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Hnh 2.3.4.b. Cu hnh c ch xc minh MD5 cho OSPF.

T mt m v ni dung ca gi d liu, thut ton mt m MD5 s to ra mt thng ip gn thm vo gi d liu. Router nhn gi d liu s dng mt m m bn thn router c kt hp vi gi d liu nhn c to ra mt thng ip. Nu kt qu hai thng ip ny ging nhau th c ngha l l router nhn c gi d liu t ng ngun v ni dung gi d liu khng b can thip. Cu trc phn header ca gi OSPF nh trn hnh 2.3.4.a. Trng authentication type cho bit c ch xc minh l c ch no. Nu c ch xc minh l message-digest th trng authentication data s c cha key-id v thng s cho bit chiu di ca phn thng ip gn thm vo gi d liu. Phn thng ip ny ging nh mt con du khng th lm gi c.

2.3.5. Cu hnh cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF

Cc router OSPF bt buc phi c khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng vi nhau mi c th thc hin trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mc nh, khong thi gian bt ng bng bn ln khong thi gian hello. iu ny c ngha l mt router c n 4 c hi gi gi hello trc khi n xc nh l cht.

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Trong mng OSPF qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 10 giy, khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 40 giy. Trong mng khng qung b, khong thi gian hello mc nh l 30 giy v khong thi gian bt ng mc nh l 120 giy. Cc gi tr mc nh ny c nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca OSPF v i khi bn cn phi thay i chng.

Ngi qun tr mng c php la chn gi tr cho hai khong thi gian ny. tng hiu qu hot ng ca mng bn cn u tin thay i gi tr ca hai khong thi gian ny. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny phi c cu hnh ging nhau cho mi router lng ging kt ni vi nhau.

cu hnh khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn mt cng ca router, bn s dng cu lnh sau:

Router (config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds

Router (config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds

Hnh 2.3.5

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2.3.6. OSPF thc hin qung b ng mc nh

nh tuyn OSPF m bo cc con ng n tt c cc mng ch trong h thng khng b lp vng. n c cc mng nm ngoi h thng th OSPF cn phi bit v mng hoc l phi c ng mc nh. Tt nht l s dng ng mc nh v nu router phi lu li tng ng i cho mi mng ch trn th gii th s tn mt lng ti nguyn khng l.

Trn thc t, chng ta khai bo ng mc nh cho router OSPF no kt ni ra ngoi. Sau thng tin v ng mc nh ny c phn phi vo cho cc router khc trong h t qun (AS autonomous system) thng qua hot ng cp nht bnh thng ca OSPF. Trn router c cng kt ni ra ngoi, bn cu hnh mc nh bng cu lnh sau:

Router (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [interface | next-hop address ]

Mng tm s 0 nh vy tng ng vi bt k a ch mng no. Sau khi cu hnh ng mc nh xong, bn cu hnh cho OSPF chuyn thng tin v ng mc nh cho mi router khc trong vng OSPF:

Router (config-router) #default information originate

Mi router trong h thng OSPF s nhn bit c l c ng mc nh trn router bin gii kt ni ra ngoi.

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Hnh 2.3.6. ng mc nh ch c s dng khi khng tm thy ng no khc trong bng nh tuyn.

2.3.7. Nhng li thng gp trong cu hnh OSPF

OSPF router phi thit lp mi quan h lng ging hoc thn mt vi OSPF router khc trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Mi quan h ny khng thit lp c c th do nhng nguyn nhn sau: C hai bn lng ging vi nhau u khng gi Hello. Khong thi gian Hello v khong thi gian bt ng khng ging nhau gia cc router lng ging. Loi cng giao tip khc nhau gia cc router lng ging. Mt m xc minh v cha kho khc nhau gia cc router lng ging.

Trong cu hnh nh tuyn OSPF vic m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin sau cng v cng quan trng: Tt c cc cng giao tip phi c a ch v subnet mask chnh xc.

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Cu lnh network area phi c wildcard mask chnh xc. Cu lnh network area phi khai bo ng area m network thuc v.

2.3.8. Kim tra cu hnh OSPF

kim tra cu hnh OSPF bn c th dng cc lnh show c lit k trong bng 2.3.8.a. Bng 2.3.8.b lit k cc lnh show hu dng cho bn khi tm s c ca OSPF.

Bng 2.3.8.a. Cc lnh show dng kim tra cu hnh OSPF

Lnh

Gii thch

Show protocol Show route

ip Hin th cc thng tin v thng s thi gian, thng s nh tuyn, mng nh tuyn v nhiu thng tin khc ca tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn ang hot ng trn router. ip Hin th bng nh tuyn ca router, trong l danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch ca bn thn router v cho bit router hc c cc ng i ny bng cch no.

Show ip ospf Lnh ny cho bit cng ca router c cu hnh ng interface vi vng m n thuc v hay khng. Nu cng loopback khng c cu hnh th ghi a ch IP ca cng vt l no c gi tr ln nht s c chn lm router ID. Lnh ny cng hin th cc thng s ca khong thi gian hello v khong thi gian bt ng trn cng , ng thi cho bit cc router lng ging thn mt kt ni vo cng. Show ip ospf Lnh ny cho bit s ln s dng thut ton SPF, ng thi cho bit khong thi gian cp nht khi mng khng c g

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thay i. Show ip ospf Lit k chi tit cc lng ging, gi tr u tin ca chng v neighbor trng thi ca chng. detail Show ip ospf Hin th ni dung ca c s d liu v cu trc h thng database mng trn router, ng thi cho bit router ID, ID ca tin trnh OSPF.

Bng 2.3.8.b. Cc lnh clear v debug dng kim tra hot ng OSPF.

Lnh

Gii thch

Clear ip route * Clear ip route a.b.c.d Debug ip ospf events Debug ip ospf adj

Xo ton b bng nh tuyn. Xo ng a.b.c.d trong bng nh tuyn. Bo co mi s kin ca OSPF. Bo co mi s kin v hot ng quan h thn mt ca OSPF.

TNG KT

Sau y l cc im quan trng bn cm nm c trong chng ny: Cc c im ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Thng tin nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c xy dng v bo tr nh th no. Thut ton nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. u v nhc im ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt.

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So snh nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Cc thut ng OSPF. Cc loi mng OSPF. Hot ng ca thut ton chn ng ngn nht SPF. Giao thc OSPF Hello. Cc bc c bn trong hot ng ca OSPF. Khi ng OSPF trn router. Cu hnh cng loopback t quyn u tin cho router. Thay i quyt nh chn ng ca OSPF bng cch thay i thng s chi ph. Cu hnh qu trnh xc minh cho OSPF. Thay i cc thng s thi gian ca OSPF. To v qung b ng mc nh. S dng cc lnh show kim tra hot ng ca OSPF.

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Chng 3: EIGRP GII THIU Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) l mt giao thc nh tuyn c quyn ca Cisco c pht trin t Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). Khng ging nh IGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch, EIGRP c h tr nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a ch (CIDR Classless Interdomain Routing) v cho php ngi thit k mng ti u khng gian s dng a ch bng VLSM. So vi IGRP, EIGRP c thi gian hi t nhanh hn, kh nng m rng tt hn v kh nng chng lp vng cao hn. Hn na, EIGRP cn thay th c cho giao thc Novell Routing Information Protocol (Novell RIP) v Apple Talk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) phc v hiu qu cho c hai mng IPX v Apple Talk. EIGRP thng c xem l giao thc lai v n kt hp cc u im ca c giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch v giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn nng cao hn da trn cc c im c giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Nhng u im tt nht ca OSPF nh thng tin cp nht mt phn, pht hin router lng gingc a vo EIGRP. Tuy nhin, cu hnh EIGRP d hn cu hnh OSPF. EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy dng da trn cc Cisco router. Chng ny s cp n cc nhim v cu hnh EIGRP, c bit tp trung vo cch EIGRP thit lp mi quan h vi cc router thn mt, cch tnh ton ng chnh v ng d phng khi cn thit, ccg p ng vi s c ca mt ng i no . Mt h thng mng c xy dng bi nhiu thit b, nhiu giao thc v nhiu loi mi trng truyn. Khi mt b phn no ca mng khng hot ng ng th s c mt vi ngi dng khng truy cp c hoc c th c h thng mng cng khng hat ng c. Cho d trong trng hp no th khi s c xy ra ngi

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qun tr mng phi nhanh chng xc nh c s c v x l chng. S c mng thng do nhng nguyn nhn sau: G sai cu lnh Cu hnh danh sch kim tra truy cp ACL khng ng hoc t ACL khng ng ch Cc cu hnh cho router, switch v cc thit b mng khc Kt ni vt l khng tt Ngi qun tr mng cn tip cn vi s c mt cch c phng php, s dng s x l s c tng qut. Trc tin l kim tra s c lp vt l trc ri mi i dn ln cc lp trn. M d chng ny ch tp trung vo x l s c cc hat ng ca giao thc nh tuyn Lp 3 nhng cng rt quan trong cho cc bn khi cn loi tr s c cc lp di. Sau khi hon tt chng ny, cc bn s thc hin c nhng vic sau: M t s khc nhau gia EIGRP v IGRP M t cc khi nim, k thut v cu trc d liu ca EIGRP Hiu c qu trnh hi t ca EIGRP v cc bc hat ng c bn ca thut ton DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) Thc hin cu hnh EIGRP c bn Cu hnh ng tng hp cho EIGRP M t qu trnh EIGRP xy dng v bo tr bng nh tuyn Kim tra hot ng ca EIGRP M t 8 bc x l s c tng qut p dng tin trnh logic x l s c nh tuyn. X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn RIP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug. X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn IGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn EIGRP bng cch s dng lnh show v debug X l s c ca hat ng nh tuyn OSPF bng cch s dng lnh show v debug 3.1. Cc khi nim ca EIGRP 3.1.1. So snh EIGRP v IGRP Cisco a ra giao thc EIGRP vo nm 1994 nh l mt phin bn mi m rng v nng cao hn ca giao thc IGRP. K thut vect khong cch trong IGRP vn c s dng cho EIGRP

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EIGRP ci tin cc c tnh ca qu trnh hi t, hat ng hiu qu hn IGRP. iu ny cho php chng ta m rng, ci tin cu trc trong khi vn gi nguyn nhng g xy dng trong IGRP Chng ta s tp trung so snh EIGRP v IGRP trong cc lnh vc sau: Tnh tng thch Cch tnh thng s nh tuyn S lng hop Hat ng phn phi thng tin t ng nh du ng i IGRP v EIGRP hon ton tng thch vi nhau. EIGRP router khng c ranh gii khi hat ng chung vi IGRP router. c im ny rt quan trng khi ngi s dng mun tn dng u im ca c hai giao thc. EIGRP c th h tr nhiu lai giao thc khc nhau cn IGRP th khng. EIGRP v IGRP c cch tnh thng s nh tuyn khc nhau. EIGRP tng thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP s dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln, EIGRP c th d dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP EIGRP v IGRP u s dng cng thc tnh thng s nh tuyn nh sau: Thng s nh tuyn = [K1 * bng thng + (K2 * bng thng/(256 ti) + (K3 * tr)] * [K5/( tin cy + K4)] Mc nh: K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0. Khi K4=K5=0 th phn [K5/ ( tin cy + K4)]trong cng thc khng cn l mt nhn t khi tnh thng s nh tuyn na. Do , cng thc tnh cn li nh sau: Thng s nh tuyn = bng thng + tr IGRP v EIGRP s dng cc bin i sau tnh ton thng s nh tuyn: Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = 10 000 000 / bng

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thng thc s Bng thng trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = (10 000 000 / bng thng thc s) * 256 tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho IGRP = tr thc s/10 tr trong cng thc trn p dng cho EIGRP = ( tr thc s/10) * 256 IGRP c s lng hop ti a l 255. EIGRP c s lng hop ti a l 224. Con s ny d sc p ng cho mt mng c thit k hp l ln nht. cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF v RIP chng hn thc hin chia s thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau th cn phi cu hnh nng cao hn. Trong khi IGRP v EIGRP c cng s AS ca h t qun s t ng phn phi v chia s thng tin v ng i vi nhau. Trong v d hnh 3.1.1, RTB t ng phn phi cc thng tin v ng i m EIGRP hc c cho IGRP AS v ngc li. EIGRP nh du nhng ng m n hc c t IGRP hay t bt k ngun bn ngoi no khc l ng ngoi vi v nhng con ng ny khng xut pht t EIGRP router. IGRP th khng phn bit ng ngoi vi v ni vi. V d nh hnh 3.1.1, trong kt qu hin th ca lnh show ip route, ng EIGRP c nh du bng ch D, ng ngoi vi c nh du bng ch EX. RTA phn bit gia mng hc c t EIGRP (172.16.0.0) v mng c phn phi t IGRP (192.168.1.0). Trong bng nh tuyn ca RTC, giao thc IGRP khng c s phn bit ny. RTC ch nhn bit tt c cc ng u l ng IGRP mc d 2 mng 10.1.1.0 v 172.16.0.0 l c phn phi t EIGRP.

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3.1.2. Cc khi nim v thut ng ca EIGRP EIGRP router lu gi cc thng tin v ng i v cu trc mng trn RAM, nh chng p ng nhanh chng theo s thay i. Ging nh OSPF, EIGRP cng lu nhng thng tin ny thnh tng bng v tng c s d liu khc nhau. EIGRP lu cc con ng m n hc c theo mt cch c bit. Mi con ng c trng thi ring v c nh du cung cp thm nhiu thng tin hu dng khc. EIGRP c ba lai bng sau: Bng lng ging (Neighbor table) Bng cu trc mng (Topology table) Bng nh tuyn (Routing table) Bng lng ging l bng quan trng nht trong EIGRP. Mi router EIGRP lu gi mt bng lng ging, trong l danh sch cc router thn mt vi n. Bng ny tng t nh c s d liu v cc lng ging ca OSPF. i vi mi giao thc m EIGRP h tr, EIGRP c mt bng lng ging ring tng ng. Khi pht hin mt lng ging mi, router s ghi li a ch v cng kt ni ca lng ging vo bng lng ging. Khi lng ging gi gi hello trong c thng s v khong thi gian lu gi. Nu router khng nhn c gi hello khi n nh k th khong thi gian lu gi l khong thi gian m router ch v vn xem l router lng ging cn kt ni c v cn hat ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi ht m vn khng cn kt ni c v cn hot ng. Khi khong thi gian lu gi ht m vn khng nhn c hello t router lng ging , th xem nh router lng ging khng cn kt ni c hoc khng cn hot ng, thut ton DUAL

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(Difusing Update Algorithm) s thng bo s thay i ny v thc hin tnh ton li theo mng mi. Bng cu trc mng l bng cung cp d liu xy dngj ln mng nh tuyn ca EIGRP. DUAL ly thng tin t bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng tnh ton chn ng c chi ph thp nht n tng mng ch. Mi EIGRP router lu mt bng cu trc mng ring tng ng vi tng loi giao thc mng khc nhau. Bng cu trc mng cha thng tin v tt c cc con ng m router hc c. Nh nhng thng tin ny m router c th xc nh ng i khc thay th nhanh chng khi cn thit. Thut tan DUAL chn ra ng tt nht n mng ch gi l ng knh (successor router). Sau y l nhng thng tin cha trong bng cu trc mng: Feasible distance (FD): l thng tin nh tuyn nh nht m EIGRP tnh c cho tng mng ch. Route source: l ngun khi pht thng tin v mt con ng no . Phn thng tin ny ch c vi nhng ng c hc t ngoi mng EIGRP. Reported disdiance (RD): l thng s nh tuyn n mt router lng ging thn mt thng bo qua. Thng tin v cng giao tip m router s dng i n mng ch. Trng thi ng i: Trng thi khng tc ng (P passive) l trng thi n nh, sn sng s dng c, trng thi tc ng (A active) l trng thi ang trong tin trnh tnh ton li ca DUAL. Bng nh tuyn EIGRP lu gi danh sch cc ng tt nht n cc mng ch. Nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn c rt ra t bng t cu trc mng. Router EIGRP c bng nh tuyn ring cho tng giao thc mng khc nhau. Con ng c chn lm ng chnh n mng ch gi l successor. T thng tin trong bng lng ging v bng cu trc mng, DUAL chn ra mt ng chnh v a ln mng nh tuyn. n mt mng ch c th c n 4 successor. Nhng ng ny c chi ph bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau. Thng tin v successor cng c t trong bng cu trc mng. ng Feasible successor (FS) l ng d phng cho ng successor. ng ny cng c chn ra cng vi ng successor nhng chng ch c lu trong bng cu trc mng nhng iu ny khng bt buc. Router xem hop k tip ca ng Feasible successor di n gn mng ch hn n. Do , chi ph ca Feasible successor c tnh bng chi ph ca chnh n cng vi chi ph vo router lng ging thng bo qua. Trong trng hp successor b s c th router s tm Feasible successor thay th. Mt ng Feasible successor bt buc phi c chi ph m router lng ging thng bo qua thp hn chi ph ca ng successor hin ti. Nu trong bng cu trc mng khng c sn ng Feasible successor th con ng n mng ch tng ng c a vo trng

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thi Active v router bt u gi cc gi yu cu n tt c cc lng ging tnh ton li cu trc mng. Sau vi cc thng tin mi nhn c, router c th s chn ra c successor mi hoc Feasible successor mi. ng mi c chn xong s c trng thi l Passive.

Hnh 3.1.2.a. RTA c th c nhiu successor n mng Z nu RTB v RTC gi thng bo v chi ph n mng Z nh nhau

Hnh v 3.1.2.b. Bng cu trc mng cn lu nhiu thng tin khc v cc ng i. EIGRP phn loi ra ng ni vi v ng ngoi vi. ng ni vi l ng xut pht t bn trong h t qun ( Autonomous system) ca EIGRP. EIGRP c dn nhn (Administrator tag) vi gi tr t 0 n 255 phn bit ng thuc loi no. ng ngoi vi l ng xut pht t bn ngoi ca EIGRP. Cc ng ngoi vi l nhng ng c hc t cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nh RIP, OSPF v IGRP. ng c nh cng c xem l ng ngoi vi.