You are on page 1of 22

KKE

.
, ,

,
,
I. ,
, .
.
,
.

,
.
,
(.. )
. :

.
.

,
.

. :
( )
.
, .
.
,
.
;
: ,

, '
.
1.
,
( ), .
, ;
: , ,
.
, .
,
, , .
.
.
1 / 22

KKE

.
, ,

. .
. . :

, ,
, 2.
, .
, ,
, : ...
:
: .
3.
, ,
. , .
,
.
: .
,
, ,
, . ,
.
, .
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .
,
, .
, ' .
, , ' .
.
:
,
, ' 4.
, ,

. a priori a posteriori. a
priori , , .
,
a priori .
, ,
.
2 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, , ,
,
.

().
,
. ,
. , ..
20 , , .
,
. ,
. ,
, - ,
. ,
20 : ...
( )
. -
, ' ,
:
, ...5. ,
6.
,

, ,
, .

, . ,

,
. ,

.


.
7, , ,
.
:
Schlick8 Wittgenstein9,
,
.
, .
.

.

: ,
3 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, ( ),
Principia athematica Russel10 Logico Philosophicus Tractatus Wittgenstein
, ,
, .
:
. , ,
.
.
, .
, .

, (, , )
.
11.
.

.
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
(), . ,
12, .
.
.
.
, .
, - ( - ),
, .
,
, ,
, , ,
:
,
13.
14. ,
:
.
15.

, ; A. F. Chalmers.
:
16, , , , ,
4 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, 17.
,
, , 18.

20
. , , 19: ,

, , 20.
;
:
.
, '
.
.
. O ,
, ,
- , , , , .

. ,
.
IV.
, , ,

.
.
, ,
, , ,
.


, ,
. ,
. ,
,
21
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, -
-
. ,
, 22
23.
:
5 / 22

KKE

.
, ,

, .
""24.
, ,
, .

, ,
. Schrodinger
, Boltzman ,
.

E=mc2, ,
, ,
.
.
.
.

.
() ,
.
, ,
, ( 25) .
, (
) (.. ). ,
(. ,) .
, , ,
, ,
19 .
(
) , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ( )
, ,
, . ,
, . , Heisenberg26:
, 27
. , Heisenberg Kant.

(, ) ,
.
: 1905
28.

6 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
-
( - ).
.
.
, ,
.
, 20
, .
,
. ()
. a priori,

.
, ,
.
:

, .
.
,
( )
( ).
, .
: )
.
, . )
( ,
3 ) ) ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
: ) , ,
. ,
,
, , )
, , ,
. ,
.
, :
, (
),
.
.
7 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
.
, .
.
,

.
, ,
(.. ,
) .
,
,
. ,
,
. (singularity) 15
.
.
,
.
- .

,
. . ,

,
.
(big bang),
.
,
. :
29, ... 30.
,
.
,
,
- .
, , ()
, - -
, , .

- ; ,
,
. , (
) ,
: ,
.
. , .
.
,
.
8 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, , .
,
.
.
, ,
2
,
.
, .

,
. ,
, , .
:
.
(,
) , 31,
32,
33.
15 . :
()34. , ,
.
, ,
( .),
, (
) .
- ,
.
. ( )
( ,
), .
.
, ( ):
,
. , ,
, (stan-dard)
35.

. .
:
, , . ,
,
.
. ,
.
,
9 / 22

KKE

.
, ,

, ,
.
.
- ,
, ,
, 19
20 . , ,
.
.
,
. , . 1900
( , .) ,
.
.
1900 Planck36, ,
(quanta ) ().
Planck Einstein37 1905,
().
(Bohr38 1913)
, . 1923 De Broglie39
- ,
( , ) (, )
.
1926 Schrodinger40 De Broglie
( ), , 1925, Heisenberg .
, , ,
Born41 1926.
Schrodinger () 42
.
Fourier .
( ),
, .
,
. Schrodinger
43 ()
( ).

(. ), . , , .
, ,
, ,
. ( ,
Heisenberg, von Neumann44 Dirac45), (Einstein, Schrodinger, De Broglie [
'27 '52 - ], Planck ..).
, .
,
() 46, 47. ,
10 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
,
, .
, ,

, ,
. , ,
, (random). (
) .
.
: ,
, .

Fourier (.. - , - ), .
,
( )
Heisenberg48.
( ): (
) .
:
.. 49, ,
.
Heisenberg
(individual) ,
.
Schrodinger.
(
), .
,
, .
Heisenberg - ,
.
Schrodinger , () (),
.. .


, (
) .

, .

Kant, : -
,
50.
sic
: 51.
11 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, , .
( ) 52,
, , , :
, 53.
:
, (
). ,
54. ( ).
(
) . ,
55,
.
Heisenberg, ( )
,
. ,
von Neumann Dirac, ,
Berkeley56 . ,
18 Hume.
.
, ,
.
Bohr, ( ),
, .
( ).
Heisenberg ( ),
,
57. .
... , .
... , ,
58.

, . ,
,
Fourier, ,
. ,
Heisenberg 59 '
.
. Schrodinger,
- -
, . ,
- , -
60.
61, 62 ( )
.
( 63 )
,
12 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, () (
), (acausal) . ,
()
,
.
-64 ,
. ,
: .
.
Bohr,
,
65. Heisenberg
.
.
, 66. :

.
()67.

- . ,
.
,
.. 68,
(. ). :
, , . ,
:
.
von Neumann :
: " () " : "
"69. -
, - (extra-physical)
70.
, ,
...
71. 72, von Neumann :
, ( )
( ""73)
, 74,
.
Heisenberg:
,
, 75. von Neumann
, - -
.
,
.
13 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
. ,
.
' ( ) (
),
, .
, , 70 ,
, ( )
, , ,
. ,
. 50 ,
4
.
,
.
- ,
(Einstein, Schrodinger, De Broglie [ '27 '52 -
], Planck ..) .
, ,
(, .)
,
( ).
.

.
V.

, :
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.

.

,
. ,
. ,
, .
, , ,
.

, ,
14 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
: , , ,
76 :

77. ,
.
,
.
:
,
. ,
.

(N.A.R.S.T.)78: , ,

... .

, , .
, .
,
,
, . ,

. , , , ,
: '80
...

,
79. , , .
.
Kelly80 Piaget81,
(Ernst von Glasersfeld) (Solomon). .
. ,
, - ,
, -,
.

, ,
.
. O
. (..
). , Driver & Oldham,
, :
,
82. Glasersfeld
:

15 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
83.
, :
,
, , ,
.
G. Kelly,
: Kelly , ,
, ,
() , .
' "
"84. G. Wheatly :
... , 85.
,
.
, .
; O P. Feyerabend,
, .
:
86, :
,
.
,
' .
,
87. , ,
.
. ,
. Engels :
, .
,
, ,
88.
, ,
, Antonio Bettencourt: ... ,
, ...
, ,
89. Wallis Suchting, :
,
,
Piaget
Kuhn90.
, ,
Berkley; P. Feyerabend

, , , :
,
. ,
16 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
" "91.
Feyerabend : 1) ,
, .


. 2) ,
,
, 92.
Feyerabend ,

, ,
: , (
)
, "", , .
, 93.
VI.

.
,

.

'
.
, ,
, .
,
.

, ,
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.

: ... ""
"" .

"", ,

17 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
94.
,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
. (
), , .
.
.
, . .
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
:
. : ,
, 2003.
. : , , 1997.
. . : , , 5, 18, ,
1988.
/ : ,
Gutenberg, 1984.
A.F. Chalmers: , , 2000.
20 .
M. Cornforth: , .
. : , Leader Books, 2003.
. : , (9 ), , 2002.
P. W. Atkins: , (2 ), , 1999.
Hugh D. Young: , , (8 ), .
. , . : , 2002.
. : , 2002.
. , . : , , 1999.
. : , 2005.
. : .
. , . : , Leader Books, 2004.
W. N. Cottingham, D. A. Greenwood: , , 2002.
D. H. Perkins: , , 2001.
. : , , 2005.
J. von Neumann: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Un. Press, 1955.
W. Heisenberg: , , 1978.
S. Hawking: , , 1997.
S. Hawking: The Future of Quantum Cosmology, 1999.
18 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
, , 2005.
Fr. Engels: , .
P.A. Schilpp: Albert Einstein, Philosopher and Scientist, N.Y. 1951.
A. Lande: New Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge Un. Press, 1960.
D.A. Trifonov: Schrodinger uncertainty relation and its minimization states, 2004.
Albin Michel: Louis de Broglie, physicien et penseuer, 1953.
N. Bohr: Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, Cambridge Un. Press, 1961.
N. Bohr: Physical Review, 48, 696 (1935).
N. Bohr: Dialectica, 2, 312 (1948).
Mc Graw - Hill: N. Bohr and the Development of Physics, 1955.
Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen: Physical Review, 47, 777 (1935).
J. S. Bell: On The Problem Of Hidden Variables In Quantum Mechanics, SLAC-PUB-44, 1964.
A. Linde: Inflation, Quantum Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle, 2002.
N. Byers: The Life and Times of Emmy Noether, L.A. 1994.
D. Aerts: The stuff the world is made of: physics and reality, 1999.
. , . , . , . , . :
, , 2002
. , . , . , . :
(), , 2001
. , . , . , . , .:
, , 2004
University of Oregon, Department of Physics, Web Class, Ast. 123: Galaxies and the Expanding Universe
(http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast13/).
. . -: , , 1992
. R. Matthews: ntroductory Comments on Philosophy and Constructivism in Science Education, Science and
Education, vol 6, 1997.
. : , 1995.
. . : - , ,
2004.
D. Geelan: Epistemological anarchy and the many forms of Constructivism, Science and Education, vol 6,
p15-28, 1997.
A. Bettencourt: The Construction of Knowledge: A Radical Constructivist View. In K. Tobin (ed.) The Practise of
Constructivism in Science Education, AAAS Press, Washington, DC, 1993, p. 46.
Suchting: Science and Education, 1998.
P. Feyerabend: Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London 1975.
:
1. . : ,
, 2003, . 21.
2. . . : , 5, 18. , ,
1988, . 134.
3. . . : , 5, 18. , ,
1988, . 154.
4. . . : , 5, 18. , ,
1988, . 209.
5. 20 , . 2,
.
6. (. . 3)
,
& , . 18.
19 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
7. M. Cornforth: , , . 153-165.
8. Schlick (1882-1936), ,
, 1922 1936.
.
9. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), , Cam-bridge 1939
1947 . .
10. Bertrand Russel, 1872-1970, ,
, London School of Economics, Chicago Los
Angeles, City College of New York.
11. / : ,
Gutenberg, 1984, 67.
12.
, .
Hegel ( Husserl, o Heidegger,
).
13. .: " ", 2005, . 285
14. .: " ", 2005, . 286
15. .: " ", 2005, . 322
16. Chalmers A.F.: T ;, , 2003,
. XX.
17. Chalmers A.F.: T ;, , 2003,
. XX.
18. Chalmers A.F.: T ;, , 2003,
. 189.
19. .
20. 20 , 1, . 1.
21. ( ) .
22. . : , , 2005, .
179.
23. . : , , 2005, .
181.
24. 20 , 2, 3, 4, .
1.
25. Isaak Newton (1642-1727), , / Cambridge.
26. Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), , / '27,
(1939-1944)
/ Max Planck.
27. W. Heisenberg: , , 1978, . 163.
28. . , . , . , . , . :
, , 2004, . 25.
29. . : , 2005, . 438,
. , . : , , 1999, , .
248.
30. . : , 2005, . 445.
31. University of Oregon, Dep. of Physics, Web Class, Ast. 123: Galaxies and the Expanding Universe.
32. . : , 5. Andrei Linde, Inflation, Quantum
Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle, 2002.
33. . : , . 5. Andrei Linde, Inflation Quantum
Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle, 2002.
34. St. Hawking: , , 1997, . 177.
35. . : , . 5.
20 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
36. Max Planck (1858-1947), , / '28.
37. Albert Einstein (1879-1955), , / '13
'33, , / Princeton.
,
.
38. Niels Bohr (1885-1962), , Niels Bohr
'43, .
39. Louis De Broglie (1892-1987), , Henri Poincare .
40. Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961), , /
. M. Planck / '28
'33 ( ) '40 .
41. Max Born (1882-1970), , / Gottingen '20
/ '36 '53.
42. , ,
, , .
43. , (superposition).
44. John von Neumann (1903-1957), ,
/ Princeton '33 .
45. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984), , , St. John's
College / Cambridge.
46. W. Heisenberg: , , 1978, . 146.
47. . : , 2005, . 409.
48. Heisenberg Schrodinger
(1930), (
). Schrodinger Robertson
1934, Trifonov 2000.
49. . , . , . , . , . :
, , 2001, 6.
50. P.W. Atkins: , (2 ), , 1999, . 17.
51. . : , Leader Books, 2003, . 227, 232.
52. , . 102, 227, 232.
53. . , . , . , . , . :
, , 2002, . 127.
54. P.W. Atkins: , (2 ), , 1999, . 17.
55. Heisenberg. P.W. Atkins: , (2
), , 1999, . 18.
56. George Berkeley (1685-1753), , ,
.
57. : A. Linde, Inflation, Quantum Cosmology and the
Anthropic Principle, 2002, . 25.
58. . , . , . , . , . :
, , 2001, . 6.
59. D.A. Trifonov: Schrodinger uncertainty relation and its minimization states, 2004. P.W. Atkins:
, (2 ), , 1999, . 16.
60. Albin Michel: Louis de Broglie, physicien et penseuer, 1953.
61. . : , Leader Books, 2003, . 67.
62. P.W. Atkins: , (2 ), , 1999, .
407-409.
63. Heisenberg:
, .
64. Laplace, .
21 / 22

KKE

.
, ,
65. N. Bohr: Dialectica, . 2, 312 (1948).
66. Mc Graw - Hill: N. Bohr and the Development of Physics, 1955.
67. University of Oregon, Dep. of Physics, Web Class, Ast. 123: Galaxies and the Expanding Universe.
68. N. Bohr: Physical Review, . 48, 696 (1935).
69. J. von Neumann: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Un. Press, 1955, . 420.
70. , . 419.
71. , . 420.
72. , . 421, 437, 438, 439.
73. , . 421.
74. , . 438.
75. W. Heisenberg: , , 1978, . 146.
76. .. -: " ", ', 1992, . 188
77. .. -: " ", ', 1992, . 235
78. M.R. Matthews: "Introductory Comments on Philosophy and Contstructivism in Science Education", Science and
Education, vol 6, 1997, . 5-14
79. . : , 1995, . 76.
80. G. Kelly (1905-1967), , Ohio State University,
.
81. Jean Piaget (1896-1980), ,
.
82. . . : - ,
, 2004.
83. . . : - ,
, 2004.
84. . : , 1995, . 79.
85. . . : - , ,
2004.
86. . . : - , ,
2004, . 76.
87. D. Geelan: Epistemological anarchy and the many forms of Constructivism, Science and Education, vol 6,
1997, . 15-28.
88. . : , , 1997.
89. A. Bettencourt: The Construction of Knowledge: A Radical Constructivist View. In K. Tobin (ed.) The
Practise of Constructivism in Science Education, AAAS Press, Washington, DC, 1993, . 46.
90. Suchting: Science and Education, 1998.
91. P. Feyerabend: Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London 1975, . 295-296.
92. A.F. Chalmers: , , 2000,
. 216-217.
93. P. Feyerabend: Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London 1975, . 285.

22 / 22

You might also like