Mechanical Properties: Stress-Strain Experiments Static (Quasi-Static) Testing

Example: Tensile test, compression test, shear test, torsion test

TS necking y
tensile

Mechanical Properties: Stress-Strain Experiments Static (Quasi-Static) Testing

Source: Ebewele/Fried

Mechanical Properties: Stress-Strain Experiments Static (Quasi-Static) Testing

Source: Ebewele

Mechanical Properties: Stress-Strain Experiments Static (Quasi-Static) Testing

Stiffnesss:
Ability to carry stress without changing dimensions

Strength: Ability to sustain dead load Tensile strength: Fracture strength:

Elasticity:
Ability to undergo reversible deformation or carry stress without permanent deformation

Mechanical Properties: Stress-Strain Experiments Static (Quasi-Static) Testing

Ductility: Ability to undergo plastic deformation before fracture
% Elongation (EL) [at yield or at break] %EL [at break] = (Lf Lo)/Lo x 100 Magnitude of %EL depends on Lo

Resilience:
Ability to absorb energy without permanent deformation

Toughness:
Ability to absorb energy without fracture

Mechanical Properties: Dynamic Testing

Er(t): time-dependent elastic modulus or relaxation modulus: Er(t) = (t) / o = time-dep. / instantaneous

Er(10) = / o = @ 10 sec / instantaneous

- magnitude dependent on time and temperature

 (P)

Relaxation modulus - Er(t) - of same 5 samples of poly(-methylstyrene) in the molten state (186 C): Highest Mw (A-5): longest relaxation time Mw

log Er(t) (dyne/cm2)

High modulus (short time); modulus independent of Mw intermediate modulus (1-100 s); modulus independent of Mw lower modulus (> 100 s); modulus dependent on Mw Modulus = 0 eventually log time

1 GPa = 109 Pa = 1010 dyne/cm2

Relaxation Modulus: Time and Temp Dependence

Lowest T T << Tg Glassy Leathery Rubbery plateau
Rubbery flow

Highest T T > Tg Log time

Decrease Er (t) with increase time: decrease is greater with increasing temp. Stress Relaxation

Viscous Flow (liquid)

Tg

temp

Tm

Decrease Er (t) with increase T Large decrease of Er (t) at T = and > Tg

PS

Molecular Level?

Glassy: T << Tg Er(t) E (elastic modulus) Leathery/Glass transition region: -viscoelastic solid (viscoelastic) deformation is time-dependent Rubbery plateau Er(t) plateaus, low -Rubbery liquid (viscoelastic) Rubbery flow region -Very viscous liquid (viscoelastic) Viscous flow region -viscous liquid -no elastic behavior, only viscous flow -

Glassy Leathery Rubbery plateau

Rubbery flow Viscous Flow (liquid)

Tg

temp

Tm

Stress Relaxation
If held at some constant, instantaneous stain () the resulting stress () exerted by polymer will decrease with time (acts weaker) Stress-relaxation test:

Creep
If held at some constant, instantaneous stress () the resulting strain () exerted by polymer will increase with time (elongates) Creep test:

Why does stress relaxation (and creep) occur?

Exact molecular causes can vary, five general categories: 1. Chain scission: - Via oxidative degradation and hydrolysis - For instance: 3 chains bearing load one is cut less stress exerted (stress relaxation) [or increased strain (elongation) (creep)].

Chain scission

2/3

This mechanism is important in biodegradable polymers

Why does stress relaxation (and creep) occur? (cont.)

2. Bond interchange - MW is not decreased (i.e. no degradation) - Chain portions change partners and cause a release of stress

Why does stress relaxation (and creep) occur? (cont.)

3. Viscous Flow (i.e. Molecular Relaxation) - Caused by linear chains slipping past one another - E.g. viscous flow of Silly Putty

Why does stress relaxation (and creep) occur? (cont.)

4. Thirion relaxation - Reversible relaxation of the trapped entanglements in elastomeric networks - When stress is applied, entropic forces return the chains to their near original positions - Elastomeric networks will relax by ~5% via this mechanism (in a few seconds) Under stress

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA)

- Measure response of material to periodic stress

- Can apply stress (strain) in tension, compression, shear, bend (see next slide) - Also measure the phase difference or lag () between two sine waves
Force applied stress material response phase angle () amplitude Fdynamic Temperature time Fstatic

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA)

() phase difference, phase lag or dissipation factor

DMA Modes of Deformation

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA)

An advantage DMA over stress-strain curves is that the elastic and viscous components of the modulus can be separated

Dynamic Mechanical Moduli

time

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA) Dynamic Mechanical Moduli

E* = E + iE E* = complex modulus E = storage modulus E = loss modulus

tan = E/E Tan = loss tangent or damping E* E E

As decreases E* approaches E

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DMTA)

If concurrently heated at a set rate: can detect thermal transitions Tg determined as:

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DMTA)

If concurrently heated at a set rate: can detect thermal transitions Tg determined as:

DYNAMIC MECHANICAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DMTA)

Can detect weaker thermal transitions: