Cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng nhng Kin trc CPU

Cc b x l trong h thng nhng c th c chia thnh hai loi: vi x l v vi iu khin. Cc vi iu khin thng c cc thit b ngoi vi c tch hp trn chip nhm gim kch thc ca h thng. C rt nhiu loi kin trc CPU c s dng trong thit k h nhng nh ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8 iu ny tri ngc vi cc loi my tnh bn, thng b hn ch vi mt vi kin trc my tnh nht nh. Cc h thng nhng c kch thc nh v c thit k hot ng trong mi trng cng nghip thng la chn PC/104 v PC/104++ lm nn tng. Nhng h thng ny thng s dng DOS, Linux, NetBSD hoc cc h iu hnh nhng thi gian thc nh QNX hay VxWorks. Cn cc h thng nhng c kch thc rt ln thng s dng mt cu hnh thng dng l h thng on chip (System on a chip SoC), mt bng mch tch hp cho mt ng dng c th (an application-specific integrated circuit ASIC). Sau nhn CPU c mua v thm vo nh mt phn ca thit k chip. Mt chin lc tng t l s dng FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array) v lp trnh cho n vi nhng thnh phn nguyn l thit k bao gm c CPU. 2.1 Cc thnh phn kin trc c bn

Hnh 2-1: Kin trc in hnh ca cc chp VXL/VK nhng

2.1.1 B vi x l nhng

B vi x l nhng n gin l b vi x l c nhng vo thit b, phn mm lp trnh c, tng tc vi tng b phn phn cng, thc hin c tnh ton v iu khin System-on-a-chip, vit tt l SoC hay SOC l mt h thng c xy dng trn tng tch hp tt c cc thnh phn ca mt h thng my tnh ln trn mt vi mch n (hay cn gi l mt chip n). H thng SoC ny c th bao gm cc khi chc nng s, tng t, tn hiu kt hp (mixed-signal) v c cc khi tn s radio (RF). ng dng in hnh ca cc h thng trn mt vi mch l cc h thng nhng. H thng trn mt vi mch (System-on-a-chip) i khi cn c gi l h thng n chip, hay h thng "sc" (SoC). Mt h thng my tnh in hnh bao gm mt lot cc mch tch hp cho php thc hin cc nhim v khc nhau. Cc mch tch hp ny c th l: b vi x l (microprocessor), b nh (RAM, ROM), khi truyn thng ni tip UART, cc cng song song, khi iu khin truy xut b nh trc tip (DMA controller) S pht trin gn y ca cng ngh bn dn cho php chng ta tch hp ngy cng nhiu thnh phn vo mt h thng trn mt vi mch. Cng ngh thit k v xy dng cc h thng trn mt vi mch (SoC) c th k n nh: - Cng ngh ch to ASIC - FPGA Cc thit k SoC thng tiu tn t nng lng v c gi thnh thp hn cc h thng a chip nu so snh cng mt thit k. Ngoi ra, h thng n chip cng c tnh n nh cao hn. Cc ng dng xy dng trn c s s dng cc h thng n chip cng cho gi thnh thp hn, khng gian chim ch t hn.

2.1.4 B nh Kin trc b nh Kin trc b nh c chia ra lm hai loi chnh v c p dng rng ri trong hu ht cc Chip x l nhng hin nay l kin trc b nh von Neumann v Havard. Trong kin trc von Neumann khng phn bit vng cha d liu v m chng trnh. C chng trnh v d liu u c truy nhp theo cng mt ng. iu ny cho php a d liu vo vng m chng trnh ROM, v cng c th lu m chng trnh vo vng d liu RAM v thc hin t .

Kin trc Havard tch/phn bit vng lu m chng trnh v d liu. M chng trnh ch c th c lu v thc hin trong vng cha ROM v d liu cng ch c th lu v trao i trong vng RAM. Hu ht cc vi x l nhng ngy nay s dng kin trc b nh Havard hoc kin trc Havard m rng (tc l b nh chng trnh v d liu tch bit nhng vn cho php kh nng hn ch ly d liu ra t vng m chng trnh). Trong kin trc b nh Havard m rng thng s dng mt s lng nh cc con tr ly d liu t vng m chng trnh theo cch nhng vo trong cc lnh tc thi. Mt s Chip vi iu khin nhng tiu biu hin nay s dng cu trc Havard l 8031, PIC, Atmel AVR90S. Nu s dng Chip 8031 chng ta s nhn thy iu ny thng qua vic truy nhp ly d liu ra t vng d liu RAM hoc t vng m chng trnh. Chng ta c mt vi con tr c s dng ly d liu ra t b nh d liu RAM, nhng ch c duy nht mt con tr DPTR c th c s dng ly d liu ra t vng m chng trnh. Hnh 211 m t nguyn l kin trc ca b nh von Neumann v Harvard. u im ni bt ca cu trc b nh Harvard so vi kin trc von Neumann l c hai knh tch bit truy nhp vo vng b nh m chng trnh v d liu nh vy m m chng trnh v d liu c th c truy nhp ng thi v lm tng tc lung trao i vi b x l.

B nh chng trnh PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) Vng lu m chng trnh. C ba loi b nh PROM thng dng c s dng cho h nhng v s c gii thiu ln lt sau y. Bao gm mt mng cc transistor kh trnh. M chng trnh s c ghi trc tip v vi x l c th c ra thc hin. EPROM c th xo c bng tia cc tm v c th c lp trnh li. Cu trc vt l ca EPROM c m t nh trong Hnh 2-13.

Hnh 2-13: Nguyn l cu to v hot ng xo ca EPROM B nh Flash Cng ging nh EPROM c cu to bi mt mng transistor kh trnh nhng c th xo c bng in v chnh v vy c th np li chng trnh m khng cn tch ra

khi nn phn cng VXL. u im ca b nh flash l c th lp trnh trc tip trn mch cng m n ang thc thi trn .

Hnh 2-14: S nguyn l ghp ni EPROM vi VXL B nh d liu RAM Vng lu hoc trao i d liu trung gian trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh.

Hnh 2-15: Cu trc nguyn l b nh RAM

Cng ngh RAM nh cng ReRAM s l b nh mang tnh t ph cho my tnh, n c th ghi nh d liu d tt in ngun. Hin nay c nhiu loi b nh lu d liu m khng l thuc in ngun nh USB Flash Driver, cng c dng SSD... Tuy nhin, b nh dng flash d nhanh hn cng dng c nhng vn kh chm so vi RAM, c bit l trong tc ghi d liu. Do vy b nh flash vn cha th so snh vi RAM trong vic x l cc chng trnh khi my ang hot ng. 5

Hin nay my tnh bn, laptop ang s dng ph bin b nh truy cp ngu nhin ng (DRAM). Khi mt in t ngt, d liu ang c trn DRAM s b bc hi. Qu trnh ny din ra ch trong vi giy v nu c cc cng c rt mnh, cng kh lng c c d liu. Bn cnh , DRAM lun cn c in nn n lm tng mc tiu hao nng lng ch ch. V vy, ReRAM l mt gii php rt hay v n c tc lm vic 10 nano giy, ngang bng vi DRAM, lu c d liu d mt in ngun. Theo BBC, hng Elpida (Nht) thnh cng khi sn xut ReRAM. Mt th mnh khc ca ReRAM so vi b nh flash l l. N c th ghi, c trn cng mt v tr nhiu hn hn flash m khng s hng d liu. C th, hng Elpida cho bit ReRAM sc ghi d liu hn 1 triu ln. Elpida cho bit h ang lm vic vi hng in t Sharp pht trin chip ReRAM, trong khi nhiu cng ty khc cng ang bc vo cuc ua nh Panasonic, Hewlett Packard, Hynix Semiconductor. Tuy nhin, ReRAM cha phi l duy nht, chng hn nh MRAM ca Everspin c tnh nng tng t c hng Dell dng trong mt s my ch tng an ton d liu, nhng c gi thnh qu t. Bn cnh , cc hng in t khc cng ang pht trin cc loi b nh mi nh PCM ca Micron, Samsung ang nghin cu STT-RAM, Unity Semiconductor pht trin CMOx, cn Adesto sp tung CBRAM ra th trng. MRAM ang l sn phm thng mi i trc nhng hng Elpida tin rng ReRAM s c ch ng trn th trng vi nhng th mnh ca n. Vi ReRAM, my tnh s hot ng nhanh hn v thn thin vi mi trng hn v tit kim in nng.
2.1.5 Thit b ngoi vi H thng nhng giao tip vi bn ngoi thng qua cc thit b ngoi vi, v d nh: Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485... Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC v ESSI Universal Serial Bus (USB) Networks: Controller Area Network, LonWorks... B nh thi: PLL(s), Capture/Compare v Time Processing Units Discrete IO: General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) 2.2 Mt s nn phn cng nhng thng dng (P/DSP/PLA) Trong phn ny gii thiu ngn gn cu trc nguyn l ca cc chip x l nhng ng dng trong cc nn phn cng nhng hin nay. S pht trin nhanh chng cc chng loi Chip kh trnh vi mt tch hp cao v ang c mt tc ng ng k n s thay i trong vic thit k cc nn phn cng thit b x l v iu khin s trong thp k gn y. Mi chng loi u c nhng c im v phm vi i tng ng dng v lun khng ngng pht trin p ng mt cch tt nht cho cc yu cu cng ngh. Chng ang hng ti tp trung cho mt th trng cng ngh tim nng rng ln l cc thit b x l v iu khin nhng. Trong bi vit ny tc gi gii thiu ngn gn v cc chng loi chip x l, iu khin nhng in hnh ang tn ti v pht trin v mt s c im v hng phm vi ng dng ca chng. C th k ra hng lot cc Chp kh trnh c th s dng cho cc bi ton thit k h nhng nh cc h vi x l/vi iu khin nhng (Microprocessor/ Microcontroller), Chip DSP (Digital Signal Processing), cc Chip kh trnh trng (FPD Field Programmable

Device). Chng ta d b chong ngp nu bt u cng vic thit k bng vic tm kim mt Chip x l iu khin ph hp cho ng dng. V vy cn phi c mt hiu bit v s phn bit v c im v ng dng ca chng khi la chn v thit k. Cc thng tin lin quan nh nh sn xut cung cp Chip, cc kin thc v cng c pht trin km theoMt s chng loi Chip in hnh s c gii thiu. 2.2.1 Chip Vi x l / Vi iu khin nhng y l mt chng loi rt in hnh v ang c s dng rt ph bin hin ny. Chng c ra i v s dng theo s pht trin ca cc Chip x l ng dng cho my tnh. V i tng ng dng l cc thit b nhng nn cu trc cng c thay i theo p ng cc ng dng. Hin nay chng ta c th thy cc h vi x l iu khin ca rt nhiu cc nh ch to cung cp nh, Intel, Atmel, Motorola, Infineon. V cu trc, chng cng tng t nh cc Chp x l pht trin cho PC nhng mc n gin hn nhiu v cng nng v ti nguyn. Ph bin vn l cc Chip c rng bus d liu l 8bit, 16bit, 32bit. V bn cht cu trc, Chip vi iu khin l chip vi x l c tch hp thm cc ngoi vi. Cc ngoi vi thng l cc khi chc nng ngoi vi thng dng nh b nh thi gian, b m, b chuyn i A/D, giao din song song, ni tipMc tch hp ngoi vi cng khc nhau tu thuc vo mc ch ng dng s c th tm c Chip ph hp. Thc t vi cc ng dng yu cu tch hp cao th s s dng gii php tch hp trn chip, nu khng th hu ht cc Chip u cung cp gii php m rng ngoi vi p ng cho mt s lng ng dng rng v mm do.

2.2.2 Chip DSP DSP vn c bit ti nh mt loi vi iu khin c bit vi kh nng x l nhanh phc v cc bi ton yu cu khi lng v tc x l tnh ton ln. Vi u im ni bt v rng bng thng ca bus v thanh ghi tch lu, cho php ALU x l song song vi tc c v x l lnh nhanh hn cc loi vi iu khin thng thng. Chip DSP cho php thc hin nhiu lnh trong mt nhp nh vo kin trc b nh Havard. Thng thng khi phi s dng DSP tc l p ng cc bi ton tnh ton ln v tc cao v vy nh dng biu din ton hc s l mt yu t quan trng phn loi v c quan tm. Hin nay ch yu chng vn c phn loi theo hai kiu l du phy ng v du phy tnh. y cng chnh l mt yu t quan trng phi quan tm i vi ngi thit k la chn c mt DSP ph hp vi ng dng ca mnh. Cc loi DSP du phy tnh thng l loi 16bit hoc 24bit cn cc loi du phy tnh thng l 32bit. Mt v d in hnh v mt DSP 16bit du phy tnh l TMS320C55x, lu cc s nguyn 16bit hoc cc s thc trong mt min gi tr c nh. Tuy nhin cc gi tr v h s trung gian c th c lu tr vi chnh xc l 32bit trong thanh ghi tch

lu 40bit nhm gim thiu li tnh ton do php lm trn trong qu trnh tnh ton. Thng thng cc loi DSP du phy tnh c gi thnh r hn cc loi DSP du phy ng v yu cu s lng chn Onchip t hn v cn s dng lng silicon t hn. u im ni bt ca cc DSP du phy ng l c th x l v biu din s trong di phm vi gi tr rng v ng. Do vn v chuyn i v hn ch v phm vi biu din s khng phi quan tm nh i vi loi DSP du phy tnh. Mt loi DSP 32bit du phy tnh in hnh l TMS320C67x c th x l v biu din s gm 24bit mantissa v 8bit exponent. Phn mantissa biu din phn s l trong phm vi 1.0 +1.0 v phn exponent biu din v tr ca du phy nh phn v c th dch chuyn sang tri hoc phi tu theo gi tr s m n biu din. iu ny tri ngc vi cc thit k trn nn DSP du phy tnh, ngi pht trin chng trnh phi t qui c, tnh ton v phn chia n nh thang biu din s v phi lun lu tm ti kh nng trn s c th xy ra trong qu trnh x l tnh ton. Chnh iu ny gy ra kh khn khng nh i vi ngi lp trnh. Ni chung pht trin chng trnh cho DSP du phy ng thng n gin hn nhng gi thnh li cao hn nhiu v nng lng tiu th thng thng cng ln hn. V d chnh xc ca DSP du phy ng 32 bit l 223 vi 24 bit biu din phn mantissa. Vng ng l 1.18 1038 x 3.4 1038. Nhng nh thit k h thng phi quyt nh vng v chnh xc cn thit cho cc ng dng. Cc vi x l du phy ng thng c s dng cho cc ng dng yu cu v chnh xc cao v di biu din s ln ph hp vi h thng c cu trc b nh ln Hn na cc DSP du phy ng cho php pht trin phn mm hiu qu v n gin hn bng cc trnh bin dch ngn ng bc cao nh C do c th gim c gi thnh v thi gian pht trin. Tuy nhin gi thnh li cao nn cc DSP du phy ng ph hp vi cc ng dng kh c bit v thng l vi s lng t. CU HI

1. Phn bit s khc nhau khi thit k my tnh ni chung v my tnh cho mt thit b nhng. 2. c im ca cc CPU cho thit b nhng c g khc so vi CPU vn nng, ti sao c s khc bit nh vy. 3. Cc cng ngh ch to CPU nhng. 4. Nhng thnh phn c bn xy dng mt ny tnh ni chung v mt h thng nhng ni ring. 5. Ti sao ni ghp ni cc thit b vo h thng nhng l phn khng th thiu. 6. Nguyen l thit k b nh 7. Nguyn l cu to ca h thng bus 8. Nguyn l ca ghp ni cc thit b vo h thng qua bus 9. Thit k ghp ni vo/ra song song khng iu kin 10. Thit k ghp ni vo/ra song song c iu kin 11. Nguyn l ngt 12. Nguyn l truy nhp trc tip vo b nh. 13. Nu s khc nhau gia s truyn d liu ng b v khng ng b trong cc h thng nhng, mi loi truyn d liu cho mt giao thc v d. 14. Trnh by khi nim, chc nng , c im v ng dng ca Interrup, I/O, Bus, Memory Driver