Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F7G
GIAO TRNH
THC HANH
HOA VO C
2000
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MUC LUC
M AU .................................................................................................................. 7
YEU CAU OI VI SINH VIEN ............................................................................ 8
Bai 1: oxY - OZON. ................................................................................................ 9
I. ieu che oxy ..................................................................................................... 9
II. Th tnh chat cua oxy..................................................................................... 10
III. ieu che ozon............................................................................................... 10
IV. Th tnh chat cua ozon.................................................................................. 11
V. So sanh kha nang oxy hoa cua O2 vi O3 ....................................................... 11
Bai 2: HYDRO. NC OXYGEN......................................................................... 12
I. ieu che hydro................................................................................................ 12
II. Th tnh chat cua hydro ................................................................................. 13
1- Phan ng cua hydro vi oxyt ong. ............................................................ 13
2- So sanh hoat o cua hydro phan t va hydro nguyen t. ............................ 13
III. ieu che nc oxygen .................................................................................. 13
IV. Th tnh chat cua nc oxygen..................................................................... 14
Bai 3: KIM LOAI KIEM ........................................................................................ 15
I. Tnh chat cua Na kim loai ............................................................................... 15
II. Phan ng nhuom mau ngon la cua cac kim loai kiem .................................. 15
III. Cac muoi t tan cua Na, K............................................................................. 15
IV. ieu che Na2CO3 khan................................................................................. 16
1- ieu che NaHCO3 ...................................................................................... 16
2- ieu che Na2CO3 khan............................................................................... 16
V. Natri sulphat va cac hydrat cua no ................................................................. 16
Bai 4: KIM LOAI KIEM THO .............................................................................. 18
I. Tnh chat cua Mg kim loai .............................................................................. 18
II. Cac hydroxyt cua cac kim loai kiem tho ........................................................ 18
III. Muoi cua cac kim loai kiem tho ................................................................... 19
1- ieu che muoi kep MgNH4PO4.................................................................. 19
2- ieu che MgSO4.7H2O............................................................................... 19
3- Lay vao ong nghiem 3 - 4 giot dung dch CaCl2;........................................ 19
4- ieu che BaSO4 va SrSO4:......................................................................... 19
5- Lan lt lay vao 3 ong nghiem dung dch cua cac muoi Ba2+, Sr2+ va Ca2+.
........................................................................................................................ 20
6- Cac muoi oxalat.......................................................................................... 20
7- Cac muoi cromat. ....................................................................................... 20
IV. Phan ng nhuom mau ngon la. ................................................................... 20
Bai 5: BO................................................................................................................ 21
I. ieu che acid boric (H3BO3) ........................................................................... 21
II. Phan ng cua acid boric vi ru etylic ......................................................... 21
III. ieu che anhydrit boric ................................................................................ 21
IV. ieu che Bo vo nh hnh va th tnh chat cua Bo ....................................... 22
V. ieu che ngoc borat....................................................................................... 22
Bai 6: NHOM ......................................................................................................... 23
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M AU
Giao trnh Thc tap Hoa Vo c dung cho sinh vien nganh Hoa, Trng ai
hoc alat. ay la mot phan quan trong cua toan bo giao trnh Hoa Vo c noi rieng
va cac giao trnh hoa hoc noi chung. Trong hoa hoc, thc nghiem la mot bo phan
rat quan trong v ban than hoa hoc la mot nganh khoa hoc co moi quan he ly thuyet
- thc nghiem chat che. Hoa hoc co c s ly luan khoa hoc nhng nhng c s ly
thuyet o eu c uc ket va phat trien qua nhng cong trnh thc nghiem c
tch luy lai; cho nen phng phap nghien cu chu yeu trong hoa hoc la phng
phap thc nghiem.
Trong qua trnh hoc tap, thc nghiem hoa hoc giup cho sinh vien lam quen
vi thc te, ket hp gia ly thuyet a hoc vi thc nghiem; boi dng cho sinh vien
cach nhan xet nhay va chnh xac cac hien tng; boi dng cho sinh vien phng
phap ly luan khoa hoc, tac phong can than, chnh xac, t m; ren luyen cho sinh vien
cac thao tac c ban cua cong viec thc nghiem. o la nhng c tnh va ky nang
rat can thiet cua ngi can bo ky thuat trong nghien cu khoa hoc cung nh quan ly
ky thuat sau nay. Mat khac, thc nghiem hoa hoc giup cho sinh vien on tap va
kiem tra lai cac van e ly thuyet a hoc, tren c s o hieu sau sac va nh lau
nhng noi dung c ban cua giao trnh ly thuyet.
Cac bai Thc tap Hoa Vo c gom hai noi dung chnh: tong hp cac chat va
th tnh chat cua cac chat.
+ Phan tong hp bao gom cac bai tong hp t n gian en phc tap se
giup cho sinh vien co kha nang oc lap, chu ong, sang tao khi lam viec; ren luyen
cho sinh vien tnh can than, chnh xac va kheo leo. e lam cac bai tong hp, sinh
vien phai t mnh pha lay mot so dung dch can thiet, t mnh lay cac dung cu th
nghiem va tien hanh th nghiem di s hng dan cua can bo giang day.
+ Phan th tnh chat c ban cua cac chat vo c co tnh chat mo ta; do o
khong tranh khoi n ieu nhng la nhng kien thc ma ngi lam hoa hoc khong
the khong biet.
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BAI 1:
OXY - OZON.
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua oxy.
- Cac phng phap ieu che oxy trong phong th nghiem.
- Tnh chat cua ozon - So sanh vi oxy.
- Cac phng phap ieu che ozon trong phong th nghiem.
Tien hanh th nghiem
1. Gia gi;
2. en con;
3. Bnh cau ay tron
chu nhiet cha
hon hp (KClO3 + MnO2);
4. Ong dan kh;
5. Chau cha nc;
6. Ong nghiem cha ay nc
e thu kh O2 bang phng
phap ay nc.
Hnh 1: Dung cu ieu che kh O2.
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BAI 2:
HYDRO. NC OXYGEN.
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua hydro.
- Cac phng phap ieu che hydro trong phong th nghiem.
- Tnh chat cua nc oxygen.
- Cac phng phap ieu che H2O2 trong phong th nghiem.
Tien hanh th nghiem
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Viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra. Tai sao phai tien hanh phan ng nhiet
o thap?
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BAI 3:
KIM LOAI KIEM
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua cac kim loai kiem.
- Cac hp chat cua cac kim loai kiem: tnh chat va ieu che (Na2CO3,
Na2SO4, cac muoi t tan cua Na, K ...)
Tien hanh th nghiem
II. Phan ng nhuom mau ngon la cua cac kim loai kiem
Lay 3 ua thuy tinh au co gan day platin hoac ferroniken, h len ngon
la en kh, va h va ap nhe cho cac chat ban hoac lp oxyt ri ra het. Neu
thay ngon la cho tiepxuc vi au day van co mau th nhung au day vao HCl ac
roi lai h tren ngon la cho en khi thay ngon la khong co mau th thoi. Nhung
au day vao dung dch bao hoa cac muoi:
* day 1: muoi LiCl;
* day 2: muoi KCl;
* day 3: muoi NaCl;
roi lan lt h len ngon la. Quan sat mau ngon la. Giai thch hien tng. Hien
tng nay c ng dung e lam g?
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Viet phng trnh phan ng. Neu ng dung cua phan ng.
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1- un soi dung dch trong ong nghiem th nhat en khi co tinh the tach ra. Tach
tinh the ra khoi nc cai, quan sat tinh the di knh hien vi. Muoi g tach ra? Hnh
dang quan sat c cua no di knh hien vi?
2- em ha t t nhiet o ong nghiem th hai xuong ti nhiet o phong; neu khong
co ket tua xuat hien th lac nhe ong nghiem hoac dung ua thuy tinh sach co nhe
vao thanh ong nghiem. Khi co tinh the tach ra, tach tinh the ra khoi nc cai, quan
sat tinh the di knh hien vi. Muoi g tach ra? Hnh dang quan sat c cua no
di knh hien vi?
3- em ngam ong nghiem th ba vao nc am (khoang 32oC) cho en khi dung
dch tr nen trong suot, khong lac ong nghiem, at no vao coc thuy tinh ng hon
hp nc a tron muoi an. Sau 10 -15 phut, can than rot phan dung dch tren i,
lay tinh the ra quan sat di knh hien vi. Muoi g tach ra? Hnh dang quan sat c
cuano di knh hien vi?
Cau hoi
1- Kim loai kiem va cac hp chat de bay hi cua chung co kha nang nhuom mau
ngon la. ieu o the hien kha nang g cua cac kim loai kiem? Ngoai kim loai
kiem con nhng kim loai nao co kha nang nay?
2- Neu ten goi cua phng phap ieu che Na2CO3 tren? Hieu suat cua phng
phap co cao khong? Phng phap co c ng dung vao san xuat trong thc te
khong? Tai sao?
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BAI 4:
KIM LOAI KIEM THO
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua cac kim loai kiem tho.
- Cac hp chat cua kim loai kiem tho: tnh chat va ieu che (cac hydroxyt,
muoi kep MgNH4PO4, cac muoi sulphat, muoi carbonat, muoi oxalat, muoi cromat
...)
Tien hanh th nghiem
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Th tac dung cua acid HCl 2 N vi cac ket tua ieu che c. Hien tng?
S dung quy tac tch so tan e giai thch v sao BaCO3, SrCO3 tan c
trong acid HCl loang, con cac muoi sulphat lai khong tan?
5- Lan lt lay vao 3 ong nghiem dung dch cua cac muoi Ba2+, Sr2+
va Ca2+.
Them vao moi ong 5 - 6 giot dung dch CaSO4 bao hoa. Hien tng xay ra? So sanh
mc o tao ket tua. Rut ra nhan xet ve o tan cua cac muoi CaSO4, SrSO4 va
BaSO4 (cac muoi o se co gia tr tch so tan bien oi nh the nao?).
Dung ua thuy tinh au co gan day platin nhung vao cac dung dch bao hoa
* BaCl2;
* SrCl2;
* CaCl2.
Lan lt nung tren ngon la en kh khong mau. Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch
hien tng. ng dung cua hien tng.
Cau hoi
1- T cac th nghiem a lam tren, van dung e tach rieng ba ion Ca2+, Sr2+ va
Ba2+ ra khoi dung dch cha hon hp cac ion o.
2- Tai sao a so cac muoi cua kim loai kiem tho lai t tan hn nhieu so vi cac
muoi cua kim loai kiem?
------------------------------
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BAI 5:
BO
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua B.
- Phng phap ieu che Bo vo nh hnh.
- Cac hp chat cua Bo: tnh chat va ieu che (anhydrit boric, acid boric, cac
muoi borat ...)
Tien hanh th nghiem
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ap lay mot manh nho san pham, cho vao t giay loc e en cuoi buoi th
nghiem lay quan sat, so sanh vi luc mi ieu che c. Giai thch hien tng. Can
bao quan anhydrit boric nh the nao?
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BAI 6:
NHOM
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat Al kim loai.
- Tnh chat cua Al(OH)3; ieu che Al(OH)3.
- Tnh chat va ieu che muoi sulphat nhom; phen nhom - kali.
Tien hanh th nghiem
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Neu moi trng cua dung dch con hi kiem th them mot t H2SO4 cho at en pH
= 6 e tranh Al(OH)3 ket tua lan theo. Lam lanh dung dch, tinh the phen nhom kali se tach ra. Loc hut tinh the tren pheu loc Busne. Lam kho tinh the gia nhng
t giay loc. Quan sat tinh the phen di knh hien vi. Tinh the co hnh dang g?
Hoa tan vai tinh the phen trong nc cat, th moi trng cua dung dch.
Dung dch co moi trng g? Hay giai thch ieu o. Trong nc, phen phan ly nh
the nao?
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra trong 2 giai oan ieu che dung dch
Al2(SO4)3, K2SO4 va tua phen.
Cau hoi
1- T cac th nghiem a lam rut ra nhan xet ve tnh chat cua Al, cua Al(OH)3.
2- Neu ng dung cua phen nhom - kali. Tai sao phen lai co nhng ng dung o?
Phen nhom - kali la mot muoi kep co cong thc K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Anh (ch)
hieu ieu o nh the nao? Neu un soi lau dung dch phen se co hien tng g xay
ra?
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BAI 7:
CARBON
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua C. Kha nang hap phu cua than hoat tnh.
- Cac hp chat cua carbon: ieu che, tnh chat (CO2, cac muoi carbonat, CO
...)
Tien hanh th nghiem
I. ieu che va khao sat tnh hap phu cua than hoat tnh
1- Lay khoang 6 g than go (chon loai en va nhe), cat thanh nhng manh nho. Chia
oi lng than nay: mot na e lai, mot na e ieu che than hoat tnh.
Cho than vao mot coc ng 100 ml nc cat. un soi nc cho en khi cac
manh than chm xuong. Vt than ra, dung giay loc tham kho roi cho vao chen s co
nap, nung 500oC trong khoang 30 phut. e chen nguoi trong bnh phong am. So
sanh mau sac, ty trong cua than va ieu che c so vi than go luc au. Giai
thch muc ch cua tng giai oan ieu che than hoat tnh.
2- So sanh kha nang hap phu cua than hoat tnh va than thng.
* Thu NO2 t bo ieu che NO2 (hnh ...) vao 2 lo nho, kho en khi 2 bnh co
mau nh nhau, ay chat mieng bnh.
* Can 1 g than go va 1 g than hoat tnh. Cung mot luc o than hoat tnh vao
mot lo cha NO2 va o than go vao lo kia. ay nut va lac eu. Nhan xet toc o va
mc o mat mau 2 lo. Giai thch hien tng quan sat c.
The nao la hien tng hap phu? Giai thch c che hap phu. Co cac dang hap
phu nao? ng dung cua hien tng hap phu trong thc te?
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2- Cho kh CO loi qua dung dch CuCl. Quan sat hien tng.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Sau o em un nong ong nghiem cha dung dch CuCl va cho kh CO loi
qua. Quan sat va giai thch hien tng.
3- Thay ong dan kh (5) bang mot ong dan kh co au thuy tinh vuot nhon. ot kh
bay ra au ong dan. Quan sat mau ngon la.
Viet phng trnh phan ng chay cua CO.
Cau hoi
1- Tai sao than (ac biet la than hoat tnh) lai co tnh hap phu?
2- Trong cac th nghiem phan II, carbon the hien tnh chat g? Ngoai ra con co
tnh chat g? Tnh chat nao ac trng hn? Tai sao?
3- CO tac dung vi kim loai chuyen tiep tao ra hp chat g? Neu phng phap ieu
che cac hp chat o? ieu g xay ra khi un nong cac hp chat o? Neu ng dung
cua hien tng nay.
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BAI 8:
SILIC
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua Si.
- Phng phap ieu che Si trong phong th nghiem.
- Cac hp chat cua Si: tnh chat va ieu che (SiO2, acid silicic, muoi cua
acid silicic).
Tien hanh thc nghiem
II. ieu che cac dang khac nhau cua acid silicic
1- Lay vao 2 ong nghiem, moi ong 2 ml dung dch Na2SiO3 loang:
* Mot ong cho them tng giot HCl 2 N;
* Mot ong cho kh CO2 (ieu che bang bnh Kiff) chay qua.
Quan sat cac hien tng xay ra trong 2 ong nghiem.
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
2- Sol va hydrogel cua acid silicic.
Lay vao 3 ong nghiem moi ong 1 ml acid HCl am ac. Sau o them vao
moi ong 2 - 3 giot dung dch Na2SiO3 bao hoa.
* Mot ong e yen trong gia sau 30 phut em ra quan sat. Nhan xet ve o
linh ong cua dung dch so vi khi va ieu che.
* Mot ong un cho en gan soi, sau o e nguoi. Quan sat gel tao thanh.
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* Mot ong dung ua thuy tinh khuay dung dch that can than, sau o e yen
trong gia. Quan sat gel tao thanh.
Viet cong thc cua sol va gel. Giai thch c che tao sol, gel cua acid silicic.
Cau hoi
1- Viet cong thc hoa hoc thong dung cua acid silicic trong nc? Dang tua? Dang
sol? Dang gel? Gel cua acid silicic thng c ng dung lam g? Tai sao no lai co
ng dung o?
2- Tai sao Na2SiO3 c goi la thuy tinh tan? Lam the nao e chng minh c san
pham trong th nghiem III.1- la muoi cua acid silicic?
Neu cac ng dung cua thuy tinh tan.
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BAI 9:
NIT
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua N2.
- ieu che N2 trong phong th nghiem.
- Amoniac va muoi amoni.
- Cac oxyt cua nit: ieu che va tnh chat.
Tien hanh th nghiem
I. ieu che kh N2
1- Lay vao ong th o 5 giot NH4Cl bao hoa va o 5 giot dung dch NaNO2 bao
hoa. un nhe ong nghiem cho en khi phan ng xay ra manh liet (Hien tng nh
the nao?), bt un va a mot que diem ang chay vao mieng ong nghiem. Quan
sat hien tng xay ra.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
2- Lap dung cu nh hnh ve (hnh 7)
1. Gia gi;
2. Ong nghiem chu nhiet co nhanh
cha clorua voi;
3. Pheu chiet cha NH4OH ac;
4. Ong dan kh;
5. Ong nghiem thu N2 bang
phng phap ay nc;
6. Chau ng nc
Hnh 7: Bo ieu che kh N2
Cho t t NH4OH t pheu chiet xuong ong nghiem cha clorua voi. Thu kh
thoat ra bang phng phap ay nc.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Lam the nao e phan biet kh N2 va kh CO?
II. Amoniac
1- Can bang trong dung dch amoniac.
Lay o 2 ml dung dch amoniac loang vao mot ong nghiem; them 2 - 3 giot
phenolphtalein. Chia dung dch thanh 4 phan eu nhau vao cac ong nghiem:
* Ong 1: gi lam moc so sanh;
* Ong 2: them vai tinh the NH4Cl lac cho tan;
* Ong 3: them vai giot H2SO4;
* Ong 4: un nhe.
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Quan sat; so sanh mau cua cac ong 2, 3 va 4 vi ong 1. Giai thch hien
tng. Trong dung dch amoniac ton tai can bang nao?
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M khoa pheu chiet cho acid HNO3 loang (thap hn 32%) nho giot xuong
bnh cau cha Cu manh, ong thi un nhe bnh cau. Kh sinh ra c dan qua bnh
ra ng dung dch NaOH 10%. Thu kh thoat ra bang phng phap ay nc vao 2
bnh thu kh.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Tai sao phai cho kh i qua bnh ra ng dung dch NaOH loang?
b/ a si day Mg ang chay d vao lo cha NO.
Quan sat hien tng va giai thch. No the hien tnh chat g?
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
a mau nen ang chay d vao lo cha NO. Quan sat hien tng va giai
thch.
c/ Cho dong kh NO suc qua ong nghiem cha dung dch muoi FeSO4 0,1 N.
Quan sat hien tng va giai thch. NO the hien tnh chat g?
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
d/ Cho dong kh NO loi qua cac dung dch:
* KMnO4 a c acid hoa;
* HNO3 ac.
Quan sat cac hien tng xay ra va giai thch. NO the hien tnh chat g trong
cac phan ng nay?
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
e/ Thu NO vao mot ong nghiem nho en 3/4 the tch va thu tiep O2 (t bo
ieu che O2) vao. Quan sat hien tng va giai thch. NO the hien tnh chat g?
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
T cac th nghiem tren, hay ket luan ve tnh chat cua NO.
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BAI 10:
NIT (TIEP THEO) VA PHOSPHO
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Tnh chat cua acid HNO3.
- Nc cng thuy.
- Tnh chat cua cac muoi nitrat.
- Tnh chat cua P.
- ieu che P trang t P o.
- Cac acid metaphosphoric, pyrophosphoric, orthophosphoric va cac muoi
phosphat.
Tien hanh th nghiem
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* Th tac dung cua acid va ieu che c vi dung dch AgNO3. Quan sat
hien tng. Th hoa tan ket tua trong dung dch HNO3 loang. Hien tng? Viet cac
phng trnh phan ng.
* Lay mot t long trang trng vao mot chen s nho, them tng giot acid va
ieu che c vao chen. Quan sat va giai thch hien tng.
2- Acid H4P2O7
* Cho vao chen s 1 - 2 ml acid H3PO4 am ac (95%). un nong tren noi
cach cat en khi chat long trong chen ac sanh lai nh siro, tiep tuc un nong en
240oC.
* Th tac dung cua acid va ieu che c vi dung dch AgNO3. Quan sat
hien tng.
* Kiem hoa acid va ieu che c bang dung dch NaOH en moi trng
gan trung tnh (th bang giay ch th van nang); sau o cho dung dch o tac dung
vi dung dch AgNO3. Quan sat hien tng va giai thch. Th hoa tan ket tua trong
HNO3 loang. Hien tng?
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
3- Acid H3PO4
tng.
* Th tac dung cua dung dch H3PO4 vi dung dch AgNO3. Quan sat hien
* Kien hoa acid H3PO4 bang dung dch NaOH en moi trng gan trung
tnh; sau o cho dung dch tac dung vi dung dch AgNO3. Quan sat hien tng va
giai thch. Th hoa tan ket tua trong HNO3 loang. Hien tng?
Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
T cac th nghiem tren rut ra nhan xet ve kha nang ket tua cac chat AgPO3,
Ag4P2O7 va Ag3PO4 trong moi trng nao la thch hp.
Lam the nao e phan biet 3 acid meta- , pyro- va orthophosphoric?
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1- Tai sao nc cng thuy lai oxy hoa manh hn HNO3 ac? Da vao quy tac tch
so tan, giai thch tai sao HgS tan trong nc cng thuy va khong tan trong HNO3
ac?
2- So sanh acid HNO3 va acid H3PO4.
------------------------------
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BAI 11:
PHOSPHO VA CAC HP CHAT
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che cac dang thu hnh cua phospho. Kha nang phan ng
cua chung.
- Tnh chat va phng phap ieu che anhydrit phosphoric.
- Phng phap ieu che cac acid phosphoric (HPO3, H4P2O7, H3PO4). Cach
phan biet cac acid nay.
- Tnh chat cua acid phosphoric va cac muoi phosphat.
Tien hanh th nghiem
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2- Acid pyrophosphoric.
Cho vao chen s 1 - 2 ml H3PO4 am ac (95%). un nong tren noi cach cat
en khi chat long trong chen ac sanh lai nh siro; sau o un nong en 240oC.
Th tac dung cua dung dch acid ieu che c vi dung dch AgNO3.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Lam the nao e phan biet c 3 acid: meta-; pyro- va orthophosphoric?
(Dung dung dch AgNO3 va long trang trng.)
3- Acid orthophosphoric.
* Can 1 g phospho o cho vao chen s, tham t bang mot vai giot nc;
sau o them tng lng nho HNO3 ac, moi lan khoang 1 - 2 ml. Dung ua thuy
tinh khuay can than hon hp.
un nong nhe chen s, khi nao kh mau nau ngng thoat ra th lai them mot
lng acid mi. Khi phan ng a ket thuc, hay un nong chen them khoang 10 - 15
phut.
Hoa tan san pham thu c bang nc cat. Loc lay dung dch roi chuyen
vao bnh nh mc 100 ml. Them nc en vach mc, lac can than.
Dung pipette lay 10 ml dung dch tren vao bnh non va chuan o bang dung
dch NaOH vi chat ch th la metyl da cam va phenolphtalein.
Xac nh nong o cua dung dch acid phosphoric ieu che c. Tnh lng
acid orthophosphoric ieu che c. Tnh hieu suat theo lng P a dung.
* Lay mot t P2O5 em hoa tan trong mot lng nhieu nc.
-40-
Viet phng trnh ien ly cua acid orthophosphoric va cho biet cac hang so
phan ly cua no.
* Rot dung dch amoni molybdat vao dung dch H3PO4. Quan sat c hien
tng g?
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
-41-
BAI 12:
LU HUYNH VA CAC HP CHAT SULPHUA
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che cac dang thu hnh cua lu huynh.
- Tnh chat hoa hoc cua lu huynh.
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua H2S.
- Tnh chat cua cac sulphua kim loai.
Tien hanh th nghiem
3- Lu huynh deo.
Lay vao mot ong nghiem ngan khoang 4 - 5 g lu huynh cuc. un nong t t
ong nghiem, va un va lac eu.
Quan sat s bien oi mau va o linh ong cua lu huynh trong ong nghiem.
Giai thch hien tng xay ra.
Khi lu huynh soi, rot thanh mot si nho vao mot chau nc lanh. Lay
nhng si lu huynh ra khoi nc, lam kho gia nhng t giay loc; th tnh deo va
o tan cua no trong CS2.
-42-
1. Bnh Kiff;
2. Bnh ra;
3. Bnh Wurtz;
4. Ong nghiem.
-43-
Wurtz c noi vi ong dan kh hnh ch L cho suc vao mot ong nghiem cha dung
dch CuSO4.
Trc khi tien hanh th nghiem phai kiem tra xem he thong a kn cha va
th xem kh hydro i qua a hoan toan tinh khiet cha.
* Sau khi chac chan rang kh hydro i ra a hoan toan tinh khiet th giam toc
o dong kh i qua, can than un nong bnh phan ng cha lu huynh. Nhiet o
khong nen e cao qua 400oC (Tai sao?). Hien tng quan sat c?
Ngng un, lam lanh he thong trong dong kh hydro.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
* Cho vao mot ong nghiem 1- 2 g sat sulphua va rot vao o 3 ml dung dch
HCl 20%. ay ong nghiem bang nut co gan ong dan kh vuot nhon. e kh thoat ra
mot lat roi cham la ot kh thoat ra.
- Lay mot manh giay quy xanh tam nc h len tren ngon la. Quan sat s
bien oi mau cua no. Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
- Lay mot chen s, cha ay chen len ngon la. Chat g tao thanh ay
chen? Viet phng trnh phan ng.
-44-
Nhan xet mau cua cac sulphua tao thanh. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
S dung khai niem ve tch so tan e giai thch nguyen nhan tao thanh ket tua.
Lay mot lng nho moi sulphua tao thanh e th hoa tan trong HCl loang.
Giai thch hien tng phan ng.
4- Lay mot day dung dch cac muoi nh th nghiem tren. Lan lt cho kh H2S suc
qua (Lu y: moi khi chuyen ong dan kh t ong nghiem nay sang ong nghiem kia
can phai ra sach no bang nc cat).
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch.
5- Natri sulphua.
Lay 2 g Na2SO4 tron eu vi 1,5 g carbon roi cho vao chen s, em nung
chay trong lo nung 800oC khoang 30 phut.
e nguoi hon hp, hoa tan trong nc cat roi th moi trng dung dch.
Hay lam cac th nghiem e chng to rang chat tao thanh la Na2S.
6- Natri polysulphua.
Lay vao ong th 2 ml dung dch Na2S bao hoa va 5 ml dung dch lu huynh
hoa tan trong ru.. un can than ong nghiem en khi dung dch oi mau.
Loc, tach lu huynh cha phan ng.
Chia dung dch thu c vao 2 ong nghiem:
* Ong 1: them HCl vao cho en khi co moi trng acid. Hien tng g xay
ra?
* Ong 2: cho t t vao mot ong nghiem ng HCl ac. Quan sat c hien
tng g?
Giai thch s khac nhau gia 2 trng hp th nghiem.
Cau hoi
1- Giai thch s thay oi o nht va va mau sac cua lu huynh nong chay.
2- Tai sao nhiet o thng lu huynh co tnh tr ve mat hoa hoc nhng khi un
nong lai to ra hoat ong? Trong ieu kien nao th lu huynh the hien tnh oxy hoa,
tnh kh?
3- Hay phan loai cac sulphua kim loai theo o tan trong nc va trong acid.
------------------------------
-45-
BAI 13:
CAC HP CHAT MC OXY HOA DNG CUA
LU HUYNH
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua kh sulphur, acid sulphur.
- Phng phap ieu che NaHSO3, Na2SO3 va kha nang nhiet phan cua cac
muoi nay.
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua acid sulphuric.
- Cau tao va tnh chat hoa hoc cua Na2S2O3, K2S2O8.
Tien hanh th nghiem
1. en con;
2. Bnh cau ay tron;
3. Pheu nho giot;
4. Ong dan kh;
5. Coc thuy tinh;
6. Gia .
-46-
2- Acid sulphur.
* Lay vai giot dung dch Fuchsin vao mot ong nghiem nho; them vao o
tng giot dung dch H2SO3 ieu che c. Quan sat hien tng. Nhan xet s thay
oi mau cua dung dch.
* Lay vao ong nghiem cac dung dch sau: nc brom, dung dch KMnO4 a
acid hoa, dung dch FeCl3 va dung dch K2Cr2O7.
Them vao moi ong nghiem 4 - 5 giot dung dch H2SO3 va ieu che c.
Quan sat cac hien tng xay ra. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
Trong cac phan ng nay, H2SO3 the hien tnh chat g?
-47-
Hnh 13: Bo dung cu ieu che H2SO4 bang phng phap tiep xuc.
* Chuan b chat xuc tac: lay bong thuy tinh hoac si amian, tam t bang
dung dch NH4VO3 bao hoa. Sau o cho vao chen s nung nong en khi vanadat
phan huy c:
to
2NH4VO3 = V2O5 + 2NH3 + H2O
Cho chat xuc tac thu c vao ong 3.
-48-
* M bm hut nc, ieu chnh cho toc o dong kh sang t t. Kiem tra
xem he thong a kn cha. Cam lo hay dung en kh ot nong ong 3 en 450 500oC.
Lay khoang 2 g lu huynh bot hay lu huynh cuc nho, cho vao ong nghiem
1. ot chay lu huynh.
Quan sat s tao thanh SO3 trong bnh 4. Chat g c tao thanh trong bnh 5?
Tien hanh phan ng trong 20 phut th ngng.
Thao dung cu, them vao bnh 4 chng 5 ml nc cat, lac manh. Th moi
2
trng dung dch va nhan biet ion SO 4 .
-49-
Quan sat hien tng xay ra trong bnh D. Cac tinh the g c tao thanh tren
thanh bnh?
Cho SO2 sang en khi lam mat mau kh NO2 th ngng.
Thao bnh D ra, them vao 3 ml nc cat va lac manh. Co hien tng g? Th
moi trng dung dch va ion sulphat.
-50-
-51-
3- Tac dung cua H2SO4 ac va loang vi cac kim loai the hien khac nhau cho
nao? Tai sao?
4- Viet cong thc cau tao cua Na2S2O3 va K2S2O8. T o cho biet chung co tnh
chat hoa hoc g ac trng?
------------------------------
-52-
BAI 14:
HALOGEN VA HP CHAT HALOGENUA
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom VII A.
- Tnh chat hoa hoc cua halogenua. Cach ieu che
Tien hanh th nghiem
-53-
-54-
* Phan ng cua hydro vi clo: Noi vao bnh Kiff ieu che hydro mot ong
dan kh co au vuot nhon (xem hnh 18). Kiem tra lai o tinh khiet cua hydro.
Sau khi chac chan hydro a hoan toan tinh khiet, cham la ot chay hydro
thoat ra au ong dan kh va a vao mot lo a thu ay kh clo.
1. Bnh Kiff;
2. Ong dan kh;
3. Lo cha kh clo.
-55-
Lai them tng giot dung dch H2SO4 en khi dung dch co phan ng acid.
Quan sat s thay oi mau cua dung dch.
Viet phng trnh phan ng cua Brom vi NaOH. Giai thch.
* Cho mot tinh the Iod vao ong nghiem. Them tng giot NaOH 2 N en khi
Iod tan het. Tai sao?
Them tng giot H2SO4. Nhan xet hien tng. Giai thch.
* Cho vao mot ong nghiem vai tinh the Iod. Them vao o 2- 3 ml nc va
lac manh. Nhan xet o tan cua Iod trong nc.
Rot dung dch vao mot ong nghiem khac; them tng giot dung dch ho tinh
bot. Quan sat s bien oi mau cua dung dch.
un nong ong nghiem. Quan sat hien tng. Sau o lam lanh ong nghiem.
Nhan xet s bien oi mau va giai thch nguyen nhan.
* Them vai tinh the Iod vao mot ong nghiem va vai giot dung dch KI. Lac
manh.
Nhan xet hien tng. Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
-56-
1. Bnh cau;
2. Ong dan kh vuot nhon;
3. Chau thuy tinh.
-57-
Hay lam mot vai th nghiem e chng to rang chat thu c chnh la KI.
-58-
BAI 15:
CAC HP CHAT CO OXY CUA CLO
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua KClO3.
- Tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac hp chat mc oxy hoa dng cua Clo.
Tien hanh th nghiem
I. Nc clo
Cho clo suc qua ong nghiem cha 5 - 6 ml nc cat en khi bao hoa. Nhan
xet mau va mui cua dung dch thu c.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Th tac dung cua nc clo vi dung dch cham. Quan sat hien tng. Giai
thch.
II. Nc Javel
* Cho kh Clo loi qua dung dch NaOH 2 N a c lam lanh bang nc a.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
* Lay vao ong nghiem 3 - 4 giot dung dch cham. Them vao o vai giot
dung dch va ieu che c. Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch.
* Lay vao mot ong nghiem khac 4 - 5 giot dung dch MnSO4 0,1 N. Them
vai giot dung dch va ieu che c.
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
2- Tnh chat.
* Lay vao ong nghiem vai tinh the KClO3 a ieu che. Them vao o 3 - 4
giot dung dch HCl ac. Quan sat mau va mui cua kh bay len. Cach nhan biet kh
o?
Viet phng trnh phan ng. Trong phan ng nay, HCl ong vai tro g?
-59-
* Lay vao ong nghiem vai giot dung dch KClO3 bao hoa; them mot tinh the
Iod nho va 1 - 2 giot dung dch H2SO4 ac.
Can than un nhe ong nghiem. Dung giay tam dung dch KI va ho tinh bot
e nhan ra kh bay len.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
* Lay 0,2 g KClO3 nghien nho xong tron ky tren knh vi 0,1 g bot lu
huynh.
Lay 1/4 lng hon hp tren goi chat vao trong mot manh giay; ke len tren
mot hon gach roi lay bua ap.
Hien tng g xay ra? Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Lu y: Cac hoa chat phai c nghien rieng biet cho that nho, sau o mi
em tron vi nhau. Khi tron can lam nhe tay.
* Cho vai tinh the KClO3 vao mot chen s nho. Can than tham t no bang
3 - 4 giot dung dch H2SO4 96%.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
Cau hoi
1- Nc Javel gom nhng chat g? Tnh chat cua nc Javel? Chat nao a quyet
nh nhng tnh chat o?
2- Nc Clo? Trong nc Clo, chat nao co tac dung tay mau?
3- KClO3 co ben khong? So sanh o ben cua clorat va acid cloric.
4- Cho hai phan ng:
Cl2 + 2KBr = Br2 + 2KCl
2KClO3 + Br2 = 2KBrO3 + Cl2
Vai tro cua cac halogen co mau thuan g nhau khong? Giai thch.
------------------------------
-60-
BAI 16:
ONG - BAC
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Cau hnh ien t cua cac nguyen to phan nhom IB. Tnh chat hoa hoc cua
chung.
- Phng phap ieu che muoi ong (II) sulphat.
- Phng phap ieu che va tnh chat cua ong (II) hydroxyt, ong (I) clorua.
- Phng phap ieu che bac kim loai.
- Tnh chat cua halogenua bac.
Tien hanh th nghiem
I. ong
1- Tnh chat cua ong kim loai.
Th tac dung cua ong vi cac acid HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 loang va ac.
Nhan xet hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
-61-
Loc nhanh ket tua tach ra, ra ket tua, au tien bang nc - sau o ra lai
vai lan bang ru. Thu tinh the vao lo, ay kn.
thch.
* e CuCl ngoai khong kh mot thi gian xem co b bien oi g khong? Giai
* Th tac dung cua muoi thu c vi HCl ac va amoniac ac. Quan sat
hien tng. Giai thch.
* Lay vai tinh the muoi ieu che c em hoa tan trong dung dch NaCl
bao hoa. Khi a tan het, dung nc pha loang dung dch.
Hien tng g xay ra? Giai thch. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
II. Bac
1- ieu che bac kim loai.
Lay mot ong nghiem, ra sach bang nc.
Cho 1 ml HNO3 loang vao ong nghiem, trang eu, un nhe. Ra lai vai lan
bang nc roi say kho (Lu y: ket qua th nghiem phu thuoc vao viec ong nghiem
co sach hay khong!).
Them vao ong nghiem 2 ml dung dch AgNO3 10%. Them tng giot
amoniac 2% en khi ket tua va tan het (Ket tua cua chat nao?).
Them 3 ml dung dch glucose 5%, lac nhe ong nghiem roi ngam ong nghiem
vao mot coc nc nong khoang 70 - 80oC.
Khi bac a trang eu tren thanh ong nghiem th lay ra.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng. Trong th nghiem nay
AgNO3, NH4OH va glucose ong vai tro g?
Lu y: Sau th nghiem, ra ong nghiem bang HNO3 ac, thu hoi dung dch
AgNO3 cho Phong Th nghiem.
-62-
2- ong co the co cac hp chat nhng mc oxy hoa nao? o ben cua cac hp
chat o? Cac hp chat o co tnh chat hoa hoc g ac trng?
3- Cac halogenua bac thng co ng dung g trong thc te? ng dung nay da vao
cac tnh chat nao cua chung?
------------------------------
-63-
I. Kem
1- Kem kim loai.
* Cho mot manh kem nho sach vao ong nghiem. Them vao o 1 ml H2SO4
10% loai tinh khiet. Quan sat hien tng.
Them vao ong nghiem tren vai giot dung dch CuSO4. Quan sat hien tng.
So sanh toc o phan ng trc va sau khi them CuSO4.
Giai thch. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
* Hoa tan Zn trong cac acid HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 loang va ac.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
* Hoa tan khoang 0,5 g kem bot trong 5 ml dung dch NaOH 5%. un nhe
ong nghiem.
Khi phan ng ket thuc, e nguoi dung dch, chat lay dung dch trong ben
tren sang mot ong nghiem khac. Cho dong kh CO2 suc qua dung dch.
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
2- Kem hydroxyt.
Lay vao ong nghiem vai giot dung dch muoi kem. Them tng giot dung
dch NaOH en khi tao thanh ket tua.
Th hoa tan ket tua trong dung dch NaOH d, trong cac acid va trong dung
dch NH4OH.
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
3- Kem sulphua.
* Lay vao 3 ong nghiem lan lt cac dung dch ZnSO4, ZnCl2,
Zn(CH3COO)2. Cho kh H2S suc qua ca 3 ong nghiem cho en khi bao hoa.
Loc bo ket tua. Them vao nc loc dung dch natri acetat hay dung dch
NH4OH loang.
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch.
-64-
* Cung lam nh th nghiem tren nhng thay kh H2S bang dung dch
(NH4)2S.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
II. Cadimi
1- Cadimi kim loai.
Lay vao ong nghiem 1 ml dung dch CdSO4, cho vao o mot manh kem.
Quan sat hien tng. Tiep tuc tien hanh phan ng khoang 1 gi. Sau o lay
kem cha phan ng ra. Loc, lay Cd kim loai.
Th tac dung cua Cd vi HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 loang va ac.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
2- Cadimi hydroxyt.
Cung lam nh th nghiem ieu che Zn(OH)2.
Hoa tan ket tua Cd(OH)2 thu c trong HCl, NH4OH, NaOH.
Giai thch. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
-65-
* Cho vao ong nghiem vai giot dung dch Hg2(NO3)2. Them vao o vai giot
dung dch HCl 4N. Quay ly tam, thu lay ket tua roi th hoa tan no trong HCl,
HNO3, NH4OH loang va ac.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
* Lay vao 2 ong nghiem, moi ong vai giot dung dch Hg(NO3)2 va
Hg2(NO3)2. Cho H2S suc qua.
Th hoa tan ket tua trong HNO3 ac va trong nc cng thuy.
-66-
-67-
1, 2 - khoa;
3- bau thuy tinh tron.
-68-
Tron eu hon hp, tiep tuc un cho en khi hon hp chay ra va kho quanh
-69-
------------------------------
-70-
* Khi un nong KMnO4 co hien tng g xay ra? Phan ng nay co ng dung
* Cho dung dch KMnO4 phan ng vi: dung dch Fe2+ a c acid hoa;
dung dch kiem cua hydroperoxyt; dung dch kiem ac; dung dch Na2S2O3 trong
moi trng acid, kiem va trung tnh.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
* Cho dung dch KMnO4 phan ng vi dung dch KBr trong 2 ong nghiem (1
ong c acid hoa bang acid acetic, 1 ong th khong).
So sanh toc o cua 2 phan ng tren.
Viet phng trnh phan ng.
-71-
* Lay 2 ong nghiem, cho vao moi ong 3 giot dung dch NH4OH. Them vao
ong th nhat 3 giot nc cat, ong th hai 3 giot NH4Cl bao hoa. Sau cung them vao
moi ong 3 giot dung dch MnSO4.
Quan sat hien tng. Giai thch.
-72-
BAI 20: FE - CO - NI
Chuan b ly thuyet
- Phng phap ieu che sat, muoi Mohr, sat (III) clorua, ferat.
- Tnh chat hoa hoc ac trng cua cac hp chat Fe(II), Fe(III), Fe(VI).
- S an mon sat va cach bao ve.
- Tnh chat cac hp chat Co(II), Ni(II); Co(III), Ni(III).
Tien hanh th nghiem
-73-
-74-
at 3 g phoi sat vao co bnh co cong, ay nut lai. He thong phai hoan toan
kn. Cho dong kh clo i qua, dung dong kh can than ot nong co bnh. Tiep tuc cho
clo i qua va un nong manh cho en khi tao thanh san pham trong bnh.
Khi phan ng ket thuc, lam lanh bnh phan ng trong dong kh clo; sau o
ay clo ra bang dong kh CO2 kho. Thao nhanh bnh co cong ra khoi he thong. Lay
phan phoi sat cha phan ng ra. o nhanh FeCl3 thu c ra mot t giay kho roi
cho vao ong nghiem kho, ay kn.
Hoa tan mot t FeCl3 ieu che c trong nc. Th moi trng cua dung
dch bang giay quy xanh hay quy trung tnh.
Giai thch qua trnh th nghiem. Viet phng trnh phan ng.
* Tnh chat cua FeCl3:
Th tac dung cua dung dch FeCl3 vi cac dung dch sau:
+ Dung dch Na2CO3, NaOH.
+ Dung dch KI, K2SO3.
+ Dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6], KSCN.
Quan sat hien tng. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng.
* Natri ferit:
Tron 0,5 g Fe2O3 vi 4 g Na2CO3 khan trong chen sat. Nau chay hon hp
trong lo nhiet o 800 - 900oC.
o hon hp nong chay len mot manh s. Quan sat chat tao thanh.
Khi hon hp a nguoi, ap no ra thanh cuc nho va nghien trong coi s. Cho
hon hp a c nghien nho vao coc nc. Chat g c tao thanh ay chen ?
-75-
Cau hoi.
1- Fe, Co, Ni co the co cac hp chat nhng mc oxy hoa nao? o ben cua chung
thay oi trong day nh the nao?
2- Xac nh trong dung dch muoi Mohr co cac ion nao? Muoi kep khac phc chat
nh the nao?
3- Oxyt sat (III) thuoc loai oxyt g? No co tan trong cac acid khong? Cac ferit thuy
phan manh hn hay cac muoi Fe(III) thuy phan manh hn?
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