Cu 1: nh tuyn trong chuyn mch knh * nh tuyn l mt chc nng then cht trong cc mng truyn thng nhm

nh ra cc tuyn ng cho thng tin. Trong chuyn mch knh c hai kiu nh tuyn c bn: nh tuyn phn cp v cc lc nh tuyn ng da trn mng phn cp. 1) nh tuyn phn cp Vi mc tiu trnh lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn, mt s lut c p dng cho c ch nh tuyn phn cp sau: - Mt nt ti mc ccao phi c chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch cho cc nt cp thp hn. - Cuc gi c nh tuyn qua cc nt phn cp trc tip i vi nut ngun v nt ch - i vi cc cuc gi t min phn cp ny sang min phn cp khc, cc nhm trung k HU trong min cha nt ngun chuyn mch ti bc cao hn trong min ch ch. Lut ny c gi l lut nh tuyn u tin. Trong thc t, cc h thng chuyn mch knh c b tr phn cp thnh 5 cp vi cp cao nht c kt ni hnh li y nhm h tr lu lwownngj mc ti a, cac ng nh tuyn lun phin c nh ngha trc, mt s lut c p dng nhm trnh nh tuyn vng lp v cuc gi c nh tuyn ti cc nt c cp cao hn hoc ngang cp * u im: Thc hin n gin, chc nng c chuyn mn ha. *Nhc im: ko linh ng chuyn cuc gi khi m mng c s c. 2) nh tuyn ng Nhc im ln nht ca nh tuyn phn cp l khng th nh tuyn cuc gi ti cc nt c bc thp hn. a) nh tuyn ng ko phn cp - nh tuyn ng ko phn cp DNHR l mt k thut nh tuyn ph thuc theo thi gian, cc tp tuyn c thit lp theo th t - Cc cuc goijt h s thc hin ln lt trn cc tuyn xc nh v trng hp cui cng l s dng c ch crankback. Nh vy, DNHR cho php nhiu hn hai lin kt cho mt cuc gi trong mng v lu tr cc ng nh tuyn lun phin ti cc nt. b) nh tuyn k ng - nh tuyn iu khin ng DCR l mt k thut nh tuyens thch ng yu cu cp nht trng thi mng theo chu k. - C ch nh tuyn k ng cho php d phng ln hn 2 lin kt cho mt cuc gi, tuy nhin ko thc hin c ch cramback. V vy cuc gi s tn tht nu cc ng lin kt nh ngha b nghn do ko m bo thi gian thc hoc h thng tnh ton trung tm li. c) inh tuyn lun phin ng - nh tuyn lun phin ng DAR l lc nh tuyn phn tn v thch

ng., DAR cng b hn ch bi s lin kt nh tuyn v c ch cramback. - nh tuyn lun phin ng c th cho php cp nht trng thi lin kt ca mng tnh ton ng dn thng qua mt qu trnh hc thng tin nh tuyn t ng. V th DAR cn c coi l c ch nh tuyn theo s kin. d) nh tuyn mng thi gian thc nh tuyn mng thi gian thc RTNR c pht trin t k thut nh tuyn ng ko phn cp DNHR v l lc nh tuyn tng thch ng e) Phn loi cc lc nh tuyn - Tp trung v phn tn, trong h thng tp trung, tnh ton tuyn c thc hin bi mt b x l ton hc. Cc lc nh tuyn nh DNHR v DCR nm trong loi ny. Trong nh tuyn phn tn cc nt chuyn mch t tnh ton ng dn v RTNR v DAR thuc loi ny. - Ph thuc thi gian v tng thch. nh tuyn ph thuc thi gian lin quan n ni dung bng nh tuyn bin i theo thi gian to thnh mt ng dn kh dng trc. nh tuyn tng thch lin quan ti tn sut cp nht bng nh tuyn da trn lu lng hoc s kin. DNHR thuc loi 1, v DCR, RTNR v DAR thuc loi 2 - nh k v theo yu cu. Trong kiu nh tuyn tng thch, cp nht bng nh tuyn c thc hin theo chu k hoc theo yu cu. DCR l lc nh tuyn cp nht theo chu k (10s) v RTNR v DAR c h cp nht theo cuc gi hoc tuyn d phong nghn - Ph thuc trng thai v ph thuc s kin. nh tuyn ph thuc trng thi lin quan ti xem xt trng thi cu mng trong quyt nh nh tuyn. Thng thng trng thai ay c xt l kh dng ca lin kt, v d nh trong hai lc nh tuyn DCR v RTNR. DAR i din cho kiu ph thuc s kin.

Cu 2: Cc khi nim c bn s dng trong k thut chuyn mch a) Khi nim: Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh u ni v truyn thng tin cho ngi s dng thng qua h tn mng vin thng. Ni cch khc, chuyn mch trong mng vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn va f chuyn tip cho thng tin b) H thng chuyn mch Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng + Trong chuyn mch knh cc nt gi l h thng chuyn mch (tng i) + Trong chuyn mch gi th cc nt mng c gi l thit b nh tuyn. c) K thut lu lng TE - K thut lu lng TE c coi l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong khung lm vic ca h tng mng - Mc ch l ci thin hiu nng v tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng bng gi php ti u ngun ti nguyn mng v lu lng mng cung nh ngi s dng d) Bo hiu Bo hiu l mt phn c ch iu khin mng s dng cc tn hiu iu khin lung thng tin, trog mng vin thng bo hiu l mt s trao i thng tin gia cc phn t trong mt h lin quan ti cc vn nh: iu khin, thit lp v thc hin qun l mng

Cu 3: Nguyn tc trao i khe thi gian ni TSI - Trao i khe thi gian ni TSI bn cht l mt qu trnh chuyn mch Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, sau khi tn hiu c m ha thnh cc t 8bits, cc knh thng tin c xc lp trn cc khe thi gian 125us v c truyn i nh h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch. Trn nguyn tc s dung chung tai nguyn, cac thng tin cua ngi s dung c chuyn i trn cac knh c phn chia logic theo thi gian, s khac bit cua khe thi gian c n inh cho ngun tin phia phat va ngun tin phia thu la mt yu t yu cu co s chuyn i ni dung thng tin t khe thi gian nay sang khe thi gian khac trong cung mt khung, o chinh la qua trinh trao i khe thi gian ni TSI. Mt c cu s dung chuyn i TSI c minh hoa trn hinh di y, cac khi thit bi chinh gm co: + Cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c cu trc khung gm n khe thi gian, yu cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin ca khe thi gian bt k t u vo ti u ra + B nh lu m tm thi hot ng theo nguyn tc truy xut ngu nhin c dung lng cha toaanf b thng tin d liu trong khung PCM + B nh iu khin CM: s dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin, chuyn i ni dung khe thi gian cho b nh lu m + Khi ng b cho qu trnh ghi c vo cc b nh c ng b thng qua mt b m khe thi gian TS.C

Cu 4: Nguyn tc c bn chuyn mch gi Trong ki thut chuyn mach goi, ni dung thng tin c truyn c mang trong cac goi co dai c inh hoc thay i, tuy theo tng phng phap ct manh tao goi. Vi du, mt tram co ban tin mun gi qua mang chuyn mach goi, nhng dai ban tin ln hn so vi dai cc ai thi no phai phn chia ban tin thanh nhiu goi va cac goi c gi ln lt ln mang. quan tri c lung goi nay co 2 phng thc chuyn cac goi t ngun ti ich. M hinh mang chuyn mach goi o la phng phap biu (Datagram) va mach ao (Virtual Circuit) Trong phng phap Datagram, mi goi c truyn c lp vi cac goi khac, khng lin quan gi n cac goi a c truyn trc o. Gia thit la tram A trong hinh co 3 ban tin 1,2,3 cn gi n E. No truyn tt ca cac goi n nut 2 va 4. n c nut E , nut 2 va 4 co th tao tuyn goi qua nut 3 hoc 5. Vi du goi 1 qua 5, goi 2,3 qua 3, tc cac goi khng c chuyn trn cung mt tuyn. Do vy cac goi n ich E khng theo th t. Tai E no phai sp xp lai c ban tin ban u. Nu mt trong cac goi co li hay mt mat thi vic truyn coi nh khng thanh cng. Trong phng phap mach ao, trc khi goi c chuyn thi co mt goi goi la c hiu (TAG) c gi t nut gc, trong o co ia chi nut gc. C hiu nay se chay qua cac nut, i n u no t hang chim u ni qua nut o. Khi ng i a c chim, vi du t A n E, no gi tin hiu cng nhn chim n nut gc va cac goi s liu c gi mt cach tun t theo ng a c chim. Vi du ng chim t A qua 4,5,6 n E. Tuyn c coi nh c inh trong sut thi gian u ni, do vy kiu nay ging vi chuyn mach knh c goi la mach ao. Trong mi goi, ngoai phn s liu thc con co thm chi thi lin kt knh ao c s dung inh tuyn cho vic chuyn goi i. u im cua Datagram la khng co pha thit lp, do vy khi tram gi s liu ngn thi Datagram se phn phat nhanh hn. Datagram mm deo hn vi khi mt phn cua mang co s c thi no se t inh tuyn lai tranh tc nghen. Kiu nay chi co 1 pha chuyn thng tin. u im cua chuyn mach ao la tuyn c thit lpcho tt ca cac goi, hu dung cua cac goi cao hn, kiu nay phu hp cho chuyn cac ban tin dai. Kiu nay gm 3 pha la thit lp, chuyn thng tin va giai phong.

Cu 5: Cu trc b nh tuyn qua cc th h Kin truc b inh tuyn th h I B inh tuyn s dung bus truyn thng gm mt b x ly tp trung a chc nng, b m tp trung va mt BUS chung chia se d liu cho cac card ng truyn u vao va u ra. B inh tuyn nhn cac goi tin tai giao din va gi cac goi tin nay ti b x ly trung tm (CPU). CPU co nhim vu xac inh chng n tip theo cua goi tin va gi chung ti giao din u ra tng ng. Cac goi tin i vao b inh tuyn phai c truyn trn cung mt bus lp lich trinh ti u ra va thng c lu m tai mt b nh d liu tp trung. Cac card giao tip ng truyn la cac thit bi khng cha kha nng x ly goi. Nhc im c ban cua m hinh kin truc nay la d liu phai i hai ln qua bus sau khi vao b inh tuyn va bus chi co th c s dung cho mt card ng truyn tai mt thi im. Mt nhc im khac na la h thng x ly cua b inh tuyn, vi chc nng a x ly, CPU se phai thc hin rt nhiu cng vic gm ca chc nng inh tuyn ln chuyn goi, no tao ra mt tai trong ln cho cac b x ly ng thi tao ra hin tng nghen c chai tai b inh tuyn. Hiu nng cua b inh tuyn th h u tin phu thuc rt ln vao tc bus va nng lc x ly cua b x ly trung tm. Kin truc nay khng th ap ng c nhu cu lu lng ngay cang tng cua cac giao din mang vi tc ln ti nhiu gigabit. Kin truc b inh tuyn th h th II B inh tuyn c b sung cac b x ly ASIC va mt vai b nh trong card ng truyn nhm phn tan hoat ng chuyn goi, giam lu lng tai trn bus dung chung. Nhng thanh phn b sung nay co th thc hin tim kim trong tiu goi tin cac thng tin va thc hin lu m goi tin n khi bus ri, co nghia la kin truc nay cho phep x ly goi tin ngay tai cac giao din. Trong kin truc nay, b inh tuyn gi mt bang inh tuyn trung tm va cac b x ly v tinh tai cac giao din mang. Nu mt tuyn ni khng co sn trong bang lu m thi giao din se yu cu ti bang bin dich tai trung tm, nh vy, tai tc cao cac b x ly trung tm vn xay ra hin tng tc nghen vi co qua nhiu yu cu cn x ly tai cac giao din mang va thi gian x ly chm hn rt nhiu nu nh d liu nay a c cache tai card ng dy. Mt han ch chinh cua kin truc nay la lu lng phu thuc rt ln vao kha nng x ly cua CPU va nng lc cua BUS, tuy nhin chung ta co th thy ro bin phap cai thin hiu nng h thng qua vic

tng cng tinh nng cho cac giao din, bng cach s dung b nh ln hn vi cac bang inh tuyn co kich thc tng ln. Mt giai phap khac nhm phn tan va giam tc truyn bng cac khi chuyn goi song song, nh vy cu truc nay tn dung c bng thng cua BUS s dung chung. Tuy nhin, cac b inh tuyn th h 2 chi tn tai trong mt khoang thi gian ngn vi khng h tr c yu cu thng lng lai mang loi, cu truc s dung bus lam phng tin truyn a bc l im yu ro rt va rt kho thit k tai tc cao. Th h th III: giai quyt vn tc nghen cua cac b inh tuyn th h th hai, th h b inh tuyn th ba c thit k vi muc tiu thay th bus s dung chung bng trng chuyn mach. Cac thit k cho b inh tuyn th h th nhm giai quyt 3 vn tim tang trc y: Nng lc x ly, kich thc b nh, va bng thng cua bus. Ca 3 vn nay u co th tranh c bng cach s dung mt kin truc vi nn tang la ma trn chuyn mach va cac giao din c thit k hp ly. Kin truc b inh tuyn th h th III B inh tuyn c chia thanh hai mt bng x ly ring bit: Mt bng inh tuyn gm b x ly, b nh iu hanh va c s d liu s dung cho cac giao thc inh tuyn; mt bng chuyn tip goi tin c xy dng trn c s ma trn chuyn mach goi va c iu khin trc tip bi bang thng tin chuyn tip goi tin. Mt bc tin quan trong trong vic xy dng cac b inh tuyn hiu nng cao la tng cng x ly cho tng giao din mang giam thiu khi lng x ly va ngun tai nguyn b nh cua b inh tuyn. Cac b x ly a nng va cac mach tich hp c bit hoan toan co th giai quyt vn nay. Tuy nhin, kha nng x ly tng th cho cac goi tin qua h thng nh th nao con phu thuc vao kha nng tim va chon tuyn, cung nh kin truc trng chuyn mach c la chon.

Cu 6: Cu trc, chc nng hot ng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian s, thi gian s, trng chuyn mch ghp, nguyn tc la chon khe thi gian trung gian ri. I-Trng chuyn mach khng gian s Nguyn ly chuyn mach khng gian S Cu truc chc nng: Tng chuyn mach khng gian s c cu tao t mt ma trn chuyn mach mxn va mt b iu khin khu vc: Ma trn chuyn mach gm: m u vao va n u ra trong o, li vao tng ng vi cac hang va li ra tng ng vi cac ct. Tai giao im cua hang va ct la cac tip im chuyn mach (AND hoc logic 3 trang thai). Cac tip im nay c iu khin bi b iu khin khu vc (LOC) qua h thng ng BUS. B iu khin khu vc gm: B m khe thi gian (TS COUNT) m cac khe thi gian ng b a vao b chon tin hiu. B chon tin hiu (SEL) chon tin hiu ghi oc cho C-MEM. B nh C-MEM lu ia chi lin quan ti cac tip im chuyn mach tng ng vi TS cn chuyn mach, co s ngn nh bng s khe thi gian trong tuyn PCM. B giai ma ia chi (DEC). Chuyn i cac tin hiu ia chi iu khin t C-MEM ti cac tip im chuyn mach. Nguyn tc hoat ng: Nguyn tc c ban cua mt c ch chuyn mach nay la chuyn ni dung thng tin cua mt TS* u vao ti TS* u ra co cung chi s thi gian nhng khac tuyn. Theo nguyn tc nay thi tip im chuyn mach cn phai m trong sut qua trinh chuyn thng tin trong khe thi gian o, va qua trinh m thng nay se c lp lai theo chu ki 125 micro giy. Tt nhin la khoang thi gian con lai trong khung (cac TS khac) se c s dung cho cac cuc ni khac (theo cac biu thi gian c iu khin ti CMEM). C ch nay thay i v mt khng gian cua tin hiu va co th xay ra tn tht ni khi co nhiu hn mt u vao u ni tng ng ti mt tuyn u ra. Cac ma trn s dung thng la ma trn vung kich thc (nxn) Nhn xet: Trng chuyn mach khng gian S mang tinh thi gian nu xet v tinh chu ky cua qua trinh ong ngt tip im, tuy nhin chu ky nay la c inh cho tt ca cac cuc ni qua trng chuyn mach. Nhc im lun tn tai trong cac trng chuyn mach khng gian S la kha nng tc nghen khi co nhiu hn mt yu cu chuyn mach TS u vao cung mun ra mt cng u ra. Mt ma trn chuyn mach khng tc nghen hoan toan c inh nghia la mt ma

trn co kha nng ap ng c cac kt ni t cac u vao bt ky ti cac u ra bt ky. Hin tng tranh chp cng u ra trong ni b trng chuyn mach c goi la hin tng tc nghen ni. giai quyt vn trn, cac trng chuyn mach S thng c kt hp vi cac b m gy tr thi gian tranh tranh chp, giai phap ghep ni vi trng chuyn mach thi gian T c s dung ph bin trong cac h thng chuyn mach hin nay. II-Trng chuyn mach thi gian s: Trng chuyn mach thi gian T co hai kiu iu khin: iu khin u vao thc hin qua trinh ghi thng tin co iu khin va oc ra tun t; iu khin u ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t va oc ra theo iu khin. Trong muc nay ta xem xet nguyn ly hoat ng cua trng chuyn mach T theo kiu iu khin u ra. Cu truc chc nng: Trng chuyn mach thi gian T c cu tao t 2 khi chinh: Khi b nh thoai SMEM (Speech memory) va khi iu khin cuc b LOC. Khi b nh thoai SMEM la mt thit bi ghi nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM (S lng ngn nh: n; dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit). Nh vy, b nh SMEM lu toan b thng tin trong mt khung tin hiu PCM am bao tc lung thng tin qua trng chuyn mach, tc ghi oc cua CMEM phai ln gp 2 ln tc lung trn tuyn PCM u vao hoc u ra. Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi nh: B nh iu khin CMEM lu tr cac thng tin iu khin SMEM, s th t cua ngn nh va ni dung d liu trong CMEM th hin cac chi s khe thi gian TS cn trao i ni dung tin. TS.C nhn tin hiu t ng h h thng iu khin cac b chon SEL1, SEL2 nhm ng b hoa qua trinh ghi oc thng tin d liu cho CMEM va SMEM. Nguyn tc hoat ng: Qua trinh ghi cac tin hiu cha trong cac khe thi gian u vao cua tng chuyn mach T vao SMEM c thc hin ln lt theo b m khe thi gian. B nh C-MEM co chc nng iu khin qua trinh oc thng tin a lu m tai S-MEM. B nh chuyn mach tng T co n nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tin hiu PCM s dung (S khe thi gian trn khung PCM u vao va u ra bng nhau). Trong thi gian ri TS, CMEM iu khin qua trinh oc mt nh tng ng thich hp trong S-MEM. Nh vy hiu qua tr cua tin hiu PCM cua S-MEM c xac inh mt cach ro rang bi hiu s gia cac

khe thi gian ghi va oc tin PCM b nh S-MEM. Trong qua trinh oc ra tin hiu thoai, tin hiu ra ng b vi cac thi im iu khin cua TS hay ng b mm vi qua trinh oc ia chi (chi s nh) cua CMEM. Trong mt cuc ni, cac th t v chuyn khe thi gian la khng i, ni dung thng tin c chuyn theo chu ki 125 micro giy. Cu lnh iu khin nhn c t trung tm x li CC. thc hin iu nay CC se thc hin nap s liu v ia chi nhi phn nh s x cua S-MEM vao nh s y cua C-MEM. Sau o CC giao quyn iu khin cuc b cho chuyn mach tng T trc tip thc hin qua trinh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mach. Qua trinh tip din theo tng chu ki 125 micro giy. Dung lng chuyn mach T tng dn n tn s ghi/oc b nh cung phai tng, nn yu cu thi gian truy nhp b nh nhanh hn. Chuyn mach T vi n TS tng ng vi chuyn mach nxn, chu ki tin hiu PCM 125 micro giy va dung ma 8 bit nhi phn, dung lng chuyn mach T(n) nh sau: T-Switch Capacity (n) = 125 micro gioy x P(bit)/8 x Axt Trong o: P : S bit song song c trao i ng thi (noi chung la 8 bits) A: Thi gian truy nhp trung binh cho qua trinh trao i 1 TS. T : Chu ki hoat ng cua b nh tin Nhn xet: Dung lng cua chuyn mach T ti l vi s bit song song trao i ng thi va ti l nghich vi chu ki hoat ng cua b nh tin va thi gian truy nhp trung binh khi trao i 1 TS. Vi vy, tng dung lng cua chuyn mach T(n), tng P, hoc giam A,t dung phng phap sau: ng Highway song song. Giam thi gian truy nhp b nh. S dung b nh tc cao. tr cua tin hiu khi chuyn qua trng chuyn mach thi gian ln nht la (n-1)TS. III Trng chuyn mach ghep: Thng thng chuyn mach T chi ap ng c trong h thng tng ai co dung lng ln nht la 512 knh giao thng, nng cao dung lng chuyn mach, ngi ta phai phi ghep gia chuyn mach S va T. S phi ghep khac nhau dn n cac trng chuyn mach co tinh cht khac nhau, ng thi chng nhng no lam tng dung lng h thng ma con lam giam gia thanh thit bi. Khi chuyn mach s cu truc TST cu tao t 3 tng chuyn mach T1, S va T2 kt ni vi nhau nh hinh ve.

Cu truc chc nng: Tng chuyn mach thi gian T1 phia u vao kt ni khe thi gian vao vi mt khe thi gian ri nao o trong ng Bus dn ti u vao cua trng chuyn mach khng gian S. Trong khi o, tng chuyn mach thi gian T2 phia u ra kt ni khe thi gian a c chon t chuyn mach tng S ti khe thi gian ra theo yu cu. Nh vy cuc goi c kt ni qua tng chuyn mach co th c inh tuyn qua tng S vi bt ki khe thi gian thcihs hp nao Phu hp vi tinh cht va ng dung cua cac lung ghep knh s cao tc PCM t bn ngoai vao/ra khi chuyn mach TST, cac chuyn mach thi gian tng T1 lam vic theo ch SWRR con cac chuyn mach thi gian tng T2 ngc lai lam vic theo ch RWSR. Hoat ng: Ta chon chuyn mach thi gian tng T1 hoat ng theo nguyn tc SWRR va chuyn mach thi gian tng T2 hoat ng theo nguyn tc RWSR, A truyn va nhn thng tin d liu trn TS5, B truyn va nhn thng tin d liu trn TS10, khe thi gian trung gian gia T1-S va ST2 c chon la TS15, thng tin iu khin tai cac CMEM tng T c vit tt di dang a(b) [a: chi s ngn nh, b: ni dung ngn nh] . Ni dung thng tin trn cac b nh CMEM c trinh bay vn tt nh sau: Hng kt ni t A-B qua SMEM 1(T1) S SMEM N (T2), cac b nh CMEM 1 (T1) va CMEM N (T2) co ni dung tng ng 15(5) va 15(10). Hng kt ni t B-A qua SMEM N (T1) S SMEM 1 (T2), cac b nh CMEM N(T1) va CMEM 1 (T2) co ni dung tng ng 15(10) va 15(5). T ni dung cac khi iu khin chuyn mach T nh trn hinh ve, ta nhn thy hai khi iu khin CMEM 1(T1) va CMEM 1(T2) hoan toan ging nhau, cung nh vy i vi CMEM N (T1) va CMEM N (T2). tit kim s b iu khin ta co th s dung 01 b iu khin s dung iu khin chung cho 2 b iu khin. Vi trng hp ang xet la trng hp c bit khi ta chon khe thi gian trung gian ging nhau (TS15), iu nay se khng ung vi trng hp tng quat khi A va B cung c kt ni ti cung mt khi chuyn mach thi gian trong tng T1, hin tng tranh chp se xay ra khi co hai yu cu u vao TS5 va TS10 cung mun ra u ra TS15. Mt giai phap tranh trng hp nay la s dung kt ni th hai (B-A) qua tuyn trung gian co khe thi gian la TS15 + n/2. Luc nay ni dung b iu khin tng ng la: CMEM 1(T1) : 15(5); CMEM 1 (T2): 15+n/2 (5); CMEM N (T1): (15+n/2) (10); CMEM N (T2) : 15(10). Khi s dung mt b nh i ngu nh trn hinh 2.10 (A*) ta hoan toan co th iu

khin c hai b iu khin CMEM tai hai tng chuyn mach bng mt khi iu khin. Trng hp s dung mt b nh dung chung nh trn hinh 2.10 (B*) khi ta chon chuyn mach tng T1 hoat ng theo nguyn tc RWSR va chuyn mach tng T2 hoat ng theo nguyn tc SWRR.

Cu 7: Kin truc nguyn l ca trng chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian, phn chia theo khng gian I-Chuyn mach phn chia theo thi gian: Cu truc chuyn mach phn chia theo thi gian TDS c nhin nhn nh mt cu truc truyn thng n chia se tai nguyn cho cac goi tin vao/ra h thng. Thanh phn chia se tai nguyn nay co th la Bus, mach vong Ring hoc b nh. Nhc im ln nht cua ky thut nay la gii han dung lng cua cu truc truyn thng ni. Tuy nhin, cac cu truc nay co th d dang m rng h tr cho cac iu hanh kt ni a hng hoc multicast. Mt s b inh tuyn IP vn s dung kin truc nay va thuc v cac th h u va th h hai cua b inh tuyn. 1. Chuyn mach chia se phng tin: Trong chuyn mach chia se phng tin, cac goi tin tai cng vao c ghep knh theo thi gian va chuyn trn phng tin (bus hoc mach vong ring). thng qua cua phng tin chia se nay quyt inh nng lc cua toan b chuyn mach. Cu truc trng chuyn mach chia se phng tin Cac cng u ra c gn trc tip vi b loc ia chi AF (Address Filter) va b m FIFO (First in First Out). AF xac inh ia chi cua cac cng u vao va loc cac ia chi co u ra tng ng trn cng u ra. Cac b loc ia chi va cac b m trn cac cng u ra hoat ng c lp va co th thit k ring bit nhng iu o cung la tr ngai khi s lng mach logic rt ln. thc hin chuyn mach qua phng tin s dung chung, h thng chuyn mach chia thi gian thanh N khe thi gian TS va trong cac khe thi gian nht inh cac goi c truyn qua phng tin chung. im bt li ln nht cua kin truc nay la kich thc trng chuyn mach N bi gii han bi tc b nh. Trong thc t, khi tt ca N goi u vao u cung ra mt cng u ra, FIFO khng th lu toan b N goi tin trong mt khe thi gian nu trng chuyn mach co kich thc ln va tc u vao qua cao. Vic thiu b nh m FIFO se gy tc nghen cuc b tai u ra va cac goi se bi tn tht trong khi o cac b nh tai cac cng khac co th con trng ma khng c s dung. 2. Chuyn mach chia se b nh: Trong cu truc chia se b nh nh chi ra trn hinh 3.10 di y, cac goi tin c ghep theo thi gian thanh mt lung d liu n va chuyn tun t vao b nh chia se. Cn c vao tiu cua goi tin, cac goi tin se c chuyn ti cac u ra tng ng. ia chi cung cp cho cac goi tin ghi vao va oc ra c iu khin bi module iu khin theo

cac thng tin trong tiu goi tin. Kin truc trng chuyn mach chia se b nh u im cua kiu trng chuyn mach chia se b nh nay la co th ti u c b nh khi chia se tai nguyn. Kich thc cua b nh co th t phu hp vi yu cu gi ti l mt mat t bao di mt gia tri chon trc. Tuy nhin, nhc im chinh cung nay sinh t vn b nh nay, b nh phai duy tri mt khng gian ti thiu ng thi phai mm deo ap ng s bung n cua lu lng. ng thi tc ghi oc b nh phai ln gp N ln tc lung u vao (N). Hai kiu chia se b nh la phn hoach hoan toan va chung hoan toan. Hai kiu chia se nay hng ti hai tiu chi ngc nhau: tiu chi chia se va tiu chi cng bng. Vi vy, nu chon mt tiu chi thi tiu chi con lai se la nhc im. II-Chuyn mach phn chia theo khng gian: SDS c phn chia da trn s lng ng dn kha dung gia cac cp u vao va u ra, trong cac chuyn mach n ng, chi tn tai mt ng dn gia mt cp u vao/ra, trong khi chuyn mach a ng tn tai nhiu hn mt ng dn gia mt cp u vao/ra.Trong chuyn mach n ng co cac kiu chuyn mach crosbar, chuyn mach kt ni y u va chuyn mach banyan. Trong chuyn mach a ng gm: chuyn mach Banyan m rng, chuyn mach clos, chuyn mach a mt va chuyn mach quay vong. Xet ma trn t inh tuyn Delta (Ho Banyan): Thuc tinh t inh tuyn nh sau: Cac t bao inh tuyn qua mang phu hp vi thng tin ia chi ich cha tron bang inh tuyn. Bang inh tuyn cha mt day cac bit c trng cho u ra. Cac bit iu khin ia chi nay c th hin qua tng tng chuyn mach, nu bit co gia tri 0, t bao se c inh tuyn ln cng trn (Upper) va nu la bit 1 cac t bao se c inh tuyn ti cng di (Lower). Cac c tinh c ban: Ma trn t inh tuyn Delta nm trong lp mang Banyan. Cu truc bi cac phn t 2x2. Co chc nng t tim ng da trn thng tin tiu .

Cu 8: Chin lc s dng b m trong trng chuyn mch Y nghia cua b m: c trng c ban cua ki thut chuyn mach goi la lu m va chuyn tip, c ch inh tuyn goi tin nm trn chinh tiu goi tin, x li m nhm tranh tranh chp va phn lung lu lng. Cac kiu b tri m: A, m u vao: Cac trng chuyn mach m u vao gm mt ma trn khng gian b tri cac b m tai tt ca cac cng u vao giai quyt vn tranh chp Chuyn mach b tri m u vao Cu truc trng chuyn mach gm ba khi chc nng : B m u vao; Khi chuyn mach khng nghen; Khi giai quyt tranh chp. Cac goi tin c lu gi u tin tai cac b m u vao ch cho n khi u ra ri. Mang chuyn mach khng tc nghen thc hin chc nng inh tuyn ni b, co th c cu truc t cac ma trn crrossbar. Khi giai quyt tranh chp phn b cac cp u va va cac cp u ra. Mt u im quan trong cua chuyn mach hang i u vao la chuyn mach tc cao co th thc hin d dang, bi vi vi chuyn mach hang i u vao co tc hoat ng b m mong mun (tc ghi/oc b nh) cn bng va xp xi vi tc cng. Vi vy, chuyn mach vi c ch m u vao co th tng kich thc tng i d dang. Tuy nhin, chuyn mach m u vao phai i mt vi vn thng qua bi han ch bi hin tng nghen u dong HOL (Head Of Line) va vn sp xp cac goi tin tranh tranh chp tai u ra cua trng chuyn mach khng gian. B, m u ra: Chuyn mach m u ra c thc hin bi mt ma trn chuyn mach khng gian u vao va mi u ra chuyn mach c trang bi mt b m. Cac t bao tranh chp cung mt u ra se c lu tr tam thi vao trong cac b m nay. Vi chuyn mach (nxn) trong trng hp xu nht se co N t bao tranh chp trong mt khoang thi gian t bao. Vi vy, tc mong mun cua cac b m u ra la ln hn N ln tc ng lin kt. Vi cac chuyn mach hang i u ra khng bi nghen u dong tiu HOL, nn hiu nng cua trng chuyn mach nay tt hn so vi cac trng chuyn mach trang bi b m u vao. Theo ly thuyt xp hang, xac sut mt mat goi c xac inh bi hiu qua cua lin kt va kich thc b m. Nu b m co kich thc N thi khng co hin tng mt mat goi tin, trong khi dung lng b m la (k N) thi s goi tin co kha nng bi mt do tran b m la (N-k). Mt s tinh toan cho thy kich thc hang i thng rt

nho (khoang 2 t bao) thi vn am bao c hiu sut s dung lin kt la 0.8. Nu hang i c s dung ring re thi kich thc trng chuyn mach anh hng rt han ch ti tr trung binh. Cac tinh toan ly thuyt cho thy thng qua cua trng chuyn mach m u ra co th at ti 81%. Chuyn mach m u ra C, m trung tm: B m trung tm cung c bit n vi tn goi la hang i chia xe. Cac trng chuyn mach co b m trung tm chi co mt hang i c chia xe cho cac u vao va cac u ra. Cu truc c ban cua trng chuyn mach co b m trung tm chi ra trn hinh: Trng chuyn mach m trung tm Vi kiu hang i trung tm, tn tai mt b nh trung tm co th c truy nhp bi tt ca cac u vao va cac u ra. Cac t bao n c lu tr tam thi trong b m va cac u ra se la chon cac t bao co ich ti no oc ra. Nh vy, gii han cua trng chuyn mach kiu nay la tc truy nhp b nh. thng qua cua trng chuyn mach loai nay tng ng vi trng chuyn mach s dung b m u ra. Tuy nhin, khng gian b nh cua trng chuyn mach b m trung tm nho hn cua trng chuyn mach s dung b m u ra vi b nh c chia xe. Vi tip cn m trung tm tng t nh vi chuyn mach thi gian nn mt vn ang chu y la khi cac t bao u vao ti b m trung tm va c chuyn ra ti cac u ra khac nhau, cac t bao se c oc ngu nhin (co iu khin) tai cac vung nh ngu nhin, vi vy cn phai co mt chin lc quan ly vung nh. Trong cac chuyn mach chia xe b nh co mt vn chung la hogging, xay ra trong trng hp lu lng khng ng nht. Mt u ni bt ky nao o co th chim toan b khng gian nh trong mt khoang thi gian. Cac t bao khac khng th co c hi chuyn mach trong thi gian nay. giai quyt vn nay co th co mt phng an khac nhm phn hoach vung nh thanh cac vung nho hn c lp. Tuy nhin, phng phap phn hoach thanh cac vung nh nho hn se gy nn tn tht khi mt s lu lng chim mt ng nao o ln trong khi cac ng khac khng co hoc rt it lu lng, iu nay cung lam giam hiu nng tng th cua mang chuyn mach khi vic s dung b nh m khng hiu qua.