch v v tinh c nh trong bng C, phn bng c s dng rng ri nht l vo khong t 4 n 6 GHz. Hu nh cc tn s cao hn c s dng cho ng ln v thng bng C c k hiu l 6/4 GHz trong con s vit trc l tn s ng ln. i vi dch v qung b trc tip trong bng Ku, di thng c s dng l vo khong t 12 n 14 GHz v c k hiu l 14/12 GHz. Mc d cc n nh tn s c thc hin c th hn v chng c th nm ngoi cc gi tr c trch dn y (chng hn cc n nh tn s bng Ku c th l 14,030 GHz v 11,730 GHz), cc gi tr gn ng c a ra trn hon ton tho mn cho cc tnh ton c lin quan n tn s.
1.4. INTELSAT
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite) l mt t chc c thnh lp vo nm 1964 bao gm 140 nc thnh vin v c u t bi 40 t chc. Cc h thng v tinh INTELSAT u s dng qu o a tnh. H thng v tinh INTELSAT ph ba vng chnh: vng i Ty Dng (AOR: Atlanthic Ocean Region), vng n Dng (IOR: Indian Ocean Region) v vng Thi Bnh Dng (POR: Pacific Ocean Region). INTELSAT VI cung cp lu lng trong AOR gp ba ln trong IOR v hai ln trong IOR. v POR cng li. Nh vy h thng v tinh ny ch yu m bo lu lng cho AOR. Thng 5/1999 c ba v tinh INTELSAT VI phc v trong AOR v hai trong IOR. Cc v tinh INTELSAT VII-VII/A c phng trong khong thi gian t 11/1993 n 6/1996 vi thi hn phc v t 10 n 15 nm. Cc v tinh ny c thit k ch yu phc v POR v mt phn AOR. Cc v tinh ny c dung lng 22.500 knh thoi hai chiu v 3 knh TV. Nu s dng nhn knh s c th nng s knh thoi ln 112.500 knh hai chiu. 3

Cc v tinh INTELSAT VIII-VII/A c phng trong khong thi gian t 2/1997 n 6/1998 vi thi hn phc v t 14 n 17 nm. Cc v tinh ny c dung lng ging nh VII/A. Cc v tinh INTELSAT IX l seri v tinh c phng mun nht (t qu 1 /2001). Cc v tinh ny cung cp di dch v rng hn bao gm c cc dch v nh: internet, TV n nh (DTH), khm bnh t xa, dy hc t xa, video tng tc v a phng tin. Ngoi ra cc v tinh INTELSAT cng cung cp cc dch v ni a hoc cc dch v vng gia cc nc.
1.5. V TINH NI A, DOMSAT V tinh ni a c vit tt l DOMSAT (domestic satellite). Cc v tinh ny c s

dng cung cp cc dch v khc nhau nh: thoi, s liu, truyn dn TV trong mt nc. Cc v tinh ny thng c t trn qu o a tnh. Ti M cc v tinh ny cng cho php la chn cc knh truyn hnh cho my thu gia nh, ngoi ra chng cn cung cp mt khi lng ln lu lng thng tin thng mi. Cc DOMSAT cung cp dch v DTH c th c cc cng sut rt khc nhau. (EIRP t 37dBW n 60 dBW). Bng 1.2 di y cho thy c tnh c bn ca ba loi v tinh DOMSAT ti M. Bng 1.2. c tnh ca ba loi DOMSAT ti M Cng sut cao Cng sut trung bnh Bng K Ku Ku Tn s ng xung 12,2-12,7 11,7-12,2 (GHz) Tn s ng ln (GHz) 17,3-17,8 14-14,5 Dch v v tinh BSS FSS Mc ch ban u DBS im n im
Cng sut thp C 3,7-4,2 5,925-6,425 FSS im n im
Mc ch ban u l ch c cc v tinh cng sut ln cung cp dch v v tinh qung b (DBS). Cc v tinh cng sut trung bnh ch yu cung cp dch v im n im v mt phn DBS. Cn cc v tinh cng sut thp ch cung cp dch v im n im. Tuy nhin t kinh nghim ngi ta thy my thu v tinh truyn hnh (TVRO) cng c th bt c cc chng trnh t bng C, nn nhiu gia nh s dng cc cho anten bng C bt cc chng trnh truyn hnh. Hin ny nhiu hng truyn thng qung b mt m ha chng trnh bng C, v th ch c th bt c chng trnh ny sau khi gii m.
1.6. CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG V TINH

Thng tin di ng v tinh trong mi nm gn y tri qua nhng bin i cch mng bt u t h thng thng tin di ng v tinh hng hi (INMARSAT) vi cc v tinh qu o a tnh (GSO). Nm 1996 INMARSAT phng 3 trong s nm v tinh ca INMARSAT 3 to ra cc chm bp hp chiu x ton cu. Tri t c chia thnh cc vng rng ln c phc v bi cc chm bp hp ny. Vi cng mt cng sut pht cc chm bp hp to ra c EIRP ln hn nhiu so vi cc chm bp ton cu. Nh vy vic thit k u cui mt t s n gin hn, 4

v u cui mt t s nhn thy anten v tinh vi t s gia h s khuych i anten v nhit tp m h thng (G/Ts) ln hn v EIRP ng xung ln hn. Ngi ta d nh c th s dng thit b u cui mt t vi kch thc s tay. Hin nay cc v tinh GSO cho php cc thit b di ng mt t trn t hoc kch c va li. Vi EIRP t v tinh ln, cc my di ng c th s dng cc anten c kch thc trung bnh cho dch v thu s liu v thoi. Tuy nhin vn cha th cung cp dch v cho cc my thu pht cm tay. m bo hot ng vng sng vi ba thp cho cc b thu pht cm tay h thng v tinh GSO cn c anten d m (h s khuych i anten cao) t c bn trong thit b phng v cng sut pht b sung. Chng hn bng L (1 n 2 GHz), kch thc anten c th t 10 n 15 m. S d cn nh vy v my thu pht cm tay c cng sut pht thp (vi trm mW) v h s khuych i anten thp (0 n 3 dB). Cng sut pht ca my cm tay ph thuc vo acqui (v trng lng ca n), nhng quan trng hn l an ton cho ngi s dng. V th cc vng di mt t i hi mt thng lng cng sut n anten cao hn (t c nh EIRP cao) v t s G/Ts v tinh cao (anten thu v tinh c h s khuych i cao) bt c tn hiu yu t my pht ca my cm tay. Mt t chc GSO hin nay c th cung cp dch v cho cc my pht thu kch thc va li l: Hng v tinh di ng M (AMSC) s dng v tinh GSO t 1010W. V tinh ny m bo dch v cho thng tin ca ngi s dng bng L v s dng bng Ku (11 n 18 GHz) giao din vi trm ca mt t ni kt ni vi mng PSTN. Tt c cc v tinh di ng cung cp dch v ting ph thuc vo anten trm mt t c tnh hng (G>10dB). C th s dng cc anten c khuych i thp hn nhng ch c th cung cp dch v cho tc s liu thp hoc nhn tin (phi thoi). Hin nay thng tin di ng v tinh ang chuyn sang dch v thng tin di ng c nhn (PCS) vi cc my thu pht cm tay. i vi ng dng ny cc v tinh phi c qu o thp (LEO) ( cao vo khong 1000 km) v qu o trung MEO ( cao khong 10.000 km). Cc v tinh ny s dng cc chm bp hp chiu x mt t to thnh cu trc t ong ging nh cc h thng t ong mt t. Tuy nhin do v tinh bay nn cc chm bp ny di ng v c bn trm di ng c th coi l dng i vi cc bp hp (t ong) chuyn ng kh nhanh. Cng c th lp trnh cc bp hp ny qut sng cc vng phc v mt t v duy tr vng chiu c nh nh h thng t ong. Tuy nhin iu ny i hi cc anten phc tp hn, chng hn dn chnh pha hay anten qut c kh hoc iu khin cao qu o v tinh. Mt s hng ang a ra cc n LEO hay MEO cung cp c dch v truyn s liu v ting. Ch yu cc dch v s liu c cung cp bi cc h thng v tinh LEO nh, cn c hai dch v s liu v ting c cung cp bi cc h thng LEO ln. Ni chung cc v tinh ca LEO ln phc tp (v t tin) hn. Trong phn di y ta s xt mt s h thng thng tin di ng v tinh in hnh.
1.6.1 Dch v di ng ca h thng GSO

1.6.1.1. Dch v cho Bc M ng dng u tin ca h thng GSO cung cp dch v di ng v tinh c thc hin khi MARISAT c a vo hot ng. Cng nghip dch v di ng v tinh ra i t chng trnh ca US Navy nhm cung cp thng tin cho tu cp b bng cch s dng ba knh UHF. Ngoi UHF, Comsat (INMARSAT) cng thu cc knh L s dng anten xon m bo dch v 5

thng mi. Tip theo l s ra i ca MARECS, IVMCS v INMARSAT, nhng MARISAT vn tip tc hot ng. Pht trin cao nht l chm v tinh ca INMARSAT-3 m bo cc bp ton cu v cc bp hp. Tt c cc h thng ni trn ch yu cung cp dch v cho thng tin hng hi, tuy nhin hin nay INMARSAT cung cp c dch v thng tin di ng cho t lin v hng khng. ng dch v ca cc h thng ny s dng bng L, cn ng tip sng s dng bng C. Cc h thng ny khng cung cp c dch v cho cc my cm tay. Comsat pht trin u cui xch tay c tn gi l Planet 1 s dng dch v do INMARSAT-3 cung cp. Cc bp hp to ra EIRP v G/Ts ln thng tin vi my xch tay. tip tc pht trin thng tin di ng v tinh, nm 1985 FCC cho php Cngxoocxiom ca cc hng cung cp dch v cho M. Tp on v tinh di ng M AMSC nhn c cp php ny. H thng v tinh ny c t tn l AMSC. H thng c th cung cp: dch v thng tin di ng v tinh mt t (LMSS), dch v thng tin di ng v tinh hng khng (AMSS) v dch v thng tin di ng v tinh hng hi (MMSS). H thng c th cung cp cc dch v thoi, s liu v Fax cho cc my xch tay, t trn t hay cc trm c nh. Dch v ny c tn l trn tri (Skycell). Dch v t ong (cho my cm tay) c th nhn c nh khai thc song mt vng c h thng thng tin di ng t ong mt t. AMSC khng mnh cung cp dch v cho my cm tay, v anten mt t phi c khuych i khong 10 dB t c dch v ting tin cy. Thng 4/ 1995 v tinh AMSC c phng v a vo phc v vi thng sau . AMSC-1 c t kinh 1010W. FCC cho php AMSC phng ba v tinh. Hng di ng Telesat ca Canada tho thun lin doanh phng v tinh (MSAT). V tinh ny c phng v t kinh 1060W. Tn s cng tc ng dch v ca AMSC-1 l: 1530-1559 MHz cho ng xung v 1631,5-1660 MHz cho ng ln. Tn s cho ng tip sng l: bng 13 GHz cho ng xung v bng 10 GHz cho ng ln. V tinh hot ng nh ng cong "bent pipe" (hai trm mt t u nhn thy v tinh trong lc lin lc) v khng c x l trn v tinh. u cui ca ngi s dng lm vic bng L. Qu trnh nh tuyn tn hiu n v t v tinh c cho hnh 1.3. Hai anten d m c s dng kt ni thng tin gia hai ngi s dng. Anten siu cao tn (SHF) cho bp sng c nh dng ph sng hu ht Bc M. Khng c ng ni trc tip bng L gia hai ngi s dng. thc hin cuc gi, ngi s dng pht tn hiu ng ln bng L n v tinh, v tinh tn hiu ny chuyn i tn s c pht xung tn s 13 GHz n trung tm iu khin. Trung tm ny n nh cp knh cho pha khi xng v kt cui cuc gi. Sau khi kt ni c thc hin, hai pha c th thng tin vi nhau. Tn hiu pha khi xng c pht ln n v tinh, sau t v tinh pht xung n trm cng v t trm ny n c pht ln n v tinh. Ti y n c chuyn vo bng L v pht n trm kt cui. Nu pha kt cui khng phi my di ng, trm cng kt ni cuc gi n PSTN ni ht. Sau khi cuc gi kt thc, knh c gii phng. Thc cht thng tin y c thc hin hai chng v khng c kt ni trc tip bng L. Thut ng k thut c s dng cho trng hp ny l: khng u ni bng L vi bng L v tinh. Trc ht AMSC s dng cc u cui hai ch v tinh/t ong. Nu my di ng khng th kt ni n h thng t ong mt t, cuc gi c nh tuyn qua ch v tinh.
Hnh 1.3. V tinh hai bng tn AMSC

1.6.1.2. Dch v cho chu u bng h thng Archimedes Hng hng khng v tr chu u xut s dng v tinh tia chp "Molnya' qu o elip im cc vin m bo dch v ting bng u cui kch thc vali cho chu u. S dng dng qu o ny c hai ci li. N cho php gc ngng bp anten cao hn (khong 700), nh th gim phainh nhiu tia xy ra khi s dng gc ngng thp v che ti ca cc vt cn. Ngoi ra anten ca ngi s dng khng cn thit phi v hng v v tinh c nhn thy trong khong thi gian di vng cc vin. Hai yu t ny (gc ngng cao v tnh hng anten tng) cho php gim qu ng truyn, nh vy tit kim ng k cng sut v tinh. Chm v tinh trong trng hp ny s dng bn v tinh vi mi v tinh mt qu o Molnia, nt ln cch nhau 900 v gc nghing 63,40. Cc v tinh c nh pha xung quanh im cc vin ti cc thi im khc nhau c th ph c ton chu u trong 24 gi. Vi chu k quay 12 gi, hai cc vin xy ra bn cu bc, nhng ch im trn chu u l c tch cc. im cc vin c nhn thy trong khong thi gian t 6 n 8 gi, trong khong thi gian ny cc v tinh c tch cc. Cu hnh ca h thng v tinh ny c cho hnh1.4a.
Cc anten d m bng L (1,5 MHz ng ln; 1,6 MHz ng xung) * V tinh ng nghing, cc knh tuyn tnh (trong sut i vi khun dng tn hiu ) * Ba b pht p SHF L L SHF SHF SHF
Anten SHF (tia c to dng)
Hnh 1.4. a) cc qu ao v tinh Molnya; b) cu hnh h thng thng tin di ng v tinh ASMC v Archimedes. Anten trn mi v tinh ( khong thi gian gn im cc vin) s chiu x chu u bng 6 bp. Lu rng trong khong thi gian ny c ly n trm mt t s thay i v th mc tn hiu thay i vo khong 4 dB. Nu khng thay i chiu x ca bp anten (chng hn gim rng
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ca bp khi tin n gn im cc vin) th kch thc ca vt ph cng thay i. Vic gim rng bp cng dn n tng h s khuych i, iu ny l cn thit v c ly n trm mt t tng. H thng cung cp dch v bng L. Mi v tinh m bo cung cp dch v cho 3000 knh thoi. Cu hnh ca v tinh cho h thng ASMC v Archimedes ging nhau v c cho hnh 1.4b. C hai h thng u s dng b pht p "ng cong" nh vy c th s dng chng cho mi tiu chun iu ch v truy nhp.
1.6.2. Dch v di ng v tinh qu o khng phi a tnh (NGSO)

Cha kho pht trin dch v thng tin di ng l m bo thng tin c nhn mi ni mi ch cho cc my thu pht cm tay vi gi thnh hp l. Nh s ra i ca phng php x l tn hiu s mi v vi mch tch hp cao (MMIC, VLSI) iu ny c th thc hin c. Bc tip theo l tin hnh giao din vi c s h tng hin c ca thng tin di ng t ong mt t. Giao din ny cho php khai thc song mt v tinh-mt t. S ra i ca cc v tinh thng tin NGSO nhm t c mc ch ny. y l cc v tinh LEO ( cao qu o 1000 km) v MEO ( cao qu o 10.000 km). Hnh1.5 cho thy cu trc in hnh ca h thng thng tin v tinh LEO/MEO. cc phn di y ta s xt cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh LEO.
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Hnh 1.5. Cu trc chung ca mt h thng thng tin LEO/MEO 1.6.2.1. Dch v v tinh di ng LEO nh
M FCC cp php cho cc h thng LEO nh lm vic tn s thp hn 1GHz trong cc bng tn VHF/UHF. Cc v tinh ny lm vic ch lu-v-pht cho dch v s liu v pht bn tin nhng khng c dch v ting. Ni chung cc v tinh ny nh nhng t phc tp hn LEO ln. cao ca chng vo khong 1300 km. Chng cng c thit k lm vic vi cc my thu pht cm tay. FCC cp php LEO nh t mt cho ba t chc sau: ORBCOMM (Orbital Sciences Corporation), Starsys Global Posisioning System (Starsys) v VITA (Volunteer in Technical Assistance). ORBCOMM xut t chm 36 v tinh vo 4 mt phng qu o nghing 450 vi tm v tinh trn tng qu o. Ngoi ra cu hnh ny cn c hai mt phng qu ao nghing 790 8

v hai v tinh mi qu o. ORBCOMM cng ngh FCC cho php thay i h thng bng cch s dng 8 v tinh cho mi qu o nghing 700. Starsys s phng 24 v tinh trong 6 mt phng nghing 530 vi 4 v tinh mi mt phng. VITA th phng mt v tinh vo qu o nghing 880, nhng b lc mt v s c phng. Hai v tinh u tin ca ORCOMM vi tn gi l Microstar c phng vo 4/1995. 36 v tinh cn li c phng vo nm 1997. Nm 1994 FCC cp php t hai cho cc LEO nh.
1.6.2.2. LEO ln cho ting v s liu

Vo u nhng nm 1990 su hng ca M lm n xin php cung cp thng tin c nhn ton cu v lin tc. Nm hng s khai thc cc cao thp hn so vi cc v tinh qu o a tnh. Cc v tinh ny c gi l NGSO v c thit k hot ng qu o thp (LEO) v trung (MEO). Hng th su xut khai thc h thng ca mnh cao a tnh. m bo dch v lin tc cc v tinh lm vic qu o thp cn c chm v tinh nhiu qu o, v chng ch xut hin trong trng nhn mt vi phn trm thi gian ca qu o. Thng thng l 10 n 15 pht cho LEO v 2 gi cho MEO. Cc v tinh ny c thit k m bo dch v ting, s liu, Fax v thng tin nh v cho cc my thu pht cm tay. Khng nh cc h thng t ong mt t cc h thng v tinh ny c th cung cp dch v cho cc vng xa xi v vng bin khi cn thit. V th h thng thng tin di ng v tinh l h thng thng tin di ng b sung cho h thng mt t v c th cho php lm vic song mt. Trong thc t nhiu nh cung cp h thng v tinh thit k cc my cm tay hot ng song mt v cng giao tip c vi mng in thoi ni ht trong vng phc v. Nm 1995 FCC cp php cho ba hng v li n ca hai hng ch n khi h chng minh c kh nng ti chnh. Ba hng c cp php gm: Motorola (Iridium), TWR (Odissey) v Loral/Qualcom (Globalstar). Bng tn d kin cho hot ng ca cc h thng ny l: 1610 MHz n 1626 MHz ng ln v 2483 n 2500 MHz ng xung. Cc bng tn ny thng c gi l bng L v S. Bng 1.3 tng kt cc thng s ca cc h thng ny. Lu rng tt c cc dch v u c cung cp bng tn cao hn 1 GHz. ICO Global (Intermediate Communication Global) l mt chi nhnh ca Inmarsat. Globalstar, Iridium v CCI-Aries s dng LEO cc cao thp hn 1500 km. Odyssey v ICO Global s dng MEO cao vo khong 10.000 km. Ellipso-Elippsat s dung ba qu o cho chm ca h. Hai qu o elip c gc nghing 63,50 v lch tm vo khong 0,35. Qu o th ba l qu o trn trong pht phng xch o hot ng cao 7800 km. Iridium thc hin x l trn v tinh
Cc dn anten L v S Hnh 1.5. Cu trc v tinh Globalstar v cho php ni cho v tinh chuyn tip ting v s liu n cc qu o khc hoc n v tin ln cn. Tt c cc v tinh u s dng anten dn phng (bng L hoc bng S) cho ng dch v (bp hp). Cc ng nui s dng anten loa bng Ka hoc anten dn bng C. Cu trc ca v tinh Globalstar c cho hnh 1.5.

Chm Thng s Ngi s dng/ lnh vc s dng
Bng 1.3. Tng kt cc thng s ca cc h thng LEO ln Odyssey Globalstar Iridium CCI-Aries
in thoi vng xa, t ong vng xa, l hnh quc t Ting, s liu, fax, nhn tin Ton cu MEO 10.354 km/<6gi 12(2 d tr) 3/520 1917 kg 15 nm 19,4-19,6/ 29,1-25,25 1,610-1,62135/ 2,4835-2500 ng cong 61 >3000 khng in thoi vng in thoi vng T ong vng xa, xa, t ong vng xa, t ong vng l hnh quc t. xa, l hnh quc xa, l hnh quc t. t. Ting, s liu, Ting, s liu, Ting, s liu, fax, RDSS, nhn fax, RDSS fax, RDSS tin Ton cu LEO 1414km/114 pht 48(8 d tr) 8/520 426 kg 15 nm 5,091-5,250/ 6,875-7,055 1,610-1,62135/ 2,4835-2500 ng cong 16 2800 khng Ton cu LEO 785 km/100 pht 66(6 d tr) 6/86,40 700 kg 15 nm 19,3-19,6/29,129,4 1,62135-1,6265 Bng C 1,610-1,62135/ 2,4835-2500 Ton cu LEO 1018 pht 48 4/900 <500 kg km/105
Dch v
Vng ph Kiu qu o cao/chu k S v tinh (d tr) S mt/nghing Trng lng v tinh Thi gian hot ng Tn s: trm cng Ln/xung, GHz Ngi s dung Ln/xung, GHz Kiu pht p S bp hp trn v tinh S knh trn v tinh S ng ni cho v tinh, GHz iu ch a thm nhp Thi gian kt ni v tinh Gc ngng cc tiu Tc s liu (my cm tay) Kbps
c x l 48 2300 4/v tinh 25 Mbit/s 23,18-23,38 QPSK TDMA 9 pht 820 4,8 (ting 2,4 (s liu) khng 32
Tri ph QPSK CDMA 1-2 gi 220 4,2 (ting) 1,2-9,6 (s liu)
Tri ph QPSK CDMA 10-12 pht 100-200 1,2-9,6 (ting) 2,4-9,6 (s liu)
CDMA
10

Cp php FCC Ngy phng u tin Khai thc hon ton Anten v tinh 1/95 1998 1999 dn 1/95 1997 1998 (4) dn 1/95 1997 1998 (4) dn khng 1997
1.7. TNG KT
Chng ny xt tng quan cc qu o v tinh c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tin. Phn b tn s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng cng c xt trong chng ny. Cc tn s ng ln v ng xung ca h thng thng tin v tinh khng ging nhau. Trong hai u thng tin pha no c cng sut pht ln hn s s dng tn s cao hn c th b tr tt hn suy hao ng truyn. Chng hn trong INTELSAT, trm mt t c cng sut ln ln s s dng tn s ng ln cao hn cn trm pht p c cng sut nh hn nn s s dng tn s ng xung thp hn. iu ny hon ton ngc li i vi h thng thng tin di ng trong my u cui do ch c th pht cng sut nh nn s s dng tn s ng ln thp hn so vi tn s pht xung t v tinh. Cc qu o a tnh c s dng nhiu nht cho thng tin v tinh v v tr ca n c nh tng i so vi mt t v v mt v tinh c th ph sng cho 1/3 din tch tri t. Cc h thng INTELSAT v DOMSAT s dng cc qu o ny cho cc dch v c nh nh thoi, s liu v truyn hnh. Cc qu o a tnh cng c th s dng cung cp dch v thng tin di ng, tuy nhin anten trn v tinh phi c kch thc ln (anten d m) c EIRP cao v h s phm cht trm v tinh (G/Ts) cng phi cao. Cc qu o LEO v MEO thng c s dng cho cc dch v di ng c nhn v khong cch ca cc v tinh khng xa mt t. Cc thng s cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh LEO ln c cho trong bng 1.3.
1.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Trnh by cc qu o c s dng trong thng tin v tinh Trnh by phn b tn s trong thng tin v tinh Trnh by cc v tinh INTELSAT v cc dch v do chng cung cp Trnh by cc v tinh DOMSAT v cc dch v do chng cung cp Trnh by cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh s dng qu o GSO Trnh by cu trc chung ca h thng thng tin LEO/MEO Trnh by cc thng s chnh ca cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh LEO
11
Chng 2. Cc qu o v tinh
CHNG 2 CC QU O V TINH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
2.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Cc nh lut Keppler Cc thut ng lin quan n qu o v tinh Cc phn t qu o Cc lc nhiu dn n thay di v tr v tinh trn qu o Cc qu o nghing Qu o a tnh 2.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng Tham kho thm [1] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng 2.1.3. Mc ich chng Hiu c cc nh lut Keppler m t qu o v tinh Bit c cc thut ng thng dng cho v tinh Hiu c cc phn t qu o Hiu c cc lc nhiu dn n thay i v tr v tinh trn qu ao Hiu c cch tnh ton gc nhn ca v tinh a tnh c th thit k c mt tuyn v tinh
2.2. CC NH LUT KEPLER

Cc v tinh quay quanh tri t tun theo cng cc nh lut iu khin s chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh xung quanh mt tri. T lu da trn cc quan trc k lng ngi ta hiu c s chuyn ng ca cc hnh tinh. T cc quan trc ny, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) rt ra bng thc nghim ba nh lut m t chuyn ng hnh tinh. Tng qut cc nh lut Kepler c th p dng cho hai vt th bt k trong khng gian tng tc vi nhau qua lc hp dn. Vt th c khi lng ln hn trong hai vt th c gi l s cp cn vt th th hai c gi l v tinh.
12
2.2.1. nh lut Kepler th nht

nh lut Kepler th nht pht biu rng ng chuyn ng ca mt v tinh xung quang vt th s cp s l mt hnh elip. Mt hnh elip c hai tiu im F1 v F2 nh thy hnh 2.1. Tm khi lng ca h thng hai vt th ny c gi l tm bary lun lun nm ti mt trong hai tiu im. Trong trng hp c xt do s khc bit rt ln gia khi lng ca qu t v v tinh, tm khi lng trng vi tm ca tri t v v th tm tri t lun nm trong mt tiu im.
Trc ph F1 Tm Elip b F2
Trc chnh
Hnh 2.1. Cc tiu im F1, F2, bn trc chnh a v bn trc ph b i vi mt elip Bn trc chnh ca Elip c k hiu l a v bn trc ph c k hiu l b. lch tm e c xc nh nh sau:
e= a b
2 2
(2.1)
lch tm v bn trc chnh l hai thng s xc nh cc v tinh quay quanh tri t. 0<e<1 i vi mt qu o v tinh. Khi e=0 qu o tr thnh ng trn. 2.2.2. nh lut Kepler th hai nh lut Kepler th hai pht biu rng trong cc khong thi gian bng nhau, v tinh s qut cc din tch bng nhau trong mt phng qu o ca n vi tiu im ti tm bary (hnh 2.2).
Qu t
A2 S2 A1
S1
V tinh
Hnh 2.2. nh lut Kepler th hai
13
T hnh 2.2 ta thy n coi rng v tich chuyn dch cc qung ng l S1 v S2 mt trong 1 giy th cc din tch A1 v A2 bng nhau. Do S1 v S2 l tc bay ca v tinh nn t nh lut din tch bng nhau ny, ta rt ra rng tc S2 thp hn tc S1. T y ta suy ra rng v tinh phi mt nhiu thi gian hn bay ht mt qung ng cho trc khi n cch xa qu t hn. Thuc tnh ny c s dng tng khong thi gian m mt v tinh c th nhn thy cc vng quy nh ca qu t. 2.2.3. nh lut Kepler th ba nh lut Kepler th ba pht biu rng bnh phng chu k qu o t l m ba vi khong cch trung bnh gia hai vt th. Khong cch trung bnh bng bn trc chnh a. i vi cc v tinh nhn to bay quanh qu t, ta c th trnh by nh lut Kepler th ba nh sau:
a =
3
n
2
(2.2)
trong n l chuyn ng trung bnh ca v tinh o bng radian trn giy v l hng s hp dn a tm qu t. Vi a o bng mt, gi tr ny l: = 3,9860051014m3/sec2 (2.3)
Phng trnh 2.2 ch p dng cho trng hp l tng khi mt v tinh quay quanh mt qu t cu l tng c khi lng ng u v khng b tc ng nhiu chng hn s ko tri ca kh quyn. Vi n o bng radian trn giy, chu k qu o o bng giy c xc nh nh sau:
P= 2 n
(2.4)
ngha ca nh lut Kepler th ba l n cho thy quan h c nh gia chu k v kch thc. Mt dang qu o quan trng l qu o a tnh chu k ca qu o ny c xc nh bi chu k quay ca qu t. Th d di y cho thy s xc nh bn knh gn ng ca qu o a tnh. Th d 2.1. Tnh ton bn knh ca mt qu o trn cho chu k l mt ngy. Gii. S chuyn dch trung bnh o bng rad/ngy l:
n= 2. 1 ngy
i vo rad/sec ta c n = 7,272.10-5 rad/sec Hng s hp dn qu t l: = 3,986005.1014 m3.sec-2 Theo nh lut Kepler th ba ta c:

a=
( )
n
2
1 2
= 42241. km
V qu o l ng trn nn bn trc chnh cng l bn knh. 14
2.3. NH NGHA CC THUT NG CHO QU O V TINH

Nh ni trn, cc nh lut ca Kepler p dng chung cho s chuyn ng ca v tinh xung quanh vt th s cp. i vi trng hp v tinh bay quanh qu t, mt s thut ng c s dng m t v tr cc v tinh so vi qu t. Vin im (Apogee). im xa qu t nht. cao vin im c k hiu l ha trn hnh 2.3.
N
ng di v tinh
ha
Lat. iN
La i Xch o hp
Lat.iS
Lat.iN= v Bc Lat.iS= v Nam
Hnh 2.3. cao vin im ha, cn im hp gc nghing i v La ng ni cc im cc. Cn im (Perigee). im gn qu t nht. Trn hnh 2.3 cao ca im ny c k hiu l hp. ng ni cc im cc (Line of apsides). ng ni vin im v cn im qua tm tri t (La). Nt ln (Ascending). im ct gia mt phng qu o v xch o ni m v tinh chuyn t Nam sang Bc. Nt xung (Descending). im ct gia mt phng qu o v xch o ni m v tinh chuyn ng t Bc sang Nam. ng cc nt (Line of nodes). ng ni cc nt ln v nt xung qua tm qu t. Gc nghing (Inclination). Gc gia mt phng qu o v mt phng xich o. Gc c o ti im tng t xch o n qu o khi v tinh chuyn ng t Nam sang Bc. Gc nghing c cho hnh 2.3 k hiu l i. y s l v Bc hoc Nam ln nht. Qu o ng hng (Prograde Orbit)). Qu o m v tinh chuyn ng cng vi chiu quay ca qu t (hnh 2.4). Qu o ng hng cn c gi l qu o trc tip (Direct Orbit). Gc nghing ca qu o ng hng nm trong di t 00 n 90 0. Hu ht cc v tinh
15
u c phng vo qu o ng hng v tc quay ca qu t s cung cp mt phn tc qu o v nh vy tit kim c nng lng phng.
Hnh 2.4. Cc qu o ng hng v ngc hng Qu o ngc hng (Retrograde Orbit). Qu o m v tinh chuyn ng ngc vi chiu quay ca qu t (hnh 2.4). Gc nghing ca qu o ngc hng nm trong di t 900 n 1800. Agumen cn im (Argument of Perigee). Gc t nt xung n cn im c o trong mt phng qu o ti tm qu t theo hng chuyn ng ca v tinh. Trn hnh 2.5 gc ny c k hiu l .
Mt phng xch o
Cn im
ng cc nt
Hnh 2.5. Agumen ca cn im v gc ln ng ca nt ln . Gc ln ng ca nt ln (Right Ascension of Ascending Node). nh ngha y v tr ca qu o trong khng gian, v tr ca nt ln c c t. Tuy nhin do s quay spin ca qu t, trong khi mt phng qu o hu nh c nh (nu b qua s tri ca v tinh), nn kinh ca nt ln khng c nh v v th khng th s dng n lm im chun tuyt i. xc nh mt qu o trong thc tin, ngi ta thng s dng kinh v thi gian v tinh chuyn ng qua nt ln. Tuy nhin o tuyt i ta cn c mt tham chun c nh trong khng gian. Tham 16
chun c chn l im u tin ca cung Bch dng hay im xun phn. im xun phn xy ra khi mt tri ct xch o t Nam qua Bc v mt ng o c v t im ct xch o xuyn tm ca mt tri hng n im th nht ca chm Bch dng (k hiu l Y). y l ng ca cung Bch dng. Gc ln ng ca nt ln khi ny l gc c o trong mt phng xich o quay theo hng ng t ng Y sang nt ln (hnh 2.5). d thng trung bnh (Mean anomaly). d thng trung bnh M cho thy gi tr trung bnh v tr gc ca v tinh vi tham chun l cn im. i vi qu o trn M cho thy v tr gc ca v tinh trn qu o. i vi qu o elip, tnh ton v tr ny kh hn nhiu v M c s dng lm bc trung gian trong qu trnh tnh ton. d thng tht s (True anomaly). d thng thc s l gc t cn im n v tinh c o ti tm tri t. N cho thy v tr gc ca anten trn qu o ph thuc vo thi gian.
2.4. CC PHN T QU O
Cc v tinh nhn to c nh ngha bng su phn t c gi l tp phn t Kepler. Hai trong s cc phn t ny l bn trc chnh a v lch tm e nh ni trn. Phn t th ba l d thng trung bnh M0 cho thy v tr ca v tinh trn qu o ca chng ti thi gian tham chun c gi l k nguyn (epoch). Phn t th t l agumen cn im cho thy s quay cn im ca qu o so vi ng cc nt ca qu o. Hai phn t cn li l gc nghing i v gc ln ng ca nt ln lin h v tr ca mt phng qu o vi qu t. Do s li xch o lm cho v thay i chm v do cc lc gy nhiu khc c th lm cc phn t qu o hi thay i, ta cn c t cc gi tr cho tham kho thi gian hay k nguyn. Th d v thng s ca v tinh c cho bng 2.1. Bng 2.1. Th d v thng s v tinh (theo cng b ca NASA) S v tinh: 25338 Nm k nguyn (hai ch s cui cng ca nm): 00 Ngy k nguyn (ngy v ngy phn on ca nm): 223,79688452 o hm thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh (vng quay trung bnh/ngy2): 0,000000307 Gc nghing (): 98,6328 Gc ln ng ca nt ln (): 251,5324 lch tm: 0,0011501 Agumen cn im () : 113,5534 d thng trung bnh (): 246,6853 Chuyn ng trung bnh (vng/ngy): 14,23304826 S vng quay ti k nguyn (vng quay/ngy): 11663 Ta s thy rng mc d bn trc chnh khng c c t, nhng ta c th tnh n t bng thng s. Th d tnh ton c trnh by th d 2.2. Th d 2.2 Tnh bn trc chnh cho cc thng s v tinh bng 2.1. Gii. Chuyn ng trung bnh c cho bng 2.1 l: NN= 14,23304826.ngy17
Ta c th chuyn n vo rad/sec n0 = NN.2/(243600)= 1,64734.10-4rad/sec T phng trnh (2.3) ta c: = 3,986005.1014.m3.sec-2 T nh lut Kepler th ba ta c:
a = n
2 0
1/ 3
= 7192.3 km
2.5. CAO VIN IM V CN IM

Khong cch t tm tri t n vin im v cn im c th nhn c t hnh elip theo cng thc sau: ra = a(1+e) (2.5) (2.6) rp = a(1-e) tm cao im vin im v cn im ta ly cc phng trnh trn tr i bn knh ca tri t.
Th d 2.3. Tnh cao vin im v cn im cho cc thng s qu o bng 2.1. Coi rng bn knh trung bnh tri t R=6371km.
Gii. T bng 2.1 ta c e=0,0011501, thng s a = 7192,3 tnh c t th d trn. Vy cao vin im bng: ha = a(1+e) - R = 829,6 km v cao cn im bng: hp = a(1-e) - R = 813,1 km
2.6. CC LC NHIU QU O
Cc qu o c xt t trc n nay l qu o Kepler c dng elip cho trng hp v tinh nhn to quay quanh tri t. y l qu o l tng v ta coi rng qu t l mt khi lng hnh cu phn b u v th lc tc dng duy nht l lc li tm gy ra do s chuyn ng v tinh cn bng lc ht ca qu t. Trong thc t cn c cc lc khc nh cc lc ht cu mt tri, mt trng v ko ca kh quyn. Cc lc ht ca mt tri v mt trng t nh hng ln cc v tinh qu o thp nhng chng tc dng ln qu o a tnh. Lc ko ca kh quyn tri li t nh hng ln cc v tinh a tnh nhng li nh hng ln cc v tinh tm thp di 1000 km.
2.6.1. Cc nh hng ca mt t khng phi hnh cu

i vi mt mt t hnh cu, nh lut Kepler th ba xc nh chuyn ng trung bnh nh sau:
n0 = a
3
(2.7)
18
Ch s 0 biu th rng kt qu c p dng cho tri t cu c khi lng ng u l tng. Tuy nhin ta bit rng tri t khng hon ton hnh cu, xch o hi phnh ra cn cc th hi dt vo v v th n c dng hnh cu dt. Khi xt n c im ny ca tri t, chuyn ng trung bnh b thay i v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
n = n0
1 + K (1 1, 5 sin a (1 e )
1 2 2 1,5
i)
(2.8)
trong hng s K1 = 66063,1704 km2. S dt ca qu t gn nh khng nh hng ln bn trc chnh a v nu bit c a ta d dng tnh c chuyn ng trung bnh. Chu k qu o khi c xt n tnh dt ca tri t c gi l chu k d thng (t cn im n cn im). Chuyn dng trung bnh c c t trong cng b ca NASA l nghch o ca chu k d thng. Chu k d thng c xc nh nh sau:
PA = 2 n
sec
(2.9)
trong n o bng c o bng radian trn giy. Nu ta bit c n (nh cho thng bo ca NASA) ta c th gii phng trnh (2.8) vi lu rng n0 cng ph thuc vo a. Ta c th gii phng trnh (2.8) tm a bng cch tm nghim ca phng trnh sau:
1 + 3 a
K 1 (1 1, 5 sin i )
2
a (1 e )
2 2
1,5
=0
(2.10)
Th d di y s minh hacch tnh. Th d 2.4. Mt v tinh c qu o nm trong mt phng xch o vi chu k quay t cn im n cn im l 12 gi. Cho lch tm bng 0,002; tnh bn trc chnh. Bn knh xch o ca qu t bng 6378,1414km. Gii. D liu c cho: e=0,002 K1 = 66063,704 km2. i=00 aE= 6378,1414. km P =12 gi
= 3,986005.1014.m3.sec-2 Chuyn ng trung bnh l:

n= 2 P
a xc nh theo nh lut Kepler th ba nh sau:
19
a = 2 n
1/ 2
a= 26597.km
y l gi tr khng b nhiu c th s dng c lng gi tr nghim. Gi tr b nhiu c xc nh nh sau: 2 K (1 1, 5 sin 1) n 3 1 + 1 2 = 0 a= nghim 2 1,5 a a (1 e ) a= 26598,5km. S dt ca qu t gy ra hai s quay ca mt phng qu o. Quay th nht c gi l s dch li (regression of nodes) cc nt, trong dng nh cc nt trt dc xch o. Kt qu l ng cc im nt trong mt xch o b quay xung quanh tm tri t. Nh vy gc ln ng nt ln b dch. Nu qu o l ng hng th cc nt trt sang ty v nu qu o l ngc hng th chng trt sang ng. Nu nhn t nt ln, v tinh trong qu o ng hng bay sang ng v trong qu o ngc hng bay sang ty. Nh vy cc nt di chuyn ngc chiu chuyn ng v tinh, v th ta c thut ng dch li. i vi qu o cc (i=900) dch li bng khng. nh hng th hai l s quay ca ng gia cc im cc trong mt phng qu o, di y ta s xt nh hng ny. C hai nh hng u ph thuc vo chuyn ng trung bnh n, bn trc chnh a v lch tm e. Cc thng s ny c nhm chung v mt h s K xc nh nh sau:
K= nK 1 a (1 e )
2 2 2
(2.11)
K s c cng n v nh n. Vy vi n o bng rad/ngy, K s o bng rad/ngy v vi n o bng /ngy K cng o bng 0/ngy. Biu thc gn ng cho s thay i theo thi gian c xc nh nh sau:
d dt = K cos i
(2.12)
trong i l gc nghing Tc dch li cc nt s c cng n v nh n. Khi tc thay i xc nh theo phng trnh (2.12) c gi tr m, dch li v pha ty cn khi tc ny dng dch li v pha ng. V th i vi dch li v pha ng, i phi ln hn 900 hay qu o phi ngc hng. Ta c th chn gi tr a, e v i sao cho tc quay l 0,98560/ngy v pha ng. Qu o ny c gi l qu o ng b mt tri. Mt trong s cc nh hng gy ra do s phnh xch o l s quay ng cc im cc, dn n s thay i agumen cn im xc nh theo cng thc sau:
d dt = K(2 2, 5 sin i)
2
(2.13)
y n v cho tc quay ca ng cc im cc cng l n v cho n. Khi gc nghing i bng 63,4350; thnh phn trong ngoc bng khng v s khng xy ra quay. Gc nghing ny c la chn cho qu o v tinh Molnya ca Nga. 20
Nu ta k hiu thi gian k nguyn l t0, gc ln ng ca nt ln l 0 v agumen cn im l 0 ti k nguyn, ta c cc gi tr mi cho v ti t nh sau:

= 0 + = 0 + d dt d dt (t t 0 ) (t t 0 )
(2.14) (2.15)
Cn nh rng qu o khng phi l mt thc th vt l v chnh cc lc do qu t dt gy ra tc dng ln v tinh lm thay i cc thng s qu o. Vy khc vi vic bay theo mt qu o elip khp kn trong mt mt phng c nh, v tinh b tri do dch li cc im nt v v ca im gn nht (cn im) thay i do s quay ca ng cc im cc. Hiu c iu ny cho php ta nhn nhn v tinh bay theo mt qu o elip khp kn nhng vi qu o chuyn ng tng i so vi mt t do s thay i ca v . Nh ni trn, chu k PA l thi gian cn thit v tinh bay t cn im n cn im mc d cn im dch chuyn so vi qu t. lm th d, gi thit rng gc nghing bng 900 sao cho dch li cc nt bng khng (t phng trnh 2.12) v tc quay ca ng cc im cc l -K/2 (t phng trnh 2.13) ngoi ra xt trng hp cn im ti thi im quan trc ban u nm ngay trn nt ln. Mt chu k sau, cn im s gc -KPA/2 so vi nt ln hay ni mt cch khc n s pha Nam so vi xch o. Thi gian gia hai ln i qua nt ln s l PA(1+K/2n), y s l chu k c quan st t tri t. Nhc li rng K s c cng n v nh n, ngha l radian trn giy. Th d 2.5. Xc nh tc dch li v tc quay ca ng cc im cc cho cc thng s cu v tinh c c t bng 2.1. S dng cc kt qu tnh ton th d 2.2. Gii. T bng 2.1 v th d 2.2 ta c: i=98,63280 e=0,0011501 n=14,23304826/ngy a=7192,3km K1=66063,1704.km3 n=2.n i thnh rad/sec
K= n.K 1 a (1 e )
2 2 2
K=6,5440/ngy
d dt d dt
= K cos i = 0,9820/ngy
= K(2 2, 5 sin i) = -2,9030/ngy

2
Th d 2.6. Tnh cho th d 2.5, cc gi tr mi cho v ti mt chu k sau k nguyn. Gii. T th d 2.5:
21
d dt
= 0,9820/ngy
d dt
= -2,9030/ngy 0=251,53240
T bng 2.1: n= 14,23304826/ngy 0=113,55340 Chu k s l:

PA =
= 0 + = 0 +
1 n PA
d dt d dt
=251,6010 =113,3940
PA
Ngoi vic phnh ra ca xch o, trong mt phng xch o tri t khng hon ton l hnh trn, n c mt lch tm rt nh bc 10-5. lch ny c gi l tnh elip xch o (equatorial ellipcity). nh hng ca tnh elip xch o l n s to ra mt gradien hp dn gy nh hng ng k ln cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh. Ni mt cc ngn gn, l tng v tinh trn qu o a tnh phi c nh so vi tri t. Gradien hp dn gy ra do tnh elip xch o s lm cho cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh tri n mt im n nh, im ny trng vi trc ph ca elip xch o. Hai im ny phn cch nhau bi mt gc 1800 trn xch o nm vo khong kinh 750E v 1050W. trnh cho cc v tinh ang phc v b tri cc thao tc gi trm c thc hin (Station Keeping Maneuvers). V cc v tinh c dn dn b tri vo cc im ny nn chng c gi l "ngha trang v tinh". Lu rng nh hng tnh elip xch o l khng ng k i vi hu ht cc qu o v tinh khc. 2.6.2. S ko kh quyn i vi cc v tinh gn tri t, nh hng ca s ko kh quyn (Atmospheric Drag) l ng k. Do lc ko ln nht ti cn im v s ko ny lm gim tc v tinh ti im ny nn v tinh khng t n cng cao vin im cc vng tip theo. Kt qu l bn trc chnh v lch tm gim. S ko hu nh khng thay i cc thng s khc ca qu o bao gm c cao cn im. Biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i bn trc chnh nh sau:
n0 a = a0 n 0 + n 0 (t t 0 )
2/3
(2.16)
d thng trung bnh cng thay i. Biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i ny nh sau:

= n0 2 (t t 0 )
2
(2.17)
22
T bng 2.1 ta thy o hm theo thi gian bc nht ca chuyn ng trung bnh (n0') l mt s rt nh bng 0,00000307 vng/ngy. Nh vy s thay i gy ra do s ko ch ng k i vi khong thi gian di v v th i vi mc ch hin thi ta c th b qua n.
2.7. CC QU O NGHING
Vic nghin cc tng qut mt v tinh trn mt qu o nghing rt phc tp v cn tham kho cc thng s khc nhau t cc khung tham kho khc nhau. Cc phn t qu o c cho vi tham chun theo mt phng qu o c v tr c nh trong khng gian, trong khi v tr ca trm mt t li c xc nh theo cc ta a l a phng quay cng vi qu t. H to vung gc thng c s dng tnh ton v tr v tinh v tc ca n trong khng gian trong khi cc thng s trm mt t cn tm l gc phng v, gc ngng v c ly. V th cn c chuyn i gia cc h to . minh ha phng php tnh cc qu o elip nghing, ta s xt vn tm gc nhn cu trm mt t v c ly. Cn nh rng i vi cc qu o nghing, v tinh khng c nh so vi mt t v v th gc nhn v c ly s thay i theo thi gian. Vic xc nh gc nhn v c ly bao gm cc gi tr v cc khi nim sau: 1. Cc phn t v tinh c ng ti trong thng bo ca NASA (nh bng 2.1) 2. Cc phng php o thi gian khc nhau 3. H to perifocal xy dng trn mt phng qu o 4. H to xch o a tm xy dng trn mt phng xch o 5. H to chn tri tm topo xy dng trn mt phng chn tri ca quan st vin Ta cn s dng hai chuyn i to chnh sau: V tr v tinh c o trong h to perofocal c chuyn vo h to xch o i tm trong s quay cu qu t c o v tr ca v tinh v trm mt t trong cng mt h Vect v tr v tinh-trm mt t c chuyn i vo h chn tri tm topo tnh ton cc gc ngng v cc ly.
2.8. QY O A TNH
2.8.1. nh ngha qu o a tnh
Mt v tinh qu o a tnh s tr nn bt ng so vi mt t v th n dc gi l v tinh a tnh. C ba iu kin qu o l a tnh: 1. V tinh phi quay theo hng ng vi tc quay bng tc quay ca qu t 2. Qu o l ng trn 3. Gc nghing ca qu o bng 0 iu kin u rt r rng. Nu v tinh l tnh, n phi quay cng tc vi qu t. iu kin th hai c rt ra t nh lut Kepler th hai. Tc khng i c ngha l v tinh phi qut cc din tch nh nhau trong cc khong thi gian nh nhau v iu ny ch xy ra vi qu o trn. iu kin th ba, gc nghing bng khng, da trn iu kin rng mi s nghing u dn n v tinh chuyn ng theo hng Bc v Nam v v th n khng phi l a tnh. Ch c gc
23
nghing bng khng mi trnh khi vic v tinh chuyn ng sang Bc hoc Nam v iu ny c ngha l qu o nm trong mt phng qua xch o ca qu t. C th s dng nh lut Kepler th ba tm bn knh qu o. Nu k hiu bn knh ny l aGSO, th n c xc nh nh sau:
a GSO P 2 3 = 4 2
1
(2.18)
trong l hng s hp dn hng tm bng: =3,9860051014 m3/sec2 Chu k quay v tinh a tnh l 23 gi 56 pht 4 giy, y cng l thi gian m qu t quay ht mt vng xung quang trc N-S ca mnh. Thay gi tr v P vo phng trnh (2.18) ta c: aGSO = 42164 km Bn knh xch o ca tri t l aE = 6378 km V th cao qu o a tnh bng: hGSO=aGSO-aE = 42.164-6378 = 35.786 km (2.20) (2.19)
(2.21)
Gi tr ny thng c lm trn bng 36.000 km. Trong thc t ta khng t c mt qu o a tnh chnh xc do cc lc nhiu v nh hng li ca qu t. Trng hp dn ca mt tri v mt trng lm cho qu o nghing khong 0,850/nm. Ngoi ra tnh cht elp ca mt xch o cng lm cho v tinh tri v pha ng theo qu o. Trong thc t cn nh k chnh li cc x dch ny Cn lu rng ch c mt qu o a tnh v ch c mt gi tr a tho mn phng trnh Kepler i vi chu k 23 gi 56 pht 4 giy. Cc nh qun l thng tin ton cu coi qu o a tnh nh l mt ti nguyn v cn iu hnh vic s dng n mt cch cn thn trn c s tho thun quc t v quc gia.
2.8.2. Cc gc nhn ca anten

Cc gc nhn ca anten mt t l gc phng v v gc ngng anten c th hng thng n v tinh. i vi qu o a tnh, tnh ton gc nhn n gin hn v v tinh khng chuyn ng tng i so vi qu t. Mc d nhn chung khng cn qu trnh bm, nhng i vi cc trm mt t ln s dng cho thng mi rng bp hng anten rt nh v phi c c ch bm b tr s x dch ca v tinh xung quanh v tr a tinh bnh thng. i vi cc kiu
24
anten s dng cho thu gia nh, rng bp hng anten kh rng v th khng cn bm. V th cc anten TV c th lp c nh cc mi nh. Tn ti ba thng s cn thit xc nh gc nhn ca qu o a tnh: 1. V trm mt t k hiu E 2. Kinh trm mt t k hiu l E 3. Kinh im di v tinh (gi tt l kinh v tinh ) k hiu l SS Theo quy nh cc v bc c s dng nh l cc gc dng v cc v nam c s dng l cc gc m. Cc kinh ng c coi l cc gc dng v cc kinh ty c coi l cc gc m. Chng hn nu v c xc nh l 400S th ta ly gi tr -400 v nu kinh c xc nh l 350W th ta ly gi tr -350. i vi qu o a tnh ta c th b qua s thay i bn knh qu t khi tnh cc gc nhn v s dng bn knh trung bnh ca qu t R nh sau: R = 6371 km (2.22) Hnh hc biu din cc i lng trn c cho hnh 2.6. hnh ny ES k hiu cho trm mt t, SS k hiu cho im di v tinh, S cho v tinh v d cho khong cch t v tinh n trm mt t. Gc l gc cn xc nh.
N
ES R E aE aE SS h s d
Hnh 2.6. Hnh hc s dng xc nh gc nhn v tinh a tnh
ss
Hnh 2.7. a) Hnh cu lin quan n hnh 2.6; b) tam gic phng nhn c t hnh 2.6 25
C hai dng tam gic hnh 2.6, tam gic cu c v nt m hnh 2.7a v tam gic phng c v hnh 2.7b. Trc ht ta xt tam gic cu c cc cnh l cc cung ca cc ng trn ln v cc cc cnh ny c nh ngha bng cc gc i din vi chng ti tm ca qu t. Cnh a l cung gia bn knh n cc Bc v bn knh n im di v tinh: a=900. Tam gic cu c mt cnh 900 c gi l tam gic gc phn t. Cnh b l cung gia bn knh n trm mt t v bn knh n im di v tinh. Cnh c l cung gia bn knh n trm mt t v bn knh n cc Bc. T hnh 2.7a ta thy c=900-E.. Mt tam gic cu c xc dnh bng su gc. Ba gc A, B v C l cc gc gia cc mt phng. Gc A l gc gia mt phng cha c v mt phng cha b. Gc B l gc gia mt phng cha c v mt phng cha a. T hnh 2.7a ta thy B=E - SS. Ta s ch ra rng gi tr cc i ca B l 81,30. Gc C l gc gia mt phng cha b v mt phng cha a. n y ta c cc thng tin v tam gic cu nh sau: a = 900 (2.23) 0 (2.24) c = 90 -E (2.25) B = E - SS Lu rng khi trm mt t nm pha ty ca im di v tinh, B m v khi pha ng, B dng. Khi v trm mt t l bc, c nh hn 900 v khi l nam, c ln hn 900. Cc quy tc c bit c gi l cc quy tc Napier c s dng cho tam gic cu v cc quy tc ny c ci tin xt n cc gc B v E c du. y ta ch dn ra cc kt qu. Cc quy tc Naplier xc nh gc b nh sau: (2.26) b = arccos (cosB cosE) v gc A nh sau:
sin B (2.27) A = arcsin sin b C hai gi tr tha mn phng trnh (2.27) l A v 1800-A vic chn gi tr no phi da trn xem xt c th. Cc gi tr ny c cho hnh 2.8. Trn hnh 2.8a, gc A l gc nhn (nh hn 900) v gc phng v l gc Az=A. Trn hnh 2.8b, gc A l gc nhn v sau khi xem xt, Az=3600-A. Trn hnh 2.8c, gc Ac l gc t v c xc nh bi Ac=1800-A, trong A l gc nhn xc nh theo phng trnh (2.27). Sau xem xt ta c Az= Ac=1800-A. Trn hnh 2.8d, gc Ad l gc t v c xc nh bng 1800-A, trong A l gc nhn nhn c t phng trnh (2.27). Sau xem xt ta c Az=3600-Ad=1800+A. Trong mi trng hp A l gc nhn c xc nh t phng trnh (2.27). Cc iu kin ny c tng kt bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2. Cc gc phng v Az t hnh 2.8 B Hnh 2.8 E a b c d <0 <0 >0 >0 <0 >0 <0 >0
Az, A 3600-A 1800-A 1800+A
26
a)
N
b)
A ES
SS SS
A ES
c)
ES A
c
d)
Ad
ES
SS
SS
Hnh 2.8. Cc gc phng v lin quan n n gc A (xem bng 2.2) S dng quy tc cosine cho cc tam gic phng i vi tam gic hnh 2.7b ta c th xc nh d theo cng thc sau:
2 d = R 2 + a GSO 2Ra GSO cos b
(2.28)
S dng quy tc sine cho cc tam gic phng i vi tam gic hnh 2.7b ta c th xc nh gc ngng nh sau
a EL = arccos GSO sin b d
(2.29)
Cc kt qu trn khng xt trng hp khi trm mt t nm trn xch o. Trong trng hp trm mt t nm ngay di v tinh, gc ngng bng 900 v gc phng v khng cn thch hp na. Khi im di v tinh nm pha ng ca trm mt t trn ng xch o, (B<0), gc phng v l 900 v khi pha ty (B>0), gc phng v l 2700. Ngoi ra khong cch xc nh theo phng trnh (2.28) l gn ng nn khi cn cc gi tr chnh xc hn khong cch ny c xc nh bng cch o. i vi lp t thng thng ti gia nh, iu chnh thc t s chnh hng anten n v tinh theo tn hiu cc i. V th khng cn thit phi xc nh gc ngng qu chnh xc, nhng cc gi tr ny c tnh ton cung cp cc gi tr d kin i vi v tinh c kinh gn vi kinh trm mt t. 27
2.8.3. Cc gii hn tm nhn

Tm nhn t trm mt t n cung qu o a tnh s b gii hn pha ng v pha ty. Cc gii hn ny c thit lp bng cc ta ca trm mt t v gc ngng anten. V mt l thuyt gc ngng thp nht bng khng khi anten hng theo ng chn tri. Ta c th c lng nhanh c cc gii hn kinh khi xt mt trm mt t trn ng xch o c anten hng v pha bc hoc pha nam theo ng chn tri (xem hnh 2.9).
aGSO
aGSO
Hnh 2.9. Minh ho gii hn tm nhn Gc gii hn dc xc nh nh sau:
aE a GSO 6378 = arccos 42164 = arccos

= 81,30
(2.30)
Vy i vi trng hp ny trm mt t c th nhn thy cc v tinh a tnh trn mt cung c gii hn bi 81,30 xung quang kinh ca trm mt t. Trong thc t trnh thu qu nhiu tp m t mt t, ngi ta s dng gi tr ti thiu cho gc ngng vi k hiu ELmin. Gi tr in hnh l 50. Cc gii hn tm nhn cng ph thuc vo v ca trm mt t. Ta xt hnh 2.7b, gi s S l gc ca tam gic ti ti im t v tinh khi min=900+ELmin. S dng quy tc sine ta c:
R S = arcsin sin min a GSO
(2.31)
Sau khi xc nh c gc S ta xc nh gc b nh sau: b = 1800 - min - S (2.32)
28
T phng trnh (2.26) ta c:
cos b B = arccos cos E min
(2.33)
Sau khi tm c gc B ta c th xc nh c kinh ca v tinh theo phng trnh (2.25).
2.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc vn chnh lin quan n qu o. Cc nh lut Keppler m t s chuyn ng ca hnh tinh c p dng m t qu o ca v tinh bay quanh tri t. nh lut th nht cho thy tng qut qu o ca v tinh l mt hnh elip, trng hp c bit n l ng trn. nh lut th hai ch ra rng t tri t ta nhn thy v tinh lu nht ti nhng im m v tinh cch xa tri t nht v v th trn on qu o ny ta c th duy tr thng tin lu nht vi v tinh. nh lut th ba cho php ta xc nh bn trc chnh ca ca qu o v tinh d trn chu k quay ca v tinh xung quang tri t. Chng ny cng xt cc thut ng thng dng i vi v tin.. V ti qu o a tnh v tr tng i ca v tinh khng thay i so vi mt t, nn qu o a tnh l qu o c s dng nhiu nht cho thng tin v tinh. Chng ny xt cc cng thc cho php tnh ton v tr ca v tinh so vi trm mt t hay gc nhn v tinh t anten mt t. Ba thng s c xc nh trong chng ny cho v tinh bay trn qu o a tnh l gc phng v, khong cch t trm mt t n v tinh v gc ngng. y l cc thng s cn thit thit k mt ng truyn v tinh.
2.10. CU HI V BI TP
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trnh by ba nh lut Keppler Trnh by cc thut ng lin quan n qu o v tinh Trnh by cc phn t ca qu ao v tinh Trnh by cc lc nhiu i vi v tinh Mt v tinh a tnh c t ti kinh 900W. Anten trm mt t c t ti v 350N v kinh 1000W. Gc phng v l gi tr no di y? (a) 162,90; (b) 170,90; (c) 180.90 Khong cch t trm mt t n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 36215 km; (b) 37215km; (c) 38215 km; (d) 39215 km Gc ngng an ten mt t l gi tr no di y? (a) 400; (b) 450; (c) 480; (d) 520 6. Mt trm mt t t ti v 350N v kinh 700W lin lc vi trm mt t khc cng kinh ti v 350S. V tinh a tnh c kinh 250W. Gc phng v trm th nht l gi tr no di y? (a) 1200; (b) 1300; (c) 1350; (d) 1400 Gc phng v trm mt t th hai l gi tr no di y? (a) 600; (b) 800; (c) 900; (d) 1000 7. (tip). S liu nh bi 6. 29
8.
9.
10.
11.
Khong cch t trm mt t th nht n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 37822,3 km; (b) 38822,3km; (c) 39822,3 km; (d) 39922,3km Khong cch t trm mt t th hai n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 37822,3 km; (b) 38822,3km; (c) 39822,3 km; (d) 39922,3km (tip). S liu nh bi 6. Gc ngng trm mt t th nht n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 27,70; (b) 290; (c) 300 ; (d) 310 Gc ngng trm mt t th hai n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 27,70; (b) 290; (c) 300 ; (d) 310 Mt trm mt t t ti v 400N v kinh 1000W lin lc vi trm mt t khc cng kinh ti v 400S. V tinh a tnh t ti 700W. Gc phng v trm th nht l gi tr no di y? (a) 138,070; (b) 148,070; (c) 150,90; (d) 1550 Gc phng v trm mt t th hai l gi tr no di y? (a) 30,930; (b) 41,930; (c) 43,930; (d) 53,930 (tip). S liu nh bi 9. Khong cch t trm mt t th nht n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 37235,3 km; (b) 38235,8km; (c) 39235,8 km; (d) 39235,3km Khong cch t trm mt t th hai n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 37235,3 km; (b) 38235,8km; (c) 39235,8 km; (d) 39235,3km (tip). S liu nh bi 9. Gc ngng trm mt t th nht n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 27,40; (b) 29,40; (c) 34,40 ; (d) 360 Gc ngng trm mt t th hai n v tinh l gi tr no di y? (a) 27,40; (b) 29,40; (c) 34,40 ; (d) 360
12. Xc nh gii hn tm nhn ca mt trm mt t t cao mc nc bin trung bnh ti v 48,720 bc v 89,260 ty. Coi rng gc ngng ti thiu l 50. Gii hn ng l gi tr no di y (E)? (a) -200; (b) -300; (c) -400; (d) -500 Gii hn ty l gi tr no di y(E)? (a) -1380; (b)-1480; (c) -1580; (d) -1680
30
Chng 3. Phn cc sng v anten trong thng tin v tinh
CHNG 3 PHN CC SNG V ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN V TINH

3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
3.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Cc dng phn cc sng c s dng trong thng tin v tinh Cc anten loa c s dng lm anten thng tin v tinh hay lm cc b tip sng cho cc b phn x Cc anten parabol s dng b phn x n v b phn x kp trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh Dn loa tip sng 3.1.2. Hng dn Hc k t liu c trnh by trong chng Tham kho thm [1], [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng 3.1.3. Mc ch chng Nm c cc dng phn cc s dng trong thng tin v tinh Nm c cc dng anten s dng trong thng tin v tinh
3.2. PHN CC SNG

Trong vng trng xa ca mt anten pht, sng in t c dng sng in t ngang (TEM). Vng trng xa l vng ti khong cch ln hn 2D2/ so vi anten. trong D l kch thc mt chiu ln nht ca anten cn l bc sng. i vi anten parabol ng knh 3m pht ti tn s 6 GHz (=cm), trng xa bt u t khng cch vo khong 360m. K hiu sng TEM c cho hnh 3.1, trong hnh ny ta c th thy c hai trng H v E u vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng c k hiu v k .
E , H v k l cc vect to nn tp bn tay phi tun theo quy tc vn nt chai bn tay

phi. Ngha l khi ta nhn theo phng truyn sng k , quay E s n H . Sng ny s gi nguyn cc thuc tnh hng ca tp bn tay phi ngay c khi b phn x. Ti cc khong cch xa hn so vi anten pht, l cc khong cch thng gp trong cc h thng v tuyn, c th coi sng TEM l phng. iu ny c ngha l cc vect E v H nm trong mt phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng k . Vect k c coi l vung gc vi mt phng ny. Quan h gia cc i lng E v H l : E=H.Zw, trong Zw=120 m.
31
Hnh 3.1. Biu vect i vi sng in t ngang (TEM) Phng ca ng do u mt ca trng in v ln s xc nh phn cc sng. Cn nh rng trng in v trng t l cc hm thay i theo thi gian. Trng t thay i ng pha vi trng in v bin ca n t l vi bin ca trng in, v th ta ch cn xt trng in. u mt ca vect E c th v ln mt ng thng, trong trng hp ny ta c phn cc tuyn tnh. Cc dng phn cc khc nh phn cc elip v trn s c xt phn di. Hu ht truyn dn v tuyn s dng phn cc tuyn tnh, trong phn cc ng c gi l phn cc trong trng in vung gc vi mt t v phn cc ngang c gi l phn cc trong trng in song song vi mt t. Mc d cc thut ng phn cc ng v ngang ny cng c s dng trong thng tin v tinh nhng n khng hon ton r rng nh trn. Mt sng phn cc tuyn tnh c pht i t v tinh a tnh c th c k hiu l ng nu trng in ca n song song vi trc cc ca tri t nhng thm ch nh vy trng in ca n vn song song vi qu t ti xch o. Gi thit rng phng ngang v ng c coi l trc x v y (hnh 3.2a). Trng in phn cc ng c th c trnh by nh sau:
Ey = yEysint
(3.1)
trong y l vect n v trong phng ng v Ey l gi tr nh hay i lng ca trng in. Tng t nh vy, sng phn cc ngang c th c trnh by nh sau:
E x = xExsint
(3.2)
trong x l vect n v theo phng ngang v Ex l i lng ca trng in trong phng ny. C hai trng ny u v nn cc ng thng (hnh 3.2b). By gi ta xt trng hp khi c hai trng u c mt ng thi. Chng s cng vi nhau theo vect v trng tng s l vect E hp vi trc ngang mt gc c xc dnh nh sau: Ey (3.3) = arctan g Ex Lu rng vect E vn c phn cc tuyn tnh nhng khng th n gin coi l phn cc ngang hoc phn cc ng. Nu xt ngc li, ta thy rng vect E c th c phn tch thnh cc thnh phn ng v thnh phn ngang, v y l vn rt quan trng trong cc h thng truyn dn thc t.
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y +E y y
2 |E| = E 2 +E y x
-E x
+E x
Trc z hng ra ngoi
-E y
Hnh 3.2. Cc thnh phn ngang v ng ca phn cc tuyn tnh Ni mt cch cht ch hn, cc vect E x v Ey c gi l cc vect trc giao (vung gc). By gi ta i xt trng hp trong hai trng c bin bng nhau ( k hiu l E) nhng mt trng nhanh pha hn 900. Cc phng trnh th hin chng trong trng hp ny nh sau:
Ey =yEsint
Ex =xEcost
(3.4a) (3.4b)
p dng phng trnh (3.3) cho trng hp ny ta c =t. Bin vect tng l E. u mt ca vect trng in v ln ng trn (hnh 3.3a) v sng tng hp c gi l phn cc trn. Hng ca phn cc trn c nh ngha bi phng quay ca vect in nhng iu ny i hi ta phi quan st c chiu quay ca vect. Theo nh ngha ca IEEE th phn cc trn tay phi (RHC: right-hand circular) l phn cc quay theo chiu kim ng h khi nhn dc theo phng truyn sng (3.3b), cn phn cc trn tay tri (LHC: left-hand circular) l phn cc quay ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn dc theo phng truyn sng (hnh 3.3c). Cc phn cc LHC v RHC trc giao vi nhau. Phng truyn sng dc theo trc z dng. Cn lu rng dnh ngha quang hc c in cho phn cc trn ngc vi nh ngha ca IEEE. Trong ti liu ny ta s s dng nh ngha ca IEEE. Trong trng hp tng qut hn sng in t c th c phn cc elip. iu ny xy ra khi hai thnh phn tuyn tnh l: Ey = yEysint Ex = xExcos(t+) (3.5a) (3.5b)
Trong Ey ni chung khng bng nhau v l gc pha c nh. lm th d ta c th chng minh rng khi Ey=1, Ex=1/3 v =300, phn cc elip c cho hnh 3.4.
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t = 90 0 E t = 180 0 t t = 0 0
t = 270 0 RHC im nhn theo IEEE im nhn theo quang hc c in
LHC im nhn theo IEEE
im nhn theo quang hc c in
Hnh 3.3. Phn cc trn

1
Ey ( t)
-1 -0,4 0 Ex ( t) 0,4
Hnh 3.4. Phn cc elip T s sng phn cc elip l t s gia trc chnh v trc ph ca elip. Phn cc elip trc giao xy ra khi mt sng c cng t s phn cc nhng phng quay ngc chiu. Cc ng truyn thng tin v tinh s dng phn cc tuyn tnh v phn cc trn, nhng s gim cp truyn dn c th lm thay i phn cc ny thnh phn cc elip.
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3.3. CC ANTEN LOA

Anten loa l mt th d v anten mt m vi s chuyn i t t ng dn sng vo mt m ln hn ghp hiu qu vi khng gian. Cc anten loa c s dng trc tip lm cc b pht x trn v tinh chiu x cho cc vng rng ln ca qu t v chng cng c s dng rng ri lm cc chiu x tip sng cho cc anten phn x c ch pht ln ch thu. Ba kiu c s dng rng ri nht ca cc anten loa c cho hnh 3..5
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3.5. Cc anten loa: a) Nn vch nhn. b) Vch gp np v hnh pyramid

3.3.1. Cc anten loa hnh nn Anten nn vch nhn c cho hnh 3.5a. Thut ng vch nhn n v vch bn trong anten. Loa c th c tip sng t ng dn sng ch nht nhng khi ny cn b chuyn i t ch nht vo trn ti ni ni. Phng php c a dng hn c l tip sng trc tip bng ng dn sng trn vi ng dn sng lm vic ch TE11. Anten loa hnh nn c th c s dng vi phn cc tuyn tnh hay phn cc trn nhng trnh by mt s tnh nng quan trng y ta ch xt phn cc tuyn tnh. Phn b in trng ti ming m ca loa c v hnh 3.6a cho phn cc ng. Cc ng sc cong c th c phn thnh cc thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang nh trn hnh v. Sng TEM ti vng trng xa c phn cc tuyn tnh, nhng cc thnh phn ngang ca trng mt m anten s dn n cc sng phn cc vung gc ti vng trng xa. Do tnh i xng, cc sng phn cc vung gc loi tr nhau trong cc mt chnh (cc mt E v H); tuy nhin chng to ra bn nh: mi nh nm trong gc phn t xung quanh bp chnh.
Hnh 3.6. Trng mt m trong anten loa hnh nn: a) vch nhn; c) vch gp np v thit din loa vch gp np b)
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Loa vch nhn khng to ra bp chnh i xng ngay c khi bn thn n i xng. Cc mu pht x l cc hm phc tp ph thuc vo kch thc ca loa. Khng i xng v phn cc vung gc l nhc im ca loa cho vic m bo ph ton cu. Loa vch gp np cho php khc phc phn no cc nhc im ni trn. Thit din ca anten loa gp np c cho hnh 3.6b. Trng in ti gc m ca loa gp np c cho hnh 3.6c.
3.3.2. Cc anten loa pyramid

Anten loa pyramid (hnh 3.7) c thit k trc ht cho phn cc tuyn tnh. Tng qut n c thit din ngang ab v lm vic ch ng dn sng TE10 vi phn b in trng nh trn hnh 3.4. rng bp ca anten pyramid khc nhau mt E v mt H, nhng c th chn kch thc mt m lm cho chng bng nhau. Loa pyramid c th lm vic ch phn cc ng v phn cc ngang ng thi c hai phn cc tuyn tnh.
Hnh 3.7. Loa pyramid
3.4. ANTEN PARABOL

3.4.1. B phn x parabol
Cc b phn x parabol c s dng rng ri trong thng tin v tinh nng cao khuych i anten. B phn x m bo c ch hi t tp trung nng lng vo mt phng cho trc. Dng phn x parabol thng c s dng l dng mt m hnh trn (hnh 3.8a). y l dng thng gp trong cc h thng thu tn hiu TV t v tinh gia nh. Cu hnh mt m trn c gi l b phn x parabol trn xoay.
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a) b)
Tiu im
Hnh 3.8. a) Anten phn x parabol; b) Thuc tnh hi t ca b phn x parabol Tnh cht chnh ca b phn x parabol trn xoay l tnh cht hi t. Ging nh i vi nh sng trong cc tia khi p ln b phn x s hi t vo mt im duy nht c gi l tiu im v ngc li khi cc tia c pht i t tiu im s c phn x thnh cc tia song song. iu ny c minh ha hnh 3.8b trong nh sng trng hp ny l sng in t. Qung ng ca cc tia t tiu im n mt m (mt phng cha mt m trn) u bng nhau. hiu c tnh cht hnh hc ca b phn x parabol trn xoay ta xt parabol l ng cong c to ra t b phn x trong mt mt phng bt k vung gc vi mt phng cha mt m v i qua tiu im (hnh 3.9a). Tiu im c k hiu l S v nh l A, trc l ng thng i qua S v A. SP l khong cch n tiu im cho mi im P v SA l tiu c c k hiu l f. ng i ca tia c k hiu l SPQ trong P l mt im trn ng cong cn Q l mt im trn mt m. PQ song song vi trc. i vi mi im P, di ca qung ng SPQ u bng nhau, vy SP+PQ bng hng s cho tt c qung ng i. Qung ng i di nh nhau c ngha rng sng pht t tiu im c phn b pha ng u trn mt m . Thuc tnh ny cng vi thuc tnh cc tia song song c ngha l mt sng l mt phng. Nh vy pht x t b phn x parabol trn xoay ging nh pht x mt sng phng t mt mt phng vung gc vi trc v cha ng chun (ng vung gc vi SA v i qua im i xng vi S qua nh A trn trc). Cn lu rng theo nguyn l o ln, cc tnh cht ny cng p dng cho c anten ch thu.
Hnh 3.9. a) Tiu c f = SA v qung ng i ca tia SPQ. b) Khong cch n tiu im . Mc d trong vng b phn x c c cc thnh phn trng gn v xa, nhng ng truyn v tuyn c thc hin vng trng xa nn ta ch xt thnh phn ca trng ny.
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vy ta coi rng sng phn x l sng phng trong khi sng c pht ln b phn x xut pht t mt ngun ng hng c mt sng l mt cu. Mt cng sut trong sng phng khng ph thuc vo khong cch. i vi sng cu mt cng sut ca thnh phn trng xa t l nghich vi bnh phng khong cch v th chiu x cho bin b phn x s yu hn nh. iu ny dn n phn b bin khng u trn mt m v nh hng ny lm gim hiu sut chiu x. Nu ta k hiu khong cch n tiu im l v tiu c l f (hnh 3.9) th ta c: f (3.6) = cos2 2 Hm suy hao khng gian (SAF) l t s gia cng sut n im P vi cng sut n im A v v mt cng sut t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch nn t s ny c xc nh nh sau:
f SAF = = cos 4 2
2
(3.7)
i vi cc ng dng v tinh, hiu sut chiu x l cn thit. iu ny i hi mu pht x ca anten s cp c t ti tiu im v chiu x cho b phn x phi gn nh l nghch o ca h s suy gim khng gian. T s gia ng knh mt m v tiu im l mt t s quan trng, nn ta i xt t s ny. K hiu ng knh b phn x l D, ta c: f (3.8) = 0,25 cot ang 0 D 2 V tr ca tiu im so vi b phn x i vi cc gi tr f/D khc nhau c cho hnh 3.10. i vi f/D<0,25, anten s cp (tip sng) nm trong khng gian gia b phn x v mt m v chiu x gim mnh bin ca b phn x . i vi f/D>0,25, anten s cp nm ngoi mt m v th chiu x tr nn ng u hn, nhng mt phn b trn ra ngoi b phn x. ch pht s trn ny l s pht x ca anten s cp hng n b phn x nhng vt ra ngoi gc 20. Trong cc ng dng v tinh, anten s cp thng l anten loa (hay mt dn loa) hng v phi b phn x. b tr suy hao trong khng gian nh ni trn, c th b sung thm cc ch bc cao hn cho phi loa mu pht x gn nh nghch o vi hm suy hao khng gian. Pht x t loa s l sng cu c bit v tm pha s nm tm ng cong ca mt sng. Khi c s dng lm anten s cp cho b phn x parabol, loa c t ti tm pha nm tiu im.
f <0,25 D
f =0,25 D
f >0,25 D
Hnh 3.10. V tr tiu im i vi cc gi tr f/D khc nhau
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Khuych i ca an ten parabol c xc nh nh sau:
2 4 = I D G= I S 2
(3.9)
trong I c gi l hiu sut chiu x c gi tr t 0,5 n 0,8; S=D2/4 l din tch vt l ca mt m v S l din tch hiu dng ca mt m.
3.4.2. Tip sng lch tm

Hnh 3.11a cho thy b phn x parabol trn xoay vi phi loa t ti tiu im. i vi trng hp ny mu pht x ca loa lch tm chiu x phn trn ca b phn x. Loa tip sng v phn gi n ct vng cch xa bp chnh v th khng gy che chn. Vi b tr tip sng ti tm c trnh by phn trn, s che ti thng dn n gim 10% hiu sut v tng pht x cc bp bn. B tr lch tm trnh c iu ny. Hnh 3.11b. cho thy mt m hnh ca anten lch tm s dng cho v tinh Olypius cha chu u. Nhc im chnh ca tip sng lch l cn c gi chc hn m bo hnh dng ca b phn x v do khng i xng, phn cc vung gc khi tip sng bng mt phn cc tuyn tnh s ti hn so vi trng hp anten tip sng chnh tm. C th a vo b tr phn cc tip sng s cp hiu chnh phn cc vung gc hay a vo cu trc anten mt li lc phn cc. Nh u im ca mnh, tip sng lch tm c s dng nhiu v tinh. N cng c s dng vi cc anten trm mt t c b phn x kp (hnh 3.12) v c s dng ngy cng nhiu cho cc anten trm mt t ch thu.
Hnh 3.11. a) Cc tia phn x t b phn x lch tm. b) Tip sng lch tm cho b phn x parabol trn xoay.
3.5. CC ANTEN VI B PHN X KP

Trong cc anten vi b phn x kp, phi ni loa tip sng n thit b pht thu phi m bo cng ngn cng tt gim thiu tn hao. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc trm mt t ln khi cn cng sut pht ln v tp m thu rt nh. H thng mt phn x xt trn khng
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t c iu ny, v h thng phn x kp cho php t c iu ny nhng t tin hn. Loa tip sng c t pha sau b phn x chnh qua mt l hng nh (hnh 3.12). Lp pha sau cho php t c cu trc tip sng chc chn, y l mt u im khi cn s dng cc anten cho php quay v vic bo dng cng d hn. B phn x ph c lp pha trc b phn x chnh ni chung c kch c nh hn loa tip sng v gy ra che ti t hn. C hai kiu chnh c s dng l anten Cassegrain v Gregorian mang tn ca cc nh thin vn hc u tin pht trin chng.
Hnh 3.12. Anten Cassegrain 19m
3.5.1. Anten Cassegrain

Dng c s ca Cassegrain gm mt b phn x parabol trn xoay chnh v mt b phn x hyperbol trn xoay ph. B phn x ph c hai tiu im mt trng vi tiu im ca b phn x chnh v mt trng vi tm pha ca loa tip sng (hnh 3.13a). H thng Cassegrain tng ng vi mt b phn x parabol trn xoay c tiu c nh sau:
eh + 1 (3.10) f eh 1 trong eh l lch tm ca hnh hyperbol trn xoay v f l tiu c ca b phn x chnh. lch tm ca hyperbol trn xoay lun lun ln hn mt v nm trong gii t 1,4 n 3. V th tiu c tng ng ln hn tiu c ca b phn x chnh. ng knh ca parabol trn xoay ging nh ng knh b phn x chnh v v th t s f/D tng. Nh thy hnh 3.10, t s f/D tng dn n chiu x ng u hn v i vi Cassegrain iu ny t c nhng khng lm trn sng nh trng hp anten b phn x n. T s f/D ln hn cng lm cho phn cc vung gc nh hn. H thng Cassegrain c s dng rng ri cho cc trm mt t. fe =
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Hnh. 3.13. Cc tia truyn i vi cc anten: a)Cassegrain v b)Gregorian
3.5.2. Anten Gregorian

Dng Gregorian c s gm mt parabol trn xoay chnh v mt b phn x ph elip trn xoay. Cng nh trng hp trn, b phn x ph c hai tiu im, mt trng vi tiu im ca b phn x chnh v im kia trng vi tm pha ca loa tip sng (hnh 3.13b). Hot ng ca h thng Gregorian c nhiu im ging nh Cassegrain. Anten Gregorian c minh ho hnh 3.14.
3.6. ANTEN DN
Ta c th t c s to hnh bp bng cch s dng dn cc phn t c s. Cc phn t ny c b tr sao cho cc mu pht x ca chng m bo tng cng pht x v mt s hng nht nh v loi tr s pht x cc hng khc. Hu ht cc dn anten s dng trong thng tin v tinh l dn loa. Cng c th s dng cc dn lm cc phi cho cc anten phn x nh dn loa hnh 3.15.
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Hnh 3.14. Anten lch trc Gregorian
Hnh 3.15. Anten phn x c tip sng nhiu phi
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3.7. TNG KT
Loa l mt dng anten c s dng ph bin trong thng tin v tinh. Loa c th c s dng nh mt anten c lp hay thng xuyn hn n c s dng nh l cc b tip sng cho cc anten phn x parabol. gim pht x ti cc bp ph cng nh ti phn cc vung gc cc loa nn c th s dng cc vch trong gp np. Cc anten parabol c ng dng rng ri trong thng tin v tinh. Tip sng cho cc anten ny c th l cc loa c t ti chnh tm hoc lch tm. Trng hp th hai cho php trnh c hin tng che ti nhng i hi phi c cc bin php to phn b trng chiu x u hn trn mt m ca parabol v gi b phn x cng phc tp hn. Cc anten v tinh cng c th s dng b phn x kp. Cc anten phn x kp cho php t tip sng ngay ti tm ca cho phn x chnh v th bo dng v quay anten tin hn. Ngoi ra b phn x con cng cho php phn b trng chiu x trn b phn x chnh u hn v gim hiu ng che ti. Anten Cassegrain bao gm hai b phn x: b phn x con c hnh hyperbol trn xoay v b phn x chnh l parabol trn xoay. Anten Gregorian cng c b phn x chnh l parabol trn xoay nhng b phn x con l elip trn xoay. S dng dn anten cho php d dng iu chnh dng bp sng v li bp sng n mc tiu yu cu. Dn anten loa thng c s dng lm dn tip sng cho cc b phn x.
3.8. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gi s phng truyn sng trng vi trc z, cc phng trnh sau Ey = yEysint, Ex = -xExcost biu th phn cc no di y ? (a) Tuyn tnh; (b) LHC; (b) RHC 2. Cng sut u ra ca my pht l 600W, tn hao phi l 1dB, h s phn x in p ti anten l 0,01. Tnh cng sut pht x. (a) 25,8 dB; (b) 26,78 dB; (c) 27,78dB 3. Gii thch v sao loa nn vch nhn pht x phn cc vung gc v gii php loi phn cc ny 4. Phng trnh mt ct ca b phn x parabol l y2=4fx. Gi s ymax=2,5m ti xmax=0,5m. Tm t s f/D. (a) 0,31; (b) 0,41; (c) 0,51; (d) 0,61 5. Mt cho anten ng knh 3 m c su l 1 m. tm tiu c. (a) 4,62m; (b)5,62m; (c) 6,62m; (d) 7,62m 6. Mt anten parabol ng knh 5m c hiu sut chiu x 0,65 lm vic ti tn s 6GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu dng ca anten (a) 12,76 m2; (b) 13,76m2; (c) 14,76m2; (d) 15,75m2 7. (tip) Tm h s khuych i ca anten trong bi 6. a )45,1dB; (b) 46,1dB; (c)47,1dB; (d) 48,1dB 8. Trnh by ngn gn tip sng lch tm v cc u im v nhc im ca n 9. Gii thch v sao cc anten phn x kp thng c s dng ti cc trm mt t ln. 10. Trnh by ngha ca vic s dng dn anten.
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Chng 4. Phn khng gian ca h thng thng tin v tinh
CHNG 4 PHN KHNG GIAN CA H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng T chc knh ca pht p Cc thit b ca b pht p: my thu bng rng, b phn knh, khuych i v b ghp knh Phn h anten Phn h thng tin Phn h TT&C 4.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu trong chng Tham kho [1], [2] Tr li cu hi v bi tp 4.1.3. Mc ch chng Hiu c cu trc chung ca b pht ap Hiu c nguyn hot ng cc phn t ca b pht p Hiu c t chc ca phn h anten v thng tin
4.2. B PHT P
B pht p bao gm tp hp cc khi ni vi nhau to nn mt knh thng tin duy nht gia anten thu v anten pht trn v tinh thng tin. Mt s khi trong b pht p c th c dng chung cho nhiu b pht p khc. Trc khi trnh by chi tit cc khi khc nhau cu b pht p, ta s xt ngn gn t chc tn s cho thng tin v tinh bng C. Bng thng n nh cho dch v bng C l 500 MHz v bng thng ny c chia thnh cc bng con, mi bng con dnh cho mt b pht p. rng bng tn thng thng ca b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v gia cc b pht p l 4MHz. V th bng tn 500 MHz c th m bo cho 12 b pht p. Bng cch ly phn cc, ta c th tng s b pht p ln hai ln. Cch ly phn cc cho php s dng cng mt tn s nhng vi phn cc ngc chiu nhau cho hai b pht p. thu c knh ca mnh, cc anten thu phi c phn cc trng vi phn cc pht ca knh tng ng. i vi phn cc tuyn tnh, ta c th cch ly phn cc bng phn cc ng v phn cc ngang. i vi phn cc trn, cch l phn cc nhn c bng cch s dng phn cc trn tay phi v phn cc trn tay tri. V cc sng mang vi phn cc i nhau c th chng ln ln nhau, nn k thut ny c gi l ti s dng tn s. Hnh 4.1 cho thy quy hoch tn s v phn cc cho v tinh thng tin bng C.
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500 4 36 6105 Phn cc ng 6145 6185
6085
6125
6165
Phn cc ngang
Hnh 4.1. Quy hoch tn s v phn cc. Tn s trn hnh v o bng MHz. Cng c th ti s dng tn s bng cc anten bp hp, v phng thc ny c th kt hp vi ti s dng theo phn cc cung cp rng bng tn hiu dng 2000 MHz trn c s rng thc t 500 MHz. i vi mt trong s cc nhm phn cc, hnh 4.2 cho thy chi tit hn s phn knh cho 12 b pht p. Di tn thu hay di tn ng ln l 5,925 n 6,425 GHz. Cc sng mang c th c thu trn mt hay nhiu anten ng phn cc. B lc vo cho qua ton b bng tn 500 MHz n my thu chung v loi b tp m cng vi nhiu ngoi bng (nhiu ny c th gy ra do cc tn hiu nh). Trong di thng 500 MHz ny c th c rt nhiu sng mang c iu ch v tt cc cc sng mang ny u c khuych i, bin i tn s trong my thu chung. Bin i tn s chuyn cc sng mang ny vo bng tn s ng xung 3,7 n 4,2 MHz vi rng 500 MHz. Sau cc tn hiu c phn knh vo cc rng bng tn ca tng b pht p. Thng thng rng bng tn cp cho mi b pht p l 36 MHz vi on bng bo v 4 MHz, v th 500MHz c th m bo knh cho 12 b pht p. B pht p c th x l mt sng mang c iu ch nh tn hiu TV chng hn hay c th x l nhiu sng mang ng thi vi mi sng mang c iu ch bi tn hiu in thoi hay knh bng gc no .
Cc khi khuych i cng sut 3,720 3,760 3,800 3,840 3,880 3,920 3,960 4,000 4,040 4,080 4,120 4,160 n anten pht 3,7-4,2 GHz
B phn knh vo 1 2 3 B lc bng thng T cc anten thu My thu bng rng 5,9256,425 GHz 3,74,2 GHz 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B ghp knh ra
Hnh 4.2. Cc knh ca b pht p v tinh
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4.3. MY THU BNG RNG

S khi ca my thu bng rng c cho hnh 4.3. My thu c d phng kp phng trng hp s c. Bnh thng ch c my thu cng tc c s dng, khi c s c my thu th hai c t ng chuyn vo thay th. Tng u ca my thu l b khuch i tp m nh (LNA:low noise amplifier). B khuch i ny ch gy thm mt t tp m cho sng mang c khuch i, nhng vn m bo khuch i sng mang n c th vt qua c mc tp m cao hn trong tng trn tip sau. Khi tnh ton tp m do b khuch i gy ra, tin li ta thng quy i tt c cc mc tp m vo u vo LNA, y tng tp m thu c th c biu din vo nhit tp m tng ng. Trong mt my thu c thit k tt, nhit tp m c quy i vo u vo LNA thng c gi tr gn bng tp m ca ring LNA. Tng nhit tp m phi bao gm: tp m t anten. Nhit tp m tng ng ca anten c th ln n vi trm K. LNA tip tn hiu cho mt tng trn. Tng ny cn c tn hiu dao ng ni bin i tn s. Cng sut tn hiu cp t b dao ng ni cho u vo b trn khong 10dBm. Tn s ca b dao ng ni phi rt n nh v c t tp m. B khuch i th hai sau tng trn c nhim v m bo h s khuch i vo khong 60 dB. Cc mc tn hiu so vi u vo trn hnh v c cho dB. S phn chia khuch i ti 6GHz v 4GHz trnh dao ng xy ra nu khuch i qu ln trn cng mt tn s. My thu bng rng ch s dng cc thit b tch cc bn dn. Trong mt s thit k, cc b khuch i diode tunnel c s dng cho tin khuch i ti 6GHz trong cc b pht p 6/4GHz v cho cc b khuch i thng s ti 14 GHz trong cc b pht p 14/12-GHz. Vi s tin b ca cng ngh Transitor trng (FET), cac b khuch i FET m bo hiu nng ngang bng hoc tt hn hin c s dng trong c hai bng tn. Cc tng trn diode c s dng. B khuch i sau b trn c th s dng cc transistor tip gip lng cc (BJT) ti 4GHz v FET ti 12 GHz hay FET cho c hai bng.
My thu d phng
T b lc vo B tin khuych i -1,5dB B trn B khuych i 23 dB 60 dB
n b phn knh
28,5 dB
B giao ng 2,225 GHz
Hnh 4.3. My thu bng rng v tinh
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4.4. B PHN KNH VO

B phn knh vo phn chia u vo bng rng (3,7-4,2 GHz) thnh cc knh tn s ca b pht p. Chng hn, trn hnh 4.2 cc knh ny c nh s t 1 n 12. Cc knh ny thng c t chc thnh cc nhm s chn v s l. Vic t chc ny cho php tng thm phn cch knh v gim nhiu gia cc knh ln cn trong mt nhm. u ra ca my thu c a n mt b chia cng sut, n lt mnh b chia cng sut li tip sng cho hai dy circulator ring bit. Ton b tn hiu bng rng c truyn theo tng dy v phn knh t c nh cc b lc knh ni n circulator nh trn hnh 4.4. Mi b lc c rng bng 36 MHz v c iu chnh n tn s trung tm ca bng (xem hnh 4.1). Mc d tn hao trong b phn knh kh ln, cc tn hao ny d dng c b p trong tng khuch i cho cc knh pht p.
Kt cui phi khng 1 2 3 4 5 My thu d phng 6
Ghp 3 dB My thu cng tc
7 8
9 10
11 12
Kt cui phi khng
Hnh 4.4. B phn knh vo
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4.5. B KHUCH I CNG SUT

B khuch i cng sut ring m bo u ra cho tng b pht p. Hnh 4.5 cho thy trc mi b khuch i cng sut l b suy gim u vo. B ny cn thit iu chnh u vo ca b khuch i cng sut n mc mong mun. B suy hao c phn c nh v phn thay i. Phn c nh cn bng cc thay i suy hao vo sao cho cc knh pht p c cng suy hao danh nh. iu chnh c thc hin trong qu trnh lp rp. Phn suy hao thay i thit lp mc cho tng kiu ng dng.
Hnh 4.5. S khi v biu cc mc tng i in hnh trong mt b pht p. B khuch i n sng chy (TWTA) c s dng rng ri trong cc b pht p m bo cng sut ra cn thit cho anten pht. S n sng chy (TWT: travelling wave tube) c cho trn hnh 4.6. Trong n sng chy, sng tia in t gm: si nung, catt v cc in cc hi t to ra chm tia in t. Trng t gii hn tia in t truyn trong dy xon. i vi TWT cng sut cao hn c s dng cc trm mt t, trng t c th c to ra bi cun cm v c cp dng mt chiu. V kch thc kh ln v tiu th cng sut cao nn cun cm khng thch hp cho s dng trn v tinh, y cc TWT cng sut thp hn c s dng vi hi t bng nam chm t. Tn hiu v tuyn cn khuch i c cp cho dy xon ti u gn catt nht v to ra tn hiu sng chy dc dy xon. Trng in ca sng s c thnh phn dc dy xon. Trong mt s vng trng ny s gim tc cc in t trong chm tia v trong mt s vng khc n s tng tc cc in t trong chm tia. V th in t s co cm dc theo tia. Tc trung bnh ca chm tia dc xc nh bi in p mt chiu trn colector v c gi tr hi ln hn tc pha ca sng dc dy xon. Trong iu kin ny, s xy ra s chuyn i nng lng: ng nng trong chm tia c bin thnh th nng ca sng. Thc t, sng s truyn dc theo dy xon gn vi tc nh sng, nhng thnh phn dc trc ca n s tng tc vi chm tia in t. Thnh phn ny thp hn tc nh sng mt lng bng t s gia bc xon v chu vi. V s gim tc pha ny, nn dy xon c gi l cu trc sng chm.
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Hnh 4.6. S n sng chy (TWT) v cp ngun u im ca b khuch i ny so vi cc b khuch i n in t khc l n c th m bo khuch i trn mt rng bng tn kh rng. Tuy nhin cn iu chnh cn thn mc vo TWT gim thiu mo. nh hng ca mo c tuyn truyn t c cho trn hnh 4.7. Ti cc mc cng sut thp, quan h gia u vo v u ra l tuyn tnh, ngha l mt thay i dB cho trc u vo s gy ra cng mt s thay i dB u ra. Ti cc mc cng sut vo cao, cng sut ra s b bo ho. im cng sut ra cc i ny c gi l im bo ho. im bo ho l mt im tham chun tin li v cc i lng vo cng vi cc i lng ra thng c tham chun theo im ny. Vng tuyn tnh ca TWT c nh ngha l vng gii hn bi gii hn tp m nhit u thp v bi im nn 1dB. y l im m ti ng cong truyn t thc t thp hn ng thng suy din nh cho trn hnh 4.7. Vic chn im cng tc trn c tuyn truyn t s c ta xt c th hn, nhng trc ht ta s xt c tnh pha.
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Pout
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Hnh 4.7. c tuyn truyn t ca TWT. Trng thi bo ho c s dng nh tham chun 0 dB cho c u vo v u ra Thi gian tr tuyt i gia cc tn hiu vo v ra ti mt mc vo c nh thng khng ng k. Tuy nhin ti cc mc cao khi nhiu nng lng chm tia hn c chuyn vo cng sut u ra, tc chm tia trung bnh s gim v v th thi gian tr s tng. V tr pha t l thun vi thi gian tr, nn iu ny dn n dch pha v s dch ny thay i theo u vo. K hiu dch pha l v v pha do thi gian tr ti im bo ho l S, hiu s pha so vi bo ho l -S. Hiu s ny c v trn hnh 4.8 ph thuc vo cng sut u vo. Nh vy nu cng sut u vo thay i, s xy ra iu ch pha, qu trnh ny c gi l chuyn i AM/PM (iu bin thnh iu pha). dc ca c tuyn dch pha cho ta h s iu ch pha theo trn dB. ng cong dc ph thuc cng sut vo c cho trn hnh 4.8. iu tn (FM) thng c s dng cho cc knh thng tin v tinh tng t . Tuy nhin iu ch bin khng mong mun c th xy ra do qu trnh lc c thc hin trc u vo TWT. Qu trnh AM ny bin i iu ch bin thnh iu ch pha (PM), v iu ch ny th hin nh l tp m i vi sng mang FM. Khi ch c mt sng mang duy nht, n c th c a qua b hn bin trc khi c khuch i bi TWT. B hn bin s nn bin sng mang gn ng chun khng loi b iu ch bin .
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Pin
Hnh 4.8. c tuyn pha ca TWT. l dch pha vo-ra v S l gi tr ti bo ho. ng cong AM/PM c rt ra t dc cu ng cong dch pha. TWT cng c th c s dng khuch i hai hay nhiu sng mang ng thi, trng hp ny c gi l khai thc nhiu sng mang. Khi ny bin i AM/PM s l mt hm phc tp ca cc bin sng mang, ngoi ra c tuyn truyn t phi tuyn cng gy ra mo iu ch giao thoa. Ta c th biu din c tuyn truyn t phi tuyn vo chui Taylor th hin quan h gia in p vo v in p ra nh sau: eo=aei+bei2+cei2+.... (4.1)
trong a, b, c... l cc h s ph thuc vo c tuyn truyn t, eo l in p ra v ei l in p vo bao gm tng cc sng mang khc nhau. Thnh phn bc ba l ce3. Thnh phn ny v cc thnh phn m l gy ra cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa, nhng thng th ch c thnh phn bc ba l ng k. Gi thit rng u vo TWT c nhiu sng mang cch nhau f, nh cho trn hnh 4.9. Nu xt cc sng mang ti cc tn s f1 v f2, ta thy do thnh phn bc ba s xut hin cc tn s 2f2-f1 v 2f1-f2. Do f2-f1=.f ta c th vit li hai thnh phn ny nh sau: f2+f v f1-f. Nh vy cc sn phn iu ch giao thoa ri vo cc tn s sng mang ln cn nh c trnh by trn hnh 4.9. Tng t cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa s xut hin t cc cp sng mang khc v khi cc sng mang ny c iu ch, mo iu ch giao thoa s th hin nh tp m bng tn ca b pht p.
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f
(2f1 f2 ) f1
f2
(2f2 f1 )
Hnh 4.9. Cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa bc ba gim iu ch giao thoa, ta cn dch im cng tc ca TWT n gn hn phn tuyn tnh ca ng cong. S gim ny c gi l li u vo. Khi c nhiu sng mang c khuch i, cng sut ra xung quanh bo ha i vi mi sng mang s nh hn cng sut ra khi ch c mt sng mang. iu ny c minh ho bi cc ng cong c tuyn truyn t trn hnh 4.10. li u vo l hiu o bng dB gia u vo sng mang ti im cng tc v u vo bo ha cn thit cho hot ng mt sng mang. li u ra thng ng vi s gim cng sut u ra tng ng. Thng th li u ra thp hn khong 5 dB so vi li u vo. S cn thit a vo li s lm gim ng k dung lng knh ca ng truyn v tinh v s gim t s sng mang trn tp m ti trm mt t.
Pout
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Hnh 4.10. ng cong truyn t cho mt sng mang v cho nhiu sng mang. li khi khai thc nhiu sng mang so vi bo ho i vi mt sng mang
4.6. PHN H ANTEN

Anten trn v tinh thc hin chc nng kp: thu ng ln v pht ng xung. Chng c nhiu loi: t cc anten dipole c c tnh v hng n cc anten tnh hng cao phc v cho vin thng, chuyn tip truyn hnh v pht qung b. Bp sng ca anten thng c to ra bi cc anten kiu phn x, thng l b phn x parabol trn xoay. H s khuch i ca anten phn x parabol so vi b pht x ng hng c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
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D G = I
(4.2)
trong l bc sng ca tn hiu, D l ng knh b phn x v I l hiu sut mt m (thng c gi tr bng 0,55). rng bp sng -3dB c xc nh gn ng nh sau:
3dB 70
(4.3)
T s D/ c coi l h s ch cht ca cc phng trnh trn: h s khuch i t l thun vi (D/)2 v rng bp sng t l nghch vi D/. V th h s khuch i s tng khi rng bp sng hp hn bng cc tng kch thc b phn x v gim bc sng. Cc b phn x kch thc ln l cc b phn x bng 6/4GHz. Cc b phn x trong bng tn 14/12GHz vi cng hiu nng s c kch thc nh hn nhiu. Hnh 4.11 minh ha phn h anten ca v tinh INTELSAT VI. T hnh v ta thy mc phc tp ca phn h ny i vi cc v tinh thng tin ln. Cc b phn x ln dnh cho bng 6/4GHz ph bn cu v cc vng ph nh cho hnh 4.12. Cc anten ny c tip sng bi cc dn anten loa v cc nhm loa khc nhau c kch thch to nn dng bp sng cn thit. T hnh ny ta thy cc dn ring c s dng cho pht v cho thu. Mi dn c 146 loa lng cc. Trong di 14/11 GHz, b phn x trn c s dng to bp hp, mt cho ng v mt cho ty qu t nh trnh by trn hnh 4.12. Cc bp sng ny c th li c. Mi bp c tip sng bi mt loa c s dng cho c pht v thu. Cc bp rng ph ton cu c to ra bi cc anten loa n gin ti 6/4GHz. Ngoi ra trn hnh v ta thy c mt anten hai nn c s dng cho cc tn hiu iu khin v bm. Cng mt loa tip sng c th s dng cho c pht v thu vi cng phn cc. Cc tn hiu pht v thu c tch ra b ghp song cng (Duplexer) kt hp vi lc tn s. Phn bit phn cc cng c th c s dng tch cc tn hiu pht thu s dng cng mt loa tip sng. Chng hn c th s dng loa pht phn cc ng trong bng tn ng xung v ng thi thu cc sng phn cc ngang trong bng tn ng ln. Phn tch phn cc c thc hin ti thit b c gi l b ghp trc giao hay b chuyn i ch trc giao (OMT). Cc loa khc nhau cng c th c s dng cho cc chc nng pht v thu vi c hai loa dng cho cng mt b phn x.
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Hnh 4.11. Phn h anten cho v tinh INTELSAT VI.
4.7. PHN H THNG TIN

Hnh 4.13 cho thy phn h thng tin v tinh Morelos ca Mexico lm th d. Ti trng trn Morelos c gi l ti trng lai ghp hay lng bng v n mang cc b pht p bng C v bng K. Trong bng C n cung cp 12 knh mi knh rng 36 MHz v su knh bng rng vi mi knh rng 72 MHz. Trong bng K, n cung cp bn knh vi mi knh rng 108 MHz. Cc knh 36 MHz s dng cc TWTA 7-W vi d phng 12:14. Ngha l 12 b d phng cho 14 b hot ng. Cc knh 72 MHz s dng cc TWTA 10,5 W vi d phng 6:8. Cc my thu c thit k bng linh kin bn dn v vi d phng 2:4cho bng C v 1:2 cho bng K. Anten vi b phn x trn ng knh 180 cm c s dng cho bng C. y l anten hai phn cc vi tip sng ring bng C cho cc phn cc ngang v ng. Anten bng K c b phn x Elip. N c dn tip sng ring to ra vng ph sng trn Mexico.
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im di v tinh
V tr v tinh: 335,50E Bn cu 6/4 GHz Vng rng 6/4GHz phn cc vung gc Vng hp 14/11 GHz phn cc n
Hnh 4.12. Cc kh nng ph sng ca v tinh Atlantic INTELSAT VI (lu : cc bp sng hp 14/11GHz c th khai thc v chuyn dch theo yu cu)
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B pht p bng c
Cc b ghp knh vo B suy gim tng nc
Chuyn mch d phng
Khuych i n sng chy 2W

Chuyn mch d phng TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA
Cc b ghp knh ra
6 knh ng (36 MHz)
6 knh ng (36 MHz)
V
Chuyn mch d phng TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA Chuyn mch d phng TWTA
6 knh ng (36 MHz)
6 knh ng (36 MHz)
Tip sng bng C
Tip sng bng C

H V Cc my thu d phng 4 cho 2
Cc b ghp knh vo
Khuych i n sng chy 10,5W

Chuyn mch d phng Chuyn mch d phng TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA
Cc b ghp knh ra
3 knh ngang (72 MHz)
iu khin v bm
H
TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA
Chuyn mch d phng
Chuyn mch d phng
B pht p bng K
Cc b ghp knh vo
Khuych i knh
Chuyn mch d phng
Khuych i n sng chy 20W

Chuyn mch d phng
Cc b ghp knh ra
A A A A A A
TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA TWTA
Cc my thu d phng 2 cho 1
Hnh 4.13. S khi phn h thng tin cho v tinh Morelos
4.8. PHN H O BM V IU KHIN T XA

Phn h TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking and Command: o t xa, bm v iu khin) thc hin mt s chc nng thng xuyn trn v tinh. Chc nng o t xa c th hiu nh l o trn mt c ly xa. Chng hn to ra mt tn hiu in t l vi cht lng c o, m ho n v pht n n trm xa (trm mt t). D liu trong tn hiu o t xa c c thng tin cao nhn c t cc b cm bin mt tri v tri t, thng tin mi trng nh cng t trng v phng, tn sut nh hng ca thin thch.... v cc thng tin v tu v tr nh: nhit , in p ngun, p sut nhin liu. Mt s tn s c quc t quy nh pht tn hiu o t xa cho v tinh. Trong
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giai on phng v tinh, mt knh c bit c s dng cng vi anten v hng. Khi v tinh vo qu o n nh, mt trong s cc b pht p thng c s dng cng vi anten c hng, khi xy ra trnh trng khn cp knh ny s c chuyn mch tr v knh c bit khi phng v tinh. C th coi o t xa v iu khin l cc chc nng b ln cho nhau. Phn h o t xa pht thng tin v v tinh n trm mt t, cn phn h iu khin thu cc tn hiu, thng l tr li cho thng tin o t xa. Phn h iu khin gii iu ch v khi cn thit gii m cc tn hiu iu khin ri chuyn chng n thit b thch hp thc hin hnh ng cn thit. V th c th thay i cao, u thm hoc ct bt cc knh, nh hng li anten hoc duy tr qu o (maneuvers) theo lnh t mt t. trnh thu v gii m cc lnh gi, cc tn hiu iu khin c mt m ho. Bm v tinh c thc hin bng cc tn hiu hi ng c pht i t v tinh. Cc tn hiu ny c TT&C trm mt t thu. Bm c bit quan trong trong cc giai on chuyn v dch qu o ca qu trnh phng v tinh. Khi v tinh n nh, v tr ca v tinh a tnh c xu th b dch do cc lc nhiu khc nhau. V th phi c kh nng bm theo s x dch ca v tinh v pht i cc tn hiu hiu chnh tng ng. Cc hi ng bm c th c pht trong knh o t xa hay bng cc sng mang hoa tiu ti cc tn s trong mt trong s cc knh thng tin chnh hay bi cc anten bm c bit. nh k cng cn c thng tin v khong cch t v tinh n trm mt t. Thng tin ny c xc nh bng cch o tr truyn cc tn hiu pht ring cho mc ch o c ly. Ta thy rng cc chc nng o t xa, bm v iu khin l cc khai thc phc tp i hi cc phng tin c bit di t ngoi cc phn h TT&C trn v tinh. Hnh 4.14 cho thy s khi cho cc phng tin TT&C h thng v tinh Telesat ca Canada.
Hnh 4.14. H thng iu khin v tinh
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4.9. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cu trc chung ca b pht p trn v tinh. Mi b pht p bao gm ba phn h: phn h anten, phn h thng tin v phn h TT&C. H thng anten trn v tinh bao gm cc anten ph sng na bn cu, ph sng vng rng, ph sng vng hp v TT&C. Phn h thng tin gm cc my thu bng rng, cc b phn knh vo, cc b khuych i v cc b ghp knh ra. Cc thit b ny thng c d phng tng tin cy. Ngoi ra, phn h ny cng c th cha cc b lc phn cc ng (V) v ngang (H). Phn h TT&C (o, bm v iu khin) cho php o t xa cc thng s v tinh bo co v trm iu khin di mt t nhn c cc lnh iu khin tng ng. Phn h ny pht i tn hiu hi ng thng bo v v tr b x dch ca n m bo bm t trm mt t. Ngoi ra, da trn tn hiu ny trm iu khin di mt t cng pht lnh iu khin v tr v tinh.
4.10. CU HI V BI TP
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Trnh by t chc knh ca b pht p Trnh by cu trc ca my thu bng rng Trnh by cu trc ca b phn knh vo Trnh by cu trc ca b khuch i Trnh by hot ng ca TWTA Trnh by cc u v nhc im chnh ca vic s dng TWTA cho b pht p so vi cc thit b khuch i cng sut cao khc nh ngha thut ng im nn 1dB. im ny c ngha nh th no i vi TWT Gii thch v sao khng c t im cng tc gn im bo ha ca TWTA khi khuch i ng thi nhiu sng mang Trnh by cu trc ca phn h anten Trnh by cu trc ca phn h thng tin Trnh by cu trc ca phn h TT&C Gii thch ngha ca d phng 4:2
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Chn 5. on mt t ca h thng thng tin v tinh
CHNG 5 PHN MT T CA H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

5.1. GII THIU CHUNG
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Cc h thng my thu truyn hnh v tinh gia nh (TVRO) Cc trm mt t pht thu 5.1.2. Hng dn Hc k t liu trong chng c thm ti liu tham kho [1], [2] Tr li cu hi v bi tp 5.1.3. Mc ch chng Hiu c t chc v hot ng ca cc h thng my thu truyn hnh v tinh gia nh Hiu c cu trc v hot ng ca trm thu pht v tinh mt t
5.2. M U
Phn mt t ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh bao gm cc trm pht v thu. Trm n gin nht l h thng ch thu truyn hnh gia nh (TVRO) v phc tp nht l cc trm u cui s dng cho cc mng thng tin quc t. Ngoi ra on u cui c th l cc trm di ng trn tu b, thng mi, qun s v hng khng.
5.3. CC H THNG TV GIA NH, TVRO

5.3.1. S khi tng qut ca TVRO
Theo quy nh truyn hnh qung b trc tip n my thu TV gia nh c thc hin trong bng tn Ku (12 GHz). Dch v ny c gi l dch v v tinh qung b trc tip (DBS: direct broadcast satellite). Tu thuc vo vng a l n nh bng tn c th hi thay i. M, bng tn ng xung l 12,2 n 12,7GHz. Tuy nhin, hin ny nhiu gia nh s dng cc cho kh to (ng knh khong 3m) thu cc tn hiu TV ng xung trong bng C (GHz). Cc tn hiu ng xung ny khng ch nh thu gia nh m dnh cho vic chuyn i mng n cc mng phn phi truyn hnh (cc i pht VHF, UHF v cp truyn hnh). Mc d c v nh thc t thu cc tn hiu TV hin nay c thit lp rt tt, nhng nhiu nhn t k thut, thng mi v php lt ngn cn vic thu ny. Cc khc bit chnh gia cc h thng TVRO (TV recieve only: ch thu TV) bng Ku v bng C l tn s cng tc ca khi ngoi tri v cc v tinh dnh cho DBS bng Ku c EIRP (cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng) cao hn nhiu so vi bng C.
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Hnh 5.1 cho thy cc khi chnh trong mt h thng thu DBS ca u cui gia nh. Tt nhin cu trc ny s thay i trong cc h thng khc nhau, nhng s ny s cung cp cc khi nim c s v my thu TV tng t (FM). Hin nay TV s trc tip n gia nh ang dn thay th cc h thng tng t, nhng cc khi ngoi tri vn ging nhau cho c hai h thng.
Hnh 5.1. S khi u cui thu thu DBS TV/FM gia nh
5.3.2. Khi ngoi tri

Khi ny bao gm mt anten thu tip sng trc tip cho t hp khuch i tp m nh/ bin i h tn. Thng thng b phn x parabol c s dng vi loa thu t tiu im. Bnh thng thit k c tiu im t ngay trc b phn x, nhng trong mt s trng hp loi b nhiu tt hn, b tip sng (Feed) c th c t lch nh thy trn hnh v. Kinh nghim cho thy rng c th thu cht lng m bo bng cc b phn x c ng knh t 0,6 n 1,6m (1,97-5,25 ft) v kch thc ch dn thng thng l 0,9m (2,95ft) v 1,2m (3,94 ft). Tri li ng knh b phn x bng C (4GHz) thng vo khong 3m (9,84 ft). Lu rng h s khuch i anten t l thun vi (D/)2. So snh khuch i ca cho 3m ti 4GHz vi cho 1m ti 12 GHz, ta thy trong c hai trng hp t s D/=40, v th khuch i ca chng bng nhau. Tuy nhin mc d suy hao truyn sng ti 12 GHz cao hn nhiu so vi 4GHz, nhng ta khng cn anten thu c khuch i cao hn v cc v tinh qung b trc tip lm vic cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng cao hn nhiu.
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Bng tn ng xung di 12,2 n 12,7 GHz c rng 500 MHz cho php 32 knh TV vi mi knh c rng l 24 MHz. Tt nhin cc knh cnh nhau s phn no chng ln ln nhau, nhng cc knh ny c phn cc LHC v RHC an xen gim nhiu n cc mc cho php. S phn b tn s nh vy c gi l an xen phn cc. Loa thu c th c b lc phn cc c chuyn mch n phn cc mong mun di s iu khin ca khi trong nh. Loa thu tip sng cho khi bin i tp m nh (LNC: low noise converter) hay khi kt hp khuch i tp m nh (LNA: low noise amplifier) v bin i (gi chung l LNA/C). Khi kt hp ny c gi l LNB (Low Noise Block: khi tp m nh). LNB m bo khuch i tn hiu bng 12 GHz v bin i n vo di tn s thp hn c th s dng cp ng trc gi r ni n khi trong nh. Di tn tn hiu sau h tn l 950-1450 MHz (xem hnh 5.1). Cp ng trc hoc cp i dy c s dng truyn cng sut mt chiu cho khi ngoi tri. Ngoi ra cng c cc dy iu khin chuyn mch phn cc. Khuch i tp m nh cn c thc hin trc u vo khi trong nh m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m yu cu. t khi b khuch i tp m nh c t ti pha u vo khi trong nh v n c th khuch i c tp m ca cp ng trc. Tt nhin khi s dng LNA ngoi tri cn m bo n hot ng c trong iu kin thi tit thay i v c th b ph hoi hoc nh cp.
5.3.3. Khi trong nh cho TV tng t (FM)

Tn hiu cp cho khi trong nh thng c bng tn rng t 950 n 1450 MHz. Trc ht n c khuch i ri chuyn n b lc bm chn knh cn thit (xem hnh 5.1). Nh ni, an xen phn cc c s dng v th khi thit lp mt b lc phn cc ta ch c th thu c mt na s knh 32 MHz. iu ny gim nh hot ng ca b lc bm v by gi cc knh an xen c t cch xa nhau hn. Sau knh c chn c bin i h tn: thng t di 950 MHz vo 70 MHz, tuy nhin cng c th chn cc tn s khc trong di VHF. B khuch i 70 MHz khuch i tn hiu n mc cn thit cho gii iu ch. S khc bit chnh gia DBS v TV thng thng ch DBS s dng iu tn cn TV thng thng s dng iu bin (AM) dng n bin c nn (VSSB: Vestigal Single Sideband). V th cn gii iu ch sng mang 70 MHz v sau ti iu ch AM to ra tn hiu VSSB trc khi tip sng cho cc knh VHF/UHF ca my TV tiu chun. My thu DBS cn cung cp nhiu chc nng khng c th hin trn hnh 5.1. Chng hn cc tn hiu Video v Audio sau gii iu ch u ra V/A c th cung cp trc tip cho cc u V/A ca my thu hnh. Ngoi ra gim nhiu ngi ta cn b sung vo sng mang v tinh mt dng sng phn tn nng lng v my thu DBS c nhim v loi b tn hiu ny. Cc u cui cng c th c trang b cc b lc IF gim nhiu t cc mng TV mt t v c th phi s dng b gii ngu nhin ho (gii m) thu mt s chng trnh.
5.3.4. H thng TV anten ch

H thng TV anten ch (MATV: Master- Antena TV) m bo thu cc knh DBS/TV cho mt nhm ngi s dng, chng hn cho cc ngi thu cn h trong to nh. H thng ny gm mt khi ngoi tri (anten v LNA/C) tip sng cho nhiu khi trong nh (xem hnh 5.2). H thng ny cn bn ging nh h thng gia nh trnh by trn nhng cho php tng ngi s dng truy nhp c lp n tt c cc knh. u im ca h thng ny l ch cn mt khi ngoi
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tri, nhng phi c cc LNA/C v cp tip sng ring cho tng phn cc. So vi h thng mt ngi s dng, cn c anten ln hn (ng knh 2 n 3 m) m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m cho tt c cc khi trong nh.
Hnh 5.2. Cu trc h thng anten TV ch (MATV)
5.3.5. H thng TV anten tp th

H thng TV anten tp th (CATV: Community Atenna TV) s dng mt khi ngoi tri vi cc tip sng ring cho tng phng phn cc ging nh h thng MTAV c th cung cp tt c cc knh ng thi ti my thu trong nh. Thay v s dng mt my thu ring cho tng ngi s dng, tt c cc sng mang u c gii iu ch ti mt h thng lc-thu chung nh hnh 5.3. Sau tt c cc knh c kt hp vo mt tn hiu ghp chung truyn dn theo cp n cc thu bao. i vi cc vng xa, thay v dng cp phn phi, ngi ta c th pht li qung b tin hiu bng mt i pht TV xa vi s dung anten ng knh 8m (26,2 ft) thu tn hiu v tinh trong bng C. Cng c th phn phi chng trnh thu t v tinh bng h thng CATV.
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Hnh 5.3. Th d cu trc khi trong nh cho h thng TV anten tp th (CATV)
5.4. CC TRM MT T PHT THU

Trong cc phn trc ta xt cc trm TV ch thu. Tt nhin, mt ni no ta cn c mt tram pht hon thin ng truyn. Trong mt s trng hp ch cn trm ch pht, chng hn khi chuyn tip tn hiu truyn hnh n cc trm ch thu TV xa.. Cc trm pht thu m bo c hai chc nng v thng c s dng cho vin thng vi lu lng bao hm c mng TV. Cc phn t c bn ca mt trm mt t c d phng c cho trn hnh 5.4. Nhc li rng d phng c ngha mt s khi c nhn i. Mt khi c d phng kp ny khi b s c s t ng chuyn mch n khi d phng. Cc khi d phng c v trn hnh 5.4 dng ng ngt qung.
Hnh 5.4. Cc phn t cn bn ca mt trm mt t c d phng S khi chi tit ca trm pht thu mt t c cho hnh 5.5, trong d nhn ta khng trnh by cc khi d phng.
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Tip sng anten Diplexer
Khuych i cng sut K LNA
B kt hp Cc b bin i nng tn Cc b iu ch Cc sng mang vi ba s IF (trung tn)
B chia Cc b bin i h tn Cc b gii iu ch
Cc bng gc c lp khun li Cc b ghp/phn knh bao gm c x l s
Thit b kt ni n trm mt t
Cc u vo ra bng gc ca mng mt t
Hnh 5.5. S chi tit ca mt trm pht thu Nhn t pha di s , trc ht ta thy thit b kt ni trm v tinh mt t vi mng vin thng mt t. gii thch ta s xt lu lng in thoi. Lu lng ny c th gm nhiu knh in thoi c ghp vi nhau theo tn s, hoc thi gian. Ghp knh ny c th khc vi ghp knh cn thit truyn dn v tinh, v th khi tip theo l thit b ghp knh thc hin lp khun dng li cho lu lng. Sau lung ghp c iu ch trung tn (IF), thng l 70 MHz. Nhiu tng trung tn song song c s dng cho tng sng mang c pht. Sau khuych i IF 70 MHz, tn hiu sau iu ch c bin i nng tn n tn s sng mang cn thit. Nhiu sng mang c th c pht cng mt lc v mc d y l cc tn s khc nhau, cc sng mang c c t theo tn s: cc sng mang 6GHz hay cc sng mang 14 GHz. Cn lu rng mi sng mang c th c s dng cho nhiu im nhn. Ngha l chng mang lu lng n cc trm khc nhau. Chng hn mt sng mang vi ba c th mang lu lng n Boston v New York. Cng mt sng mang c thu ti hai im, c lc ra bi cc b lc ti trm mt t thu. Sau khi i qua b bin i nng tn, cc sng mang c kt hp v tn hiu tng bng rng c khuch i. Tn hiu bng rng sau khuch i c tip sng n anten qua b ghp song cng: Diplexer. Diplexer cho php anten x l ng thi nhiu tn hiu pht v thu. Anten trm lm vic c hai ch pht thu ng thi nhng ti cc tn s khc nhau. Trong bng C, ng ln danh nh hay tn s pht l 6GHz v ng xung hay tn s thu l 4GHz. Trong bng Ku, tn s ng ln danh nh l 14 GHz v ng xung l 12 GHz. Do cc anten khuch i cao c s dng cho c hai ng, nn chng c cc bp sng rt hp. Bp sng hp ny cn thit ngn chn nhiu gia cc ng v tinh ln cn. Trong trng hp bng C, cng cn trnh nhiu n t cc tuyn vi ba mt t . Cc tuyn vi ba mt t khng hot ng ti cc tn s bng Ku.
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Trong nhnh thu (pha phi ca hnh 5.5), tn hiu thu c khuch i trong b khuch i tp m nh sau c chuyn n b chia tch thnh cc sng mang khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny c bin i h tn n bng IF ri c chuyn n khi ghp knh c chnh li khun dng cn thit cho mng mt t. Cn lu rng dng lu lng pha thu khc vi dng ny pha pht. S lng sng mang, khi lng lu lng c mang s khc nhau v lung ghp u ra khng nht thit phi mang cc knh in thoi c mang pha pht. Tn ti nhiu loi trm mt t khc nhau ph thuc vo cc yu cu dch v. Theo ngha rng c th phn loi lu lng thnh: tuyn lu lng cao, tuyn lu lng trung bnh v tuyn lu lng thp. Trong knh tuyn lu lng thp, mt knh pht p (36 MHz) c th mang nhiu sng mang v mi sng mang lin kt vi mt knh thoi ring. Ch hot ng ny c gi l mt sng mang trn mt knh (SCPC: Single Carrier per Channel). Ngoi ra cn c ch a truy nhp. C th v cc ch ny s c xt chng cc h thng thng tin v tinh FDMA v TDMA. Kch thc anten thay i t 3,6 m (11,8ft) i vi cc trm di ng trn xe n 30 m (98,4ft) i vi u cui chnh. Knh tuyn lu lng trung bnh cng m bo a truy nhp hoc theo FDMA hoc theo TDMA. Cc ch a truy nhp ny cng c xt trong chng tng ng. Kch thc anten t 30 m (89,4ft) cho trm chnh n 10 m (32,8 ft) cho cc trm xa. Trong h thng tuyn lu lng cao, mi knh v tinh ( rng bng tn 36 MHz) c th mang 960 knh thoi cho mt ng hoc mt knh TV kt hp vi knh ting. Nh vy knh pht p cho knh tuyn lu lng ln mang mt tn hiu bng rng: c th l TV hay lung ghp cc knh thoi. ng knh anten ca h thng ny t nht l 30 m (98,4ft) c thit k cho trm mt t tiu chun A ca INTELSAT. Cc anten ln ny c trng lng n 250 tn v th phi c nn rt chc chn v n nh. Cc anten ng knh ln ny m bo cc bp sng rt hp v v th phi trnh x dch khng lm lch hng anten. i vi vng c bng v tuyt ri cn c l si bn trong. Mc d cc anten ny c s dng cho cc v tinh a tnh, nhng vn xy ra tri v tinh. nh hng ny cng vi bp sng anten rt hp v th cn m bo mt gii hn nht nh v bm. iu chnh tng nc theo phng v v gc ngng c thc hin di s iu khin ca my tnh t c tn hiu thu cc i. Vic m bo lin tc ngun nui cng l mt vn quan trng khi thit k cc trm mt t pht thu. Tr cc trm nh nht, cn th s dng ngun d phng t in mng hoc acquy v cc my pht in. Nu in li b s c, cc acquy lp tc thay th. ng thi my n c v nhanh chng thay th cc acqui.
5.5. TNG KT
Trm mt t v tinh bao gm phn pht v phn thu. My thu truyn hnh v tinh TVRO l trm mt t n gin nht. N ch c phn thu. Theo quy nh cc my thu gia nh ch lm vic ti bng Ku. Tuy nhin hin ny nhiu gia nh c th s dng cc cho kh to (ng knh khong 3m) thu cc tn hiu TV ng xung trong bng C (GHz) dng cho chuyn i mng n cc mng phn phi truyn hnh (cc i pht VHF, UHF v cp truyn hnh). Cc ta nh ln c th s dng h thng TV anten ch (MATV: Master- Antena TV) hoc h thng TV anten tp th (CATV: Community Atenna TV) cung cp chng trnh v tinh ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dng. Trm mt t thu pht thng l cc trm u cui s dng cho cc mng thng tin quc
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t hoc c th l cc trm di ng trn tu b, thng mi, qun s v hng khng. y l cc trm rt phc tp i hi cng sut pht ln v anten ln c th pht n v tinh. Phn pht ca cc trm ny bao gm phn giao tip vi cc h tng thng tin mt t, phn chuyn i khun dng tn hiu cho ph hp knh v tinh v phn ghp knh, phn iu ch v bin i nng tn, phn kt hp knh v tuyn v anten pht. Phn thu bao gm cc phn t ngc li vi phn pht: anten thu, chia knh v tuyn, bin i h tn, gii iu ch, phn knh v giao tip vi h tng vin thng mt t.
5.7. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gii thch ngha ca dch v v tinh qung b TV trc tip (DBS). Dch v ny khc g vi vic thu tn hiu TV bng C cho my thu gia nh 2. Gii thch ngha ca an xen phn cc. V phn b tn s cho 32 knh TV bng Ku s dng an xen phn cc 3. V sao li cn bin i h tn tn hiu TV thu c t anten 4. Gii thch v sao LNA trong h thng thu h thng thu v tinh li c t ti u ni tip sng vi anten 5. Gii thch ngn gn chc nng ca khi thu trong nh ca my thu v tinh TV/FM 6. Trong hu ht mt thu TV v tinh, bng IF th nht c bin i vo IF th hai. Vi sao cn bin i tn s th hai ny? 7. V sao cn khi iu ch/gii iu ch trong my thu v tinh TV/FM cho my thu TV gia nh tiu chun 8. So snh h thng anten TV ch v anten TV tp th 9. Gii thch thut ngha trm mt t d phng 10. Trnh by hot ng ca trm mt t pht thu cho lu lng thoi.
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chng 6. Cc cng ngh a truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh
CHNG 6 CC CNG NGH A TRUY NHP TRONG THNG TIN V TINH

6.1. GII THIU CHUNG
6.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng 1. Cc nh lut v nh tuyn lu lng 2. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA, trong thng tin v tinh 3. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA, trong thng tin v tinh 4. a truy nhp phn chia theo m trong thng tin v tinh 6.1.2. Hng dn 1. Hc k cc t liu trong chng 2. Tham kho [1], [3] 3. Tr li cu hi v bi tp
6.1.3. Mc ch 1. Hiu c cc phng php nh tuyn trong thng tin v tinh 2. Hiu c cc cng ngh a truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh
6.2. M U
Cc trm mt t trong h thng thng tin v tinh trao i vi nhau qua mt im nt do v tinh m nhim. V tinh cha mt trm lp hay thng c gi l b pht p. Mt b pht p bao gm mt hay nhiu knh lm vic ng thi trn nhiu bng tn con ca ton b rng bng tn c s dng. truyn tin gia cc trm mt t cn thit lp nhiu ng truyn ng thi gia cc trm trn cng mt knh v tinh. Ph thuc vo gii php c la chn knh v tinh khuch i mt hay nhiu sng mang. Chng ny s kho st cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA v TDMA cho php nhiu trm mt t ng thi truy nhp n b pht p ca v tinh trao i thng tin vi nhau.
6.3. CC NH LUT LU LNG

6.3.1. Cng lu lng Cng lu lng A c nh ngha nh sau: A = RCallTCall (6.1) trong RCall l s cuc gi trung bnh trn mt n v thi gian; TCall l thi gian trung bnh ca mt cuc gi.
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Nu ta coi rng s ngi s dng to ra cuc gi ln hn s s knh thng tin C c cung cp v cc cuc gi b chn khng c lu gi. Khi ny cng thc Erlang cho xc sut m cc knh n b chim (nC):
E n (A) = (A n / n !) / (A k / k!)
k=0 k=C
(6.2)
Xc sut chn c xc nh nh sau: B(C,A) = EC(A) 6.3.2. nh tuyn lu lng. hiu c vn ny ta xt th d v phng php nh tuyn lu lng p ng nhu cu lu lng trong mt mng thng tin v tinh gm N trm. gii quyt vn ny ta cn thit lp mt dung lng trao i thng tin ph hp gia tng cp trm thng tin. Dung lng ny c xc nh nh mt hm ca nhu cu v xc sut chn cho php (gi tr in hnh l 0,5 hay 1%). Gi s CXY l lu lng c biu th nh s knh in thoi hay bps i vi nhu cu truyn thng tin tXY t trm X n trm Y. Tp hp cc lu lng sn sng trao i gia N trm c trnh by dng mt ma trn N kch thc vi 0 ng cho (CXX). Chng hn i vi mt trm cha ba trm (X=A,B,C; Y=A,B,C) ta c ma trn cho bng 6.1. Bng 6.1. Ma trn biu th nh tuyn lu lng T trm A A B C --CBA CCA n trm B CAB ---CCB C CAC CBC ----
C th s dng hai phng php truyn thng tin: 1. Thit lp mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn. 2. Thit lp mt sng mang trn mt trm pht. Hai phng php trn c trnh by hnh 6.1 cho mt mng c ba trm A,B,C. Mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn Mt sng mang mang thng tin lu lng tXY t trm X n trm Y. S sng mang bng s cc h s khc khng ma trn ni trn, ngha l bng N(N-1). Cc h s ca ma trn xc nh dung lng ca tng sng mang. Mt sng mang trn mt trm pht Nh tnh cht qung b ca v tinh, tng trm thu c sng mang pht n v tinh . Trong trng hp ny nhim v mang thng tin t trm X n tt c cc trm khc c n nh cho mt sng mang. S sng mang bng s trm. Dung lng ca tng sng mang c xc nh bng tng cc h s ca hng ca ma trn ni trn tng ng vi trm pht. Ta thy rng phng php mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn dn n s sng mang ln hn phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht' v mi sng mang c dung lng nh hn. Tuy nhin trm thu ch thu c dung lng dnh ring cho n trong khi phng php
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mt sng mang trn trm pht, trm Y phi ly ra lu lng 't X n Y' trong s tng lu lng pht t X trn sng mang thu c.
a) Tx A t AB V tinh t AC t BA
B C
t BC
t CA
t CB
Rx
b) Tx A t AB + t AC V tinh t BA+ t BC
B C
+ t CA t CB
Rx
Hnh 6.1. nh tuyn lu lng: a) mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn; b) mt sng mang trn mt trm. Vic chn la gia hai phng php trn khng ch l vn kinh t. N cn ph thuc vo cc vn khc nh s lng knh ca v tinh, bng thng ca knh v tinh v k thut a truy nhp c s dng. Nhn chung vn phi chuyn tip s lng sng mang ln cn nghim trng hn phi pht cc sng mang c dung lng ln. Phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht' l phng php thng c s dng nhiu nht. i vi thng tin v tinh (cng nh i vi thng tin di ng) vn a truy nhp xut hin khi nhiu sng mang c x l ng thi mt trm lp v tinh ng vai tr im nt ca mng. Cn kho st hai vn di y: - a truy nhp n mt knh trm lp. - a truy nhp n mt trm lp v tinh.
6.4. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA

Trong phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), bng thng ca knh trm lp c chia thnh cc bng con v c n nh cho tng sng mang pht i t trm mt t. i vi kiu truy nhp ny cc trm mt t pht lin tc mt s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau v cc sng mang ny to nn cc knh ring. trnh nhiu gia cc knh ln cn gy ra do phng thc iu ch, s khng hon thin ca cc b dao ng v cc b lc, cn m bo khong bo v gia cc bng tn ca cc knh cnh nhau. Ph thuc vo cc k thut ghp knh v iu ch ta c th chia cc s truyn dn FDMA thnh cc s khc nhau. Phn di y ta s xt cc s ny.
6.4.1. Cc s truyn dn 69
Cc s truyn dn khc nhau tng ng vi cc t hp ghp knh v iu ch khc nhau. Hnh 6.2 cho ta thy cc trng hp chung nht.
6.4.1.1. FDM/FM/FDMA
cu hnh ghp knh theo tn s, iu tn (FM) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDM/FM/FDMA trn hnh 6.2a) cc tn hiu bng tn gc ca ngi s dng l tn hiu tng t. Chng c kt hp to thnh mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM). Tn s tn hiu tng t c ghp knh ni trn s iu ch tn s (FM) cho mt sng mang, sng mang ny s truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc tn s khc t cc trm khc. gim thiu iu ch giao thoa, s lng ca cc sng mang nh tuyn lu lng c thc hin theo nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh FDM bao gm tt c cc tn s dnh cho cc trm khc. Hnh 6.3 cho ta thy th d v mt mng c ba trm.
6.4.1.2. TDM/PSK/FDMA
cu hnh ghp knh theo thi gian, iu ch kho chuyn pha (PSK) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (TDM/PSK/FDMA hnh 6.2b) tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s dng l tn hiu s. Chng c kt hp to ra mt tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM). Lung bit th hin tn hiu c ghp ny iu ch mt sng mang theo phng php iu ch pha PSK , tn hiu ny truy nhp n v tinh mt tn s nht nh ng thi cng vi cc sng mang t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. gim ti thiu cc sn phm ca iu ch giao thoa s lng cc tn s mang nh tuyn lu lng c thc hin theo phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm pht'. Nh vy tn hiu ghp knh TDM bao gm tt c cc tn hiu ph thuc thi gian cho cc trm khc. Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d ca mt mng c ba trm.
6.4.1.3. SCPC/FDMA
cu hnh mt knh trn mt sng mang (SCPC: Single Channel per Carrier) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (SCPC/FDMA hnh 6.2c) tng tn tn hiu bng gc ca ngi s s iu ch trc tip mt sng mang dng s (PSK) hoc tng t (FM) tu theo tn hiu c s dng. Mi sng mang truy nhp n v tinh tn s ring ca mnh ng thi vi cc sng mang t cng trm ny hay t cc trm khc cc tn s khc. Nh vy nh tuyn c thc hin trn nguyn l 'mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn'.
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a) FDM/FM/FDMA
Cc ngi s dng
Ghp knh theo tn s
iu ch tn s Cc trm khc Ghp knh theo thi gian iu ch PSK
Tx
b) TDM/PSK/FDMA NSD NSD (s) NSD A/D A/D
Tx VT
c) SCPC/FDMA NSD NSD NSD iu ch tn s A/D iu ch PSK iu ch PSK
SCPC/FM/FDMA Tx Tx Tx SCPC/PSK/FDMA
NSD: Ngi s dng VT: V tinh
Hnh 6.2. Cc cu hnh truyn dn FDMA. a) FDM/FM/FDMA; b)TDM/PSK/FDMA; c) SCPC/FDMA
b) Ghp knh tn hiu bng gc (FDM hay TDM) T A n A B n A C c) S khi trm mt t A Cc knh Ghp knh ting n B n C Trc thi gian nu TDM Trc tn s nu FDM n B n C
iu ch
My pht
n cc ngi s dng
Phn knh v chn knh
B My thu C
Hnh 6.3. Th d v mt h thng FDMA ba trm s dng nh tuyn "mt sng mang trn mt trm"
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6.4.2. Nhiu knh ln cn.

T hnh 6.4 ta thy rng ca knh b chim dng bi mt s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau. Knh ny s pht tt c cc sng mang n tt c cc trm mt t nm trong vng ph ca anten v tinh. mi trm mt t cc my thu phi lc ra cc sng mang, vic lc s c thc hin d dng hn khi ph ca cc sng mang c phn cch vi nhau bi mt bng tn bo v rng. Tuy nhin vic s dng bng tn bo v rng s dn n vic s dng khng hu qu bng thng ca knh v gi thnh khai thc trn mt knh ca mt on v tuyn s cao. V th phi thc hin s dung ha gia k thut v kinh t. D c chn mt gii php dung ha no i na th mt phn cng sut ca sng mang bn cnh mt sng mang cn thu, s b thu bi my thu c iu hng n tn s ca sng mang cn thu ny. iu ny dn n tp m do nhiu c gi l nhiu knh ln cn (ACI: Adjacent Channel Interference). Nhiu ny b sung n nhiu gia cc h thng.
Bng bo v
rng bng my thu BIF
Nhiu knh ln cn
rng bng b pht p v tinh
Hnh 6.4. Ph ca b pht p FDMA v nhiu knh ln cn 6.4. 3. iu ch giao thoa. Trong a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, b khuch i ca knh khuch i ng thi nhiu s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau. Tnh cht phi tuyn ca b khuch i ny dn n iu ch giao thoa. Tng qut khi N tn hiu hm sin c cc tn s f1, f2,...., fN i qua mt b khuch i phi tuyn, th u ra khng ch cha N tn hiu cc tn s ban u m cn c cc tn hiu khng mong mun c gi l cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa. Cc sn phm ny xut hin cc tn s fIM l cc t hp tuyn tnh ca cc tn s u vo nh sau: fIM = m1f1 + m2f2 +.......+ mNfN trong m1,m2,......,mN l cc s nguyn dng hoc m. i lng X c gi l bc ca sn phm iu ch giao thoa nh sau: X = |m1| + |m2| +....+|mN| (6.3)
(6.4)
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Khi tn s trung tm ca bng tn b khuch i ln so vi bng thng (trng hp knh trm lp ca v tinh) ch c cc sn phm giao thoa bc l ri vo bng thng knh. Tuy nhin bin ca cc sn phm giao thoa gim cng vi bc ca sn phm. V vy trong thc t ch c cc sn phm bc ba v nh hn bc nm l ng k. Hnh 6.5 cho thy qu trnh to ra cc sn phm giao thoa t hai tn hiu khng iu ch cc tn s f1 v f2.
Sn phm bc nm Sn phm bc ba Cc tn hiu
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
Tn s
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
Tn s
3f1 2f2
2f1 f2
f1
f2
2f2 f1
3f2 2f1
Tn s
Hnh 6.5. Sn phm iu ch giao thoa bi hai tn hiu (cc sng mang khng b iu ch). a) c bin bng nhau; b) v c) c bin khc nhau. Ta nhn thy rng trong trng hp cc sng mang khng iu ch c bin khc nhau cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa ln hn cc tn s cao nu sng mang c bin ln hn nm tn s cao v cc tn s thp hn nu sng mang c bin cao hn nm vng tn s thp. iu ny cho thy u im ca vic t cc sng mang c cng sut ln nht cc bin ca bng thng. 6.4.4. c tnh truyn t ca b khuch i phi tuyn ch a sng mang Hnh 6.6 cho ta thy c tuyn truyn t cng sut ca knh lp v tinh ch sng mang n (n=1).
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OBO, dB n=1 0
n>1
-10
-20
-10
IOB, dB
Hnh 6.6. c tnh truyn t ca b khuch i phi tuyn ch a sng mang (n>1) Tng qut c tuyn ny ng cho mi b khuch i phi tuyn. By gi ta s m rng m hnh ny cho ch a sng mang (n>1). i ch ny ta s dng cc k hiu sau y:
( Pi 1 ) = cng sut sng mang u vo ca b khuch i (i= u vo)
( Pi n ) = cng sut mt sng mang (t n) u vo ca b khuch i trong ch a sng mang. 1 ( Po ) = cng sut sng mang u ra ca b khuch i (o= u ra) ch n sng mang. ( P0n ) = cng sut mt sng mang (t n) u ra ca b khuch i ch a sng mang. Cng sut u vo v u ra ch n sng mang c chun ha n gi tr bo ha ca c tuyn truyn t c xc nh nh sau:
IBO = ( Pi 1 )/( Pi 1 )sat OBO = ( Po1 )/( Po1 )sat (6.5)
trong IBO ( Input Back off = u vo im li c tuyn), OBO (Out put back off = u ra im li c tuyn), k hiu sat = bo ha. Tng t cng sut u vo v u ra ch a sng mang c chun ha n gi tr bo ha ca c tuyn truyn t c xc nh nh sau: IBO = ( Pi n )/( Pi 1 )sat OBO = ( Pon )/( Po1 )sat (6.6)
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Hnh 6 cho thy dng thay i ca OBO ph thuc vo IBO. 6.4.5. Tp m iu ch giao thoa v t s sng mang trn tp m iu ch gioa thoa Khi cc sng mang c iu ch, cc sn phm giao thoa khng cn l cc ph vch na v cng sut ca n b phn tn trn mt ph tri rng bng tn. Nu s lng cc sng mang ln s xp chng ph ca cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa dn n mt ph gn nh khng i trn ton b rng bng tn ca b khuch i v th c th xt cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa nh tp m trng. Mt ph ca tp m iu ch giao thoa c biu th bng N0IM. Gi tr ca n ph thuc vo c tuyn truyn t ca b khuch i v vo s lng v loi sng mang c khuch i. T s gia cng sut sng mang vi mt ph cng sut tp m iu ch giao thoa (C/N0IM) c th c lin h vi tng sng mang u ra ca b khuch i. C th rt ra t s ny t c tuyn ca b khuch i c dng c nh trn hnh 6.6 bng cch c lng, chng hn, N0IM nh l
(PoIMX ) /B, trong ( PoIMX ) l cng sut ca sn phm iu ch giao thoa v B l rng ph
ca sng mang c iu ch. T cc phn xt trn ta thy a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s c c trng bi s truy nhp lin tc n v tinh mt bng tn cho trc v k thut ny c u im l n gin v da trn k thut c kim nghim. Tuy vy chng c mt s khuyt im sau: Thiu s linh hot khi cn lp li cu hnh: m bo cc thay i v dung lng cn thay i quy hoch tn s v iu ny c ngha l thay i cc tn s pht, cc tn s thu, bng thng ca cc b lc cc trm mt t Mt dung lng khi s lng truy nhp tng do s to ra cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa v s cn thit phi lm vic cng sut pht ca v tinh gim (li xa im bo ha) Cn iu khin cng sut pht ca cc trm mt t sao cho cc cng sut sng mang u vo ca v tinh nh nhau trnh hin tng ln p. S iu chnh ny phi c thc hin thi gian thc v phi thch ng c vi s suy hao do ma cc ng ln. y l k thut truy nhp c nht v c s dng rng ri nht mc d chu cc nhc im trn. N cn tn ti lu di v c u t trong qu kh v cc u im khai thc quen thuc ca n bao gm c vic khng cn ng b.
6.5. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN, TDMA

Trong a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, b pht p ch s dng mt sng mang ti mt thi im v v th s khng c cc sn phm iu ch giao thoa do khuch i phi tuyn. y l mt trong s cc u im c c gi tr nht ca TDMA v n cho php b khuch i cng sut ln lm vic ch gn bo ho nht. Do thng tin c truyn ch cm, nn TDMA ch thch hp cho truyn cc tn hiu s. Hnh 6.7 cho thy hot ng ca mt mng theo nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian. Cc trm mt t pht khng lin tc trong thi gian TB. S truyn dn ny c gi l
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cm (burst). S pht i mt cm c a vo mt cu trc thi gian di hn c gi l chu k khung v chu k ny tng ng vi cu trc thi gian theo chu k m tt c cc trm pht i theo cu trc ny. Mi sng mang th hin mt cm s chim ton b rng ca knh. Trm chun thc hin ng b cm bng cch pht i cc cm chun. on thi gian bt u t mt cm chun n cm chun tip theo c gi l mt khung. Mt khung cha cm chun R v cc cm t cc trm mt t khc: cc cm A, B v C..
Khung R1 A1 B1 C1 R2 A2 B2 C2 R3
A3
V tinh pht qung b n tt c cc trm
R1 A1 C1 A2 A3 R2 B2 R3 C2 B1
Trm chun
Hnh 6.7. TDMA s dng mt trm chun ng b thi gian
6.5.1. Truyn dn cm
Cm tng ng vi s truyn lu lng t mt trm c xt. C th thc hin s truyn ny theo phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn'; trong trng hp ny trm pht i N-1 cm trong mt khung, trong N l s lng trm ca mng v s cm P trong mt khung l P=N(N-1). phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm' trm pht i mt cm trn mt khung v s cm P trong mt khung l N. Nh vy mi cm c truyn i dng cc cm con lu lng t trm ny n trm khc. Do s gim lu lng ca cc knh khi s cm tng phng php 'mt mt sng mang trn mt trm' thng c s dng. Hnh 6.8 m t nguyn l truyn dn cm cho mt knh. Trm mt t nhn thng tin dng lung nh phn lin tc c tc Rb t giao tip mng hay giao tip ngi s dng. Thng tin ny phi c lu gi b nh m trong thi gian i pht cm. Khi xut hin thi gian ny ni dung ca b nh m c pht di trong khong thi gian TB. V khong thi gian gia hai cm l di khung TF nn dung lng cn thit ca b nh m l: M = RbTF (6.7)
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TF TB
t Rb B nh m M bit R TDMA
t B nh m M bit Rb
Hnh 6.8. Nguyn l truyn dn cm cho mt knh Trong khong thi gian mt khung, b nh m c lm y vi tc bit vo Rb. Cc bit ny c pht i dng cm trong khung sau tc truyn dn RTDMA c xc nh nh sau: RTDMA = M/TB = Rb(TF/TB) [bps] (6.8)
Tc ny c gi l tc cm, nhng cn lu rng y l tc bit c pht ng thi trong mt cm ch khng phi s cm c pht trong mt giy. Gi tr RTDMA ln khi khi thi gian ca cm nh v v th chim (TB/TF) truyn dn thp. Chng hn nu Rb = 2Mbit/s v (TF/TB) = 10 , iu ch xy ra tc 20Mbit/s. Lu rng RTDMA th hin tng dung lng ca mng; ngha l tng cc dung lng ca trm o bng bps. Nu tt c cc trm c cng dung lng th chu k chim th hin s cc trm trn mng. By gi ta c th thy rng v sao dng truy nhp ny lun lun lin quan n truyn dn s: n d dng lu gi cc bit trong thi gian mt khung v nhanh chng gii phng b nh ny trong khong thi gian mt cm. Khng d dng thc hin dng x l ny cho cc thng tin tng t. Thi gian khung TF s tng tr truyn lan. Chng hn i vi s hnh 6.8, thm ch nu cho rng khng xy ra tr truyn lan cc b nh m pht v thu, th pha thu vn phi i mt khong th gian TF trc khi nhn c cm pht. Trong h thng thng tin v tinh a tnh, tr truyn lan c th ln n vi phn ca mt giy. y l l do gii hn thi gian khung. Thi gian khung thng c chn bng 125s bng chu k ly mu ca PCM, v n cho php phn b cc mu PCM trn cc khung tc ly mu PCM. Hnh 6.9 cho thy cc khi c bn trong trm mt t TDMA. Gi s s hnh 6.9 l cho trm mt t A. Cc ng truyn dn ni n trm mt t A mang lu lng s n cc trm B, C v X. Gi s tc bit nh nhau i vi tt c ng truyn dn mt t. Ti cc khi giao din mt t (TIM) cc tn hiu tc bit (Rb) c chuyn vo ch tc cm (RTDMA) sau chng c ghp knh theo thi gian b ghp knh sao cho lu lng ca tng ni nhn c t ng vo khe thi gian quy nh. Ti u ca mi cm s c mt s khe thi gian c s dng mang thng tin nh thi v ng b. Cc khe thi gian ny c gi l on u hay tin t. Ton b cm bao gm on u v s liu lu lng c a ln iu ch pha (PSK) cho sng mang v tuyn (xem hnh 6.10).
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Cc modul giao din pht mt t (TIM) n B
n C
Ghp knh
B to tin t n X
iu ch pha
Tx
Pht cm
T B B pht hin tin t T C
Phn knh
Gii diu ch pha
Rx
Thu khung
T X Cc modul giao din thu mt t (TIM)
Hnh 6.9 Cc khi c bn trong h thng TDMA (chng hn trm mt t A)
6.5.2. Cu trc khung v cm

Khung ca tn hiu thu c trm mt t bao gm cc cm nh thy hnh 6.10. Phn cch gia cc cm l mt on bo v (G). on ny c s dng trnh s chng ln cc cm do ng b cm khng chnh xc. M u mi khung bao gi cng l cm chun. Cm ny cung cp thng tin bt v ng b cc cm. Sau cm chun l cm lu lng. Mi cm bao gm on u hay tin t v trng lu lng. Ngoi ra kt thc mt cm c th l on cui (Q). Trc ht ta xt cm chun.
6.5.2.1. Cm chun
Cm chun nh mc khi u ca mt khung. Cm ny c chia thnh cc khi chc nng hay cc knh khc nhau nh sau: Khi phc sng mang v nh thi bit: CBR. 1. Cho php b gii iu ch ca trm mt t thu khi phc li sng mang c to ra t b dao ng ni my pht gii iu ch nht qun. Cho mc ch ny on u cha mt chui bit cung cp pha sng mang khng i.
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2. Cho php b tch sng ca trm mt t thu ng b ng h quyt nh bit ca mnh vi tc bit ca k hiu; cho mc ch ny on u cha mt chui bit cung cp cc pha o lun phin. T m cm: BCW (hay cn gi l t duy nht: UW). Cho php trm mt t xc nh khi u ca mt cm bng cch so snh BCW thu c vi bn sao ca t ny trm mt t. Ngoi ra t duy nht ny cng cho php my thu gii quyt c vn s khng r rng pha trong trng hp gii iu ch nht qun. Bit c khi u ca cm, tc bit v gii quyt c (nu cn) s khng r rng pha, th my thu c th xc nh c tt c cc bit xy ra sau t duy nht. M nhn dng trm: SIC. Cho php nhn dng trm pht
Hnh 6.10. Cu trc khung v cm trong h thng TDMA 6.5.2.2. Cm lu lng Cm lu lng bao gm on u, trng lu lng v on cui. on u c cc khi chc nng ging nh cm chun. Ngoi ra n c thm mt khi chc nng cho knh nghip v (OW). Khi chc nng ny cho php truyn cc bn tin nghip v gia cc trm (thoi v telex) v bo hiu. Trng lu lng c t sau on u v y l trng truyn dn thng tin hu ch. phng php 'mt sng mang trn mt trm' khi cm c truyn t mt trm mang tt c thng tin t trm ny n cc trm khc, trng lu lng c cu trc thnh cc cm con tng ng vi thng tin c truyn t trm ny n tng trm trong s cc trm khc. 6.5.3. ng b mng ng b mng cn thit m bo cc cm c truyn n v tinh vo ng khong thi gian dnh cho chng. Cc cm chun c to ra t cc ng h c nh cao v c pht n tt c cc trm mt t truyn lu lng cung cp cc mc chun nh thi. Ti mi
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trm lu lng, vic pht hin t m cm (hay t duy nht) trong cm chun s thng bo khi u khung thu (SORF: start of recieve frame), mc ny trng vi bit cui cng ca t duy nht. ng h c n nh cao l ng h m v tinh thu li t trm chun mt t. Mng hot ng da trn k hoch nh thi cm l bn sao c lu gi ti cc trm mt t. K hoch nh thi cm ch ra cho mi trm mt t khong cch ca cm m n nh thu so vi im mc SORF (hnh 6.11).
ng h v tinh
SORF A tA SORF B tB TB TA
Hnh 6.11. SORF trong k hoch nh thi cm Ti trm mt t A mc SORF thu c sau mt khong thi gian tr tA v k hoch inh thi cm s ch cho trm ny thy rng cm m n nh thu s xut hin sau mc ny mt khong thi gian bng TA. Cng nh vy i vi trm B, tr truyn lan l tB v cm m trm nh thu s xut hin sau mc ny mt khong thi gian bng TB. Tr truyn lan khng nh nhau i vi mi trm, nhng thng thng n nm trong khong 120 ms. K hoch nh thi cm cng thng bo cho trm mt t khi no cn pht cm pht n v tinh ng vo khe thi gian dnh cho n. Ni chung th tc pht iu khin nh thi c chia thnh hai giai on: 1. Bt v tr cm. trm mt t bt c ng v tr khe khi n ang nhp hoc ti nhp mng 2. ng b vi tr cm. trm mt t duy tr v tr khe ng sau khi bt c khe Tn tai ba phng php iu khin nh thi: 1. iu khin nh thi vng h 2. iu khin nh thi vng ngc 3. iu khin nh thi hi tip
6.5.3.1. iu khin nh thi vng h
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y l phng php pht nh thi n gin nht. Trm s pht sau mt khong thi gian c nh k t khi thu c cc mc nh thi theo k hoch nh thi cm, khong thi gian ny phi m bo thi gian bo v b tr cc thay i ca tr truyn lan. Nhc im ca phng php ny l sai s v tr cm c th rt ln v cc khong thi gian phng v di lm gim hiu sut khung. khc phc nhc im ny phng php nh thi vng thch ng c s dng. phng php ny trm mt t tnh ton c ly n v tinh trn c s s liu qu o v tinh hay tn hiu o c sau a ra hiu chnh nh thi. Cn lu rng phng php nh thi vng h khng cn th tc bt c bit
6.5.3.2. iu khin nh thi vng ngc

phng php ny trm mt t thu li cm tn hiu do n pht v t xc nh c ly. Phng php ny ch c s dng khi v tinh pht bp sng ph ton cu hoc ton b vng cha cc trm mt t. Mt trong s nhiu phng php bt nh thi c s dng trong trng hp ny nh sau. Trc ht trm mt t lu lng pht i mt cm ngn ch cha on u vi cng sut thp ( trnh gy nhiu cho cc cm khc), Sau n qut cm ny trn ton b khung cho n khi nhn c cm ny ri vo ng khe thi gian n nh cho trm. Cui cng n tng cng sut cm ln ton b mc v thc hin iu chnh tinh a cm ny vo ng v tr bt u ca khe cn tm. Sau khi bt c nh thi, s liu lu lng c b sung cho cm v qu trnh ng b c thc hin bng cch thng xuyn gim st v tr pht vng ngc so vi mc chun SORF. Cc v tr nh thi c chnh vo ng bit cui cng ca t duy nht trong on u. Phng php hi tip cn c gi l phng php hi tip vng kn trc tip. 6.5.3.3. iu khin nh thi hi tip Trng hp trm lu lng mt t nm ngoi bp sng v tinh cha truyn dn ca trm, th thay cho vic s dng vng hi tip truyn dn ta cn s dng phng php nh thi iu khin vng kn hi tip. phng php ny thng tin ng b c pht ngc tr li t trm pha xa. Trm pha xa c th l trm chun hoc mt trm lu lng c quy nh l i tc. Trong giai on bt nh thi, trm pha xa gi li thng tin hng dn vic t ng v tr cho cm ngn v khi bt c khe thi gian cn tm, thng tin ng b cng c th lin tc c trm xa gi ngc li. Hnh 6.12 minh ho phng php vng kn hi tip cho hai trm A v B.
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C ng h v tinh A B
SORF
SOTF A tA SORF DA tA
SOTF tB DB tB
Hnh 6.12. Quan h nh thi trong h thng TDMA. SORF: khi u khung thu; SOTF: khi u khung pht Mc SORT c s dng cho im tham kho pht cm. Tuy nhin im tham kho pht (SOTF) phi tr mt khong thi gian DA v DB cho cc trm A v B cc cm lu lng do chng pht n b pht p v tinh ng vo khe thi gian dnh cho cc cm ny (xem hnh 6.12) Tng thi gian tr C gia xung ng h v tinh bt k v SOTF tng ng lun l mt hng s: C bng 2tA+DA v bng 2tB+DB cho trm A v trm B. Tng qut i vi trm i, tr Di, tng tr ny xc nh nh sau: C = 2ti + Di (6.9)
i vi v tinh thc s l a tnh (v tr tng i so vi mt t khng i), th ti l hng s. Nhng trong thc t cc v tinh ny lun dao ng xung quanh mt v tr c nh v th cn xt n s thay i ny bng cch xc nh Di cho ph hp v sau mt khong thi gian nht nh cn cp nht li gi tr ny. Di c pht n trm mt t cc cm chun.
6.5.4. Hiu sut s dng khung v thng lng TDMA

Hiu sut s dng khung c o bng phn thi gian ca khung c s dng truyn dn lu lng. Hiu sut s dng khung c xc nh nh sau: B (6.10) F = ll Bt trong Bll l s bit lu lng v Bt l tng s bit trong khung (lu thut ng bit trong trng hp ny thng c gi l k hiu).
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Mt khc ta cng c th biu din hiu sut khung nh sau:
F = 1
B OH Bt
(6.11)
trong BOH l s bit (hay s k hiu) b sung bao gm: cc bit on u, on cui, cc khong bo v v cc cm chun trong khung. Nu phn b sung l c nh th phng trnh 6.10) cho thy khung cng di (hay tng s bit trong khung cnh ln) th hiu sut s dng khung cng cao. Tuy nhin cc khung di i hi b nh m ln v tng tr truyn lan, ngoi ra ng b cng tr nn kh khn hn do v tr ca v tinh thay i. Tt nhin gim phn b sung cng cho hiu sut cao hn, tuy nhin gim cc bit ng b v cc khong bo v i hi phi c thit b phc tp hn. Dung lng knh ting ca mt khung ng thi cng l dung lng ca b pht p c xc nh trn c s hiu sut khung v tc bit Rb nh sau: nRb = FRTDMA hay
n=
F R TDMA Rb
(6.12)
trong n l dung lng knh, Rb l tc bit v RTDMA l tc cm. minh ho cho cc phng trnh trn ta xt hai th d sau. Th d 6.1 Tnh hiu sut khung cho mt khung vi cc d liu sau: Tng di khung = 120.832 k hiu S cm lu lng trn khung = 14 S cm chun trn khung = 2 Khong bo v = 103 k hiu S bit on u cm lu lng (khng c on cui) = 280 k hiu S bit ca cm chun = 288 k hiu Gii S bit b sung = OH = 2(103+288) + 14(103+280) = 6144 k hiu T phng trnh (6.10) ta c:
F = 1
6144 = 0,949 120.832
Th d 6.2 Tnh ton dung lng knh ting cho khung th d 6.1 khi tc bit Rb=64 kbps v iu ch QPSK. Chu k khungl 2 ms.
Gii Tc cm bng: 120.832/(2 ms) = 60,416 Msps (Mega k hiu trn giy). V iu ch QPSK mi ln pht 2 k hiu, nn tc cm truyn dn l: RTDMA= 60,4162=120,833 Msps. S dng phng trnh (6.12) ta c n=0,949120,832103/(64) = 1792
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6.6. TDMA C N NH TRC

Th d v mng TDMA n nh trc trc l knh bo hiu chung (CSC: common signalling channel) trong mng Spade. Cu trc khung v cu trc cm c cho hnh 6.13. CSC c th h tr 49 trm mt t cng vi mt trm chun v th tng s cm trong mt khung l 50ms. Tt c cc cm u c di nh nhau. Mi cm cha 128 bit v chim mt khe thi gian 1 ms. Nh vy tc bit s l 128 kbps. rng cn thit cho CSC vo khong 160 kHz. n v bo hiu (SU) l on cm c s dng cp nht cho cc trm mt t khc v tnh trng kh dng ca cc tn s cho cc cuc gi SCPC. Ngoi ra n cng mang thng tin bo hiu Mt th d khc ca khung TDMA n nh trc l khung ca h thng INTERSAT c cho dng n gin trn hnh 6.14. Trong h thng INTERSAT cc knh ting c n nh theo yu cu v n nh trc c mang ng thi.
Hnh 6.13. Khun dng khung ca knh bo hiu chung (CSC) Cc cm lu lng c chia vo cc khe thi gian gi l cc knh v tinh theo thut ng ca INTERSAT v trong mt cm lu lng c ti 128 khe thi gian. Knh v tnh li c chia nh thnh 16 khe c gi l cc knh mt t, mi knh mt t mang mt mu PCM ca tn hiu thoi tng t. V iu ch QPSK c s dng nn mi k hiu cha hai bit nh thy hnh v. Nh vy mi knh mt t mang bn k hiu (hay 8 bit). Mi knh v tinh mang 416=64 k hiu v cc i c 128 knh v tinh nn mi cm mang 8192 k hiu. V tc ly mu PCM l 8 kHz v 8 bit trn mt mu nn tc bit PCM bng 64 kbps. Mi knh v tinh c th m bo c tc bit ny. Khi cn truyn s liu tc cao hn, nhiu knh v tinh c s dng. Tc u vo s liu cc i c th x l l 128(SC)64 kbps = 8192 Mbps.
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Khung INTELSAT gm 120832 k hiu hay 241664 bit. Chu k khung l 2ms v v th tc bit cm l 120832 Mbps. Nh ni rn cc knh ting c n nh trc hay n nh theo yu cu c th c t trong cng mt khun dng khung INTELSAT. Cc knh n nh theo yu cu s dng mt k thut c gi l ni suy ting s (DSI), Cc knh c n nh trc c gi l cc knh s khng ni suy (DNI)
Khung 2ms
Cm lu lng on u Cc knh v tinh (SC)
S T.T bit
1 2
3 5 4 6 Mu 1
7 1 8 2
3 5 4 6 Mu 2
7 1 8 2
3 5 4 6
3 5 4 6
7 1 8 2
3 5 4 6 Mu 16
7 8
Cc knh mt t (TC)
125s
S T.T mu
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2 ms
Hnh 6.14. Khung TDMA c n nh trc trong h thng Intelsat
6.7. TDMA C N NH THEO YU CU

Vi TDMA, vic n nh cm v cm con c thc hin di s iu khin ca phn mm, trong khi vic n nh tn s FDMA c thc hin bng phn cng. V th so vi cc mng FDMA, cc mng TDMA mm do hn trong vic n nh li knh v c th thc hin cc thay i nhanh hn. Mt s phng php c p dng cung cp mm do lu lng khi s dng TDMA. di cm n nh cho mt trm c th thay i khi yu cu lu lng thay i. Mng c th s dng mt trm iu khin trung tm n nh di cm cho tng trm. Mt trm cng c th t mnh xc nh yu cu di cm v n nh yu cu ny theo quy nh trc. mt phng php khc, c th gi nguyn khng i di cm nhng s cm n nh cho tng trm thay i tu theo yu cu. Chng hn mt h thng c xut, di khung
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c gi c nh bng 13,5ms. Khe thi gian cm c s bng 62,5 s v cc trm trong mng pht cc cm thng tin vi cc bc ri rc trong di 0,5 ms (8 cm c s) n 4,5 ms (72 cm c s) trn khung. n nh cc knh ting theo yu cu li dng c tnh cht gin on ca ting, vn ny s c trnh by phn di y.
6.7.1. D bo v ni suy ting

Do tnh cht gin on ca ting, nn khi s dng knh truyn ting, mt khong thi gian khng nh knh ny khng c tch cc. Tnh cht ni-nghe ca cc cuc thoi hai chiu c ngha l truyn dn mi chiu ch chim khong 50% tng thi gian truyn dn. Ngoi ra khong trng gia cc cu ni c th gim thi gian ny xung cn 33%. Ngoi ra thi gian tr do i tc cn suy ngh tr li c th dn n tng thi gian kt ni thc s cn 25%. Phn thi gian m mt knh truyn dn tch cc c gi l h s tch cc ti in thoi v theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T l 25%. Nh vy ta c th li dng mt phn ln thi gian cho cc cuc truyn dn khc v vic li dng ny c thc hin dng n nh theo yu cu c gi l ni suy ting s. Ni suy theo yu cu c th c thc hin theo hai cch: ni suy ting n nh theo thi gian (TASI s) v truyn tin c m ho theo d bo ting (SPEC).
6.7.2. TASI s
Khun dng cm lu lng mt cm INTELSAT mang cc knh c n nh theo yu cu v cc knh n nh trc c cho hnh 6.15. Nh ni trn cc knh c n nh theo yu cu s dng TASI s hay cn gi l DSI (ni suy ting s). Cc knh ny c ch ra trn hnh v bng khi c gi l "ni suy". Knh v tinh u tin (knh 0) trong khi ny l knh n nh c nh nhn l DSI-AC. Knh ny khng mang lu lng. N c s dng truyn thng tin v n nh knh m ta s xt ngn gn di y.
CBTR
UW
TTY
SC
VOW
VOW
Ni suy
n nh trc khng ni suy
N knh v tinh DSI-AC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N-1 N
128 bit Mi su mu 8 bit cho mi knh v tinh
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Hnh 6.15. Cu trc cm lu lng Intelsat
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Hnh 6.16, cho ta thy h thng DSI. Thng thng h thng cho php N knh mt t c mang bi M knh v tinh, trong N>M. Chng hn trong INTELSAT, N=240 v M=127. Ti mi knh mt t vo, mt b pht hin tch cc s pht hin khi c ting, cc tn hiu ting gin on c gi l cc on ting (Spurt). on ting c di trung bnh l 1,5 giy. Tn hiu iu khin c gi n khi iu khin n nh knh, khi ny tm kim mt b m rng. Nu tm c mt b m rng, knh mt t c n nh s dng knh v tinh ny v on ting c lu gi vo b m ny v sn sng truyn dn trong cc cm con DSI. Nh thy hnh 6.16, tr c a thm vo cc knh ting b tr tr do n nh. Tuy nhin s b tr ny khng c hon ho, nn phn khi u ca on ting c th b mt, V s kin ny c gi l s xn bt (clip) kt ni. Khi xt trn ta gi thit rng i vi mi on ting lun tm c knh ri, nhng trong thc t c th xy ra vi mt xc sut no tt c cc knh b chim v on ting s b mt. S mt on ting trong trng hp ny c gi Freeze-out.
Cc knh mt t 1 Tr 2 iu khin n nh
B pht hin ting 240
Bn tin n nh
Cc b m Knh n nh TDMA
S.C.1
S.C.126
S.C.127
Knh n nh
S.C.1
S.C.126
S.C.127
DSI Cm TDMA
DNI
Hnh 6.16. Ni suy ting; DSI= ni suy ting s; DNI= khng ni suy
6.7.3. Truyn tin c m ho bng d bo ting trc, SPEC
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S khi cho h thng SPEC c cho hnh 6.17. Trong phng php ny tn hiu ting vo c bin i thnh tn hiu ghp knh PCM vi 8 bit cho mt mu lng t. Vi 64 u vo v ly mu theo chu k 125 s, tc bit u ra ca b ghp knh l 864/125 = 4096 Mbps. B chuyn mch ting s ng sau b ghp knh PCM thc hin phn chia thi gian cho cc tn hiu u vo. B ny c kch hot theo ting trnh truyn dn tp m trong cc khong im lng. Khi b d bo bc khng nhn c mt mu mi, n thc hin so snh vi mu trc ca knh ting ny ( c lu gi li) v ch pht i mu mi ny nu n khc vi mu trc mt lng c quy nh trc. Cc mu ny c gi l cc mu PCM khng d on c (hnh 6.17a). Mt t n nh 64 bit cng c pht i cho 64 knh. Logic 1 t n nh knh knh i vi mt knh c ngha l mt mu mi c pht i cho knh ny, ngc li mc logic 0 c ngha l mu khng thay i. Ti b thu, t n nh hoc hng dn mu mi (mu khng d bo c) vo ng khe thi gian knh hoc dn n vic ti to li mu trc b gii m kt cu li. u ra ca khi gii m kt cu li l tn hiu ghp knh PCM c tc 4,096 Mbps, tn hiu ny c phn knh vo cc b gii m PCM. Bng cch loi b cc mu ting d tha v cc khong thi gian im lng ra khi ng truyn dn, dung lng knh c tng gp i. Nh thy hnh v, truyn dn c thc hin ti tc 2,048 Mbps i tc u vo v u ra 4,096 Mbps.
a)
Cc u vo tng t 1 2 3 B m ho PCM/ ghp knh
ng b khung Cc mu PCM khng th d bo Khi kim sot li T n nh mu B ghp knh theo thi gian u ra 2,048 Mbps
Chuyn 4,096 mch Mbps ting s
B d bo bc khng
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Khi lun chuyn n nh
ng b chui n nh
b)
B ng b khung
4,096
2,048 Mbps
B phn knh u vo
B pht hin li
B gii m kt Mbps B gii cu li m PCM
B ng b chui n nh
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Hnh 6.17. a) b pht SPEC; b) b thu SPEC u im ca SPEC so vi DSI l khng xy ra freeze out khi qu ti. Khi qu ti c th khng c cc gi tr mu cn thay i. Tt nhin iu ny dn n lng t ho th hn v tng
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Cc u ra tng t
1 2 3
tm m lng t. Tuy nhin nh hng ca tng nhiu lng t ln thnh gic vn d chu hn freeze out.
6.8. TDMA CHUYN MCH V TINH

C th nng cao hiu sut s dng cc v tinh trn qu o a tnh bng cch s dng cc bp anten hp. Vic s dng cc bp anten hp c gi l ghp knh phn chia theo khng gian. ci thin hn na ta c th thc hin chuyn mch kt ni gia cc anten ng b vi tc khung TDMA, phng php ny c gi l TDMA chuyn mch v tinh (SS/TDMA). Hnh 6.18 cho thy s n gin ca khi nim SS/TDMA. Ba bp anten c s dng, mi bp phc v hai trm mt t. Ma trn chuyn mch v tinh 33 c s dng. y l phn t quan trng cho php thc hin kt ni gia cc anten bng cch chuyn mch. Ch chuyn mch l t chc kt ni ton b. Vi ba bp ta cn 6 ch t c kt ni ton b (bng 6.2).
iu khin phn b
o c t
xa
iu khi n
Ma trn chuyn mch trung tn 3x3
B1
B2
Bp B A1 A2 C1 C2
Bp A
Bp C
Hnh 6.18. Chuyn mch v tinh vi ba bp hp Bng 6.2. Cc ch chuyn mch u vo A B Ch 1 A B Ch 2 A C u ra Ch 3 Ch 4 B A C A Ch 5 B C Ch 6 C B
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Tng qut vi N bp ta c N! ch kt ni ton b. Kt ni ton b c ngha l cc tn hiu c mang trong tng bp c chuyn n tng bp trong s cc bp khc ti mt thi im trong chui chuyn mch. iu ny bao gm c kt ni ngc trong cc tn hiu c pht tr v theo cng mt bp thng tin gia cc trm vi nhau trong cng mt bp. Tt nhin tn s ng ln v ng xung phi khc nhau. Do c s phn cch bp sng, nn mt tn s c th c s dng cho tt c cc ng ln v mt tn s khc c th c s dng cho tt c cc ng xung (chng hn 14 v 12 GHz trong bng Ku). n gin thit k chuyn mch, chuyn mch c thc hin trung tn chung cho c ng ln v ng xung. S khi c s cho h thng 3x3 c cho hnh 6.19. Mu ch l mt chui lp ca cc ch chuyn mch v tinh v c gi l cc khung SS/TDMA. Cc khung SS/TDMA lin tip khng nht thit phi ging nhau v thng c mt d tha nht nh gia cc ch . Chng hn bng 6.2, bp A kt ni vi bp B ch 3 v ch 5 v v th khng cn thit pht tt c cc ch trong mi khung SS/TDMA. Tuy nhin kt ni ton b, mu ch phi cha tt c cc ch . Tt c cc trm trong mt bp, s thu tt c cc khung TDM c pht trong bp ng xung mi khung. Mi khung l mt khung TDMA bnh thng bao gm cc cm cn chuyn n cc trm khc nhau. Nh ni trn cc khung lin tip c th xut pht t cc trm pht khc nhau v v th c cc khun dng cm khc nhau. Trm thu trong bp khi phc li cc cm gi cho n theo tng khung.
14 MHz
70 MHz
70 MHz
12 MHz
Ma trn chuyn mch 3x3
Hnh 6.19. Ma trn chuyn mch cc ng truyn v tuyn
6.9. CDMA
6.9.1. S h thng thng tin v tinh CDMA
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Vi CDMA cc sng mang khc nhau c th cng tn s nhng mi sng mang phi c mt m duy nht c th phn bit vi cc sng mang khc. Hnh 6.20 cho thy s thng tin di ng CDMA c s s dng tri ph chui trc tip v iu ch BPSK.
Hnh 6.20. H thng thng tin v tinh CDMA c s T hnh 6.20 ta thy lung s nh phn lng cc d(t) c nhn vi chui tri ph trc tip c(t) (bng b iu ch cn bng). Tch nhn c c a n b nhn trn c s b iu ch cn bng th hai. u ra ta c tn hiu BPSK vi sng mang fu. Sau khuych i Tx tn hiu c pht n b pht p v tinh. B pht p v tinh khuch i v chuyn i sng mang vo tn s ng xung fD. Ti my thu sau khi c khuch i ti Rx, u ra ca b bt v bm m ta nhn c m tri ph c(t) ng b vi pha pht . M ny c nhn vi tn hiu thu (bng b iu ch cn bng), u ra ta c tn hiu BPSK khng tri ph d(t)cos(Dt). Tn hiu ny c a ln b tch sng nht qun nhn c lung d(t) pht. S bt m c cho trn hnh 6.21.
c(t)d(t)cos( D t)
n b tch sng nht qun
c(t+ ) VT
Tch sng ng bao
Vavg>VT
Tch sng theo ngng
Cho php bm
B tng quan
To m PN
BPF
Dch Vavg<VT
Vavg BPF: b lc bng thng
Hnh 6.21. S bt m trong h thng thng tin v tinh CDMA.

Hot ng ca s bt m trn hnh 6.21 nh sau. Sau b nhn th nht ta c: e(t)=c(t)c(t-)d(t)cosDt (6.13) B lc bng thng v tch sng ng bao cho php ly ra ng bao ca e(t) l l vi tch c(t)c(t-). Tch ny chnh l hm t tng quan ca c(t). Khi n nh hn mt gi tr ngng (Vavg <VT ) quy nh trc, b dch s tng hoc gim tng nc t c t tng quan cao hn. Khi tng quan ln hn ngng (Vavg >VT) s s chuyn sang ch bm. Hnh 6.22a cho thy s bm vng kha tr. V mch bt m a hiu s tr vo di Tc, nn ||<Tc. M PN sm: c(t++d) v mun c(t+-d) vi d l mt gi tr c nh c trn vi tn hiu vo sau c da ln nhnh tng quan trn v di c cc hm tng quan sau: Rc(+d) v
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Rc(-d). Sau b cng ta c c tuyn li e(t) trn nh trn hnh 6.22b. Trng hp =0 li bng khng, trng hp 0, e(t) khc khng. Qua b lc vng in p li ny s iu chnh cho ng h kha pha bng in p (VCC) chnh =0.
a) BPF c(t)d(t)cos( D t) c(t+ ) c(t+ | c c(t+
d) d)
b)
e(t) = Rc (+d ) Rc (d )
Tch sng ng bao
To m PN
VCC
Tch sng ng bao
Lc vng
e(t)
Tc d
Tc + d
BPF
Hnh 6.22. a) Vng kha tr pha; b) c tuyn li
6.9.2. Thng lng CDMA
Nu b qua tp m my thu, coi rng nhiu ng knh t c dng tp m trng v cng sut thu c t tt c cc knh u bng nhau v bng Pr, ta c th biu din t s tn hiu trn nhiu nh sau i vi tng s knh K: Eb Pr / R b (1 + ) (6.13) = = Gp I0 (K 1)Pr / B (K 1) trong Gp l li x l, l tha s dc ca b lc. Gii phng trnh (6.14) cho K ta c: I K = 1 + (1 + )G p 0 Ep
(6.14)
6.10. Tng kt
Chng ny xt cc kiu nh tuyn lu lng: mt sng mang trn mt ng truyn, mt sng mang trn mt trm pht. Chng ny cng xt cc cng ngh a truy nhp khc nhau nh FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Hin nay hai cng ngh FDMA v TDMA ang c s dng ph bin. Trong tng lai cng ngh CDMA s c p dng ngy cng ph bin. Cng ngh CDMA c mt s u im sau: 1. Do bp sng ca cc anten VSAT kh rng nn d b nhiu bi cc v tinh ln cn. Thuc tnh tri ph ca CDMA cho php loi c nhiu ny 2. C th trnh c nhiu a ng nu tr tn hiu phn x ln hn chu k chip v my thu kha n sng trc tip 3. Khng nh TDMA, CDMA khng i hi ng b gia cc trm trong h thng. iu ny c ngha rng mt trm c th truy nhp h thng ti mi thi im
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4. Khi tng thm knh cho lu lng nu Eb/N0 gim mc chp thun, h thng vn hot ng.
6.11. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gii thch s khc nhau gia a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s v ghp knh phn chia theo tn s 2. Gii thch ngha ca SCPC (mt knh trn mt sng mang) 3. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng tng qut ca h thng thng tin v tinh TDMA. Ch ra quan h gia tc bit truyn dn v tc bit vo 4. Gii thch chc nng ca tin t trong cm lu lng TDMA. Trnh by v so snh cc knh c mang trong tin t vi cc knh c mang trong cm tham chun. 5. nh ngha v gii thch hiu sut khung lin quan n khai thc TDMA. 6. Trong mt mng TDMA cm tham chun v tin t i hi 560 bit cho tng cm, khong bo v gia cc cm l 120 bit. Gi s c 8 cm lu lng , mt cm tham chun trn mt khung v tng chiu di khung l 40800 bit, hy tnh hiu sut khung. 7. (tip). D liu nh bi 6. Gi s khung di 2ms v tc bit knh thoai l 64kbps. Hy tnh s knh thoi tiu chun tng tng c th c truyn bi mng TDMA 8. Gii thch v sao chu k khung trong h thng TDMA thng c chn l s nguyn ln 125 s 9. Mt mng TDMA s dng iu ch QPSK v sp xp cc k hiu nh sau: khe bo v 32, khi phc sng mang v ng h 180, t m cm (t duy nht) 24, knh nhn dng trm 8, knh nghip v 32, knh qun l (ch c cc cm tham chun) 12, knh dch v (l cc cm lu lng) 8. Tng s k hiu trn khung l 115010 v khung gm hai cm tham chun, 14 cm lu lng. Chu k khung 2ms. u vo l cc knh PCM 64 kbps. Tnh ton hiu sut khung v s knh thoi c th truyn c. 10. TDMA c u im g so vi FDMA v mt n nh theo yu cu 11. nh ngha v gii thch tha s tch cc ti thoi v ni suy ting s. u im ca vic s dng tha s tch cc ti thoi thc hin ni suy ting s l g? 12. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng truyn tin c m ha theo d bo ting (SPEC) v so snh n vi ni suy ting. 13. Xc nh tc bit c th truyn qua mt b pht p, coi rng tha s dc b lc l 0,2 v iu ch QPSK 14. Trnh by nguyn l bt v bm m trong CDMA 15. Bng thng trung tn ca mt h thng CDMA l 3MHz, tha s dc b lc l 0,2. Tc bit thng tin l 2Mbps v Eb/N0 yu cu cho tng knh khi truy nhp h thng CDMA l 11 dB. Tnh s knh truy nht c php cc i
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Chng 7. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh
CHNG 7 THIT K NG TRUYN THNG TIN V TINH

7.1. GII THIU CHUNG
7.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Tn hao ng truyn v cng sut tn hiu thu Phng trnh qu ng truyn Tnh ton cc thng s tp m nhit: cng sut, mt ph cng sut, h s tp m v nhit tp m Tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m ng ln, ng xung, iu ch giao thoa Tnh ton t s tn hiu trn tp m kt hp 7.1.2. Hng dn Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng Tham kho thm [1], [2] Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng 7.2.3. Mc ch chng Hiu c cch tnh ton cc lai tn hao do ng truyn gy ra Hiu c cc cng thc tnh ton qu ng truyn Hiu c cc tnh ton cc thng s tp m v nh hng ca chng ln cht lng ng truyn Bit cc thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh khi cho trc cht lng ng truyn: BER v SNR tng ng.
7.2. M U
Chng ny s trnh by phng php tnh ton qu ng truyn thng tin v tinh v thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh. Vic tnh ton qu ng truyn cho php ta cn i cc tn hao v li trong qu trnh truyn dn m bo trong iu kin truyn dn khng thun li vn m bo yu cu cht lng ng truyn. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh m bo cht lng ng truyn m c th l t s tn hiu trn tp m khi BER cho trc. Cc i lng s dng trong khi tnh ton qu ng truyn thng c biu din dng decibel.
7.3. TN HAO NG TRUYN V CNG SUT TN HIU THU

7.3.1. Truyn dn trong khng gian t do
Cng sut thu c mt anten vi h s khuych i Gr c th biu din nh sau:
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EIRP.G r (7.1) LP trong : EIRP=PtGt l cng sut pht x tng ng ca anten ng hng, EIRP thng c biu din dBW, gi s Pt c o bng W th: Pr =
EIRP = Pt +Gt , dBW (7.2)
Pt l cng sut pht, Gt l h s khuych i ca anten pht, Gr l h s khuych i anten thu. Ls l tn hao ng truyn. i vi anten parabol, h s khuych i anten thng c tnh theo cng thc sau: G=(10,472fD)2 (7.3)
trong f l tn s sng mang [GHz], D l ng knh gng phn x [m] v l hiu sut mt m. Thng thng =0,55-0,73. Trong khng gian t do tn hao ng truyn c xc nh nh sau c xc nh nh sau:
2 trong : d l khong cch gia an ten pht v anten thu, l bc sng. T phng trnh (7.4) ta c th biu din cng sut thu nh sau: P G G 2 EIRPG r Pr = t t r2 = FSL (4d )
dng dB phng trnh (7.5) c th c biu din nh sau: Pr = Pt +Gt+Gr-FSL = EIRP+Gr-FSL , dBW
(4d )2 FSL =
(7.4)
(7.5)
(7.6)
2
trong : EIRP l cng sut pht ng hng tng ng, FSL= 10lg (4d ) l suy hao trong 2 khng gian t do, thng c xc nh dB nh sau: FSL= 92,5 + 20lg f [GHz] + 20lg d [km], dB hay: FSL= 32,5 + 20lg f [MHz] + 20lg d [km], dB (7.8) (7.7)
7.3.2. Tn hao do mt ng chnh anten

Khi thit lp mt ng truyn v tinh, l tng phi t c ng chnh cc anten trm mt t v v tinh t c khuych i cao nht (hnh 7.1a).
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a) b)
Gc lch chnh trm mt t Gc mt na rng bp i vi ng vin vt ph ca v tinh
Hnh 7.1. a) Cc anten trm mt t v v tinh c ng chnh t c khuych i cao nht; b) trm mt t nm mt "vt ph" ca v tinh v anten trm mt t khng c ng chnh C th xy ra hai nguyn nhn tn hao lch trc, mt xy ra ti v tinh v nguyn nhn th hai xy ra ti trm mt t (hnh 1b). Tn hao lch trc ti v tinh c xt ti khi khi thit k ng truyn hot ng ng vin ca anten v tinh thc t. Tn hao lch trc trm mt t c gi l tn hao nh hng anten. Tn hao nh hng anten thng xy ra vi phn mi dB. Ngoi tn hao nh hng, c th xy ra tn hao do mt ng chnh hng phn cc. Tn hao mt ng chnh phn cc thng nh v ta s coi rng cc tn hao do mt ng chnh anten (k hiu l AML) gm: c tn hao nh hng v tn hao phn cc gy ra do mt ng chnh. Cn lu rng cc tn hao mt ng chnh anten phi c nh gi t cc s liu thng k trn c s sai li c quan st thc t cho mt khi lng ln cc trm mt t.
7..3.3. Tn hao kh quyn v in ly

Hp th ca kh trong kh quyn l nguyn nhn gy ra tn hao kh quyn. Cc tn hao ny thng vo khong vi phn ca dB (k hiu l AA). Tng in ly gy ra dch phn cc sng in t dn n tn hao lch phn cc (k hiu l PL).
7.4. PHNG TRNH QU NG TRUYN

Tng tn hao ng truyn Lp khi tri quang ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau: LP = FSL +RFL+ AML+AA+PL, dB (7.9)
Phng trnh cho cng sut thu dB nh sau: Pr = EIRP + GR - LP trong :Pr l cng sut thu [dBW], EIRP l cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng [dBW], FSL l tn hao trong khng gian t do [dB]; RFL l tn hao phid my thu [dB]; AML l tn hao mt ng chnh anten [dB]; AA l tn hao hp th kh quyn [dB]; PL l tn hao lch phn cc [dB].
97
7.5. CNG SUT TP M NHIT

Cng sut tn hiu thu trong mt ng truyn v tinh thng rt nh, vo khong picowat. Cng sut ny s c my thu khuch i n cng sut ln. Tuy nhin do lun lun c tp m u vo my thu nn nu tn hiu thu khng ln hn tp m, khuch i s khng c tc dng v n khuch i c tp m. Tnh trng ny cn tr nn ti t hn v chnh b khuch i cng b sung thm tp m. Trong thit b tp m nhit gy ra do chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong cc vt dn. N c to ra cc phn t ghp c tn hao gia anten vi my thu v cc tng u ca my thu. Mt ph cng sut tp m nhit khng i tt c cc tn s thp hn 1012 Hz., v th c gi l tp m trng. Qu trnh tp m nhit my thu c m hnh ho bng qu trnh tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN: additive white Gauss noise) v c biu th bngcng sut tp m cc i c th c u vo b khuch i nh sau: N=kTf, W (7.10) -23 -1 -1 trong k=1,38.10 WHz T l hng s Bonzmant; T l nhit tp m o bng Kenvin v f l bng thng knh. Mt ph cng sut tp m (PSD) n bin trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau:
N0 = N = kT , W/Hz f
(7.11)
7.5.1. Tp m anten
Cc anten thu a tp m vo cc ng truyn v tinh. Nh vy tp m do cc anten v tinh v anten trm mt t a vo. Mc d nguyn nhn vt l nh nhau, nhng mc nh hng rt khc nhau. C th phn chia tp m do anten a vo thnh hai nhm: tp m xut s t tn hao anten v tp m bu tri. Tp m bu tri l thut ng miu t pht x vi ba t v tr do cc phn t c lm nng trong v tr gy ra. S pht x ny trong thc t bao ph ph rng hn ph vi ba. Nhit tp m tng ng ca bu tri nhn t anten mt t c cho hnh 7.2. th pha di dnh cho anten hng thng nh u (thin nh) cn th cao hn dnh cho anten hng ngay trn ng chn tri. S tng nhit tp m trong trng hp th hai l do s pht x nhit ca tri t v y l l do thit lp gii hn di ca gc ngng anten bng 50 bng C v 100 bng Ku. Cc th cho thy ti u tn s thp ca ph, tp m gim khi tng tn s. Khi anten hng thin nh, nhit tp m gim xung cn 3 K ti cc tn s nm trong khong t 1 n 10 Ghz. Pha trn 10 GH c hai nh nhit . Mi c ch tn hao hp th u to ra tp m nhit v tn ti lin quan trc tip gia tn hao v tp m nhit. Ma a vo tn hao v v th gy ra gim cp theo hai cch: gim tn hiu v a vo tp m. nh hng ca ma bng Ku ti t hn nhiu so vi bng C. Hnh 7.2 p dng cho cc anten mt t. Cc anten v tinh thng thng hng xung mt t v v th chng thu pht x nhit t mt t. Trong trng hp ny nhit tp m nhit tng ng ca anten ngoi tr cc tn hao ca anten vo khong 2900K.
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Vng tp m thin h 1000 Vng tp m thp Vng tp m tng topo
100 Nhit tp m anten, K
Cng hng xy 60 GHz
100
10 Cng hng hi nc 22,2 GHz 1 0,1 1 Tn s, GHz 10 100
Hnh 7.2. Nhit tp m khng th gim c ca mt anten mt t. Anten c coi rng c bp rt hp v khng c cc bp bn hoc tn hao in. Di 1GHz gi tr cc i xy ra i vi bp hng n cc cc thin h. Ti cc tn s cao hn cc gi tr cc i xy ra i vi bp ngay st ng chn tri v cc gi tr cc tiu xy ra i vi bp thin nh. Vng tp m thp gia 1 v 10 GHz tt nht cho p dng cc anten tp m thp. Cc tn hao anten cng vi tp m thu t pht x v tng nhit tp m anten ny l tng ca tp m tng ng ca tt c cc ngun trn. i vi cc anten bng C mt t, thng thng tng nhit tp m anten vo khong 60K v i vi bng Ku vo khong 80 K trong iu kin bu tri quang ng. Tt nhin khng th p dng cc gi tr ny cho cc trng hp c bit v chng c dn ra y ch cho ta mt khi nim v cc i lng c th c. 7.5.2. H s tp m v nhit tp m
7.5.2.1. H s tp m
H s tp m c nh ngha l t s gia t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo vi t s ny u ra phn t thu nh sau:
NF =
SNR in SNR out
(7.12)
H s tp m ca my thu ch yu c xc nh bi cc tng u ca my thu. hnh 5 tp m gy ra do b khuch i ca my thu c quy i thnh tp m u vo my thu v c k hiu l Nai. T hnh 7.3 ta c th vit li cng thc (7.12) nh sau:
NF =
N Pr / N i = 1 + ai Ni APr / A(N i + N ai )
(7.13)
99

trong : Pr l cng sut thu, A l khuch i ca mch gy tp m, Ni l tp m u vo v Nai l tp m quy i u vo ca phn t gy tp m (xem hnh 7.3).
Hnh 7.3. Tp m quy i u vo

c th p dng c NF ta phi s dng ngun tp m tham kho Ni. Nh vy h s tp m s cho thy thit b s to ra tp m ln hn bao nhiu ln tp m ca ngun tham kho. H s tp m c th c xc nh i vi ngun tp m tham kho nhit T = 290 K. Khi ny mt cng sut tp m ca ngun tham kho nh sau: N0 = kT = 1,3810-23290 = 410-21W/Hz hay dB l: N0 = -204 dBW/Hz (7.15) (7.14)
7.5.2.2. Nhit tp m
Bin i phng trnh (7.13) ta c: Nai = (NF-1)Ni (7.16)
Nu thay Ni = kTif v Nai = kTrf, trong Ti l nhit ngun tham kho cn Tr l nhit tp m hiu dng ca my thu, ta c th vit: kTr f =(NF-1)kTif Tr = (NF-1)Ti V ta chn Ti = 290 K, nn: Tr = (NF-1)290K
(7.17)
Phng trnh (7.17) cho ta thy rng c th m hnh ho mt b khuch i c tp m nh ngun tp m b sung (hnh 7.3) hot ng nhit tp m hiu dng Tr. i vi cc kt cui l in tr thun tu th Tr khng bao gi thp hn nhit mi trng xung quanh tr khi n c lm ngui. Cn lu rng i vi cc u cui l in khng (chng hn cc b khuch i thng s khng c lm ngui) hay cc thit b c tp m nh khc th Tr c th thp hn 290 K rt nhiu. Ta cng c th biu din tp m u ra Nout ca mt b khuch i ph thuc vo nhit tp m hiu dng ca n nh sau: Nout = ANi +ANai (7.18) = AkTgf +AkTrf = Ak(Tg+Tr) f trong Tg l nhit ca ngun.
100
Chng 7. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh 7.5.2.3. Nhit tp m ng dn sng

ng dn sng khc vi b khuch i ch n ch gy tn hao v tp m. Ta xt mt ng dn sng ch c tn hao hnh 7.4.
AN Li = (1 A)kTg f
Ngout = AkTg f
Ni = kTg f
N out = kTg f
kTg f
Hnh 7.4. ng tn hao: tr khng v nhit c phi hp c hai u

Gi thit ng ny c phi hp tr khng ti ngun v ti. L l tn hao cng sut c xc nh nh sau: Cng sut vo (7.19) L= Cng sut ra Vy h s khuch i A=1/L (nh hn mt). Gi s nhit ca tt c cc phn t l Tg. Tng cng sut tp m u ra l: Nout = kTgf (7.20)
v u ra ca mng ch l thun tr ti nhit Tg. Tng cng sut ngc v mng phi cng bng Nout m bo cn bng nhit. Nhc li rng cng sut tp m c th kTgf ch ph thuc vo nhit , bng thng v phi hp tr khng. C th coi rng Nout gm hai thnh phn, Ngo v ANLi nh sau: Nout = kTgf = Ngout + ANLi trong : Ngout = AkTgf (7.22) (7.21)
l thnh phn cng sut tp m u ra do ngun tp m gy ra v ANLi l thnh phn cng sut tp m do mng tn hao gy ra, trong NLi l l tp m ca mng quy i u vo. Kt hp hai phng trnh (7.21), (7.22) ta c th vit: kTgf = A kTgf + ANLi (7.23) Gii phng trnh(24) trn tm NLi ta c: 1 A (7.24) N Li = kTg f = kTL f A Vy nhit tp m hiu dng ca ng ny s l: 1 A TL = Tg = ( L 1)Tg A Chn nhit tham kho Tg = 290 k, ta c th vit:
(7.25)
101

TL = (L-1) 290 K (7.26)
S dng cc phng trnh (7.17) v (7.26), , ta c th biu din h s tp m hiu dng ca ng tn hao nh sau: NF = 1+ TL
290
=L
(7.27)
7.5.2.4. Nhit tp m ca ni tng

T gia trnh c s truyn dn vi ba s ta c th vit h s tp m ca m tng ni tng nh sau NF2 1 NF3 1 NFm 1 (7.28) + + .... + NFtol = NF1 + A p1 A p1A p 2 A p1A p 2 ....A m 1 Kt hp phng trnh (7.16) v (7.27) ta c tng nhit tp m trong trng hp ny nh sau:
Ttol = T1 +
T2 T3 Tm + + .... + A p1 A p1 A p 2 A p1A p 2 ....A m 1
(7.29)
Hnh 7.5 cho thy mt t chc mch in hnh trong ng phi tn hao L c ni vi b khuch i c h s tp m NF.
Hnh 7.5. Ni phid vi b khuch i

p dng phng trnh(7.26) v (7.27) cho trng hp ny ta c: NFtol = L+L(NF-1) = LNF v h s tp m ca phi l L v khuch i ca n l 1/L. S dng phng trnh (7.16) ta c th vit: Ttol = (LNF-1)290 K (7.31) (7.30)
Ta cng c th vit nhit tng ca ng phi v b khuch i nh sau: Ttol = (LNF-L+L-1)290 K = [(L-1)+L(NF-1)]290K = TL + LTr (7.32) i vi cc h thng thng tin trn mt t NF thng c s dng. Cc h thng thng tin v tinh thng s dng khi nim nhit tp m.
102
Chng 7. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh 7.5.2.5. Nhit tp m h thng

Hnh 7.6 cho thy s ca mt h thng cha cc phn t gy nh hng tp m nht my thu: anten, phi v b tin khuch i.
Hnh 7.6. Cc phn t chnh gy tp m ti my thu

Nhit tp m h thng l tng nhit ca tt c cc phn t chnh ng gp vo tp m my thu: TS = TA+Ttol (7.33) trong TA l nhit tp m ca anten v Ttol l tng nhit tp m ca phi v b tin khuch i. S dng phng trnh (7.32) ta c th vit li phng trnh (7.33) nh sau: TS = TA+TL+LTr = TA+(L-1)290K+L(NF-1)290K = TA+(LNF-1)290K Nu LNF c cho dB th TS c dng: TS = TA + (10LNF/10-1)290K (7.36) (7.34) (7.35)
7.6. T S TN HIU TRN TP M

Ba thng s thng c s dng nh gi t s tn hiu trn tp m l: sng mang trn tp m (C/N hay Pr/N), sng mang trn mt tp m (C/N0 hay Pr/N0) v nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m (Eb/N0). Quan h gia cc thng s ny nh sau: Pr/N0 = (Pr/N) dB+10lg(f), dB.Hz Eb/N0 = (Pr/N) dB-10lg(Rb/f), dB (7.37) (7.38)
trong : Pr l cng sut thu sng mang (C), Rb l tc bit v Eb l nng lng bit = PrTb= Pr/Rb, f l rng bng tn. C/N0 v Eb/N0 khng ph thuc vo tn s thng c s dng so snh hiu sut ca cc h thng khc nhau. C/N ph thuc vo rng bng tn ca mt h thng cho trc (chng hn b lc my thu). S dng phng trnh (7.1) v (7.11) v ta c th vit:
103

Pr/N0 = EIRP + Gr/T -LP - k , dB/Hz (7.39)
Lu rng h s khuch i anten thu v nhit tp m h thng c kt hp chung thnh mt thng s v i khi t s ny c gi l nhy my thu.
7.7. T S TN HIU TRN TP M NG LN

7.7.1. Cng thc tng qut
ng ln trong ng truyn v tinh l ng pht t trm mt t n v tinh. Ta c th s dng phng trnh (7.39) cho ng ln vi k hiu U biu th cho ng ln. Nh vy phng trnh (7.39) c th c vit li cho ng ln nh sau:
Pr G , dBHz N = EIRPU + T [L P ]U k U 0 U
(7.40)
Trong phng trnh (7.40), cc gi tr c s dng l EIRP ca trm mt t, tn hao ca phi my thu v tinh v G/T (thng c gi l h s phm cht trm) ca my thu v tinh. Tn hao trong khng gian t do v cc tn hao khc ph thuc vo tn s c tnh theo tn s ca ng ln. Kt qu tnh ton t s sng mang trn tp m theo phng trnh (7.40) l t s ti my thu v tinh. Khi cn s dng t s sng mang trn tp m ch khng phi t s sng mang trn mt tp m ta c th s dng cng thc sau:
Pr G , dBHz (7.41) = EIRPU + [L P ]U k B T U N U trong B l rng bng tn tn hiu c coi bng rng bng tn tp m BN.
7.7.2. Mt thng lng bo ho B khuch i n sng chy (k hiu TWTA) trong b pht p v tinh b bo ho cng sut u ra. Mt thng lng cn thit ti anten thu to nn bo ho TWTA c gi l mt thng lng bo ho. Mt thng lng bo ho l mt i lng c quy nh khi tnh ton qu ng truyn v bit c n ta c th tnh ton EIRP cn thit ti trm mt t. hiu c vn ny ta xt phng trnh sau cho mt thng lng ti anten thu:
M =
EIRP 4r 2
(7.42)
y chnh l thng lng m mt b pht x ng hng c cng sut bng EIRP to ra ti mt n v din tch cch n r. dng dB ta c: 1 (7.43) M = EIRP +10 lg 4r 2
104

Ta c tn hao trong khng gian t do c xc nh nh sau:
1 2 4r FSL = 10 lg 10 lg = 10 lg 4r 2 4
hay:
10 lg
1 2 = FSL 10 lg 4r 2 4
(7.44)
Thay phng trnh (7.43) vo (7.42) ta c: 2 M = EIRP FSL 10 lg 4
(7.45)
Thnh phn 2/4 c kch thc ca din tch, trong thc t n l din tch hiu dng ca mt anten ng hng. Ta k hiu n l A0 nh sau: 2 (7.46) A 0 = 10 lg 4
V thng thng ta bit c tn s ch khng phi bc sng nn ta c th vit li phng trnh (7.46) theo tn s GHz nh sau: A0 = -(21,45+20lgf) Kt hp phng trnh (7.46) vi (7.45) ta c: EIRP = M + A0 + FSL, dBW (7.48) (7.47)
Phng trnh (7.48) c rt ra trn c s l ch c tn hao khng gian t do (k hiu l FSL), nn nu xt n c cc tn hao khc nh: hp thu kh quyn (AA), lch phn cc (PL), lch ng chnh anten v tn hao u ni cng vi phi thu (RFL), ta c th vit li n nh sau: EIRP = M + A0 + LP -RFL , dBW (7.49) trong : LP = FSL + AA + PL + AML y l phng trnh cho iu kin bu tri quang v n xc nh gi tr EIRP cc tiu m trm mt t phi m bo to ra mt thng lng cn thit ti v tinh. Thng thng, mt thng lng bo ho c quy nh, khi ny phng trnh (7.49) c dng: EIRPS,U = S + A0 + LP,U -RFL , dBW trong S k hiu cho bo ho cn U k hiu cho ng ln. (7.50)
7.7.3. li u vo
Khi nhiu sng mang c a vo cng mt b khuch i s dng n sng chy, im cng tc phi c t li n phn tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t gim nh hng do
105

mo iu ch giao thoa. Hot ng nhiu sng mang ny xy ra FDMA. Trong trng hp ny EIRP trm mt t phi gim i mt lng gi l li (BO: back off) kt qu ta c: EIRPU = EIRPS - BOi (7.51)
trong EIRPS l cng sut trm mt t ti im bo ho. Mc d c s iu khin cng sut vo cho b khuch i ca b pht p thng qua trm TT&C mt t, nhng thng thng cn c li u vo bng cch gim EIRP ca cc trm mt t khi truy nhp b pht p. Ta c th th cc phng trnh (7.50) v (7.51) vo (7.40) c:
Pr G , dBHz N = S + A 0 BO i + T k RFL U 0 U
7.7.4. B khuch i cng sut ln
(7.52)
B khuch i cng sut ln (c k hiu l HPA) ca trm mt t c nhim v cung cp cng sut bng cng sut pht x cng tn hao phi (tn hao ny c k hiu l TFL). TFL bao gm tn hao ng dn sng, b lc, b ghp ni gia u ra b khuch i cng sut vi anten. T phng trnh (7.2) ta c th biu din cng sut u ra b khuch i theo dB nh sau: PHPA = EIRP - GT + TFL (7.53)
trong EIRP c xc nh theo phng trnh (7.52) bao gm c li cn thit cho v tinh. Bn thn trm mt t c th phi pht nhiu sng mang v u ra ca n cng i hi li (k hiu l BOHPA). B khuch i cng sut ln trm mt t phi c thit k theo cng sut bo ho u ra nh sau: PHPA, S=PHPA + BOHPA (7.54)
Tt nhin HPA s hot ng ti mc cng sut li m bo cng sut u ra PHPA cn thit. m bo lm vic ti vng tng i tuyn tnh, c th s dng b khuch i cng sut ln vi mc bo ho tng i cao v li cao. i vi cc trm mt t kch thc vt l ln v tiu th cng sut cao ca n khuch i khng gy ph tn nh trn v tinh. Ngoi ra cng cn nhn mnh rng li cn thit ti trm mt t c th hon ton c lp vi cc yu cu li ca b pht p v tinh. Cng sut ca trm mt t cng phi ln m bo d tr phainh.
7. 8. T S TN HIU TRN TP M NG XUNG

7.8.1. Cng thc tng qut
ng xung l ng pht t v tinh xung trm mt t. Ta c th s dng phng trnh (7.40) cho ng xung vi thay U bng D k hiu cho ng xung nh sau:
106

Pr G , dB.Hz N = EIRPD + T [L P ]D k D 0 D
(7.55)
Trong phng trnh (7.59) cc gi tr c s dng l EIRP v tinh, cc tn hao phi my thu trm mt t v G/T my thu trm mt t. Tn hao khng gian t do v cc tn hao ph thuc tn s khc c tnh theo tn s ng xung. Kt qu t s sng mang trn mt tp m tnh theo phng trnh (7.58) l t s ti b tch sng ca my thu trm mt t. Khi cn xc nh t s sng mang trn tp m ch khng phi t s sng mang trn mt tp m ta c th s dng cng thc sau: Pr G (7.56) = EIRPD + L p D k B , dB N D T D trong B l rng bng tn tn hiu c coi bng rng bng tn tp m BN.
7.8.2 li u ra
Khi s dng li u vo nh ni trn, ta phi cho php mt li u ra tng ng EIRP v tinh. ng cong hnh 7.7 cho thy li u ra khng quan h tuyn tnh vi li u vo. Mt quy tc thng c s dng l chn li u ra ti im ng cong c gi tr 5 dB thp hn phn tuyn tnh ngoi suy nh thy hnh 7.7. V on tuyn tnh thay i theo t l 1:1 dB, nn li u ra BOo = BOi-5dB. Chng hn nu li u vo : BOi=11 dB th li u ra bng BOo=11-5=6 dB.
5dB
u ra dBW
im bo ho BOo
Mt sng mang Nhiu sng mang
im cng tc li BO i
Hnh 7.7. Quan h gia li u ra v li u vo cho b khuych i n sng chy v tinh

Nu EIRP i vi iu kin bo ha c k hiu l EIRPS,D th EIRPD=EIRPS,D-BOo v phng trnh (7.55) tr thnh:
Pr G , dB.Hz N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k D 0 D
(7.57)
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Chng 7. Thit k ng truyn thng tin v tinh 7.8.3. Cng sut ra ca n sng chy
B khuch i cng sut v tinh thng l b khuch i n sng chy (k hiu TWTA) c nhim v cung cp cng sut pht x cng vi cc tn hao phi pht. Cc tn hao ny bao gm: tn hao ng dn sng, b lc v b ghp gia u ra b khuch i n sng chy vi anten pht ca v tinh. Theo phng trnh (7.2) ta c th biu din cng sut u ra ca TWTA nh sau: PTWTA = EIRPD - GT,D+ TFLD, dBw (7.58)
Sau khi bit c PTWTA ta c th xc nh cng sut ra bo ho ca TWTA nh sau: PTWTA, S = PTWTA + BOo, dBW (7.59)
7.9. NH HNG CA MA
T trc n nay ta ch tnh ton ng truyn cho iu kin bu tri quang ngha l khng xt n cc nh hng ca cc hin tng kh hu thi tit ln cng tn hiu. Trong bng C v c bit l trong bng Ku ma l nguyn nhn ng k nht gy ra phainh. Ma lm yu sng in t do tn x v hp th chng. Suy hao do ma tng khi tn s tng v tnh trng ny ti hn bng Ku so vi bng C. Cc nghin cu cho thy suy hao ma i vi phn cc ngang ln hn nhiu so vi phn cc ng. Cc s liu v suy hao ma thng c cung cp dng cc ng cong hoc bng trong ch ra s phn trm thi gian mt suy hao no b vt qu hay tng ng vi xc sut m suy hao ny b vt qu. Th d v cc gi tr trung bnh bng Ku c cho bng 7.1 (da trn s liu cho mt s vng ti Canada). Cc s phn trm u ra ba ct trong bng cho thy phn trm thi gian tnh trung bnh trong mt nm m suy hao vt qu cc gi tr dB trong ct. Chng hn ti Thunder Bay, suy hao ma tnh trung bnh trong nm vt qu 0,2 dB trong thi gian 1% ca nm, 0,3 dB trong thi gian 0,5% ca nm v 1,3 dB trong thi gian 0,1 phn trm ca nm. Mt cch khc ta c th ni rng 99% thi gian ca nm suy hao s bng hoc thp hn 0,2 dB; 99,5% ca thi gian ca nm suy hao s bng hoc thp hn 0,3 v 99,9% ca nm suy hao s bng hoc thp hn 1,3 dB. Suy hao ma i km vi vic to ra tp m v c suy hao ln tp m u nh hng xu ln cht lng ng truyn v tinh. V ma i qua kh quyn, nn cc ht ma thng c dng dt v tr nn c hnh elip thay v hnh cu. Khi mt sng in c c phn cc nht nh i qua cc rt ma, thnh phn trng song song vi trc chnh ca rt ma s b tc ng khc vi thnh phn song song vi trc ph ca rt ma. iu ny dn n s lch phn cc ca sng v kt qu l sng tr nn phn cc elp. iu ny ng cho c phn cc tuyn tnh v phn cc trn, song nh hng nghim trng hn i vi phn cc trn. Khi ch c mt phn cc, nh hng khng nghim trng, tuy nhin khi p dng ti s dng tn s bng cc phn cc trc giao, cn phi s dng cc thit b trit phn cc cho b tr s lch phn cc do ma. Khi anten mt t s dng v che, cn xt n nh hng ca ma ln v che. Ma ri ln v che hnh bn cu s to thnh lp nc c dy khng i. Lp ny gy nn tn hao do hp th v phn x sng. Kt qa nghin cu cho thy suy hao vo khong 14 dB i vi lp nc
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dy 1mm. V th nu c th ta khng nn s dng v che anten. Khng c v che, nc s t li ti b phn x, nhng tn hao do n gy ra t nghim trng hn do v che b t gy ra.
Bng 7.1. Suy hao trong cc thnh ph v cc vng ca tnh Ontario Suy hao ma, dB a phng 1% 0,5%
0,12%
Cat Lake Fort Severn Geraldton Kingston London North Bay Ogoki Ottawa Sault Ste. Marie Sioux Lookout Sudbury Thunder Bay Timmins Toronto Windsor
0,2 0,0 0,1 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3
0,4 0,1 0,2 0,7 0,5 0,4 0,2 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6
1,4 0,4 0,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 0,9 1,9 1,8 1,3 2,0 1,3 1,4 1,8 2,1
7.9.1. D tr phainh ma ng ln
Ma dn n suy hao tn hiu, tng nhit tp m v gim t s Pr/N0 tai v tinh theo hai cch. Tuy nhin tng tp m khng thng xuyn l yu t chnh i vi ng ln v anten v tinh hng n mt t "c lm nng" v mt t b sung nhit tp m n my thu v tinh dn n che lp nh hng tng tp m do suy hao ma gy ra. iu quan trng y l cn duy tr cng sut sng ng ln trong cc gii hn i vi mt s ch hot ng v cn s dng iu khin cng sut ng ln b tr phainh cho ma. Cng sut pht v tinh phi c gim st bng mt trm iu khin trung tm hay trong mt s trng hp bng trm mt t v cng sut pht t trm mt t c th c iu khin tng b tr phainh. Nh vy b khuch i cng sut cao ca trm mt t phi c d tr cng sut p ng yu cu d tr phainh. Mt s d tr phainh in hnh c cho bng 7.1. Th d, i vi Ottawa, suy hao ma vt qu 1,9 dB trong 0,1% thi gian. iu ny c ngha rng p ng yu cu cng sut ti u vo v tinh cho 99,9% thi gian trm mt t cn c kh nng cung cp d tr phainh 1,9 dB so vi iu kin bu tri quang.
7.9.2. D tr phainh ma ng xung
Cc phng trnh (7.55) v (7.56) ch p dng cho bu tri quang. Ma s a thm vo suy hao do hp th v tn x, suy hao hp thu s a vo tp m. Gi s [Lrain] l suy hao dB do hp th gy ra. T l tn hao cng sut tng ng trong trng hp ny s l Lrain = 10[Lrain]/10.. Nu coi nh hng ny nh mt mng tn hao s dng cng thc (7.26) ta c nhit tp m do ma quy i u vo mng nh sau:
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Train,in = (Lrain-1) Tg (7.60)
Tg trong trng hp ny thay cho Tg v c gi l nhit ca b hp th biu kin. Gi tr nhit ca b hp th biu kin o dc Bc M nm trong khong t 272 n 290 K. c nhit u ra ta nhn biu thc (7.60) vi h s khuch i ca mng hp th bng 1/Lrain, ta c: 1 (7.61) Train = 1 Ta L rain Nhit tp m bu tri bng nhit tp m tri quang cng vi nhit tp m ma: Tsky = TCS + Train (7.62) Nh vy ma gim t s Pr/N0 theo hai cch: gim cng sut sng mamg v tng nhit tp m bu tri. Tng qut ta c th xc nh quan h gia t s Pr/N khi ma v khi tri quang nh sau:
Ta N N = L rain + (L rain 1) TS ,CS Pr rain Pr CS
(7.63)
trong : rain k hiu cho tri ma, CS k hiu cho tri quang v S,CS k hiu cho nhit tp m h thng khi tri quang. i vi cc tn s thp (6/4 GHz) v tc ma thp (di 1mm/h) suy hao ma hon ton mang tnh hp th. Ti tc ma cao, tn x tr nn ng k c bit cc tn s cao. Khi tn x v hp th u ng k, cn s dng tng suy hao tnh ton gim cng sut sng mang v suy hao hp th tnh tng nhit tp m. i vi cc tn hiu s t s Pr/N0 c xc nh theo BER cho php khng c vt qu s phn trm thi gian quy nh. Hnh 7.8 cho thy s ph thuc BER vo t s Eb/N0.
10 T s bit li, BER 10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
10
-8
10
11
12
E b/N0 , dB
Hnh 7.8. Ph thuc BER vo Eb/N0 cho iu ch BPSK v QPSK

i vi ng xung, ngi s dng khng iu khin EIRP v tinh v v th khng th s dng iu khin cng sut nh i vi ng ln. m bo d tr phainh cn thit c th
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tng h s khuch i anten thu bng cch s dng cho phn x ln hn hoc s dng b tin khuch i c cng sut tp m thp. C hai phng php u tng t s G/T thu v nh vy tng Pr/N0.
7.10. D TR NG TRUYN VI BA S
Vic phn tch qu ng truyn cho php cn i cc tn hao v li cng sut trong qu trnh truyn dn c th a ra mt lng d tr cng sut cn thit m bo truyn dn trong iu kin khng thun li (pha inh) m vn m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Lng cng sut d tr ny c gi l d tr ng truyn hay d tr phaing v c xc nh nh sau:
E E M = b b , dB N 0 r N 0 req
(7.64)
trong : M l d tr ng truyn hay phainh, (Eb/N0)r, (Eb/N0)req l t s nng lng bit trn mt ph cng sut tp m thu v yu cu. T s theo yu cu c xc nh theo BER yu cu nh ni phn trn. V tn hiu thu hu ch y thng l sng mang c iu ch nn ta thng ni n t s sng mang trn tp m (C/N) hay (Pr/N) l t s SNR. S dng phng trnh (7.39) v (7.64) ta c th vit: M(dB) = EIRP (dBW) +
Eb Gr (dB / K ) - N (dB) - Rb(dB-bit/s) T 0 req

(7.65)
- k(dBW/K-Hz) - LP(dB) Thay k = -228,6 dBW/K-Hz vo phng trnh (7.65) ta c: M(dB) = EIRP (dBW) + G r (dB / K) T
Eb N (dB) - Rb(dB-bit/s) 0 req

(7.66)
+ 228,6 dBW/K-Hz -LP (dB)
Nu xt c tn hao cc phn t ni my pht n anten pht v t nhit tham chun TR = 290 K th ta c th vit li phng trnh (7.66) nh sau: M(dB) = Pt(dBW) + Gt(dB) + Gr(dB) - L1(dB) - L2(dB) - LP(dB) + 204 (dBW/Hz) - NF(dB) - R b(dB-bit/s) -
Eb (dB) N 0 req
(7.67)
trong : Pt, Gt, L1 l cng sut, h s khuch i v suy hao cc phn t ni anten pht. Gr, L2 l h s khuch i v suy hao cc phn t ni anten thu. -kTR = 204(dBW/Hz), NF l h s tp m.
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7.11. T S TN HIU TRN TP M KT HP NG LN V NG XUNG

Mt knh v tinh y bao gm c ng ln v ng xung nh v hnh 7.9a. Tp m s c a vo ng ln ti u vo ca my thu v tinh. Ta k hiu cng sut tp m trn n v rng bng tn ng ln ny l NU0 v cng sut sng mang ti cng im l PrU. T s sng mang trn tp m ng ln s l PrU/NU0.
a)
NU0
PrU
ND0
GS
Pr + GS NU0
b) PrU
NU0
ND0 Pr = GS P rU N = GS NU + ND 0 0
0
Hnh 7.9. a) Kt hp ng ln v ng xung; b) lu dng cng sut cho a)
Cng sut sng mang ti cui ng truyn v tinh c k hiu l Pr tt nhin y cng l cng sut sng mang thu c ng xung. N bng GS ln cng sut sng mang ti u vo v tinh, trong GS l khuch i cng sut h thng t u vo v tinh n u vo trm mt t nh thy hnh 7.9a. N bao gm khuch i ca b pht p v anten pht, tn hao ng xung v khuch i anten thu cng vi tn hao phi. Tp m ti u vo v tinh cng xut hin ti u vo trm mt t v c nhn vi GS, ngoi ra trm mt t cng a vo tp m ca chnh n (k hiu l ND0). Nh vy tp m u cui ng truyn l: GSNU0+ND0. T s n hiu trn tp m cho mt mnh ng xung khng xt n ng gp ca GSNU0 l Pr/ND0 v Pr/N0 kt hp ti my thu mt t l Pr/(GSNU0+ND0). Lu dng cng sut c cho hnh 7.9b. T s sng mang trn tp m kt hp c th c xc nh theo cc gi tr ring ca tng ng. chng minh iu ny tin hn c l ta s dng t s tp m trn sng mang thay cho sng mang trn tp m v biu din dng t s cng sut thay cho dB. Ta k hiu gi tr t s tp m trn sng mang kt hp l N0/Pr, gi tr ng ln l (N0/Pr)U v gi tr ng xung l (N0/Pr)D, khi ny: N 0 G S NU 0 + ND 0 = Pr Pr =
G S N 0 ND 0 + Pr Pr
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= G S N 0 + ND 0 G S PrU Pr = N0 + N0 (7.68) Pr U Pr D Phng trnh (7.68) cho thy rng nhn c gi tr Pr/N0 kt hp cn cng cc gi tr o ca tng thnh phn nhn c gi tr N0/Pr sau o li gi tr ny nhn c Pr/N0. L do phi o ra tr tng ca o cc thnh phn l ch, cng sut ca mt tn hiu c truyn qua h thng trong khi cc cng sut tp m khc nhau trong h thng l tp m cng. L do tng t p dng cho t s sng mang trn tp m Pr/N. Phng trnh (7.68) cho thy khi mt trong s cc t s Pr/N0 ca on truyn nh hn nhiu so vi cc t s khc, t s Pr/N0 kt hp s gn bng t s thp nht ny. Cho n nay ta ch xt tp m anten v tp m nhit thit b khi tnh ton t s Pr/N0 kt hp. Mt ngun tp m na cn xem xt l tp m iu ch giao thoa, tp m ny s c xt ti phn di y.
7.12. T S TN HIU TRN TP M KT HP TP M IU CH GIAO THOA

iu ch giao thoa xy ra khi nhiu sng mang i qua mt thit b c c tnh phi tuyn. Trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh, iu ny thng xy ra nht b khuch i cng sut cao dng n sng chy trn v tinh. Thng thng cc sn phm giao thoa bc ba ri vo cc tn s mang ln cn v v th chng gy ra nhiu. Khi s sng mang c iu ch ln, ta khng th phn bit ring r cc sn phm giao thoa v cc sn phm ny th hin ging nh tp m nn chng c gi l tp m iu ch giao thoa. T s sng mang trn tp m iu ch giao thoa thng c tm ra bng phng php thc nghim, hay trong mt s trng hp c th c xc nh bng cc phng php da trn my tnh. Khi bit c t s ny, ta c th kt hp n vi t s sng mang trn tp m nhit bng cch cng cc i lng nghch o ca chng nh xt phn trn. Nu ta k hiu thnh phn iu ch giao thoa l (Pr/N0)IM v lu rng cng cc thnh phn nghch o ca Pr /N c biu din t s ch khng dB. Ta c th m rng phng trnh (7.68) nh sau:
N0 N0 N0 N0 + + = Pr Pr U Pr D Pr IM
(7.69)
gim tp m, n sng chy phi lm vic vi li nh ni phn trn. S ph thuc ca cc thnh phn t s Pr/N0 vo u vo n sng chy c v hnh 7.10.
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Hnh 7.10. Ph thuc cc t s tn hiu trn tp m vo li u vo u vo n sng chy l S-BOi v th phng trnh (7.52) v ln mt on thng. Phng trnh (7.57) th hin ng cong ca c tnh n sng chy v li u ra BOo khng lin h tuyn tnh vi li u vo (xem hnh 7.7). Rt kh d on ng cong iu ch giao thoa, nn hnh v ch cho thy xu hng chung ca n. Tng (Pr/N0) c v theo phng trnh (7.69). im cng tc ti u c xc nh l im cc i ca ng cong ny.
7.12. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc dng tn hao ng truyn khc nhau nh: tn hao do cc phn t ca thit b v tuyn, tn hao khng gian t do, tn hao kh quyn, tn hao lch nh hng anten. tn hao lch phn cc v tn hao do ma. Qu dng truyn c coi l tng tt c cng sut nhn c v c khuch i trn ng truyn bao gm cng sut my pht, cc khuch i anten, cc khuch i trong cc b khuch i (cc b pht p) tr i cc chi ph cho tn hao ni trn tnh theo dB. y chnh l cng sut cn li m my thu nhn c. Cht lng ng truyn c nh gi bng xc sut li bit hay cn gi l t s bit li (BER). BER c quan h n tr vi t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) v th cht lng ng truyn cng thng c nh gi bng SNR. Khi thit k mt ng truyn v tinh ngi thit k c cho trc BER yu cu hay SNR yu cu tng ng. Trong qu trnh thit k, ngi thit k phi la chn cc thng s knh v tinh nh: cng sut my pht trm mt t, khuch i anten pht trm mt t, khuch i an thu b pht p, khuch i pht p, khuch i anten pht pht p, khuch i anten thu trm mt t pha i tc, nhy my thu ... khi cho trc khong cch t cc trm mt t n b pht p trn v tinh v h s tp m (hay nhit tp m) m bo cht lng yu cu ny (BER hay SNR yu cu). Cc cng thc thit k mt ng truyn thng tin v tinh u da vo tnh ton t s tn hiu thu trn mt ph cng sut tp m hay cng sut tp m. Chng ny a ra tt c cc cng thc cn thit cho thit k ng truyn v tnh ni trn.
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7.13. CU HI V BI TP
1. ng xung v tinh ti tn s 12 GHz lm vic vi cng sut 6 W v h s khuch i anten 48,2 dB. Tnh EIRP dBW. (a) 36 dBW; (b) 46 dBW; (c) 50 dBW; (c) 56 dBW 2. Tnh ton h s khuch i anten parabol ng knh 3 m lm vic ti tn s 12 GHz, coi rng hiu sut mt m bng 0,55. (a) 47,9 dBi; (b) 48,9 dBi; (c) 50,9dBi; (d) 51dBi 3. Khong cch gia trm mt t v v tinh l 42.000 km. Tnh tn hao trong khng gian t do ti tn s 6 GHz. (a) 190,4 dB; (b) 200,9 dB; (c) 210,9 dB; (d) 211,9dB 4. ng truyn v tinh lm vic ti tn s 14 GHz c tn hao phi bng 1,5 dB v tn hao khng gian t do bng 207 dB. Tn hao hp th kh quyn bng 0,5 dB, tn hao nh hng anten bng 0,5 dB, tn hao lch cc c th b qua. Tnh tng tn hao ng truyn khi tri quang. (a) 199,5 dB; (b) 209,5 dB; (c) 210,5dB; (d) 211,5dB 5. Mt anten c nhit tp m l 35K v c phi khng vi my thu c nhit tp m bng 100 K. Mt ph cng sut tp m c gi tr no di y? (a) 1,5610-21 W/Hz; (b) 1,6610-21 W/Hz; (c) 1,7610-21 W/Hz; (d) 1,8610-21 W/Hz Cng sut tp m c gi tr no di y? (a) 0,057 pW; (b) 0,067 pW; (c) 0,077 pW; (d) 0,08pW 6. Mt my thu vi tng u c h s tp m 10 dB, h s khuch i 80 dB v rng bng tn f=6MHz. Cng sut thu Pr = 10-11W. Coi rng tn hao phi bng khng v nhit tp m anten l 150K. Hy tm Tr,TS, Nout, (SNR)in v (SNR)out. Nhit tp m tng u my thu (Tr) l gi tr no di y? (a) 2600 K; (b) 2610 K; (c) 2620 K; (d) 2630K Nhit tp m h thng (Ts) l gi tr no di y? (a) 2560 K; (b) 2660 K; (c) 2760K; (d) 2860 K Cng sut tp m u ra my thu l gi tr no di y? (a) 19 W; (b) 20,8 W; (c)21,8W; (d) 22,8W T s tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu, (SNR)in, l gi tr no di y? (a) 27,1dB; (b) 29,1dB; (c) 31,1 dB; (d) 32,1 dB T s tn hiu trn tp m du ra, (SNR)out, my thu l gi tr no di y? (a) 16,4 dB; 17,4 dB; (c) 18,4 dB; (d) 20,4 dB 7. (tip) ci thin t s tn hiu trn tp m cho my thu trong bi trn, mt b khuch i tp m nh (LNA) c t trc tng u my thu trn. LNA c h s tp m 3dB, h s khuch i 13 dB v bng thng f = 6MHz .Tm Ttol cho my thu kt hp vi b tin khuch i. Tm TS, NFtol, Nout v (SNR)out. Coi rng tn hao phi bng khng. Tng nhit tp m my thu (Ttol) l gi tr no di y? (a) 400,5K; (b) 410,5 K; (c) 420,5 K; (d) 430,5 K Nhit tp m h thng Ts l gi tr no di y? (a) 550,5 K; (b) 560,5 K; (b) 570,5 K; (c) 580,5 K Tng h s tp m (NFout) l gi tr no di y? (a) 2dB; (b) 3dB; (c) 4dB; (d) 5dB Cng sut tp m u ra my thu (Nout) l gi tr no di y?
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(a) 92,4 W; (b) 94,4W; (c) 96 W; (d) 98 W T s tn hiu trn tp m l gi tr no di y? (a) 21 dB; (b) 22,3 dB; (c) 23,3 dB; (d) 25dB Khi tnh ton qu ng truyn ti tn s 12 Ghz, tn hao trong khng gian t do l 206 dB, tn hao nh hng anten l 1 dB, tn hao hp th kh quyn l 2 dB. T s Gr/T ca my thu l 19,5 dB/K v tn hao phi l 1 dB. EIRP bng 48 dBW. Hy tnh t s sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m. (a) 86,10 dHHz-1; (b) 87,10 dHHz-1; (c) 88,10 dHHz-1; (d) 90 dHHz-1 Mt ng ln lm vic ti tn s 14 GHz, mt thng lng yu cu bo ha b pht p l -120 dBWm-2. Tn hao khng gian t do l 207 dB v cc tn hao truyn sng khc l 2 dB. Hy tnh EIRP yu cu ca trm mt t c bo ho, coi rng tri quang v b qua tn hao phid thu (RFL). (a) 40,37 dBW; (b) 42,37 dBW; (c) 43,37 dBW; (d) 44,37 dBW Mt ng ln ti tn s 14 GHz yu cu mt thng lng bo ho -91,4 dBWm-2 v li u vo 11 dB. G/T v tinh bng -6,7 dBK-1 v tn hao phi l 0,6 dB. Tnh t s sng mang trn mt tp m (a) 74,5 dBHz-1; (b) 75,5 dBHz-1; (c) 76 dBHz-1: (d) 77 dBHz-1 Mt tn hiu TV v tinh chim ton b rng bng tn ca b pht p 36 MHz, phi m bo t s Pr/N ti trm mt t thu l 22 dB. Gi s tng cc tn hao truyn dn l 200 dB v G/T ca trm mt t thu l 31 dB/K, hy tnh ton EIRP cn thit. (a) 37dBW; (b) 38dBW; (c) 39dBW; (d)40 dBW V tinh pht tn hiu QPSK, B lc cosin tng c s dng vi h s dc bng 0,2 v BER yu cu l 10-5. i vi ng xung tn hao bng 200 dB, G/T trm mt t thu bng 32 dBK-1 v rng bng tn ca b pht p l 36 MHz. Tc bit c th truyn l gi tr no di y? (a) 50Mbps; (b) 55Mbps; (c) 60Mbps; 70Mbps EIRP yu cu l gi tr no di y? (a) 26,8dBW; (b) 27,8 dBW; (c)28,8dBW; (d) 29,8dBW Cc thng s sau y c quy nh cho ng xung: EIRPS,D=25 dBW, li u ra BOo=6dB, suy hao khng gian t do FSL=196dB, Cc tn hao ng xung khc l 1,5 dB v G/T trm mt t bng 41 dBK-1. Hy tnh t s sng mang trn mt tp m ti trm mt t. (a) 80,1dBW; (b) 90,1dBW; (c) 100dBW; (d) 101,1dBW Mt v tinh lm vic ti EIRP bng 56 dBW vi li u ra l 6 dB. Tn hao phi my pht 2 dB v khuch i anten 50dB. Hy tnh cng sut ra ca TWTA cho EIRP bo ho. (a) 25W; (b) 26W; (b) 27W; (d)29W Khi bu tri quang, t s Pr/N bng 20 dB, nhit tp m hiu dng ca h thng thu bng 400K. Gi s suy hao ma vt 1,9 dB trong 0,1% thi gian, hy tnh gi tr m Pr/N s gim xung thp hn trong 0,1% thi gian. (a) 15,14 dB; 17,14dB; (c) 19,14dB; (d)20dB i vi mt ng truyn v tinh t s sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m nh sau: ng ln 100 dBHz; ng xung 87 dBHz. Hy tnh t s Pr/N0 kt hp. (a) 85,79dBHz; (b) 86,79 dBHz; (c) 87,79 dBHz; (d) 88,79dBHz Mt knh v tinh lm vic ti bng tn 6/4GHz vi cc c tnh sau. ng ln: mt thng lng bo ho -67,5 dBW/m2; li u vo 11 dB; G/T v tinh -11,6 dBK-1. ng xung:
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
116

EIRP v tinh 26,6 dBW; li u ra 6 dB; tn hao khng gian t do 196,7 dB; G/T trm mt t 40,7 dBK-1. B qua cc tn hao khc. T s sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m ng ln l gi tr no di y? (a) 101,5 dBHz; (b)103,5dBHz; (c) 104,5dBHz; (d) 105,5dBHz T s sng mang trn mt ph cng sut tp m ][ngf xung l gi tr no di y? (a) 92,6dBHz; (b) 94,6dBHz; (c) 95,6dBHz; (d) 96,6dBHz 18. Mt knh thng tin v tinh c cc thng s sau: t s sng mang trn tp m ng ln l 3dB, t s ny cho ng xung l 20 dB v iu ch giao thoa l 24 dB. Tnh tng t s sng mang trn tp m theo dB. (a) 15,2 dB; (b) 17,2dB; (c) 19,2dB; (d) 21dB 19. Mt trm mt t t ti v 350N v kinh 700W lin lc vi v tinh a tnh ti kinh 250W. Trm mt t c EIRP bng 55dBW lm vic ti tn s 6GHz. My thu trn v tinh c hai tng khuch i ni vi nhau bng phi vi tn hao L=4dB. Tng khuch i u c thng s sau: h s tp m 3dB, h s khuych i 13 dB. Tng khuch i hai c thng s sau: h s tp m: 10dB, h s khuch i 80dB. Anten v tinh c h s khuch i 50 dBi v nhit tp m 150K. Phi ni anten vi my thu khng c tn hao. Tnh t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra my thu.
117
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 2
Bi 5 SS = -900, E = -1000 , E = 350, B = E -SS = -100; A = arcsin sin B = 17,10 sin b Gc phng v: Az = 1800 - A = 162,90: (a) Khong cch n v tinh: R = 6371 km, aGSO = 42164 km; b = 36,2o 2 d = R 2 + a GSO 2Ra GSO cos b = 37215 km: (b) Gc ngng: EL = arccos a GSO sin b = 480 : (c)
d
Bi 6 E=-700, SS =-250, E1=350, E2=-350; B = E - SS= -700-(-250)= -450 i vi trm mt t 1: b1 = arccos (cosB cosE1)= arccos [cos(-450) cos350]=54,60 Tng t i vi trm mt t 2: b2= 54,60 sin 450 sin B = 0 =60 A = arcsin sin b arcsin 0 sin 54, 6 0 Gc phng v cho trm mt t 1: Az1=180 -600=1200: (a) Gc phng v cho trm mt t 2: Az2=600: (a) Bi 7 (b) Bi 8 (a) Bi 9 Gc phng v cho trm mt t 1: Az1=1800-41,930=138,070: (a) Gc phng v cho trm mt t 2: Az2=41,930: (b)
Bi 10 (b) Bi 11 (c) Bi 12
R S = arcsin sin min = 8,660 , b = 1800 - min -S = 76,340, a GSO
B = arccos
cos b cos
E min
= 69,150
Gii hn ng ca trm mt t bng: E + B = -20 :(a) Gii hn ty ca trm mt t bng: E - B = -1580 : (c)
118
CHNG 3
Bi 1 (b) Bi 2 (b) Bi 4 (a) Bi 5
G= I D = 0,65 .5.6.10 3.108
2 9 2
= 64152 48,1dB: (d)
CHNG 6
Bi 6 F = 1 Bi 9 0,96; 1794 9(560 + 120) = 0,85 40800
CHNG 7
Bi 1 EIRP = 10lg6+48,2 = 56 dBW: (c) Bi 2 G = 0,55(10,472123)2 = 78,168 48,9 dBi: (b) Bi 3 FSL= 92,5 + 20lg f [GHz] + 20lg d [km] = 92,5+20lg6+20lg42.000 = 200,4 dB: (b) Bi 4 LS+L0 = FSL+RFL+AML+AA+PL = 207+1,5+0,5+0,5=209,5 dB: (b) Bi 5 N0 = (35+100)1,3810-23 = 1,8610-21 W/Hz: (d) N = 1,8610-2136106 = 0,067 pW: (b)
119
Bi 6 Tr = (NF-1)290K = 2610 K: (b) TS = TA + Tr = 150K+2610K = 2760K: (c) Nout = AkTAf +AkTRf = AkTzf = 1081,3810-236106(150K+2610K)=22,8W: (d)
(SNR)in =
Pr 1011 = = 806, 5(29,1dB) : (b) kTAf 1, 24 1014

Pout 10 8.1011 = = 43,9(16, 4dB) : (a) N out 22,8.106
(SNR)out =
Bi 7
Ttol = Tr1 +
Tr 2 2610K = 290K + = 420, 5K : (c) A1 20

NF2 1 9 = 2 + = 2, 5(4dB) : (c) A1 20
Ts = TA+Ttol = 150K +420,5K = 570,5K: (b)

NFtol = NF1 +
Nout = AkTAf + AkTtolf = AkTsf = 201081,3810-236106(150K+420,5K)=94,4W:(b)
(SNR)out =
Bi 8 (a)
Pout 1011 20 10 8 = 212,0(23, 3dB) : (c) N out 94, 4 106
Bi 9 EIRPS,U = -120-44,37-209 = 44,63 dBW: (d) Bi 10 (a) Bi 11

P G EIRPD = r + [L s ]D + k + B N D T D
= 38dBW : (b) Bi 12 B= RS(1+); Rs= Rb/lg4= Rb /2; Rb = 2B/(1+) = 6.107 bit/s : (c) i vi BER = 10-5, t hnh di ta c t s Eb/N0= 9,6 dB EIRP = Eb/N0 +Rb -G/T +LS +k = 27,8 dBW:(b)
120
10 T s bit li, BER 10 10 10 10 10 10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
10
-8
10
11
12
E b/N0 , dB
Ph thuc BER v Eb/N0 cho BPSK v QPSK Bi 13
Pr G = 91,1 dBHz: (b) N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k D 0 D

Bi 14 PTWTA = EIRPD - GT,D+ TFLD= 56-50+2 = 8dBW PTWTA, S = PTWTA + BOo dBW = 8+6 = 14 dBW 25W :(a) Bi 15 Train = 280 (1-1/1,55) = 99,2K; Ts=400+99,2 = 499,2K. Tng dB ca cng sut tp m s l 10lg499,2-10lg400 = 0,96 dB. ng thi cng sut sng mang gim 1,9 dB nn t s Pr/N trong trng hp ny gim: 20-1,9-0,96 =17,14 dB: (b) Bi 16
N0 =10 10 + 10 8, 7 = 2,095 10 9 , Pr =10 lg( 2,095 10 9 ) = 86,79dBHz Pr N0
: (b) Bi 17
121
Pr G = 101,5 dBHz : (a) N = S + A 0 BO i + T k RFL U 0 U

Pr G = 93,2 dBHz: (d) N = EIRPS ,D BO o + T [L P ]D k D 0 D N0 P = 10 10,15 + 10 9,32 = 5,49 10 10 , r = 10 lg(5,49 1010 ) = 92,6dBHz : (a) Pr N0
Bi 18
N = 102 ,4 + 102 ,3 + 102 = 0, 0019 , Pr
( ) = -10lg0,0019 = 17,2 dB: (b)

Pr N
D
122
THUT NG V K HIU
AOR AWGN BER BPSK CDMA DBS DOMSAT DTH EIRP ES FDMA FDM/FM GEO GSO HEO HPA INMARSAT INTELSAT IOR LNA MATV MEO NASA
Ascending Node Athlantic Ocean Region Apogee Additive White Gaussian Noise Bit Error Rate Binary PSK Code Division Multiple Access Direct Broadcast Satellite Descening Node Domestic Satellite Direct to Home Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Earth Station Frequency Division Multiple Access Frequency Division Multiplex/ Frequency Modulation Geostationary Earth Orbit Geostationary Orbit Highly Elliptical Orbit High Power Amplifier International Maritime Satellite Organisation International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Indian Ocean Region Low Noise Amplifier Master Antennas TV Medium Earth Orbit National Aeronautic and Space Administration 123
Nt ln Vng i Ty Dng Cc vin Tp m Gauss trng cng T l li bit Kha chuyn pga nh phn (hai trng thi) a truy nhp phn chia theo m V tinh qung b trc tip im xung V tinh ni a TV trc tip n nh Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng Trm mt t a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s Ghp knh theo tn s/ iu tn Qu o a tnh Qu o a tnh Qu o elip cao B khuych i cng sut T chc v tinh hng hi quc t T chc v tinh quc t thng tin Min n Dng B khuych i tp m nh TV anten ch Qu o v tinh tm trung C quan qun l v tr v hng khng quc gia
NGSO
Non-Geostationary Satellite Orbit Perigee Pacific Ocean Region Phase Shift Keying Quadrature PSK Round Trip Time Single Channel per Carrier Time Division Multiple Access Telemetry, Tracking and Command Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier TV Receiver Only Cross Polar Discrimination Cross Polar Isolation
Qu o v tinh khng phi a tnh Cc cn Vng Thu Bnh Dng Kha chuyn pha Kha chuyn pha cu phng (vung gc) Thi gian truyn vng Mt knh trn mt sng mang a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian o t xa, bm v iu khin B khuych i n sng chy My ch thu TV v tinh Phn bit phn cc vung gc Cch ly phn cc vung gc
POR PSK QPSK RTT SCPC TDMA TT&C TWTA TVRO XPD XPI
124
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Anten v truyn sng, bi ging 2. Thng tin v tinh, bi ging, 2002 3. L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp, gio trnh, 2004
125
MC LC
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH 1.1. Gii thiu chung 1.2. Cc qu o v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh 1.3. Phn b tn s cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh 1.4. INTELSAT 1.5. V tinh ni a, DOMSAT 1.6. Cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh 1.7. Tng kt 1.8. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 2. CC QU O V TINH 2.1. Gii thiu chung 2.2. Cc nh lut Kepler 2.3. nh ngha cc thut ng cho qu o v tinh 2.4. Cc phn t qu o 2.5. cao cn im v vin im 2.6. Cc lc nhiu qu o 2.7. Cc qu o nghing 2.8. Qu o a tnh 2.9. Tng kt 2.10. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 3. PHN CC SNG V ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN V TINH 3.1. Gii thiu chung 3.2. Phn cc sng 3.3. Anten loa 3.4. Anten parabol 3.5. Cc anten vi b phn x kp 3.6. Anten dn 3.7. Tng kt 3.8. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 4. PHN KHNG GIAN CA H THNG THNG TIN V TINH 4.1. Gii thiu chung 4.2. B pht p 4.3. My thu bng rng 4.4. B phn knh vo 4.5. B khuych i cng sut
ii
1 1 1 2 3 4 4 11 11 12 12 12 15 17 18 18 23 23 29 29 31 31 31 35 36 39 41 43 43 44 44 44 46 47 48
4.6. Phn h anten 4.7. Phn h thng tin 4.8. Phn h o bm v iu khin t xa 4.9. Tng kt 4.10. Cu hi v kim tra CHNG 5. PhN MT T CA H THNG THNG TIN V TINH 5.1. Gii thiu chung 5.2. M u 5.3. Cc h thng TV gia nh, TVRO 5.4. Cc trm mt t pht thu 5.5. Tng kt 5.6. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 6. CC CNG NGH A TRUY NHP TRONG THNG TIN V TINH 6.1. Gii thiu chung 6.2. M u 6.3. Cc nh lut lu lng 6.4. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s, FDMA 6.5. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian, TDMA 6.6. TDMA c n nh trc 6.7. TDMA c n nh theo yu cu 6.8. TDMA chuyn mch v tinh 6.9. CDMA 6.10. Tng kt 6.11. Cu hi v bi tp CHNG 7. THIT K NG TRUYN THNG TIN V TINH 7.1. Gii thiu chung 7.2. M u 7.3. Tn hao ng truyn v cng sut tn hiu thu 7.4. Phng trnh qu ng truyn 7.5. Cng sut tp m nhit 7.6. T s tn hiu trn tp m 7.7. T s tn hiu trn tp m ng ln 7.8. T s tn hiu trn tp m ng xung 7.9. nh hng ca ma 7.10. D tr ng truyn vi ba s 7.11. T s tn hiu trn tp m kt hp ng ln v ng xung 7.12. T s tn hiu trn tp m kt hp tp m iu ch giao thoa 7.13. Tng kt 7.14. Cu hi v bi tp
iii
52 54 56 58 58 59 59 59 59 63 65 66 67 67 67 67 69 75 84 85 89 91 93 93 95 95 95 95 97 98 103 104 106 108 111 112 113 114 115
HNG DN TR LI THUT NG V K HIU TI LIU THAM KHO
118 123 125
iv
THNG TIN V TINH

M s: 411TVT360
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1 (Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 814/Q-TTT1 ngy 25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

THNG TIN V TINH

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

THNG TIN V TINH

TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG

Ngi bin son: TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

1.2. CC QU O V TINH TRONG CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

MEO 40.000 km 10.000 km 1.000 km GEO 36.000km HEO

Hnh 1.1. Cc qu o v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh

1.3. PHN B TN S CHO CC H THNG THNG TIN V TINH

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

1.5. V TINH NI A, DOMSAT V tinh ni a c vit tt l DOMSAT (domestic satellite). Cc v tinh ny c s

Cng sut thp C 3,7-4,2 5,925-6,425 FSS im n im

1.6. CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG V TINH

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

1.6.1 Dch v di ng ca h thng GSO

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

Hnh 1.3. V tinh hai bng tn AMSC

Anten SHF (tia c to dng)

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

1.6.2. Dch v di ng v tinh qu o khng phi a tnh (NGSO)

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

1.6.2.2. LEO ln cho ting v s liu

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

Tri ph QPSK CDMA 1-2 gi 220 4,2 (ting) 1,2-9,6 (s liu)

Chng 1. Tng quan cc h thng thng tin v tinh

2.2. CC NH LUT KEPLER

2.2.1. nh lut Kepler th nht

Hnh 2.2. nh lut Kepler th hai

i vo rad/sec ta c n = 7,272.10-5 rad/sec Hng s hp dn qu t l: = 3,986005.1014 m3.sec-2 Theo nh lut Kepler th ba ta c:

V qu o l ng trn nn bn trc chnh cng l bn knh. 14

2.3. NH NGHA CC THUT NG CHO QU O V TINH

Lat.iN= v Bc Lat.iS= v Nam

2.5. CAO VIN IM V CN IM

2.6.1. Cc nh hng ca mt t khng phi hnh cu

= 3,986005.1014.m3.sec-2 Chuyn ng trung bnh l:

a xc nh theo nh lut Kepler th ba nh sau:

Nu ta k hiu thi gian k nguyn l t0, gc ln ng ca nt ln l 0 v agumen cn im l 0 ti k nguyn, ta c cc gi tr mi cho v ti t nh sau:

= K(2 2, 5 sin i) = -2,9030/ngy

T bng 2.1: n= 14,23304826/ngy 0=113,55340 Chu k s l:

d thng trung bnh cng thay i. Biu thc gn ng xc nh s thay i ny nh sau:

2.8.2. Cc gc nhn ca anten

Hnh 2.6. Hnh hc s dng xc nh gc nhn v tinh a tnh

Az, A 3600-A 1800-A 1800+A

2.8.3. Cc gii hn tm nhn

Hnh 2.9. Minh ho gii hn tm nhn Gc gii hn dc xc nh nh sau:

aE a GSO 6378 = arccos 42164 = arccos

Sau khi xc nh c gc S ta xc nh gc b nh sau: b = 1800 - min - S (2.32)

T phng trnh (2.26) ta c:

cos b B = arccos cos E min

Sau khi tm c gc B ta c th xc nh c kinh ca v tinh theo phng trnh (2.25).

Chng 3. Phn cc sng v anten trong thng tin v tinh

CHNG 3 PHN CC SNG V ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN V TINH

3.2. PHN CC SNG

E , H v k l cc vect to nn tp bn tay phi tun theo quy tc vn nt chai bn tay

Chng 3. Phn cc sng v anten trong thng tin v tinh

Chng 3. Phn cc sng v anten trong thng tin v tinh

Trc z hng ra ngoi

Chng 3. Phn cc sng v anten trong thng tin v tinh