222:

( Operating Systems: Internals and

Design Principles, 6/E, William Stallings)

7





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.

.
.
!

,
..
.
,
.

/,

.
..
,

.
3


T ..
(Memory Manager).

,


,
(swapping)

.

,

:
(relocation).
(protection).
(sharing).
(logical organisation).
(physical organisation).
5

,

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,
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(
).
8

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..


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9


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bytes,

:
(modules),
, .

,
:
.

(.. ).
10

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.
,

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11

.
.

12



.

(
),
,
.

13

(fixed partitioning).
(dynamic partitioning).
(simple paging).
(simple segmentation).

(virtual memory paging).

(virtual memory segmentation).
14

M
..,
.


,
.
..

.

15

(overlays)


,
.

( ) : ..
,
.
H
16
, .

,
( )

.

(internal fragmentation).

17

.
,
16




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.

18



(placement
algorithm)
:

.

19

1


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20

2
, ,

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A ,

(

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21

22

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..
OS/MFT (Multiprogramming with
a Fixed number of Tasks) IBM.

23

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(
).
T
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,
.

24

 :
T




.

25

:
1




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26

:
2



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.

(external fragmentation).
O Knuth h
n
( h=n/2). T
50% (fifty percent rule)
.
27

 :
3
M
..


.

(compaction)
KME.
.. 1 MB
1 byte/msec ( 1 MB / sec)

.
28

OS (8M)
P2
P1
(14M)
(20M)
Empty (6M)

Empty
P4(8M)
P2
(56M)
(14M)
Empty (6M)
P3
(18M)
Empty (4M)
29

7.4

.
O




.
30


O (first-fit)


.
A
.
,

.
31

M
(next-fit)

.
Bays

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( ).

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32

O (best-fit)

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).
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33


O
(worst-fit)



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34

T,
(quick-fit)

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A

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35

36


,


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..


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.
37

1
(buddy system)
Knuth Knowlton,
.
H 2N
bytes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 bytes
.
, 1 MB,
21 , 1 byte 1 MB.
, 1 MB.
A 100 K,

128 K.

38

, 1 MB
512 K,
128 K .
A 256 K,
.
H

,
,
.

.
,

Unix.
39

40

41

.
, ,
.


.

(relocation).
42


.

.

.

.

.

.
43

44

H (
)
:
(base register),
(limit, bounds register).

O
( ) .




.
130K
CALL 100, CALL 130K+100
.
45


.
.

46

7.1

(frame)

(page)

(segment)

.


(.. ).

.
47

H
(page frames).
(
)
.
,
.

(page table)
.
T .
bits
(.. , .)
.

.

48


A.0
A.1
A.2
A.3
D.0
B.0
D.1
B.1
D.2
B.2
C.0
C.1
C.2
C.3
D.3
D.4
49

50

T
:


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,
.
T
.

51

A

,
(segmentation)
.
O

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52

H
(, , ,
)
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.
T
(, , )
.
.. ,
.

.
( )
.

( ,
(modular programming), .)

53

54

55

56