c quy - Phn loi v nguyn l hot ng ca c quy Phn loi v nguyn l hot ng ca c quy Nu im qua cc loi c quy th c l c th c nhiu

cch gi nh: c quy nc, c quy axt, c quy axt kiu h, c quy kn kh, c quy khng cn bo dng, c quy kh, c quy GEL, c quy kim...Thc ra th cch ni nh trn l cc cch gi khc nhau ca vi loi c quy c bn m thi, cc loi nh vy chnh l cch gi c th bao hm vo nhau m nu nghe qua bn ng hoang mang rng ti sao c nhiu loi c quy nh vy. Trn thc t thng phn bit thnh hai loi c quy thng dng hin nay l c quy s dng in mi bng a xt (gi tt l c quy a xt hoc c quy Ch-Axt) v c quy s dng in mi bng kim (gi tt l c quy kim). Tuy c hai loi chnh nh vy nhng c quy kim c v t gp nn a s cc c quy m bn gp trn th trng hin nay l c quy a xt. Trong cng loi c quy axt cng c phn chia thnh hai loi chnh: c quy axt kiu h thng thng v c quy axt kiu kn kh. Hai loi ny ang b gi nhm mt cch thng dng l: c quy nc v c quy kh (ng ra th c quy in mi dng keo mi gi l c quy kh). Khi hiu v nguyn l hot ng ca c quy axt th bn d dng phn bit c chng v cc c tnh ring ca tng loi c quy ny. bit c nguyn l hot ng ca c quy, bn c th xem hnh di y:

Hnh: M phng bn cc c quy a-xt (nh su tm)

Trong hnh ny v i din hai bn cc ca mt c quy, trong cc c hai cc c lm bng Ch (Pb) v oxt Ch (PbO2). in y gia cc bn cc l dung dch axt sulfuric (H2SO4) long, v tt nhin l dung dch long nh vy th cha Nc (H2O) l chim phn ln th tch. trng thi c np y, cc bn cc c quy trng thi ha hc nu trn (nh hnh, tc l cc dng l PbO2, cc m l Pb), trong cc qu trnh phng in v np in cho c quy, trng thi ha hc ca cc cc b thay i. C th xem v trng thi ha hc trong cc qu trnh phng np nh hnh di y

Qu trnh phng in din ra nu nh gia hai cc c quy c mt thit b tiu th in, khi ny xy ra phn ng ha hc sau: Ti cc dng: 2PbO2 + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O + O2 Ti cc m: Pb + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2

Phn ng chung gp li trong ton bnh l: Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O Qu trnh phng in kt thc khi m PbO2 cc dng v Pb cc m hon ton chuyn thnh PbSO4. Qu trnh np in cho c quy, do tc dng ca dng in np m bn trong c quy s c phn ng ngc li so vi chiu phn ng trn, phn ng chung gp li trong ton bnh s l: 2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4. Kt thc qu trnh np th c quy tr li trng thi ban u: Cc dng gm: PbO2, cc m l Pb. Trong thc t, cc bn cc c quy khng ging nh trn, cc cc ca c quy c s lng nhiu hn ( to ra dung lng bnh c quy ln) v mi bnh c quy li bao gm nhiu ngn nh vy. Nhiu tm cc to ra tng din tch bn cc c nhiu hn, gip cho qu trnh phn ng xy ra ng thi ti nhiu v tr v do dng in cc i xut ra t c quy t tr s cao hn - v tt nhin l dung lng c quy cng tng ln. Do kt cu xp lp nhau gia cc tm cc ca c quy nn thng thng s cc dng v cc m khng bng nhau bi s tn dng s lm vic ca hai mt mt bn cc (nu s bn cc bng nhau th cc tm bn ra s c hai mt tri chiu cch nhau qu xa, do phn ng ha hc s khng thun li). gia cc bn cc ca c quy u c tm chn, cc tm chn ny khng dn in nhng c thm thu ln thun tin cho qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi cc cation v anion xuyn qua chng n cc in cc.

Hnh: Cc bn cc ca c quy c gn song song nhau (nh st) Mi mt ngn cc ca c quy a-xt ch cho mc in p khong 2 n 2,2 V do t c cc mc 6, 12 V th c quy phi ghp nhiu ngn nh vi nhau, v d ghp 3 ngn thnh c

quy 6V, ghp 6 ngn thnh c quy 12V. Bn c th xem hnh cu to ca c quy di y thy c cc ngn c quy c b tr nh th no.

in p ca c quy (theo dung lng) Mc d in p ca cc c quy l mt s chn ca 2, v d nh c quy 2V, 6V, 12V, 24V...nhng trn thc t th in p thng thng ca cc c quy khng nh vy. Mc in p m cc c quy cung cp thng ln hn so vi nh mc ca chng, v d nh c quy 12V s cung cp mc in p ti 13V hoc hn. C iu c v v l ny cng xut pht t mc in p trn mi ngn bnh ca chng: Mc in p mi ngn bnh c quy a-xt l 2,1 n 2,2 V (0,05V). Do tnh cht c hu ca c quy axit m cc ngn ca chng khng th c mc in p cao hn. Cng nh gi dung lng ca c quy a-xt, ngi ta c cc th nghim o c v cho thy dung lng c quy ph thuc vo mc in p (lc khng pht dng) nh hnh sau:

Nu biu din dng bng th thng s nh bng di y. Nu nh c quy thuc loi 24V th nhn thng s mc in p mt ngn vi 12. Dung lng 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0 in p c quy 12V 12.7 12.5 12.42 12.32 12.20 12.06 11.9 11.75 11.58 11.31 10.5 in p mt ngn 2.12 2.08 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.89 1.75

Lu rng bng trn ng trong trng hp c quy khng mang ti, iu c ngha l nu nh kch in ang hot ng v bn o c in p cc c quy l mt s lng no th khng th ly gi tr nh gi lu lng bnh c quy cn li (l bao nhiu %). iu ny bi v khi pht dng th cc c quy c in p tt xung, trong trng hp khng pht dng na th mc in p o c mi phn nh ng trng thi dung lng cn li ca c quy. Khi ang pht dng th in p c quy gim xung Cng theo bng trn th dung lng c quy s cn kit mc in p 10,5V, mt s kch in loi "in t" (tc l theo di c mc in p u vo) s ly mc 10,7V ngng hot ng nhm trnh cho s s dng c quy cn kt (gy hi cho c quy). iu l hp l bi nu nh s dng in t c quy trng thi cn kit th cc bn cc ca c quy s nhanh b h hng, dn n h hng chung cho ton b c quy (trong mt c quy 12V, ch mt trong 6 ngn h hng th ton b c quy s h hng). Cc c quy thng dng thng ch to mc in p 12V, s lng t hn l cc c quy 6V dng cho mt s qut hoc n tch in. Cc c quy 24V tr ln khng phi l khng c nhng rt him v thng vic tm kim thay th cho cc c quy ny rt kh khn ( ni lm vic c ca mnh c mt xe chy in s dng c quy 24V, khi n hng th rt kh mua c quy ny). Vy nu nh kch in ca bn s dng mc in p 24V th bn nn dng ni tip cc c quy 12V (tt nht l c cng hng sn xut, cng dung lng v cng l sn xut) li vi nhau ch khng nn nht thit phi tm kim ng loi c quy 24V cho chng. Dung lng c quy v nh hng bi ch phng Dung lng l thng s c bn, tham s ny cho bit c kh nng lu tr in nng ca c quy. n v tnh ca thng s ny c tnh thng dng theo Ah (Ampe gi), mt s c quy nh hn (v thng l cc pin) th tnh theo mc mAh (mili-ampe gi). Mt cch n gin d hnh dung v tham s dung lng c quy nh sau: Ah l tham s bng s dng in pht ra (tnh bng Ampe) trong khong thi gian no (tnh bng gi). V d nh c quy 10 Ah th c th pht mt dng in 10A trong vng mt gi, hoc 5A trong 2 gi, ... hay 1A trong 10. Nhng trn thc t th dung lng c quy li b thay i tu theo cng dng in phng ra. Nu dng in phng cng ln th dung lng c quy cn li cng nh v ngc li, dng in phng nh th dung lng c bo ton mc cao. V d v dung lng ca c quy ph thuc vo cng dng phng c th hin nh bng di y (s liu su tm) Accu 100Ah Accu 26Ah Thi gian (pht) Dng pht (A) Dung lng (Ah) Dng pht (A) Dung lng (Ah) 90 60 50 45 57 74 86 93 85 74 71 70 13 19 21 23 19 19 18 17

40 30 20 15 10

102 129 174 213 275

68 64 58 53 45

25 31 40 49 63

17 15 13 12 10

Theo bng trn th nu nh phng in vi dng 57A, c quy 100Ah ch cn dung lng l 85Ah v tng ng ch phng in c 90 pht. V a s cc kch in ang c s dng thuc loi cng sut t 800VA n 1000VA nn dng tiu th cc i s xp x vi mc 57A nu trn nn ngi dng nn ch n thng s ny. Vy th phng dng in cng ln th dung lng ca c quy cng gim i. Mun dung lng c quy ng nh s liu cng b ca cc hng sn xut th c l phi phng vi mt dng nh m ch c th thc hin c iu ny thng qua vic s dng in tit kim (s dng vi nhu cu ti thiu) hoc phi trang b mt h thng nhiu c quy. C iu g v l y chng? Nng lng tch tr trong c quy b mt i - v iu vi phm nh lut bo ton nng lng? Chc chn l khng phi, nng lng khng tiu hao i mt, n s vn nm trong c quy nhng khng th phng c ra m thi. Nhn li hnh pha trn ta thy rng khi c quy trong trng thi cn c th phng in th cc dng l PbO2 cn cc m l Pb qu trnh phng in s lm cho c hai u bin thnh PbSO4. Nu qu trnh phng in din ra mt cch t t th cc cc c ln lt chuyn thnh PbSO4 m chng khng b ln nhau (tc l lp PbSO4 ln lp PbO2 cc dng hoc Pb cc m), do dung lng c quy khng b mt i. Nu phng in vi dng in ln th phn ng xy ra mnh, PbSO4 sinh ra nhiu v bm vo cc cc ln cc lp PbO2 hoc Pb khin cho sau mt thi gian ngn th chng khng cn phn ng c na (do b nm pha trong ca bn cc), iu dn n dung lng bnh thc t b gim i. Cc tham s khc ca c quy Dng khi ng ngui CCA (Cold Cranking Amps) L mt tham s thng c quan tm khi dng c quy cho cc t m ch yu l dng cho khi ng. Dng khi ng ngui l dng in c th pht ra c trong trng thi nhit 0 F (tc bng - 17,7 C) trong vng 30 giy. Tham s ny thng ch c quan tm ti cc nc c nhit thp (di 0 C), khi vic khi ng ca ng c gp kh khn v nht du khng m bo v vic cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong iu kin nhit thp thng kh khn hn so vi khi nhit cao. Dng khi ng nng HCA (Hot Cranking Amps) Tng t nh dng khi ng ngui, nhng n c tnh ti nhit 80 F (tc khong 26,7 C). Tham s ny thng t quan trng hn so vi thng s khi ng ngui (v thng s ny cng t khi c ghi vo nhn ca cc c quy). Dung lng RC (Reserve Capacity) L tham s th hin thi gian phng in vi dng 25A nhit 25 C cho n khi in p c quy h xung di mc s dng c. Thng s ny

kh trc quan, th hin s hot ng lin tc ca c quy ch bnh thng vi nhu cu s dng thng thng (a phn ngi dng kch in thng pht dng mc ny). Trn y l cc thng s ca mt c quy. Tt c cc c quy u ghi thng s v in p v dung lng, cn li hai thng s kh quan trng sau n l CCA v RC th t c ghi trn nhn ca chng hn. C nhn ti th thng thin cm i vi cc loi c quy c ghi r rng cc thng s nh vy bi n gn nh mt s m bo v cht lng cng b. So snh hai loi c quy thng dng Th trng hin c hai loi c quy thng dng l: c quy axt kiu h v c quy axt thit k theo kiu kn kh min bo dng (loi ny hay b gi l c quy kh nhng thc ra th dng t ny l khng ng lm bi c quy kh mt cch chnh xc l loi c quy khng dng in dch). S khc nhau gia hai loi c quy ny th hin trong bng sau: Tiu ch c quy axt thng thng (loi c quy axt loi kn kh. h) R hn so vi loi c quy kn kh t hn so vi c quy thng thng, Gi bi ch to n gin hn. nhiu hng phi nhp nc ngoi (V d thnh loi ATLAS nhp t Hn Quc, Thunder do GS nhp khu). C cc nt cc ngn bnh Cch phn bit (dng b sung nc ct sau hai loi qu trnh s dng), nu c quy 12V th s c 6 nt ny. Trng thi phng in Trng thi khi np in v dng np cho php Ch bo dng Tng ng nhau Khng c nt cc ngn bnh, thng ghi r c quy khng cn bo dng v bnh hoc ti liu km theo. Tng ng nhau, nhng sau khi pht dng in ln th c quy kn kh thng phc hi in p nhanh hn, tuy nhin iu ny khng nh hng n hot ng ca kch in. - Khi np c quy khng pht sinh kh ra mi trng bn ngoi nn khng c mi. - Dng in np c th ln ti 0,25 ln tr s dung lng c quy (v d loi 100 Ah c th np vi dng ln nht l 25A) - Khng phi b sung in dch trong qu trnh s dng. - Phi np in nh k trong thi gian khng s dng, nhng chu k np nh k di hn so vi loi c quy axt thng thng. Thng c tui th cao hn so vi c quy

- Khi np c th pht ra kh chy hoc kh c mi khi chu. - Dng in np ln nht ch nn bng 0,1 ln tr s dung lng c quy (V d loi 100Ah ch nn np vi dng cao nht l 10A) - Nu mc in dch tng ngn c quy thp hn quy nh th phi b sung. - nh k phi np in b sung cho c quy. Chu k np nh k khong 3 thng/ln nu khng ni vi thit b tiu th in.

Tui th Tui th thp hn so vi loi c

quy kn kh.

loi h thng thng.

So bng trn th bn thy rng c quy kn kh s c nhiu u vit hn so vi c quy axt thng thng, nu tnh hnh ti chnh cho php th bn nn chn loi c quy kn kh. Nu s dng loi c quy axt thng thng th cn lu n iu chnh dng np v c bit lu khng gy pht sinh tia la (do chm chp dy hoc ht thuc) gn c quy khi np bi chng d gy chy n hn loi kn kh (qu trnh np c th xy ra s in phn nc to ra hai cht kh d chy n l Hir v xy). Ngoi hai loi thng dng trn th th trng cng c mt s loi c quy kh mt cch thc s, chng vn dng c bn cc bng PbO2 v Pb vi in mi H2SO4 nhng c tr dng keo st (gel). u im ca loi c quy ny l chng khng gy mi kh chu khi np in, khng gy chy axit khi b v, c th hot ng cc v tr t khc nhau. Nhc im l ch np kht khe v khng chu c qu np (khi np loi ny ch c np vi dng nh hn 1/20 dung lng), nu thng xuyn qu np loi c quy ny th tui th ca chng s gim rt nhanh. Trng Mnh An