CNG N TP HO HC LP 10 CB CHNG I :NGUYN T Bi 1 THNH PHN NGUYN T A.

TRNG TM - Nguyn t gm 3 loi ht :p,n,e (k hiu, khi lng v in tch ca cc loi ht). B. HNG DN THC HIN - Dng Tn vt li hoc m phng v cu to nguyn t (s bn ph ca ht anpha qua mt l kim loi) thy : nguyn t c cu to rng gm ht nhn tch in dng tm v xung quanh c cc electron tch in m to nn lp v ca nguyn t. - Ht nhn gm proton tch in dng v notron khong mang in - So snh khi lng , kch thc ca p, e, n vi nguyn t thy p, e, n c kch thc v cng nh v nguyn t c cu to rng, khi lng hu nh tp trung nhn Bi 2. HT NHN NGUYN T. NGUYN T HA HC.NG V.NGUYN T KHI.NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH A.TRNG TM - c trng ca nguyn t l in tch ht nhn (s p) - Cc khi nim : nguyn t ho hc, s khi, ng v, s hiu nguyn t - Cch tnh s p ,e, n v nguyn t khi trung bnh - Mi quan h gia s n v in tch ht nhn, s p, s e B. HNG DN THC HIN - Nu quy tc trung ha in thy : nguyn t trung ha v in nn : S n v in tch ht nhn (Z) = s p = s e - Nguyn t gm c 3 loi ht p, n, e S khi A = Z+N(s notron ) - Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t So snh khi lng ca e vi khi lng ca nguyn t thy e c khi lng nh hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng nguyn t nn c th coi nguyn t khi xp x bng s khi ca ht nhn Nu bit A v Z s tnh c s p, s e, s n - Nu k hiu ha hc va gii thch cc i lng bit c t k hiu nguyn t (KHNT) - p dng t KHNT tnh s p, s e ,s n - Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t v c coi bng s khi (A) - Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cung s p nhng khc nhau s n nn ssos khi A khc nhau A =
xA1 + yA2 mt x+ y

nguyn t c th c nhiu ng v nn khi lng tng i ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v : A =
xA1 + yA2 x+ y

Bi 4.CU TO V NGUYN T A. TRNG TM - S chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t - Cc khi nim lp v phn lp electron,s electron ti a trn mt phn lp, mt lp B. HNG DN THC HIN GV dn hnh nh hoc th nghim m phng hng dn hc sinh nu c : - Cc e chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t - V nguyn t gm cc e chim cc mc nng lng khc nhau trong nguyen t to nn lp v phn lp e - Lp e (K, L, M, N, ) gm cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. Lp K c mc ngng lng thp nht v gn ht nhn nht. S e ti a trong mi lp l 2n2 ( n l STT ca lp) - Phn lp e ( s, p, d ,f ..) gm cc e c mc nng lng bng nhau. Phn lp s c mc nng lng thp nht. S e ti a trong mi phn lp s, p, d, f, tng ng l 2, 6, 10, 14. Nu th d minh ha vi nguyn t c th Xc nh s e v biu din c s phn b cc e trn m lp trong nguyn t c th N, Mg Bi 5. CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T A. TRNG TM - Th t cc mc nng lng ca cc electron trong nguyn t - S phn b electron trn cc phn lp, lp v cu hnh electron nguyn t - c im cu hnh ca lp electron ngoi cung B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : - Bit cc mc v phn mc nng lng theo th t tang dn 1s2s2p3s3p 5s c chu s chn nng lng 4s v 3d -Nu c quy c cch vit cu hnh e nguyn t v vn dng vit c cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyen t u tin - Da vo cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t HS xc nh c : + l nguyn t s hay p ,d v f. Nu th d minh ha +Tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t ty thuc vo s e lp ngoi cng B.BI TP Dng 1: bi tp l thuyt

1.Trng by tm tt thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t v cho bit in tch, khi lng ca cc ht c bn (e,p,n). 2. Cho bit mi quan h gia s p, s e vi s n v in tch ht nhn Z? 3. T k hiu nguyn t cho ta bit c nhng c trng g ca nguyn t? Ly v d vi nguyn t kali? 4. nh ngha nguyn t ho hc? khi nim ng v? Hy nu cng thc tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v, cng thc tnh s khi? 5. Trnh by khi nim lp, phn lp electron? V cho bit k hiu ca cc lp, phn lp electron? 6. Hy cho bit s electron ti a trn mi phn lp, mi lp? 7. Hy trnh by cc bc vit cu hnh elactron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t? 8.Hy cho bit c m ca lp electron ngoi cng? Dng 2: Xc nh s ht mi loi trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t 1.Tng s cc ht trong nguyn t M bng 18. Ngyn t M c tng s ht mang in gp i s ht khng mang in. Hy vit k hiu ca nguyn t M. 2.Xc nh cu to (tm s ht p, n, e) v vit k hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: a)Tng s ht c bn l 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25. b)Tng s ht c bn l 95, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25. c) Tng s ht c bn l 40, s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in dng l 1 ht. d) Tng s ht c bn l 36, s ht mang in gp i s khng mang in 3.tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t R l 46, s ht khng mang in bng 8/15 s ht mang in. Tm s ht p,n,e 4. Nguyn t A c tng s ht c bn l 24, s ht khng mang in chim 33,3% tng s ht. Tm s ht mi loi v vit ki hiu nguyn t ca A. 5. Cho nguyn t X c tng s ht l34 trong s ht mang in gp 1,8333 ln s ht khng mang in. Tm in tch ht nhn v s khi cua X. 6.Mt nguyn t c tng s cc ht l 62 v c s khi nh hn 43. Tm s proton,s notron v s khi ca nguyn t . 7.Xc nh in tch ht nhn, s proton, s notron, s electron, nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t sau :
64 29

Cu ,

40 20

Ca ,

24 12

32 Mg , 19 F , 16O , 16 S 9 8

Dng 3: Bi tp v ng v

1.Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t kali, bit rng trong t nhin thnh phn trm cc ng v ca kali l : 39K 93,258%, 40K 0,012%, 41 K 6,730% 2.Tnh thnh phn phn trm s nguyn t ca mi ng v ca cc nguyn t Cu v Br, bit rng : 63 65 a) ng c hai ng v bn l 29 Cu v 29 Cu .Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54
81 79 b) Brom c hai ng v bn l 35 Br v 35 Br .Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Br l 79,92 3.Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t sau, bit trong t nhin chng c cc ng v l : 58 60 61 62 a) 28 Ni (67,76%); 28 Ni (26,16%); 28 Ni (2,42%); 28 Ni (3,66%) b) 16O (99,757%); 17O (0,039%); 18O (0,204%) 8 8 8 56 55 57 58 c) 26 Fe (91,68%); 26 Fe (5,84%); 26 Fe (2,17); 26 Fe (0,31%) d) 204 Pb (2,5%); 206 Pb (23,7%); 207 Pb (22,4%); 208 Pb (51,4% 82 82 82 82 4.a) Brom c hai ng v, trong ng v 79Br chim 54,5%. Xc nh s khi ca ng v cn li, bit M Br = 79,91. b) Neon c hai ng v l 20Ne v 22Ne. Hy tnh xem ng vi 18 nguyn t 22 Ne th c bao nhiu nguyn t 20Ne. Bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Ne l 20,18. 5.Nguyn t R c 2 ng v l X v Y, trong nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 46. S ht khng mang in bng 8/15 s ht mang in. a) xc nh s ht proton, notron,electron trong nguyn t X b) Y l ng v ca X, Y c t hn X l 1 notron v Y chim 4%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca R.

6.Nguyn t A c hai ng v l X v Y. T l s nguyn t ca X : Y l 45: 455. Tng s ht trong nguyn t X l 32, X nhiu hn Y 2 notron. Trong Y s hat mang in gp 2 ln s ht khng mang in.Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh cua A. 63 65 7.ng c hai ng v l 29 Cu v 29 Cu .Hy tnh s nguyn t ca ng v 63 65 29 Cu khi co 27 nguyn t 29 Cu . Bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. 8.Bo c hai ng v, mi ng v u c 5 proton. ng v th nht c s proton bng s notron. ng v th hai c s notron bng 1,2 ln s proton. Bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,812. Tm % mi ng v Dng 4 : vit cu hnh electron nguyn t

1.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau : Ca (Z = 20), Cu (Z = 29), K (Z = 19),Fe (Z = 26);Na (Z = 11),S(Z = 16),Br(Z = 35),Cl (Z = 17). 2.Cho bit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau : (1) 1s22s22p63s1 (2) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 (3) 1s22s22p63s23p4 (4) 1s22s22p63s23p5 a) Hy cho bit trong cc nguyn t trn nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim, kh him?v sao? b) i vi mi nguyn t , lp electron no lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht,yu nht? c) Lp eletron no c mc nng lng cao nht? Cho bit s electron trn lp . d) Phn lp no c mc nng lng cao nht? Cho bit s electron trn phn lp . 3. Nguyn t agon c ki hiu l 40 Ar 18 a) Xc nh s proton, s notron,s electron ca nguyn t b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Ar v xc n s phn b electron trn cc lp. 4.Vit cu hnh electron y cho cc nguyn t c lp electron ngoi cng l : a) 3s1 b) 2s22p3 c) 2s22p6 d) 3s23p3 e)3s23p5 f)3s23p6 g)4s1 Cho bit cc nguyn t trn l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him? v sao/ 5.Tng s ht proton, notron v electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13. a) Xc nh s khi b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t 6. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 115. S hat mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25. a) Vit ki hiu nguyn t ca X b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca x 7.Tng s ht trong ion R+ l 57. Trong nguyn t R, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 18. a) tm s p, n, e ca R b) Vit cu hnh electron ca R, R+ 8.phn lp electron ngoi cng ca hai nguyn t A v B ln lt l 3p v 4s. Tng s electron ca hai phn lp l 5 v hiu s electron ca hai phn lp l 3.

a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t, xc nh s hiu nguyn t,tm tn nguyn t b) Hai nguyn t c s notron hn km nhau 4 ht v c tng khi lng nguyn t l bng 71. Tnh s notron v s khi ca mi nguyn t Dng 5 :Vit cng thc phn t hp cht to nn t cc ng v ca cc nguyn t 1.Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v l : 16O , 17O , 18O ; cacbon c hai ng v l : 8 8 8 12 13 6 C , 6 C . Vit cng thc phn t ca CO2 c to thnh t cc ng v trn 2 35 37 2. Hidro c 3 ng v l 11H , 1 H , 13 H v clo c 2 ng v l 17 Cl , 17 Cl .Hi c th to ra bao nhiu phn t HCl c thnh phn ng v khc nhau 3.Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v l : 16O , 17O , 18O ; hidro c 3 ng v l 11H , 8 8 8 2 3 1 H , 1 H .Hi c th tao ra bao nhiu phn t H2O t cc ng v trn. 4.Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v l : 16O , 17O , 18O ; ng c 2 ng v l : 8 8 8 63 65 29 Cu , 29 Cu . Hi c th to ra bao nhiu phn t ng (II) oxit t cc ng v trn.Tnh phn t khi ca chng 81 79 2 5.Brom c hai ng v bn l 35 Br v 35 Br ;Hidro c 3 ng v l 11H , 1 H , 13 H Hi c th to ra bao nhiu phn t HBr c thnh phn ng v khc nhau. Tnh phn t khi ca chng. CHNG II : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC V NH LUT TUN HON Bi 7 BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC A.TRNG TM - Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon - Cc khi nim nguyn t, chu k, nhm nguyn t - Mi lin h gia cu hnh electron v v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon, B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS nu c: - Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng n ca in tch ht nhn, dn ra th d minh ha - nguyn t gm : k hiu ha hc (KHHH), tn nguyn t s hu nguyn t, nguyn t khi trung bnh ,cu hnh e, m in, s oxi ha. Dn ra th d minh ha. Chu k gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp e c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn. - Nhm gm cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c s e ha tr bng nhau v bng STT ca nhm, c xp thnh mt ct - c im ca khi cc nguyn t s, p, d f

- Nu v giai thch c mi lin h gia cu hnh e v v tr ca nguyn t trong BTH, dn ra th d minh ha Bi 8. S BIN I TUN HON CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T CA CC NGUYN T HA HC A. TRONG TM - c im cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong mt nhm A, trong mt chu k B.HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : - Phn tch thy c co s lp li s bin i cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t nhm A sau mi chu k 2,3.Rt ra quy lut chung v s bin i tun hon cu hnh e sau mi chu k vad dn ra th d minh ha. - Phn tch thy s ging nhau v cu hnh e ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t trong nhm IA,VIIA, VIIIA. Rt ra quy lut chung cho cc nguyn t nhm A v dn ra th d minh ha. Bi 9.S BIN I TUN HON TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T HA HC. NH LUT TUN HON A.TRNG TM - Nguyn nhn s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong BTH - Nguyn nhn ca s tng t nhau v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm A - Cc klhi nim : tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, m in - Quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn t, m in, tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, ho tr cao nht vi oxi v ho tr vi hidro ca mt s nguyn t trong mt chu k, trong mt nhm A - nh lut tun hon. B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS: - Nu c s bin i bn knh nguyn t theo mt chu k, theo mt nhm A v dn ra th d minh ha - Phn tch tm ra mi quan h gia cu hnh e lp ngoi cng cc nguyn t nhm IA, VIIA vi tnh cht ha hc c bn ca chng. Rt ra nhn xt chung i vi cc nhm cn li. Ch mt s trng hp c bit nhm IVA v VA - Phn tch tm ra s lp lai cu hnh e lp ngoi cng v s lp lai s bin i tnh kim loi ,tnh phi kim t chu k 2 n chu k 3.Rt ra nhn xt chung i vi cc nguyn t nhm A, i vi cc chu k cn li , c ch c im ring ca chu ki 4,5,6. - Nu c khi nim m in, mi lin h gia gi tr m in vi tnh phi kim, tnh kim loi v dn ra th d minh ha. Phn tch thy c

s bin i gi tr m in ca cc nguyn t nhm A trong 1 chu k, trong 1 nhm A. - Nu c s bin i ha tr ca cc nguyn t nhm A trong chu k v dn ra th d i vi chu k 2,3. - Nu c s bin s i tnh axit bazow ca oxit cao nht v hidroxit tng ng ca cc nguyn t nhm A trong mt chu k, dn ra th d minh ha vi chu k 2,3. - Pht biu nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t hoa hc v ly c th d c th minh ha. Bi 10. NGHA CA BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC A. TRNG TM - Mi quan h gia v tr cc nguyn t trong BTH vi cu to nguyn t v tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : Phn tch th d c th rt ra c mi lin h gia _ - V tr ca nguyn t (, chu k, nhm) trong BTH vi cu to nguyn t (Z, e, p, s lp e, s e lp ngoi cng) ca nguyn t - V tr ca nguyn t trong BTH vi tnh cht(kim loi, phi kim, kh him) ca nguyn t . So snh tnh cht ca mt nguyn t nhm A c th vi : - Nguyn t ng trc v sau n, lin k trong mt chu k -Nguyn t ng trn v di no, lin k trong mt nhm A B. BI TP Dng 1 : Bi tp l thuyt 1.Chu k l g?Nhm nguyn t l g? 2.Hy cho bit mi quan h gia s th t ca nhm A v s electron ho tr ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong nhm. 3.Cho bit mi quan h gia s lp electron trong nguyn t v s th t ca chu k? Mi quan h gia s th t ca nguyn t vi s hiu nguyn t v s electron 4.Hy cho bit c im cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A trong mt chu k, trong mt nhm A 5.Nu cc khi nim tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim 6.Trnh by quy lut bin i bn knh nguyn t, m in, tnh kim loi, tnh phi kim, ho tr cao nht vi oxi v ho tr vi hidro ca mt s nguyn t trong mt chu k,trong mt nhm A. 7.Hy cho bit mi quan h gia v tr canguyn t trong BTH vi cu to ca nguyn t v tnh cht c bn ca nguyn t.

Dng 2: Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong BTH v mi quan h gia v tr tnh cht ho hc c bn ca nguyn t : 1.Mt s nguyn t c cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau : 1s22s22p4 1s22s22p3 1s22s22p63s23p1 1s22s22p63s23p5 a) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc b) Xc nh s electron ho tr ca chng v cho bit tnh cht ho hc c bn ca chng. 2.Mt nguyn t chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.Hi : a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron o lp ngoi cng. b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t 3.Nguyn t X (thuc nhm A) c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t l : 3s23p6 a). Vit cu hnh electron y ca X. b) Xc nh vi tr ca X trong BTH cc nguyn t ho hc. 4.Cho nguyn t ca cc nguyn t X c Z = 11, Y c Z = 17 a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X,Y. b) Xc nh v tr ca X,Y trong BTH. c) Cho bit X,Y l nhng kim loi, phi kim hay kh him?V sao? 5.Tng s ht proton, notron, electron ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X thuc nhm VA l 24. a) Tnh nguyn t khi ca X. b)Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X 6. Tng s ht proton, notron, electron ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X l 40. Bit s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12. a) Tnh nguyn t khi ca X b) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X. c) Xc nh v tr ca X trong BTH, cho bit tnh cht ho hc c bn ca X 7.A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm A v hai chu k nh lin tip trong BTH. Tng s ht proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 32. a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A v B. b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH. c) Lp electron no trong A v B c mc nng lng cao nht. d) D on tnh cht ho hc c bn ca A,B 8.A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm A v hai chu k lin tip trong BTH. Tng s n v in tch ht nhn ca chng l 24. a) Tm s hiu nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A,B.

b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH v cho bit tnh cht ho hc c bn ca chng. 9.A,B l hai nguyn t ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca BTH. Tng s ht proton ca chng l 25.Xc nh s hiu nguyn t v vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A,B. 10. X v Y l hai nguyn t nhm A lin tip,thuc cng mt chu k trong BTH. Tng s hiu nguyn t ca chng l 31.Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh v tr ca A,B trong BTH. 11.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nhm (Z = 13).Xc nh v tr ca nhm trong BTH. t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong BTH,nguyn t nhm nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron? Nhm th hin tnh kim loi hay phi kim? 12.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca clo (Z = 17).Xc nh v tr ca clo trong BTH. t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong BTH,nguyn t clo nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron? Clo th hin tnh kim loi hay phi kim? 13. Tng s ht proton, notron, electron ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t thuc nhm VIIA l 28. a) Tnh nguyn t khi b)Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t . 14.a) cc ion X+, Y- v nguyn t Z no c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p6 b) Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t trung ho X v Y. ng vi mi nguyn t hy nu mt tnh cht ho hc c trng v mt phn ng minh ho 15.Cho hai nguyn t A v B c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ln lt l 3sx v 3p5. Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca A,B v v tr ca chng trong BTH. Bit rng phn lp 3s ca hai ngyn t hn km nhau 1 electron. 16.C mt hp cht MX3, tng s cc ht l 196, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60.Nguyn t khi ca X ln hn nguyn t khi ca M l 8. Tng s cc ht trong ion X- nhiu hn trong cation M3+ l 16. Xc nh v tr ca M v X trong BTH Dng 3 :Bi tp so snh tnh kim loi, phi kim, tnh axit, bazo ca oxit, hidroxit ca cc nguyn t 1.Cho cc nguyn t sau: Mg (Z = 12); Na (Z = 11); Al (Z = 13) a) So snh tnh kim loi ca chng. b) Vit cng thc oxit,hidroxit ca chng v so snh tnh baz ca chng 2.Cho cc nguyn t A, B, C, D c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11,12,13,14 a) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca chng. b) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH

c) Sp xp cc nguyn t theo tnh kim loi tng dn 3. Cho cc nguyn t X, Y, Z c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 9, 16,17: a) Xc nh v tr ca chng trong BTH. b) Sp xp cc nguyn t theo th t tnh phi kim tng dn. 4.Cho cc nguyn t sau : P (Z = 15); S (Z = 16); Cl (Z = 17) a) So snh tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t trn. b)Vit cng thc oxit cao nht v cng thc hidroxoit tng ng;so snh tnh axit ca chng. Dng 4 : Xc nh tn nguyn t,ho tr cao nht ca nguyn t trong cng thc hp cht oxit,hidroxit v hp cht kh vi hidro: 1.Cho hai dy cht sau : Li2O BeO B2O3 CO2 N2O5 CH4 NH3 H2O HF Xc nh ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi v hidro 2.Da vo v tr ca nguyn t Ca (Z = 20) trong BTH Hy nu cc tnh cht sau ca nguyn t: - Tnh kim loi hay phi kim - Ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi -Cng thc ca oxit cao nht, ca hidroxit tng ng v tnh cht ca n. 3.Da vo v tr ca Br (Z = 35) trong BTH a) Hy nu cc tnh cht sau ca nguyn t : -Tnh kim loi hay phi kim. - Ho tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi v hidro. - Cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro b) so snh tnh cht ho hc ca Br vi Cl (Z = 17) v I (Z = 53) 4.Oxit cao nht ca R c dng R2O5. Trong hp cht kh vi hidro ca R, R chim 91,18% v khi lng. a) Xc nh nguyn t khi v tn nguyn t . b)Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca R.V sao? c)Vit cng thc hidroxit tng ng ca R v cho bit hidroxit c tnh axit hay baz. 5. Mt nguyn t to hp cht kh vi hidro c cng thc RH4. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 72,7% oxi. a) Xc nh nguyn t khi v tn nguyn t . b) Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca R. V sao? c) Vit cng thc hidroxit tng ng ca R v cho bit hidroxit c tnh axit hay baz. 6. Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c dng RO3. Hp cht kh ca n vi hidro cha 5,88% hidro v khi lng. Tm R.

7. Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c dng R2O7. Sn phm kh ca R vi hidro cha 2,74% hidro v khi lng. a) Xc nh nguyn t R b) Xc nh ho tr cao nht ca R trong hp cht vi oxi v hidro. c) Vit cng thc hidroxit tng ng ca R v cho bit hidroxit c tnh axit hay baz. 8. Nguyn t Y c ho tr cao nht vi oxi gp 3 ln ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro. Gi X l cng thc hp cht oxit cao nht, Z l cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro ca Y. T khi hi ca X i vi Z l 2.353. Xc nh nguyn t Y. 9. Hp cht kh vi hidro ca mt nguyn t c cng thc RH3. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 74,08% khi lng oxi. Tnh nguyn t khi ca nguyn t . 10. Mt nguyn t X c ho tr trong oxit cao nht bng ho tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro, phn t khi oxit ny bng 1,875 ln phn t khi hp cht kh vi hidro. a) Xc nh X? Cho bit v tr ca X trong BTH, bit trong X s proton bng s notron. b) Tnh phn trm khi lng ca X trong hp cht vi oxi v trong hp cht vi hidro. Dng 5 : Xc nh tn nguyn t kim loi trong phn ng vi H2O, dung dch HCl. 1. Khi cho 0,6 g mt kim loi nhm IIA tc dng vi nc to ra 0,336 lt kh hidro (ktc). Xc nh kim loi . 2.Cho 34,25 g mt kim loi thuc phn nhm IIA vo nc thu c 5,6 lt kh hidro (ktc). Xc nh tn kim loi 3. Cho 8,8 g h hp gm hai kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip v thuc nhm IIA, tc dng vi dung dch HCl d th thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Xc nh hai kim loai . Cho bit Mg = 24, Ba = 137, Ca = 40, Sr = 88. 4. Cho 6,25 g hn hp gm Na v mt kim loi kim X tc dng vi 104 g nc, thu c 110 g dung dch Y c khi lng ring l 1,1g/ml. a) Xc nh X. b) Tnh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch. 5. Cho 1,5 g hn hp gm Na v kim loi kim A tc dng vi nc thu c 1,12 lt kh hidro (ktc). a) Xc nh kim loi A. b) Tnh khi lng v phn trm khi lng mi kim lai trong hn hp. 6. Cho 2g hn hp gm hai kim loi thuc hai chu k lin tip v PNC nhm II, tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 10% ri c cn thu c 8,72 g

hn hp mui khan. Tm hai kim loi v tm khi lng dung dch H2SO4 dng. 7. Mt nguyn t R nhm IIA. Trong hp cht vi oxi, R chim 71,43% v khi lng. a) Xc nh R. b) Cho 16 g R trn tc dng hon ton vi nc thu c hidoxit.Tnh khi lng hidroxit thu c. 8.Ho tan 3,68 g mt kim loi kim A vo vo 200g nc th thu c dung dch X v kh H2. Nu cho lng kh ny i qua CuO d th nhit cao th thu c 5,12g Cu. a) Xc nh tn kim loi A b) Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch X. 9. Ho tan hon ton 5,85g mt kim loi kim vo nc th thu c 1,68 lt kh (ktc). Xc nh kim loi . 10. Khi cho 8g oxit kim loi M, nhm IIA tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HCl 20% thu c 19g mui clorua. a) Xc nh tn kim loi M. b) Tnh khi lng dung dch HCl dng 11. Ho tan 20,2g hn hp hai kim loi nm hai chu k lin tip v thuc phn nhm chnh nhm IA vo nc thu c 6,72 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch A. a) Xc nh tn v khi lng hai kim loi b) Tnh th dung dch H2SO4 2M cn dng trung ho dung dch A. 12.Hn hp X gm kim loi M ho tr 2 v mui cacbonat ca n. Ly 1,8g hn hp X tc dng vi HCl d thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh Y ( ktc. Bit dY/CO2 = 0,325). Xc nh M. CHNG III : LIN KT HO HC A. KIN THC TRNG TM Bi 12.LIN KT ION.TINH TH ION A. TRNG TM -s hnh thnh ion, cation, anion -Ion n nguyn t, ion a nguyn t - S to thnh lin kt ion - Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : - Nu c khi nim ion, ion dng, ion m v dn ra th d minh ha. - Phn tch, m t s hnh thnh ion dng, ion m trong trng hp c th -Nu c khi nim ion n nguyn t, ion a nguyn t,ly th d.

-M t c s to thnh lin kt trong phn t NaCl v mt s phn t n gin, hnh thanh khi nim lin kt ion. Vit phng trnh ha hc biu din s to thnh lin kt ion. -Quan st m t c im tinh th NaCl. - Nu c mt s tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion,ly vi d. Vn dng vit cu hnh e ca ion n nguyn t c th. Bi 13. LIN KT CNG HA TR A.TRNG TM - S hnh thnh v c im ca lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, c cc - Mi lin h gia hiu m in ca hai nguyn t v bn cht lin kt ho hc - Quan h gia lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr B .HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS: - Phn tch th d c th v lin kt cng ha tr trong phn t H2, N2, hnh thnh khi nim lin kt cng ha tr khng cc. Dn ra th d minh ha vit cng thc electrong v cng thc cu to. - Phn tch th d v lin kt cng ha tr trong phn t HCl, CO2, hnh thnh khi nim lin kt cng ha tr c cc. Dn ra th d minh ha, vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to. - Nu mt s tnh cht ca hp cht lin kt cng ha tr v dn ra th du minh ha. - Nu c mi lin h gia v tr cp e chung vi s to thnh lin kt cng ha tri khong cc, lin kt cng ha tr c cc v lin kt ion. Nu th d minh ha v vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to (nu c).- Nu c quy c v hiu m in vi vic xc nh loi lin kt. Vn dng xc nh loi lin kt khi bit m in ca hai nguyn t c th. Bi 14. TINH TH NGUYN T V TINH TH PHN T A.TRNG TM - c im v mt s tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th phn t, tinh th nguyn t B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : - Nu c c im ca mng tinh th nguyn t (lc lin kt cng ha tr trong tinh th nguyn t ln nn tinh th nguyn t bn vng) mt s tnh cht chung ca tinh th nguyn nguyn t (rt cng, nhit nng v nhit si kh cao). M t mng tinh th kkim cng minh ha - Nu c c im ca mng tinh th phn t (cc phn t vn tn ti nh cc n v c lp v ht nhau bng tng tc yu gia cc phn t nn

khng bn) mt s tnh cht chung ca tinh th phn t (d nng chy, d bay hi). M t mng tinh th phn t iot minh ha - So sanh mng tinhth phn t v mng tinh th nguyn t. Bi 15.HA TR . S OXI HA A. TRNG TM - Cc khi nim in ho tr, cng ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht - Khi nim v cc quy tc xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS : - Nu c khi nim in ha tr v dn ra th d minh ha - Nu c khi nim cng ha tr v dn ra th d minh ha - Nu c khi nim s oxi ha, quy tc xc nh s oxi ha v dn ra th d minh ha - Vn dng tnh c cng ha tr, in ha tr va s oxi ha da vo cng thc phn t ca mt s cht c th. B. BI TP Dng 1: Bi tp l thuyt 1.Nu s hnh thnh ion, cation,anion? 2.lin kt ion l g? Trnh by s hnh thnh lin kt ion trong phn t NaCl? 3. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion? 4.Trnh by s hnh thnh v c im ca lin kt cng ho tr khng cc, c cc? 5. Hy cho bit mi lin h gia hiu m in ca 2 nguyn t vi bn cht ca lin kt ho hc? 6.Nu c im v mt s tnh cht chung ca mng tinh th nguyn t, tinh th phn t? 7.Phn bit cc khi nim in ho tr, cng ho tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht. 8. Trnh by cc nguyn tc xc nh s oxi ho ca nguyn t? Dng 2 : bi tp xc nh loi lin kt da vo m in ca cc nguyn t 1. Da vo m in ca cc nguyn t hy xc nh loi lin kt trong phn t cc cht sau : H2S, NH3, CsCl, H2O, BaF2, Cl2.Hy so snh phn cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t trn. 2.Da vo m in ca cc nguyn t hy cho bit loi lin kt trong cc cht sau y : AlCl3, CaCl2, Al2S3, NaCl, MgCl2, HCl,O2,H2. 3. Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t Al2S3,Na2S, MgS, SiS; lin kt phn cc mnh nht thuc phn t no?

4. Da vo gi tr m in (F:3,98; O : 3,44; Cl : 3,16; N : 3,04 ), hy xt xem tnh phi kim thay i nh th no trong dy nguyn t sau : F,O,Cl,N. 5. Cho dy oxit sau : Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO3,Cl2O7. Da vo gi tr hiu m in ca hai nguyn t trong phn t, hy xc nh loi lin kt trong tng phn t oxit. Dng 3 : xc nh s oxi ho v ho tr ca cc nguyn t 1. Hy cho bit in ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau y: BaO, Al2O3, NaCl, KF, CaCl2 2.Hy xc nh cng ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau : H2O, CH4, HCl, NH3, PH3, 3. Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t v ion sau: CO2, H2O, SO3, NH3, Na+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ 4. Xc nh s oxi ho ca lu hunh, clo, mangan v nit trong cc hp cht v ion sau : a) H2S, S, H2SO3, H2SO4, SO2, SO3 b) HCl, HClO, NaClO3, HclO4 c)Mn, MnCl2, MnO2, KMnO4 2 + d) MnO 4 , SO 4 , NH 4 , ClO 4 5.Xc nh s oxi ho ca Cacbon trong mi phn t sau a) CH3 CH3, CH CH ,CH2 = CH2, CH 2 = CH C CH b) CH3 CH2OH, CH3 CHO , CH3 COOH,CH3COOCH = CH2 Dng 4 : s hnh thnh lin kt CHT, lin kt ion.Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca hp cht c lin kt CHT 1.Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau : PH3, SO2, HNO3, H2SO3, HCl, N2, O2 2. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau : NH3, C2H2, C2H4,CH4, Cl2, H2O, CO2, H2S, C2H6, HCHO, HCOOH Cho bit phn t no c lin kt n? lin kt i? lin kt ba? Lin kt cng ho tr c cc v khng cc 3. Hy vit phng trnh din t s hnh thnh cc ion v vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion : Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cl-, O2-, S2-,Fe3+, Fe2+, P3-+ 4. Hy cho bit cch to thnh lin kt ion trong cc phn t sau : Na2O, MgO, NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, CsCl, CaO, NaBr 5. Xc nh s proton, notron, electron trong cc ion sau :
2 1

H+

35 17

Cl

56 26

Fe2 +

40 20

Ca 2 +

32 16

S 2

27 13

Al 3+

24 12

Mg 2 +

CHNG IV : PHN NG OXI HO - KH Bi 17.PHN NG OXI HA KH

A. TRNG TM - Khi nim phn ng oxi ho kh - Cht kh, cht oxi ho, qu trnh oxi ho, qu trnh kh - Cch lp phng trnh phn ng oxi ho kh theo phng php thng bng electron B. HNG DN THC HIN GV hng dn HS: - Phn tch mt s th d c th hnh thnh khi nin cht kh, cht oxi ha, qu trnh kh, qu trnh oxi ha, phn ng oxi ha -kh theo quan im nhng nhn e v quan im v s thy i s oxi ha ca nguyn t trc v sau phn ng - Nu c c s ca phng php thang bng e, cc bc v ap dng cn bng PTHH ca phn ng oxi ha kh theo 4 bc - Nu c mt s phn ng oxi ha kh v ng dng trong thc tin. - Vn dng ddeer xc nh c phn ng oxi ha kh v vai tr ca cc cht trong phn ng Bi 18. PHN LOI PHN NG HA HC A. TRNG TM - Phn ng ho hc c chia thnh 2 loi : phn ng c s thay i s oxi ho (phn ng oxi ho kh) v phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ho B . HNG DN THC HIN - Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyeen t trong mt s phn ng bit, nhn thy c, c hai loi phn ng : Phn ng trong c s thay i s oxi ha v phn ng khng c s thay i s oxi ha + Phn ng trao i chc chn khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh + Phn ng th chc chn l phn ng oxi ha kh + Phn ng ha hp v phn ng phn tch c th l phn ng oxi ha kh v cng c th khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh. - Bit cch nhn ra phn oxi ha kh trong s cc phng trnh ha hc c th da vo vic tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t B. BI TP Dng 1 : Bi tp l thuyt 1. Phn ng oxi ho - kh l g? Trnh by cc bc lp phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng oxi ho - kh theo phng php thng bng electron. 2. Phn bit cc khi nim : cht kh v qu trnh kh, cht oxi ho v qu trnh oxi ho? 3. Xc nh cht kh, cht oxi ho trong cc phn ng sau : a) 8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O b) Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 +3 H2O c) 2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2CO2 + SO2 +4 H2O

d) 4Mg + 5H2SO4 4MgSO4 + H2S +4 H2O e) MnO2 +4 HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 +2 H2O f) K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 +3 Cl2 +7 H2O g) Cu +2H2SO4 (/nng) CuSO4 + SO2 +2 H2O 4. Cho cc phn ng sau, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ho kh, hy xc nh cht oxi ho, cht kh : a) BaCO3 +2 HCl BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O b) Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu t c) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 t d) 4Al +3 O2 2 Al2O3 e) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 f) CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Dng 2: Bi tp cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh theo phng php thng bng electron. 1.Cn bng cc phn ng sau: a) Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + N2O + H2O b) Fe + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + H2O c) FeCO3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + CO2 + SO2 + H2O d) Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2S + H2O e) MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O f) K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O g) Cu +H2SO4 (/nng) CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O h) Fe + H2SO4 (/nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O 2.Cn bng cc phn ng sau: a) FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2 b) FexOy + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + H2O t c) Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O d) FeO + H2SO4 (/nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O e) S + HNO3 H2SO4 + NO 3. Cn bng cc phn ng sau : a) C + H2SO4 CO2 + SO2 + H2O b) P + KClO3 P2O5 c) P + H2SO4 H3PO4 + SO2 + H2O d)H2S + HClO3 HCl + H2SO4
o o o

e) M + HNO3 M(NO3)n +NO + H2O

4. Hon thnh cc phng trnh sau :

a) Al + HNO3 N2 + E + D b) FeO + HNO3 A + NO + B c) Cu + H2SO4 (/nng) C + SO2 + F d) Fe + H2SO4 (/nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O Dng 3: Bi tp gii ton bng phng php bo ton electron 1. Cn bao nhiu gam ng kh hon ton lng bc c trong 85ml dung dch AgNO3 0,15M? 2.Ho tan 1,39 g mui FeSO4.7H2O trong dung dch H2SO4 long d. Cho dung dch ny tc dng vi dung dch KmnO4 0,1M. Tnh th tch dung dch KmnO4 tham gia phn ng. 3.Nhng thanh km vo 100ml dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Tnh khi lng bc kim loi gii phng v khi lng km ho tan. 4. Cho 2,6g bt km vo 100ml dung dch CuCl2 0,75M. Lc k cho n khi phn ng kt thc. Xc nh s mol ca cc cht trong dung dch thu c 5.Cho 2,24 g st tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Kh thot ra cho i qua ng ng 4,2g CuO c t nng. Xc nh khi lng cht rn trong ng sau phn ng. 6. Ho tan ht 12g mt kim loi cha r ho tr vo dung dch HNO3, thu c 2,24 lt kh N2(ktc) duy nht. Xc nh kim loi .

7. Ho tan 9,6g mt kim loi M trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d thu c 3,36 lit kh SO2(ktc).Xc nh M. 8. Cho 3,024g mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 940,8ml kh N2O(ktc). Xc nh M. 9. m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c 12 gam hn hp B gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton hn hp B vo dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 3,36 lt SO2 duy nht (ktc). Tm a 10. Ngm mt inh st nng 5 gam vo 50 ml dung dch CuSO4 15% (d = 1,12 g/ml). Sau mt thi gian ,ly inh st ra lm kh ri cn li c 5,154 gam. Xc nh nng phn trm ca cc cht trong dung dch sau phn ng.
BI 16 37 80 18 Cu I(3im) Cho cc nguyn t sau : A; 8 B; 17 C ; 35 D; 8 E 1.Xc nh din tch ht nhn, s proton, s notron,s electron v nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t trn. 2.Hy cho bit nhng nguyn t no no l ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ho hc. Cu II (2 im) Cho nguyn t Y c Z = 16 1.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca Y. 2.Hy cho bit Y c bao nhiu lp electron? Lp no c mc nng lng cao nht? Y l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao? Cu III (2 im) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s cc ht l 60. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 20. 1.Tnh s ht proton,notron,eclectron 2.Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca X Cu IV (3 im) 10 11 1.Bo c hai ng v l : 5 B; 5 B .Bo c nguyn t khi trung bnh l 10,81.tnh phn trm mi ng v 2.Vit cng thc ca cc loi phn t hidrobromua (HBr), bit rng hidro v brom c 1 2 3 79 81 cc ng v sau : 1 H ; 1 H ; 1 H ; 35 Br; 35 Br . Cu I
35 17

ng c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu .Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng la 63,54.Tm phn trm s nguyn t ca mi ng v. Cu II Hai nguyn t X v Y thuc cng mt chu k v hai nhm A lin tip trong BTH.Tng s n v in tch ht nhn ca chng la 33. 1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca X,Y 2. Xc nh v tr ca X,Y trong BTH. So snh tnh cht ha hc c bn ca chng Cu III 1. Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca cc phn t sau : CH4, NH3,H2O 2. Cho bit cng ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht trn Cu IV Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron 1.Zn + H2SO4(,nng) Zn(SO4)2 + S + H2O 2. Al + CuCl2 AlCl3 + Cu 3. K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O