CHAPTER 2.

FUNDAMENTAL OF ENTITY RELATIONSHIP (ER)

Chapter 2- ERD

2.1 Entity Relationship (ER) Model

2.1.1 Introduction ER model is the constructs and conventions used to create a model of the user data. The results are documented in an entity relationship diagram (ERD) ERD is a diagram that depicts entity relationship model entities, attributes and relations. It also displays connectivity and cardinality.

Chapter 2- ERD

e.g : A Car Purchasing Model

RELATIONSHIP

PRODUCE

PURCHASED BY

FACTORY

CAR

CUSTOMER

ENTITY

The diagram above shows a car purchasing model that involves the relationship between the factory, car and customer. Here, we can see clearly that factory produces car and a customer purchases the car Entity : FACTORY, CAR & CUSTOMER Relationship : Produce & Purchased by.
Chapter 2- ERD

e. g: ER Model of Book Information System

PUBLISHER BOOK AUTHOR

publish

Written by

Books at E-Book bookstore are recorded. Information about publisher and the author will also be recorded to make sure that the process of searching for the book is easier

Chapter 2- ERD

Transformed to ERD Step 1 :

Book_Code Publisher_Code Publisher_Name Price Type

1 PUBLISHER publish

M
BOOK

city

Title

Publisher_Code

Relationship One to Many (1:M) : One publisher can publish many books while one book can only be published by one publisher
Chapter 2- ERD

Step 2 :

Book_Code

Author_No

Price

Type

Author_No

M
BOOK publish

N
AUTHOR

Title

Publisher_Code

Book_Code

Author_Name

Relationship Many to Many (M:N) : One book can be written by many authors while one author can write many books
Chapter 2- ERD

Complete ERD
Publisher_Code Publisher_Name Book_Code

Type Price

PUBLISHER

1
publish

M BOOK M

city

Publisher_Code

Title

Written by
Book_Code Author_No

N
AUTHOR

Author_No
Chapter 2- ERD

Author_Name

2.1.2 Elements of ER Model

There are 3 elements of ER Model :

Element

Symbol

Definition

Entity

A person, place, object, event

or concept which you want to store information in database

Attribute

A property or characteristic of
an entity or relationship type.

Relationship

Interaction of two entities

represented by a verb.

Chapter 2- ERD

2.1.3 Notation of ER Model Entity Relationship Simple Attribute Multi valued Composite Attribute

Derived Attribute
Chapter 2- ERD

2.2 Entities And Attributes

2.2.1 Entity
Definition Entity is a person, place, object, event or concept which you want to store the information in a database

Chapter 2- ERD

Continue..
Characteristics of entities : Must have an attributes and unique key Will become a table in a database Classification of entities :

PERSON
PLACE

Example : Student, Employee

Example : Country, Branch

OBJECT
EVENT

Example : Product, Building

Example : Student Registration, Payment
Chapter 2- ERD

CONCEPT Example : Course, Order

Continue..
What is Entity Type ? Entity type is a collection of entities, which share the same characteristics What is Entity Instances ? Entity instances are data for entity type

Chapter 2- ERD

Example
Entity Type : BOOK
Attribute : Book_Code Book_title Publisher_Code

Two entity instances for BOOK : P01 Access 2000 Processing M-G1

Database
76.00 Yes P02 Concepts of Database Management

Description
Type Price Book_cover

P-H1
Database 100.00
Chapter 2- ERD

No

2.2.2 Attribute Attribute is a character of an entity or object.

Example :
Type Price Book_Code

BOOK

Title

Attributes for the entity BOOK are Book_code, Type, Price and Title

Chapter 2- ERD

2.2.3 Types of Attributes

Types of attributes
Simple

Definition
An attribute that holds a single value e.g: The majority of people have only one name An attribute that have more than one value e.g: A staff may have 2 tel_no. An attribute that can be broken down into component parts

Example
Name

Multi valued

Pnone-Num

Composite

Town

State

Postcode

Address

Derived

An attribute where the

values can be calculated from related attribute Chapter 2- ERD

Date_of_birth Age

2.3 Relationship and Cardinality Constraint

2.3.1 Relationship Definition : Relationship is an association between entities, which is defined by a diamond shaped symbol in an ERD

Chapter 2- ERD

Continue.
2.3.2 Cardinality Constraint Definition :The number of entity type, which is involved in a relationship.
Types of cardinality constraint : a). One to One Relationship (1:1)

Def : Maximum one X for each Y and one Y for each X

Manager_ID Branch_ID

1 MANAGER X
manage

1 BRANCH Y

An employee (manager) can manage only one branch at one time and each branch only has one manager.
Chapter 2- ERD

b). One to Many (1:M)

Def : Maximum one X for each Y and possibly many Ys for each X.
Faculty_Name Course_Code Faculty_Name

1 FACULTY X offer

M COURSE Y

At university, one faculty offers many courses for students but one course is offered by one faculty only.

Chapter 2- ERD

c). Many to Many (M:N)

Def : Possibly many Xs for each Y and many Ys for each X
ISDN Author_ID Author_ID

M BOOK
Written by

N AUTHOR

ISDN

Composite entity Author_ID & ISDN : Composite Key

A book may have more than one author and an author may write more than one Chapter 2- ERD book.

2.4 Relational Key and Integrity Constraint

2.4.1 Types of Key
Types of Key Candidate key Definition An attribute or group of attributes that identifies a unique row in a relation. One of the candidate keys is chosen to be the primary key Any of the candidates that are selected to be the key or an attribute that uniquely identifies each row in a relation. An attribute in a one table whose values must match the primary key in another table or whose value must be null. Attribute that act as a primary key in a related table. A primary key that consists of more than one attribute, especially in M:N relationship. Chapter 2- ERD

Primary Key

Foreign Key

Composite Key

Continue.
2.4.2 Integrity Constraints
2 types of integrity constraint a). Entity Integrity Requirement : All entries are unique and no part of a primary key may be null (no data).

Chapter 2- ERD

Continue.
b). Referential Integrity Requirement : If foreign key exist in one table then the foreign key value must reference an existing primary key value in a table to which it is related and it can be null.

Chapter 2- ERD

Example :
PUBLISHER
Publisher_Code F-B1 M-G1 P-H1 T-H1 Name Fajar Bakti McGraw Hill Prentice Hall Thompson City Malaysia UK UK US

BOOK
Book_Code P01 P02 Book_Title Access 2000 Processing Teach Yourself MS Access Publisher_Code M-G1 M-G1 Type Database Database Price 76.00 80.00

P03
P04 P05

Concepts of Database Mgmt System

Pengajian Malaysia Graphic Design

P-H1
T-H1 F-B1

Database
Pengetahuan am Graphic

100.00
40.00 88.00

Publisher_Code is a Primary Key for PUBLISHER table, but it is also a Foreign Key for BOOK table. Please note that Foreign Key value in table BOOK must match the Primary Key value in PUBLISHER table. Chapter 2- ERD

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Definition : ERD is a diagram that depicts entity relationship model entities, attributes and relations. It also displays connectivity and cardinality. A tool used to represent graphically the association between entities in a system. View a system in term of entity and relationship.

Chapter 2- ERD

Steps to develop ERD

IDENTIFY ENTITY IDENTIFY RELATIONSHIP SKETCH ERD

STATE CARDINALITY CONSTRAINTS

SPECIFY PRIMARY KEYS

ADD ATTRIBUTES

Chapter 2- ERD

Exercise
Hospital Jaya is based in KL. This hospital has a few wards with several patients. This wards has a few types, which depends on type of patients.

Patient will be recorded into file that has ID Patient, Patient Name, Address, Phone Number, IC Number, Categories either VIP or regular patient and a group of blood patient
Each patient is treated by a doctor at one time but one doctor can treats a number of patients. The information of doctors recorded are : Doctor ID, name, address, phone number, IC number and specialization. The nurses will be assigned to take care of the patients. Nurses in this hospital are graded based on their experience, qualification and duration of working in the hospital.
Draw a complete ERD based on the situation
Chapter 2- ERD