Introduction Pressure Measuring Instruments A. Principles of Pressure Measurement 1. Absolute Pressure 2. Gage Pressure 3. Differential Pressure B. Special Pressure Measurements 1. Manifold Pressure 2. Engine Pressure Ratio 3. Pressure Switches 4. Altimeters a. Development b. Types of Altitude Measurement c. Types of Altimeters d. Altimeter Tests 5. Airspeed Indicators a. Maximum Allowable Airspeed Indicators b. True Airspeed Indicator c. Machmeter 6. Vertical Speed Indicator (Rate of Climb) 7. Instantaneous Vertical Speed Indicator ‘Temperature Measuring Instruments A. Types of Temperature Measurement. 1. Non-Electrical a. Expansion of a Liquid b. Expansion of a Solid ii 14 4 16 ..16 16 -.16 -.16Iv, c. Expansion of a Gas 2. Electrical a. Resistance Change b. Voltage Generation . Mechanical Movement Measurement A. Accelerometer. B. Remote Position Indicating Systems 1. Direct Current 2. Alternating Current a, Autosyn System b. Magnesyn System C. Tachometers 1. Mechanical Tachometer 2. Blectrie Tachometers a. Three-phase AC Tachometer b. Electronic Tachometer Gyroscopic Instruments A. Gyro Theory 1. Rigidity in Space 2. Precession B. Attitude Gyro Instruments 1. Directional Gyro 2. Gyro Horizon C. Rate Gyro Instruments 1. Tum and Slip Indicator 2. Turn Coordinator Direction Indicating Instruments A. Principle of Operation B. Inherent Errors 1. Variation 7 17 17 20 25 25 26 26 27 27 21 29 30 30 31 32 32 32. 33 33 33 34 37 392. Deviation : 39 3. Acceleration and Turning Error 41 C. Remote Indicating Compass 41 D. Slaved Gyro Compasses 42 VI. Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems 46 A. Direct-Reading 46 B. Direct Current Electrical Gages 46 C. Capacitance Fuel Quantity System a7 VII. Fuel Flow Indicating Systems 50 ‘A. Puel Injection System Flowmeters 50 B. Volume Flow Measurement 51 C. Mass Flow Measurement 51 VIII. Stall Warning and Angle of Attack Systems 53 A. Stall Warning Systems 53 1. Bleetric Stall Warning System 53 2, Non-Electric Stall Warning System 53 B. Angle of Attack Indicators 54 IX. Automatic Pilots 55 A. Automatic Pilot Functions 55 1, Error Sensing 55 a. Attitude Gyros 55 b. Rate Gyros 56 c. Pitch Error Sensing 56 4. Altitude Deviation Sensing 56 2. Correction 56 3. Follow-up 58 a. Displacement Follow-up : 58, b. Rate Follow-up 58 4, Command . 58 X. Instrument Pneumatic Systems 59 iv