Li ni u

Trong thi i bng n cng ngh thng tin nh hin nay , vic kt ni trao i thng tin trn ton th gii tr thnh mt nhu cu cp thit i vi tt c mi ngi . Mng my tnh p ng c hu ht tt c cc i hi ca con ngi , t nhu cu gii tr nh game online , cc trang web hot ng x hi , n vic nghin cu khoa hc x hi vi mt kho d liu kin thc s . Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng ln v mng my tnh cng ngy cng pht trin , tuy nhin trong thc t , i lc c nhng lc mng my tnh cng mang li nhiu phin phc cho con ngi .Chng hn nh do nhu cu trao i d liu qu ln , dn n tnh trng mt kt ni hay tht lc cc gi d liu . Tnh trng mt kt ni v tc nghn ng truyn cng l mt tnh trng ph bin hin nay , v cng c mt s thut ton c s dng trong vic x l vic trao i thng tin d liu trnh tnh trng mt kt ni v tc nghn .Mt trong s cc thut ton l thut ton cng bng cc i ( max- min fair algorythym) . Chng em la chn ti nghin cu thut ton cng bng cc i lm ti bi tp ln tng cng kin thc phc v cho vic hon tt hc phn Mng my tnh Phn ln nhng g trnh by di y l nhng kin thc chng em s dng li trong ti liu Gio trnh dnh cho sinh vin i hc ngnh in t - Vin thng ca i hc Bch Khoa H Ni . Trong bo co chc chn cn nhiu thiu st , mong c gp chng em hon thin ti ca mnh hn na .

MC LC

1. Tng quan v iu khin lung v chng tc nghn

Trong trao i thng tin , d liu bn pht s c bn thu lu li trong b m , d liu sau ny s c x l v chuyn ln cc lp pha , b m s c lm sch lu tr d liu k tip . Trn thc t , c th xy ra tnh trng tc truyn d liu ca bn pht cao hn kh nng x l ca bn thu , dn n b m ca bn thu b y dn v thm ch b trn . Khi , bn thu khng th nhn thm c cc gi d liu na , dn n bn pht phi thc hin truyn li d liu , gy lng ph bng thng trn ng truyn. Nhm gim thiu vic phi truyn li thng tin v mt gi do trn hng i, cn c c ch thc hin kim sot v iu khin lu lng thng tin i n mt thit b/mng. Chc nng ny c thc hin bi k thut iu khin lung v kim sot tc nghn. V d v h thng mng khng c kim sot

B
16 Kbps

Y
56 Kbps 32 Kbps 16 Kbps

8 Kbps

8 Kbps

Trn hnh v ny cc s trn mi lin kt th hin tc truyn d liu trn ng . Gi s c hai kt ni t B n A (theo ng B Y X A, tc BA Kbps) v t C n D (theo ng C Z X D, tc CD Kbps). minh ha cho vic iu khin trong mng, ta tm hiu cc trng hp sau: Trng hp 1: BA = 7 Kbps v CD = 0 . Trong trng hp ny khng xy ra tc nghn v lu lng t B n A s c mng trung chuyn ht ,cc ng B-Y, Y-X v X-A u c tc 7 Kbps Trng hp 2: BA = 8 + Kbps ( > 0) v CD = 0 Lu lng t B n A ln hn tc hot ng t X n A , b m ca X s b y dn v trn , khin cho gi thng tin t Y s khng c lu v b hy , cng dn n b m ca Y lu li cc gi thng tin cha c bo nhn ( truyn li ) nn b m ca Y cng dn b y v trn . gii quyt vn ny, c th lm theo hai cch:

+ Xy dng h thng mng c kh nng p ng tc ca thng tin t X n A (8+ Kbps) nhm p ng vi yu cu v tc ca B gii php ny ch thc s kh thi v hiu qu khi tc pht tin hiu ca B l n nh trong mt thi gian di, nu khng hiu qu s dng ti nguyn rt thp nu xy dng h thng mng c kh nng p ng lu lng ln nhng li ch hot ng vi cc yu cu trao i lu lng nh. + Gii hn tc truyn tin ca B xung cn 8 Kbps phng n ny kh thi khi yu cu truyn tin ca B trong phn ln thi gian < 8 Kbps v tc vt 8 Kbps ch din ra trong thi gian ngn. Trong hai phng n ny, trn thc t ngi ta s dng phng n 2 vi s h tr ca cc giao thc mng. Trng hp 3: BA = 7 Kbps v CD = 7 Kbps Tng t nh trng hp 1, trng hp 3 khng xy ra tc nghn trong mng. Thng tin c chuyn n A v D vi tc 7Kbps cho mi nt Trng hp 4: BA = 8 + Kbps v CD = 7 Kbps ( > 0) Trong trng hp ny, ng i t C n D c dung lng (tc ) p ng yu cu cho kt ni C D; tuy nhin yu cu truyn thng tin trn ng B A vt qu kh nng x l ca tuyn truyn ny. Lu lng t B n A lm trn b m ca X dn n thng tin t B v C n X u b hy , h qu l nt Y v X cng b trn b m . gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta c th dnh mt phn dung lng b m ti X cho cc gi tin t C i n. Vic dnh trc ti nguyn ny c v nh tri ngc vi nguyn tc ca chuyn mch gi khi ti nguyn trong mng c chia s bi tt cc cc nt v

ngi dng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t ngi ta c th nh i iu ny m bo tnh cng bng trong mng.

Biu di y th hin mi quan h gia thng lng ca mng vi lu lng u vo

Thng lng ca mng

L tng

C kim sot Khng kim sot Deadlock Lu lng thng tin

Thng lng ca mng trong mi quan h vi lu lng u vo Trong -Thng lng: l tc chuyn thng tin ca mng tnh theo gi /s -Lu lng: l tc thng tin i n mng (bao gm c thng tin mi v thng tin c truyn li)

Trong trng hp l tng , tt c cc gi trong mng u c trung chuyn ht khi tc n ca cc gi ny nh hn kh nng trung chuyn ca mng ( lu lng nh hn thng lng ) . V ngay c khi lu lng vt qu thng lng th mng vn c kh nng truyn cc gi vi tc bng thng lng ca n Trong trng hp thc t , thng lng s bt u gim khi lu lng vt qu mt ngng no ( gi nh h thng mng khng c kim sot ) , trong tnh trng deadlock mng hu nh khng chuyn c mt gi tin no c. Trong trng hp c thc hin iu khin lung v iu khin tc nghn , h thng mng s c kim sot v c kh nng hot ng tt ngy c khi qu ti . Tuy nhin do vic thc hin iu khin lung v tc nghn i hi phi c cc thng tin iu khin nn thng lng thc t ( trong trng hp mng cha qu ti ) s nh hn trng hp l tng , thm ch nh hn so vi trng hp khng c iu khin .

1.1 Khi nim iu khin lung v chng tc nghn

1.1.1 Khi nim iu khin lung iu khin lung l c ch nhm m bo vic truyn thng tin ca pha pht khng vt qu kh nng x l ca pha thu. Trong k thut mng, iu khin lung c chia lm hai loi. +iu khin lung gia hai nt u cui (end-to-end): nhm m bo nt ngun (ni khi to phin thng tin) thc hin truyn thng tin khng vt qu kh nng x l ca nt ch (ni kt thc phin thng tin). +iu khin lung gia hai nt trong mng (hop-by-hop): l vic thc hin iu khin lung gia hai nt lin tip trn ng i t ngun n ch. 1.1.2 Khi nim chng tc nghn

Chng tc nghn l c ch kim sot thng tin i vo mng nhm m bo tng lu lng thng tin i vo mng khng vt qu kh nng x l ca ton mng. Chng tc nghn c chia lm hai loi: iu khin truy nhp mng (network access): kim sot v iu khin lng thng tin c th i vo trong mng. iu khin cp pht b m (buffer allocation): l c ch thc hin ti cc nt mng nhm m bo vic s dng b m l cng bng v trnh vic khng truyn tin c do b m ca tt c cc nt b trn (deadlock).

1.2. Nhim v ch yu ca iu khin lung v chng tc nghn

Chng tc nghn lin quan n vic kim sot thng tin trn ton mng, trong khi iu khin lung l vic kim sot thng tin gia hai u cui c th. Hai k thut ny c im tng ng l phi gii hn lu lng thng tin nhm trnh kh nng qu ti ca h thng ch , iu khin lung v trnh tc nghn thng c s dng kt hp vi nhau kim sot thng tin trn mng. iu khin lung v chng tc nghn c s dng khi c s gii hn v ti nguyn (thng l bng thng) gia im truy nhp thng tin. Khi nim im truy nhp y c th l gia hai ngi s dng, gia ngi s dng vi im truy nhp mng hay gia hai thit b mng iu khin lung v trnh tc nghn c s dng nhiu nht ti cc lp lin kt d liu (data link), lp mng (network) v lp giao vn (transport) trong iu khin lung hop-by-hop c s dng lp lin kt d liu, iu khin lung end-to-end c s dng lp giao vn v iu khin tc nghn c s dng lp mng.

Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng iu khin lung v chng tc nghn trong mng l nhm: +Ti u ha thng lng s dng ca mng +Gim tr gi khi i qua mng +m bo tnh cng bng cho vic trao i thng tin trn mng +m bo trnh tc nghn trong mng

2. Tnh cng bng

2.1. nh ngha
nh ngha Tnh cng bng l kh nng m bo cho cc ngi dng, cc ng dng khc nhau c s dng ti nguyn mng vi c hi nh nhau. m bo tnh cng bng l mt trong nhng tiu ch hng u ca k thut mng.

2.2. Tnh cng bng v mt bng truyn

Tnh cng bng v mt bng truyn th hin kh nng chia s bng truyn cng bng cho tt c ngi dng hoc kt ni. Xt m hnh mng nh trn hnh v di y. Lin kt gia cc nt c tc 1Mbps. Thng lng ca mng s t cc i (bng 3Mbps) nu cc kt ni 2, 3 v 4 c s dng ton b 1 Mbps bng thng v kt ni 1 khng c cung cp lng bng thng no c Mt khi nim khc ca tnh cng bng l cho mi kt ni s dng 0,5Mbps bng thng. Lc ny tng thng lng ca mng s l 2Mbps.

Nu cung cp lng ti nguyn mng (bng thng) cho tt c cc kt ni l nh nhau, lc y cc kt ni 2, 3, 4 s c s dng 0,75Mbps v kt ni 1 s dng 0,25 Mbps (v c s dng trn ton b ng truyn)
Kt ni 1 Kt ni 2 Kt ni 3 Kt ni 4

2.3. Tnh cng bng v mt b m

Tnh cng bng v mt b m l kh nng m bo vic s dng b m ca cc ngi dng, cc ng dng hay kt ni l cng bng. Vi vic s dng c ch iu khin lung v cc c ch qun l b m, vic phn chia s dng b m gia cc ngi dng, ng dng hay cc kt ni s c thc hin cng bng hn. Gi s nt mng B c dung lng b m hu hn Lin kt 1 (t A n B) c tc 10Mbps, lin kt 2 (t D n B) c tc 1 Mbps. Nu khng c c ch iu khin lung v qun l b m, t l s dng dung lng b m ti B ca hai lin kt 1 v 2 s l 10:1 (do tc thng tin n B tng ng l 10Mbps v 1Mbps)

Kt ni 2

D 1
Kt ni 1

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B 1 E

Minh ha v s khng cng bng khi s dng b m Trong hnh trn , b m ca nt A c in y bi thng tin n t B v ngc li. H qu l A v B khng nhn c thm thng tin t nhau v vic truyn thng tin l khng thc hin c (deadlock) Trong hnh di, gi s b m ca A y cc gi thng tin ca B, b m ca B y thng tin ca C v b m ca C y cc thng tin ca A, trong trng hp ny, vic truyn tin cng khng thc hin c do trn b m.

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A
(a): Direct Deadlock

D
(b): Indirect Deadlock

3. iu khin lung v chng tc ngh da trn bng thng

c th p ng c yu cu ca iu khin lung, ngi ta xut cc phng php thc hin iu khin lung v chng tc nghn da trn vic hn ch bng thng. C ch kim sot bng thng m bo lng thng tin ca ngi dng a vo mng khng vt qu mt mc no nhm trnh tc nghn trong mng. Trong mt s trng hp c th, thng tin ca ngi dng a vo mng c th vt qu lng thng tin gii hn mt mc no cho php.

3.1 M hnh cng bng cc i cc tiu (max-min fairness)

Mt trong nhng vn kh khn nht ca thc hin iu khin lung v kim sot tc nghn l m bo tnh cng bng cho cc kt ni hoc ngi dng khi xy ra tc nghn.

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Khi nim tnh cng bng th hin ch cc kt ni, ngi dng c s dng ti nguyn mng vi c hi nh nhau
Kt ni 1

Dung lng 1

Dung lng 1

Dung lng 3

Kt ni 2

Kt ni 3

Kt ni 4

Tnh cng bng hnh trn , ng ni A B v B C c dung lng 1 v ng ni C D c dung lng 3. Kt ni 1 i qua tt c cc nt A, B, C, D; kt ni 2 i qua A, B; kt ni 3 i qua B, C; kt ni 4 i qua C, D. Ta thy, c tc ca cc kt ni 1, 2 v 3 u l 1/2 m bo cc kt ni ny s dng bng thng trn cc ng A B v B C l cng bng. Tuy nhin, trn ng lin kt C D, mc d n c chia s bi kt ni 1 v kt ni 4, tuy nhin bng thng ca kt ni 4 c th t n 5/2 v kt ni 1 ch s dng ht 1/2 m thi. Nh vy, tnh cng bng khng ch n thun l chia s bng thng bnh ng cho cc kt ni/ngi dng trn tt c cc phn vng trong mng m n c hiu v s dng mm do trong tng trng hp c th. Vic s dng ti nguyn mng hiu qu nht c th trong khi vn c th m bo c tnh cng bng cho cc kt ni c thc hin bi c ch iu khin lung cc i cc tiu (maxmin flow control). C ch ny c xy dng trn m hnh cng bng cc i cc tiu (max-min fairness).

Nguyn tc hot ng c bn ca c ch iu khin lung cc i cc tiu nh sau:

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Sau khi ngi dng vi yu cu t nht v ti nguyn c p ng cng bng, cc ti nguyn cn li c tip tc phn chia (mt cch cng bng) cho nhng ngi dng cn li. Trong nhm ngi dng ny, ti nguyn li c phn chia sao cho ngi dng c yu cu t nht c p ng, v qu trnh c tip tc n ht. Ni mt cch khc, vic cp pht ti nguyn mng cho mt ngi dng i khng c lm nh hng n ti nguyn cp cho ngi dng khc vi yu cu t hn i. Hay y chng em hiu mt cch n gin rng : ngi c i hi t nht v ti nguyn lun lun c p ng trc nhng ngi khc . Mt s quy c v nh ngha: Gi thit mng l mt th c hng G = (N, A) trong N l tp hp cc nt v A l tp hp cc ng lin kt gia cc nt P l tp hp cc kt ni hin s dng trong mng, mt kt ni bt k trong tp hp cc kt ni c k hiu l p. rp l tc (hay bng thng) dng cho kt ni p. Vi mt ng lin kt a bt k (a A) th lu lng thng tin trn lin kt a l
Fa = p (a ).rp
pP

trong p (a) = 1 nu kt ni p i qua lin kt a v bng 0 trong trng

hp ngc li. Gi Ca l dung lng ca lin kt a, khi y ta c: rp 0 vi p P v Fa Ca vi a A (*) Mc ch ca c ch cng bng cc i cc tiu l tm c tp hp cc gi tr rp (vi p P) tha mn (*) ng thi tha mn nguyn tc ca quy ch cng bng cc i cc tiu. Tp hp cc gi tr rp to thnh vector cng bng cc i cc tiu, k hiu l r.

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Mt c im quan trng ca vector cng bng cc i cc tiu l vi mi mt kt ni p bt k thuc P, c t nht mt lin kt a m p i qua sao cho Fa = Ca v rp khng nh hn tc ca bt k kt ni no trn lin kt . Lin kt gi l im nghn ca p (bottleneck arc).
Kt ni 4 (tc 1) Kt ni 1 (tc 2/3)

Gi thit : ng ni gia cc nt u c tc l 1

Kt ni 5 (tc 1/3) Kt ni 3 (tc 1/3) Kt ni 2 (tc 1/3)

Minh ho khi nim vector cng bng cc i cc tiu v khi nim im nghn. Trn hnh im nghn ca cc kt ni 1, 2, 3, 4 v 5 ln lt l (3,5), (2,3), (2,3), (4,5) v (2,3). Lin kt (3,5) khng phi im nghn cho kt ni 5 v lin kt ny c chia s bi hai kt ni 1 v 5 trong kt ni 1 c tc cao hn kt ni 5 trn lin kt ny. Lin kt (1,3) khng phi l im tc nghn ca tt c cc kt ni v ti nguyn trn kt ni ny cha c s dng ht (cn d tha 1/3 tc )

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3.2 Thut ton tm gi tr bng thng ti u (max-min fair algorithm)

Khi to tt c cc kt ni vi tc = 0 Tng tc ca tt c cc kt ni vi mt lng nh bng nhau , lp li qu trnh ny cho n khi tn ti cc lin kt c tng bng thng t n gi tr bng thng cc i (Fa = Ca). Lc ny: Tt c cc kt ni chia s lin kt ny u s dng bng thng bng nhau Lin kt ny l im tc nghn i vi tt c cc kt ni s dng lin kt ny Ngng vic tng bng thng cho cc kt ni ny v cc kt ni ny t n trng thi cn bng cc i cc tiu Lp li qu trnh tng tc cho cc kt ni khc cha t n im tc nghn cho n khi li tm thy cc im tc nghn ng vi cc kt ni khc (lp li bc 2) Thut ton kt thc khi tt c cc kt ni u tm c im tc nghn. Di y l thut ton tm gi tr bng thng ti u. Quy c: Ak l tp hp cc lin kt cha bo ha (cha hot ng vi tc cc i ca lin kt) ti lc bt u bc k. Pk l tp hp cc kt ni khng i qua lin kt bo ha no, tnh ti lc bt u ca bc k nka l s lng kt ni trong Pk s dng lin kt a. y l s kt ni s chia s phn dung lng ng truyn cn cha dng ht ca lin kt a.
% r k l phn bng thng tng ln cho mi kt ni trong Pk ti bc th k

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Ti iu khin ban u: k = 1, F0a = 0, r0p = 0, P1 = P v A1 = A Thut ton hot ng nh sau:

k na := s lng ng p P k vi p (a ) = 1

k % r k := min (Ca Fak 1 ) / na a Ak

% rpk 1 + r k ( p P k ) r = k 1 k rp ( p P )
k p

Fak := p (a ).rpk
a A

A k+1 := { a | Ca Fak > 0} P k +1 := { p | p (a ) = 0, for all a Ak+1 }

k := k + 1

Nu Pk l tp hp rng th dng li, nu khng th quay li bc 1.

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3.3 V d thut ton tm gi tr bng thng ti u:

Kt ni 4 (tc 1) Kt ni 1 (tc 2/3)

Gi thit : ng ni gia cc nt u c tc l 1

Kt ni 5 (tc 1/3) Kt ni 3 (tc 1/3) Kt ni 2 (tc 1/3)

Gi thit tt c cc lin kt u c tc l 1. Bc 1: tt c cc kt ni u c tc 1/3, lin kt (2,3) bo ha (t gi tr cc i) v tc ca ba kt ni (2, 3 v 5) i trn lin kt ny c t gi tr 1/3. Bc 2: hai kt ni 1 v 4 c tng thm mt lng bng thng l 1/3 v t gi tr 2/3. Lc ny lin kt (3,5) bo ha v tc ca kt ni 1 t gi tr 2/3 Bc 3: kt ni 4 c tng thm mt lng l 1/3 v t n gi tr 1. Lin kt (4,5) lc ny tr nn bo ha v tc ca kt ni 4 t c l 1. Bc 4: lc ny tt c cc kt ni u i qua cc lin kt bo ha (im nghn) nn gii thut dng li y v kt qu ca gii thut tm gi tr bng thng ti u chnh l bng thng ca cc kt ni cho phn trn.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. C s mng thng tin -Khoa in t Vin Thng Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni 2. Ebook 3. Website hc tp

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