Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Q..:!l"m,
Q--'(P..51!!
~~'U'.8;
1,1!Lti_ II, waq"blJ ~U~hDl,~.Il'"
1 Wi
~~,
'WhaI,i5
- lli!:~
... point
iIliUJ!:,«fl_~
1.:b'. Eil. ,Il l:Hn-loog.<l..~J.i-Mde. and 4.2"m.-deep n::~lil' plmtoog !)llt$i!, dt:Jftof'2 Ill. iosca wruu (qt.. ~_ = Ul3J,. ~g!hl: Ici\IQ ill. WlifamdJ dtml.~ (ii'l IDe ~I!re!m oJ ~ pG,r.kKflh, and, Uir; I'Ij;CWmmI di::5ip ql~ of ~J: ~ IT.I~ 11>A.' ~ 'ib_slli!tt:: of i['H'U;;be: IMvcd fmm Ihl: ....:m~ .l'I'n~ to'I!Iarrda Ihe e4gC' oflb!; pm\Ml'I.
in Pipes
I,
3.1 Iilesaip<1lioa of ripe ]mrn
Water Flow
=_.
=,
ln Il]dratilics ~ 'lc:rmpipeJWw l!~1!ll;ily~ WIf'lilll'l'il'a:1ei f1uw,iJll;l~ of cip:lJbr~ ~cdi09S unrl'er:a ~tain ~ pi~nt. l'Of ag.hiCltdi:sd..at~ Q. the pi;Pc; BOWliIt.,my sectiOlI elf th.e v1-F !I::,anbe ~c:ri\J.e.d 'b)! lhe.[ifpeams recl~[1.lhc: r,i,pe ekv~ !lie tpIfCSSIUC, !WIIme How \'docltY iLl ~ pl;pe.· l'rn: elevatioii J:I;()f a lX',rti~l,!ll;Lr ~Iion in dll::. pipe i3 U5~~aHymt!.;;tJ.~<l with ~rol to a,hmUool.iA ~fen:iice dam.ru., ,~ iI!l1he .rt,J"'WJ1 &:i!l.:Ji klMl ~SL) il.18.l7ruJir:r
1~!U;Il)'.1'ihe:lr~ll",
ctmd'~
i.
iUi:apip~ g,.I:.ncrnl~y vam::s'f11Jllll ~ polI~~,lo &m.M:l:!eur,lml:i'!l TI)€;!lCI ",awe i8 1l:00mnii!Uyused o.'cr ::I, rartic~du s-e:~lQ1n oif blc.e~il5" In ~liJet'~"C!rlj:s the m:tllOOOpr~(I'l'(: "mTIiIIl'iml' in Vi ~L'I'eo EIDSS secuon ill c~l1iIl' ~I!:c.!..=d 1f1l'h<r.'<.IJI'iI-
me
$fEi!!;
:'''' ~!r
13. i)
,. .
..
i
f,~
,~,
.:l33o
i\ l"'Tllpi~i~o;:;my.ingl m~~l;w;iitff/lli:ti",~~lt:;S ;:;'~O:'Ib~i~IQ,~ !;.~~!al ~~.._, ijJ:~~ilIll.d'~t~!1lI~~,roilx biwid3t! 1I)I;ii_~~[lIlici;h\l,gr'"."iltWl;'ljlL!Ji=qf' 42 m iIld.41 m, ~etilldy. EX~mi1ll'.;~ ~~ ~<': iI;!\kt"d b;~ ~~ "'~!~ij] a.~Ile;;ng, (1fIt.c 'iicfm:r mO'l'EJDEIl! is iill 'til! p!ll!Siti~...d5i~t&8'I) ,g ,.ruarl~S t'l '~lJc ~iGiR)fdmilim aJiia·w b!fId.. ,~ l..Q!'i-"1!Li~~j~. . ~1Jl!s'" Jhl:d bt.w:: and ~[km ,tli.i!: \'!~r IbrolJgbii ~W ZfI!:~ :I( ~LE'Q!C~!! 00 i~ :Ol~, ilii ~S~ Ii;ls,""hal is Ii~ ",~ml}! t l0.fdl!:: j~1 fIbc·lJla.i!e j~ :~mrrn~
:t1)1
~.~.<I.
b-= d\it1ionl~ss.)
II;M ilJ.[ <Ii !~~ifilDttm:
~ iI ().:H:n--di~1' 0I'i.~ W;!".:;ru.llD. '
~lPi.~ ~~ p,1!l!i;5Q!'(! .0$ 111i1tJr»Nlt'i:~.l'ih.i!':Fif'" b Ulti. lllnlil.c' .. ~ lib:! :firnN il'::!N! i1$l.l .!i11'llf,1I:, dl:~tmI~ 111~mt:!i~
."
l.3S.
.. .
J\J; ~
111:~~ .~
L/
:iolhl!C'(II!;I
"Il'h~~''I~1',F<l~~ f~fe~Ii:! 3.IJ!>pflr.:: i!'..t ""'L!.~II,{~ '~L'll!lf)'d:,OOY,!l.~fJllmt! ,~~,~ he I1ll1lll.pctcdi 'hDrn ~ ,~1llIl!I 'Gqu~oo ~llJaI!i!lil (3.711. "" -:; + 1:.1' ," ,illQ(VIII-II'I:!),
'The i¥ro:stB1i!1: f(I[C~
oi 1k,;5<~I1l"~
Tlili
'IM81<!r la.\lt~ g~",tb, iI. ~¢iJ'g irlf"C' l:i~M m;tJ~ delkctm ::!@l' ~I:l,!til;.iMl:rimJl.tlll ~" f 'iI:'hl!i Wadil.:!, Os 4, ~Clf.se;:",i1lorlqt lru., ~,,~ (I HID di:il.Jm:I);[U ~rl1i, ~§>I'~JI;I(:zm W;:. 'I'lR:p~~IJE:tCiil\'.iDg !hcb!:n!I i.!;, ~!mkhO.:!l"It~ ,ti::l.rn~).~~'il" a.~;Luh.,';n.g !~~ ]~I,!m !.Q .000l'1 di!' b:nIiI iii! ~f:2lcl:.
;1,,4
mE!~
,f .., =
"
..
{!(!(J,.C(IOI)
'iI'
",,"
'!i~
is 1O!:li'!.t!illt",cl hi L~~rc
m !pipe~ m:.:ijl'
((tlitilii:i~net.gy
[o:ml!i;
m ".iIH~
ro
JJ=
'1->'
11
=~~,~(p'-fn
~,~
!ill"
'" '7,;6 ~
.,
:rlOfm~."1 ~~v II:mle(Y dem~t~a:d 'li!i!l by l!si~ tim !!:j':ime~ ~!:g@n lil'f <I No;! flow., 3!!i~hQ'w;n~n~iWl'rn;;3. 'T~ ~W!l <ilfpipe nQw ~~~!y ~PII~'!ie:;lJ~Iih~ '!;on,;:cp~ Or;! £t;c:.mll~~ nmt ii~<l: <::y!irI:iricai p;ma.g,e W)!lf:. rl5: ~~~ e'/e~!to>-J\J'?r'" ,tllJet ttl !m: fl0\',l .."'t!lrotJ'~ Ithf:Jfd~re, lh~ flilW C;Illl'lii!i)i,CtQS~ ~ ~wf:l'!l(l, r~ CoJID~r!> ~~t.rol ... iiJ"l\l.~ :s;imil(l1fw tb!udestlul:iro ~Df":rgllr~ llili~ iiWi:r· :9,3i, val ,Jf. 'ihe ~r pmk']e;'l,M ~fioll. l-l.MO'IC- to r-l' v"iiH'ilhe .... el.~tll'Vu.lln. ~e;. ~W"fi_<: iiI!tW'Zl,ce PMlLdes ~t ~.eclioo:2~liDo"c (0:;':"2' wifu m:: ~Iooty V1.I!!)i s.w£(,'I' Illite, -tODtIfilltty Qjllllltltwm:
Tb£ ~
.A I
VL d: "'" J.-j,Vi
al
¥1.
~~
If' lA,
~f':l QI' ~~
oa 'L ElM, S
~ f_
"i:);~~
(~u~
~"",j~~'lJ,~
f~~~tr.~ '~~lY l_r. 'Q.e ;t_~mo;).ifiL'";-o! Oo-rJ;ifu:~~) jl_1,1:l ;\!, ,t'k!""~ ~>!!!!l!i ~ t,:nrrui.oo).~'t,~loc[~ flflh, ;:;~J~nE l1HOOc,,~t;"~,blLS ~l-~,
t:Kl t~
The: war:k;.d\:)n;c b!!, It..'tcptr~~r;::fl!h.~ :e::::ti::lS !ifF! ~~OU! ]-1 k. thetime ,,[~. 'kI1l!1.p~~ure rUlmc I!!IlIii I:ik: ,j~:s;t_a1JilCefuro.~gr. ,bi:dt it amll,. M w
m is Ihe
~~~
~,z.
~e~
Elt:~~
IT,I.tWin,g !from, 1 ~22
[[0'
S«INn2f-1 is
~,O()~~ ~ri~6,> <i!! ~~ ~11i>,r4;~(>ii,~ 1'iIiQ-=i!J-!j:r",~w'LJl"'1~I.: ,~, ,;,ffi'i!!!d wilib ~1]1'l! ~~ ilMi, i!. ~l!!kl.. 'Iit.bMJ!!!z;1 Lc5 p!I'>ll Y>D1J!!''Of!I~:l'.o!I!II ro ~!.;,,,,,,:!:ild:! €fiI_aJll diill~ ',I,ll:t!t !'_II.£; ~pra1. A ~ oM ~hir-.JJ:Id:is "ffmd. Gll':: ~bi'cld ~~ ,,,"!'!:II g:aroo,~~ I;IIZI I!d; ;t,:;, ~.e:: I,; !t.1:;~!II[~pliImeaI, id frill! dir.:cX!'>llJew.atc~ l bact 1'!ir"'21,j yoor c.;:;p0::JCJL<'W-ck~ ~1Iid,j ~liIld ,),00 1liX«.e 'liN '\Ii'~y1 '
~fiib~
~J''l&t ,d-11. = -PaA:2: 1'::t dJ P',:!,ics, in Ihe ~PP@t.e d~c~illiil to 'L,_~ ~I;a!oo~ ~Il]am._--d
gml,ljlt}~ ~n
b~ ~~
o.j;
1'r2'2 i~'ili~-l!l~rneM I[~.:.l! l!.',1mjuioi!.~~f 111'I' v,;er~ IIIDli,Eldl'(ll 'Uh~ pc!I~iiloiil:UXZ' iIDd tlli!; m~ l''L 'Z2 w::i!Jl ~nl]1];ilis.~uJt?1li,1'II1:! &,"@'ii'l-Y ]'Ql't:i.'l ~irtfJlm ~ m~1 HT i~ tqmal, Ie t~[:nl']'IlmcA.J VI df~iffiC!:i ~:;(':,siXci(j!:: !i'lE',ght f"'" P2.l1l!i <Iml k: ICprt;!iClJl!
131,-LI~jnJI'i:glllll!(l.l. fqUatWllI!i Ul a",d, (2) i!:m so:t ..e.dbyitlil!llio!t IJIlIil Mtl~ mJ:KI·ti~ 'a[fo; $;ii. i.!.rJ.e1!. Th<! h~loo. J1dICl~~ Is ~tlulm~'M_e(I A .foll.(!..,g~ ~rrM!/= Ol.ot. FI'Q01 Equ"~1:1 (lli _ ~ V.U~ mfstt: 1JoSii:1~ Ii1h ",alllIC ill lEq,uaIBoo t2} ...,~ £:~ iWl'!. S.6:-; IV ..Th~ (]!Jmbu i.-.1lSki!i[1 '1'0 ~tnlMil~)' ohm ICf~!)li'C3,'S) la o'I>iJWl, ~, fl1iaiOifO .[iltCor/n::o.O 1:11" \'<1.1<$ it; di[[I!i[M! [l'Om iii!! a,s:s;y.m~i!I ftl.cdoo Fo.r ltil.;. s,eoold !n=:m..'io)i'I.If:it}= O..(lo~~ \\1£ !l~ V=, .J.~4 ~.:: :311r!fi 'N{1""" 7.'1 x uf.fie M(!.Od), c'hm ,gl~:;.t· 0.flI21, wbiC~ ia 'ioog)i.d~ cl:os~ !,!:n.:JI!Iy ro !he !liSlJ'IJli!I!I u1ue U1! wl,Ube ~~ to e:llCll'liiil,~ me
r~ror.
liD 1'1, • ~=
y
'O-«O:n • G.OOl2
2.S'n ~~,
Itlt<!
~",we~lJ)1.
v'"
1'hk5, 'i'Oi.l!l)f! mild lll<: '~li9l1~1 ,~ = :l~
I~~Y!C
:U5
n;is[!:C
jllM ilIP: M~
I~ cl.isclgf~
1 rl
=O.oolS'.f=@,m,M'lil..lh'l.fl
Jo'" ~
h.orizootd
;illll~lle
:m>~
1D!im'~
I:Q ,1';1;
p,pe SCt'lT:eD5,
'iii
f\
8R:
11(P'c'
1iVk!l1~ o(l:J:i
mali-
mi'I'_f"'J'I"
~
\..._/
-+~+
iFlll';8,
'7
lmifc:m'i. hi'~
,.w,tb G!llo;;:;j,_~
~~Honm:iI.!I: ~(J,5-'j) ~ ~ wam-£~·aJU~!ili·'to :!IJ,.ind_l)gItlii 1I'Ca.tttI~~]m.!awa:yiillill@l~~li'1_alluili;~~~~'31i~ilhr;.$1l:f' hi:c rtIf'~ =~.z.."'Ld mII:i!liQlili'llhlllI1'!li,il, ULOO sle!1'C- ~ iIlo'te I'I.ow 1lIli: (iii d'f =) Of ~ '~ternp~m_= ~ 4lJ"P' (oiI"C) !!.lid !I~ vefD;ilj at t!U wtf~ ~ IIII~NI;i~
A 'OO;Jlli:i!LmL,'l~:a.I. o ,~I
~Ig '~R
...
!l_nd l~
'I;
'!/r'. ,= 'V1.
l'i. '" ,ft]
l!;.U~
,~,
ll'lH')
hL =. ht
II.::rg lI' <i!lI.w.tloll ,l:I:;iI;!uceii {Q
~-~,!!;
,..
·f
,II,!. ~
nn
~iI.'
...~J I
~~
mj III lllc
11"';:;;
U1Sx
1!!Il
1.d 0=
~O-:l!wJ~,
Assl!Imi'll wel~~,~".'
eaa ~ b:c'r(!IiUI~. !iQlli)w5~
i.l.WLion p1:)llM,yp!:
"[)I,'iI) ~I,A\ ,~rd8. ~ ,5 bIllpil'I, ~ao~,4-mtiVi!:~·~tc::1 pip!! in il.s be~f ,eQ;!ldja ,!kin. A if; lOOmlJigft;r ~~Il ..l'. [fd!~lMaii!'J' tallp«!:I!lfi!i ii!i !~.m ibc ~ l h~ ii'l0!ia514R1d 21,R. md B ;;,;'@; :!I.j, m !Pil: 7lJ.'}' m. ~tlvcil.y. wbAl: i~dt:: fk;w rater A l~flL !Jli'!'l!lli~ lKlD pi~ is 1~ie4I)IIi!1 .150 ~~ \iljibil1:};l,MC3.r'wl;;;, ",=~r:J;:; '~"(1U'C). 'Miu isltbr: f,e:s:S1lr.cd~;;:; lJljE;o&i-'f1.oi1ruJ(&l!ltpc .....i:eIJ,!bE; ~g is Hil~'f$ '(f~~l' ,:l..5i16. "Ib! er~ ~ eCilDJlWlil' ~ji~ 00, 11lk"l.:l~t II800Im'l 0( Wllii1:rp::t day 'Ca, I pb~ I ~ f"o!SCI'·... t!l1' S II;maw~lI'" "l11.c: W;)~ !.I!lf~: '1:'11!tIti!i.lful:l I!~t1l:er~'Wir j.; !I, m (!bQ :.. (too, ,~t<!l Oi'Im.:: IiIl~aml.·~ ,P',PC'~'~' ,Wd 011 il. lr.lOO :sl.cpe. Wtllll: iis; ~ pi1nilrUll3 d"imi.ectn: of 11,"",I],crcte pip" Iha.t mlliy Ib~ used. if 1m wata' tcmp~ ",~ bcti!l'C1:II 5"'C "41IIf!O"C?'ll!3mmccl!1i,pi! ~s ir!IDO(I.ell'~li' mIl tlJc.c~:i 'ffilOClly i!qfip"'blo:. ,J.5.1. WI.!eI'n((~ 1hro~,&b.,Il.,~I~y:tm«llJ]~.rot the Ifrittioo f.a£;rof ill; I).OO.D!:;tc!<, :min~ {M ffu:llon f~{!JI:jf lM:How inO[~B~ ~11 IYots. 35Jt Dn?o'.iPIUIi mOliold. buri.cr;! r-F"line fla'YI:! ~en 10<$1;. m~l:liI~ Ar aDd Iml ('!fiilltp'ip:;, twv ~ll~ p,~, mc~:!! ,"&gil'!! dro?of'3U fL Er~b;c:Ci,,'~.s.arnrn~ imlI 'plF<: : c';micll W;.III'l" III OS9f willi .. i'Iowl!Uc. 1.lIl dio:; Hi"if.tr:). d~'I:l1J!:rl't!l dil!: kfli!"'lL 1111"'I~LC '1:i1D!t'izoo!~1 "llOOgroulili'l liD!:! J~.9. WiL~r' fWw.s 1J:irt:,1!~ III 'NI.1:J't! oolRl1lll:rdai a :eel :pipe 'st lUC. 'fiIoo!, fl.ow ~ b:~(} i'I~~ :nm'I p;;e~lIIJJol~ is C'P"i'U:llrt l~l',OogblJ"'!.I~.I~~ or lilie: I?i~~ 'Dtilf:l'mm::: ~ho.iJI(:rpc ~ wh1<;h it is l::!l.d. ',
riP.:, ~,:5, m in'~!l:.r. !Wrid Ji_j rrf/!r:iI! or I~se m.dtc.~. fiil'1' b.~f<!1lg1h..
or
dooil'of .I"i',~
N.I
~,~tc
'Raw n~
ihu ~ p:csS\:~
U Ihe
~Ilil
gr 4}
JbIi!lh~D~
iB
'"
~l;erI!:lJ:!l.~11lIn!:
6ErF.
f} ...:.::;J
,
1~
'l.~.1:!:- Wa.~.r 'it 'i~ is ~~n>::DI il:l.l:w.£l\ a ~-m·~on2: uni:rj)~ 'WIIMl:M rol'l ~~ . . bi!iad k<l:l; (;ItU, m, :i);!,LI!am~ the o;I.15i'l1ll'~ G:fit!;t<: pipe tn;;.t 'Ii ill roo~)' lU':!;:o;, Wtlli::-l' fJmo.dn
ilo I1.t
wilt!.
,ltoci:MllIjllit~~<i~~L[ldiu.nriiitci), A 'I<!!~i a,.I:. ·~~..oL'taL A, IP*ltlll'f p~1!W:' 1!;3l!1:;!i lot::ll.!!di U!lstr,c~JI1.!!If ih,=,-]~'t i~rl'icll.~ I). JI~' . liT!:. d~ ,of 2] ..000 A-tr..M p;iiiT. Qf ~i!-~~1If'C' ~$I: .Ia~~ dO""\I'I~Ir!'~!D of'1il(l ".,~. ,~i~l1l~ ~.:Pf.tw.;!;1'I: dWp. of 2.1.00'.1 r-:Jm'1._ Th~ ;l<ldtl= ib!:I\'fC~ I#R ~~~ ill c:~h, . - 100 nitlHl~ of ~ I!';l!.t.
wn1.
used Yrl!:ti:[-I[;8m'ing (;OOdLlits. Note 1M.lllie ~l!'ilJ!i'1t-WIllia.m:l. fu[i[UlI~a i!:;, .MilWf!o ill: i8i:auat.[lln i(l.23)i it :il;lP1i<;ii'Me@.r.rl!.¥Im ~ El;dl!dnll!lilS [0, wilrc:h 'Ilhr:y~i"oo[ry is ~llrro:in '~I.pcr~;m~ lillie lii:rdril!u~iG rndiu:i. ,fi.~is rnCil:5un:!il.in ~cl, WIh~D P$B~.~p S.l. units, ~hc Hii.z>C>J1Wilj1aID!>fl!lmn:Jl~ !i!l!l1)' 'be wrht~g i!lJi!h~' fQl1'.9wUlg fomI~ o,f CHWfbr mmmlJoly
j'_5.j~. A:m..1ti .!H~=re QfIJ65lhrm..'l: lis. f!:q,ni~W! HIlJI~ ~OO!lPlof \lIfou;g'llt iroli plpc. lh li! hiJr:izoCl~lp'pe; is to ""-1"1) U3 "r:5 W'heG) "(ToIIa[£[ aHi5"'f, 'liifLai me
j,s,.:U"
~.Im
P'lfejs~? ro
~1J:j~
amp
iQ~.
iii measured
in !~Cr5: F ~~i!d
r~ is.
('3.19') darmt.-s I: 'lU~fI ~tmilY for bmi:nllO U,,:w usmt ~ Hag,m-PWnmll: lil".,. 'Eq;lIwoD (l.2Il) gion:s ~~ :p;are,.~Vk~baGh lQ~l31 iBPP~ ~D;!! lwru;o .. tal unl~Dm1 pip!!- S'OIJW tl!!MtlJ!: .. 1ihI1;;,Q1tbdri~dl!-GicrIlJI.'!H uq}J::d \.OEq!J_a!:i:O[JjO-W3~ It 'lllfilb ,(~ ll~gmn-F'oJ:!l:!.!i~~ 'fum!.
., ~The; :ooJ.~tion oro ithe Halz.en':W:ilIi_1lmS fimiWl,a, Equa:Uoo 0,1'7). may 'be obttimd: i:1i me fc:iJewin,!l
by ~~
WmllllJta:~lOil.or
el!:imlpleL
deillIDlJiS.tfM,eiil
(N~': M~g.m,¢as
~:a_Jto::" wh~i::h ~Il;Di!: '~~ElIItl!ll
~,calml!lii,qru!l,
t,.o~
I
\
T~ta.ghibUi. tnG bj:SIOry Q'J ei..'ili!.3.mm b:yQ]aJJ]ic Cl!i@;it..eer,J have desisn§i. and balm $1i~' to ddivcr wate:r liar peopll1i .tJ:!j U!ie.Jn ihc ear.litir Qa:)':i. mimY Qf ~ de~B~ 'W~ Iootsed illIicmpiric~! fom:ml:ls. ~!I~.:raIly spl::~[~g. ernpiri,;;.al. dE:s.i 80nfa~muJ.as we.re; dr;>tcloped from (he eJiperimef:!S Qf ~m!in", with fllli:ld How 1!I!1Idu cemU Ii! col1di1ioJ1s in a sp::cafLC 1;11;1118>1:.. NOIm1!!b', I~y do.M - ha',re a iOllnrll ~{!lil b;Mis.fl)nb~ ~asM. me Gmpi.rioaJi rQrnLmas IDa:T!~i>t.bf,dim~iQnJllly;f!:g~t. aCid, iho, am o.u[,y bs: app~i.cab·~ to Ithe QlI1!1!iLitlms fUlQ l1ID~-l; ~o::d. f)tip. ()f'lI1r: hr~ ott'Ulmll'!J=o.sis rI'\P.}lsu:t[J-'i;lFiIlinm$ fc.mJlll~ wllie.b w~ ~'!Ie!oped!. fnr w~flow ~I~~ pipes I~D2: 5 em, :a~j>JJQmwa_~e.!y:;1 in.) \IlltlJiiD ill liIJbd:I~!l:: !:1IIIiIge oi' w:!li:i!' "..oil.~ty {V~ 3 m/'scc :a.pp~o:!:imam!}' IOllJiSOC). TM~'{lJ<ml'IliLa h~ ~ '118«1 e:l1llcillSl'ii'ely lior tIJ.>Il: a~i>iJgll!il!l,g (If '!Ii.OlJeil'",sllpp~ !;,y.sre:ro:s, i1lihe Ullilli!!d Stlte.~" The H2zeD~V.I'ilIia.-n5 rommta. or.iSifl,:lU')' ~'Il'=l.d fm- ·thel3 nil!iSb :!ll£2.."ll!Jj~M ~ysl:em. ha!;.ll~T;I ,.,.rilte;c: iJ:L Ihe ferm
~l!s,btltm=~.1iIfCl'llIl_;:lUI S~ ~i!;&t=:rakI~y!!;l~ lliI~n!lJ!:1ls., 1!i1IJJ: f~m,QIWi[l¥ i!::mm,fll~ prdll~_m!> ,1il:cm01]l!ltraJie their 1I9~.'fili l!.ctl.laJ IlQm~graPmhl!.\'R b ..~_g fct:c~attd '~IJ' Appendix II kJ d~ i!h~ir dill1lini&Md :5UI.Imllln~1 me)" '!:!'£ vb~ (lU!:oD.mpI'c!liIJ-~
A~~
Jmc't
Brass
Cl;ID;nt
;!j!W~'
14'0
130".oiOI
DFit[Tolfdi
Ca!l[~[TOO
no
Nlew,
10 ~.o~J
~S3
;;;
CO]JGlI"ClI: OITVilmRtc
.....tl~ S fu; Inc. slops of Ihi: ;:p4rgrj gr:!IlilW4 Ji'ne (EGU. ali"h.c~ li:Jis per lIlDit k;ng.tb.of lbe.pipll ~~/;;_'l.J., &ld ~ ji-Ibeh,ydr.rudl,:mdi.u.::, deftru:di&S mew,a!Gteroos~5lim'lln ~,jIJ, di. "iJWj. by the wttr.edperim:i!i'l'l", P_ iPo:,;a cUc1i1l!t pipe, A". 1fQ-"/4ar.1.1 t' ..rrD. the :hiydraulic nd.ill-!i ls
S-od
rmm:s
'Hi.rn:(I
J40120
WOOdell ifl:!rTM
CemriIu~Uy .spun
~r
Gilrftft.iaJ!:dI Il'il!1J
GIBlil!I
[.clld
NO
UIJ-[4!)
P1os:.ic
140~~5~)
Sled
n.e
l'Imn-Willfiams.ooc:ffKi,ellt., Cllli1> not a Ii.u1.eUon qf fl_.(l~ ca~iliili.orul (:i.e., ReyDiloldls number)- Its; ",!!lues range-r;:um l4iJf0f w.ry sm(l1;liil, WiaigbtplperlOOlllll 00. ~ er B£..-tforold. IJtiJin-::n tllb(;fCllki~d pi~ Oe~anlf. 11:10;; ll!e of 100 l5, liiii~l'or f
~s
me
ftn
rn.~
14!i~lSG'
140-1500
W)i
1I0~14Qi
lloi
1.20
ilill
"".
c:
in
S~i
S == It'; [, ;:.
II
0;;
lbil m
~.
= '_123
0-
~c e:le.~;:m !t.1k'C'",""", j.,~iWl'..s t?o-n rltS'!f"-Qi!3: :t:lfrlw :ifJQ(:' ita) O::=pu.c.r,k.IWw ... r.. .r1.lJ.Q..cr., c ......... mcrLi:ll ,,_:d ttfl'fo I L'I,; I~o&t. ... C~roy..... 'J"OI3f d:rert ccntpu!..,.li ........ ~ ~o("jrOO .....
tllD-l.;QD EB2n. .
In"~1 ':"
1l.1O I~
li'qu,_'l.!ioo (3.3:&);. Wit frnw
O:!)
~('i
~~jJIJI"
:;t~1 r'i'~i.i<'
III ::-.rl)~l"l'
W~i5b:idl. iioll ~
.3.6.~. ~~d
QiJ
~·IDILm1;~.l1;q.UIiM'"
3,6.?, Ir&r. MJillIDITlI(.' ~lrOO .'c!m"'1I'1""~!I.: ~<:l'"l.." ._1 1:l3 ~,-. 1;1_ ;'1.• ' oo'''.j.l!i';'~ l~ ft'lW 1:';'~_ C':II<ij:'....1? Ihe r;r~11.. [i;>."'Tl ili::!.... Ie. I ~tI .'t! ofn ~, l
Hli,'tBu·W;Jt':r.:'1. DIu:Ui'JOl lk
r-crt:~Jlf
('!o
f) j.
..... ,
_"I
PMlllew
;.2. ~,:rruI'1t:'
'ft
to Ik c-bart. (!i~
.~A ~~. ~
:tDg~reli. 1... ·l..oci_tclllc!tl!I\:~u!tlteUlUg'~()IK',S;=o.tll'mlm..:!;Ild~~~·$l'IWrYw~ ~o;n~ II. 6.fI~j,n !he a~ i QliiU!Jll!S. l. 'Clfl~ 'the!,\!0 .p;iliIJs·wiIt a ~z.bi tiipe;wl atUid tlW bn~ flU IlIa riglU W ~ 1Jc. ~g poill't"' mwmft. 1. ~~pipe~ •. ="U Dl, ~ tbemid~.:lihl.mo. Cl)GlJ.rot tJW; .f1Dii!tai!~ D . !ilB poild;:m ci;1l "'bimIIlg p;!i_ru:'" oolWll!!. wi!DuCai®bC tme. P.Alnpo~ tile n.le till _Uli!. left to ~i,ft die (!1sd~. oxn 5 m'lsei:; at1d ex.kilpoJ3I.e, n~ lil},! 'tN! 1igi1J.IO~ 11fi;:~,¥M~1. V==1 ~
=0
M~r1L'11ft-== (tal 3\ wlU'l :J S'!"midTl;u1a:: ~~S "i>':'ui'Jl'l, 11111 ',!;-i.~b dis~E'l ru ill'S ;:;5. ~ft·SOC) ':"'!lif'> Ii:- '"i ~J C".
~C~~k
1 I) "
ft n
" f,
a;:
PROBLEMS,
A "ll:m-kI!!o&. IlI:"N ~t-i.mIlpiptiine ~I':S '20Dsc:c of\1i'.i!l5;it "Th! pjp~dWn ... etl7.' Is 3U tIl'i. O!.T~·Ute ~ [m.s ~iIk>ih!... f«;:rn W,ffto:. Hii.\tOO~WlJ1bJl1S·(onnlll'ii. ~d {OJ ~ -~1:" 1!~IJ[jjl!:4; {e) 'tl'lc O:u~·-W::&l1i!rl!'Mn'..Ill ~ :30.& ..1. A ~";.ft·rl~ ~ad pipe ~m¢s wcta" ;It ~f from i~etYoiF to ~l'\Iotr 8. ~ ~gth¢f <In: pip: is. 2 mi. 'l'h.!;slelo-aifID di~be:i""'I:li:a Uie I~Q [£~rcl.lS, is 135 fL ~kuli.1:c: ~c by (a),{he &zen-WiI,1ia!:ru; fllWi~ (b) the .~~ flll'lPllii. :I,1l:d. {c) 'lOt, Dai:l=y-W~ £0Ul!..uh\.
we.
'f
me
OOL
·f
RI:~I 1M ~1'tllQJl illProblmn. 3,jA lmt Il3(: (.Ii) me 'Iv~~ 101m!J!a md, (0) ~ Bm.m-Wd!~ fO'lmW~ i11d mmpnrefhe. rmult:s willi ~ ·DWrte.fl!from ~e D~y ..
W~!:h fM!m!~ .00!iQ;SStbe di!fe~
E~O DI apm lIi:l:'l:Ollll~
Two ~a;.IS
by l!.. 5~
_oothi:li!l~tepipe.
U the
..
t;-:~~oC:-.th:!v>;: til Ilina®n diffuenQ[! of:5 :ID.,d~t!th~ di~~'m I:bllpjr-e by (i) tl;e Hdlell.- Wlm!!m3 C()mralii, oebl itht .M~fli~ ratrnllll!!, ilnd (0) I!iJc Dli"C)'~ W(!~ fanIDJ}a.. Cv-IJLOM~ solutio!:.:> (it) £1M (O) wi'ili ~ fl1llllli@og'lhr; :sofu.L\Qp . dJam {Fi~~ Bl i!..-~ B2}.
ilt ~ lili7l!.t>' ...Rd ..nd, in. :!.ddllic;n I.e ~ time in~ i ~1lJ Ilh.is ~oo. zi.: .m·,.Q(,,-~~~5 ill p!~ Ijn_g._Li5'l ~.lIltOOt();) ml!'llinU~iJ$ of§ch~~il!_ ~l'dl
q;!~;;;a.~ f~ula;.
(fl."" (I_M2i of 'lickilOlcll~J,r.b .~ t'1 be tq11~ ~2 cQfiduit~ ¥':ili:l beiw~ t1Io"O fC,Senoin ihatdl/fec iae~li~ bJ t!i li,ff dIe fli)';r; tiU~ .[$ !O G& (&/StiC), bcrw. mlldl. MW jlip~ i!, 1l~Jcd1
a.m~ ~,piP;!
--.J
eo
....,bc~ v= i .:3.1 . 'I~ a110"'C. Fa; nOt 4O·cm pi,~ ..~/D '" O.~. ,....ltte'b ~I~/~ ".0..01:78. f;Q me ~il).(:~1 "JD 1:0f.iIo,(013,; iii,) /1- (il.i)~. &I'iitlg ttt~ 3hove "'que.~j(iolfo; v~ prO'rida me
~~~
r~.
.
-
prob'~,d::tmJM~
the
~~pollodme:
hM:d~1iJf.
1.)'" rjiRLI$;!l!'~~,;Mt~Q['idi.e~~,"~~!ii>~~.!iioo"
= »Z(3.7iS)
= (1,94 mJ~ .
U5· t(l&:
A ~iXt ,,;)J!r.~ t5'W~g) and a gl~'.'11~ m illst&llc:d il) ames hl an &.in .~Il'C, I)i;;;!flf:mrlZ, 'Ihc ,How~ if!he tl!l!ia'B i1~ ~ ~ n fI_ N~kO. fii~!ioo~t".d iliIbu'·ioost;!. :Uo..9. A fjIjJ·effl pip:: b3.:!(i ~Til31 bimd 'iri¢ll!.r&dim Ofj;ll~r~m U m.. ~M: ~. now mI!:. if f:fL'Z' ~ra; d~ I~hftlll~b IL11e!bl:oo i~'*10 NhJi!. l.lU,
Nst" Nt,
~f~
l:l.)j· li)ll(:;l_1~1
1': = Q,(Il'&3,
j.} • QuilUI.
iUItii.1A
~pe~
',i;!;D _~
~[jll
a~
IltIm:!gb:1 'mdd~illcoo~il'" tI'I Ci:i1C di:am<:.l~ aJlIiI ~fI "seMen ~ rl!:!l iIs mQf1mruJ me.. W'&im I~ ii~~"-r.:r. 'lIlc e.!!r"'w(JO 102 Qr [the conl:ni;!;. .Pmv~·ro«:!JlSI!!·~.
llil
with iOO<5:Jtmrl pr5'lioud:y, L'l.d :Jt~O)fI.dlui:l!lIlil.~'tem~.1'W m~ ~oQd tli!il. :lt5S1Jm;! mat.K.- ::.~I.1IS./L• i).,~l 'ilJ z.oofJ·::'I(if.(121.~,~ng !bit il~ ca1oolilliQIlI.,"wJ:teH\,] =3.7'4" M~I0: U'r' 10',,,,.1<, =j.12;. Irct.'fromJ'~glllit.l:S. ~~iI'Ol:.
dilllWt llg~
"'-c:
PROBlEMS.
3.:11..'11.1. 7,5.m"lon,g cag!.w:m.Fi~.151~min ~~r,,'t3'~Wi1':1' A lioom ~,~ ~:3 rn b;tlooW the l!Ilkc ~~_. tb.e pip.. is hdd 00 II Ins !iiQ~ Mili '!wi [II 9(r h.;~. {ND'", Ua) at ~1Igm,. Wmt l.s me fJ.Qo'!Ii' IML u[m~.pLpe Qi.~a mtQ 1.1.00: .::l u; s.v,...s ~ll~ 1iL.t: ~~i.tfthe '\\i!Il1>:r ~I!'! ill !!h,c ~ ..u 2s:'C:! ~nnill'! dliC maocinwm dis~l"!!P ~iwi~ in ... ;'.5-1! ~I, rmst:Dt:i:.!~ ~p ~ IfrQm.a mllJllDtiJin ms.er'fO~ toa hl!drodecl!!ic 'pmil - ,;llant.1ib,c 11:i!,Il"i!iJll~ is lOOilll ~_a'Lfi; K:i~oi:r"s 'O\1'Mai.iIJ!"i~ 1'h1'1:.~[r:tt:kis t~fl.lol'lW. i51<lid0r1 i' ll251gpe. ·am o:;O!ltlLim: !. :Slob!i V'!!!liY'; ... 1."10.3. A 34-1iII·iIi,gtL "'_'30liCt tCl'i'lI;l! ~liIppi~ ""'ie~ Ii:) II ~Gc.nM1. 1i,1!J![ 'by mtl!J~ Qfi!l. 'ro·emdiamet!E'f:. ~.,IC!»g st!:d ~ 'To, .pteilem: m~ um (l~1!lre Il!!:ad ~I tm, lb1!lwry ~Jlr.. 'it iifOmi4ead. tc t'Il:j)'~ 9~ ;:of me pipe !cll!ili will'! :aliUll!r.(:3~m-d~u:r) !inti! pip;! (;OMe.rted ~ 3! W ooo:fuJilf.lf!.l1J1l\ p:1!_l:: dLsa;~ cr.e!:llUil ,isMO ,;.J!i~ lii:!ld !irl!L to .... 1ld:! lilli:;~ m ~ i! my $iiI! ~.!lR:. j~iI!)':,4. A !;'~ndri"aI t;mk, ! m !Pi di;h"I)1!'1U ~ mw ...,;.tb'L .... pW: ~ a ~ m ~.PW. /0. !Sobon: hod· ZO!J[!!iJ pipe.....tdl. i!! 2.lJ..!;:m i.ilii~m .and it 'lif'it.l¥J!C ~.:k vd\lli r~~ to ([.4li:1l !mt! ~imk ., frotli.I!M oouom, HQ",'IQIlg otfa.n il't:!_k W d.:rciII :50% -of tt:...t: :t:ml:'! 3JO.5, At~slJil!J.d:ropof2.5 p. (11illUt'l);jsa;mmtd M:1tXI.'fU.illb!'u~ '=:\iiJani~. 'Dc:tMtIffi~ me .'""'Ple (f ~c 'Pi~ ~~!i!BI'iIR' S ilrl. ~ 16ill •
.W;!tuffuws:~,~,[!r(ll!f 12!O.~.' .ia ItM.lr. W.W!! J! 30 em~. ... 1!; .• Den~rntiDedl"alattI.'!~l1l.'ej;S if w,~~ Is !>'iJ.dIk-llly ·rtd~ ID I S em. ;O:Imp~ Mth '[IM'1nW IIItEiii w!llifCd MClIl W I:i-~ID IMp.: ~!I upiI"m to lO IIIDJI.
fj
i. n.