Differential Equations Formula Sheet Trigonometric identities sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2

cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x 1 sin x cos y = [sin(x y) + sin(x + y)] 2 1 sin x sin y = [cos(x y) cos(x + y)] 2 1 cos x cos y = [cos(x y) + cos(x + y)] 2 x 1 t2 2t 2t if t = tan then sin x = , cos x = , and tan x = 2 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 t2 Hyperbolic identities cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 2 cosh2 x 1 = 2 sinh2 x + 1 sech2 x = 1 tanh2 x csch2 x = coth2 x 1 1 sinh x cosh y = [sinh(x + y) + sinh(x y)] 2 1 sinh x sinh y = [cosh(x + y) cosh(x y)] 2 1 cosh x cosh y = [cosh(x + y) + cosh(x y)] 2

Derivatives of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions d [sin x] = cos x dx d [cos x] = sin x dx d [tan x] = sec2 x dx d [cot x] = csc2 x dx d [sec x] = sec x tan x dx d [csc x] = csc x cot x dx Exponents and logarithms y = ax x = loga y x = ln y d [sinh x] = cosh x dx d [cosh x] = sinh x dx d [tanh x] = sech2 x dx d [coth x] = csch2 x dx d [sechx] = sechx tanh x dx d [cschx] = cschx coth x dx

A special case: y = ex d x [a ] = ax ln a dx d 1 [loga x] = dx x ln a

Matrices Let A = A1 = a11 a12 . a21 a22 1 a22 a12 . det A a21 a11 det A1 det A2 , x2 = det A det A

Cramers Rule: the solution of Ax = b is given by x1 = where A1 = b1 a12 , A2 = b2 a22 a11 b1 . a21 b2

continued over . . .
2

Sums and series

n

k=1 n

k=

n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 6

2

k=1 n

k2 =

k=1

n(n + 1) k = 2
3

n1

Geometric progression:
k=0

rk = 1 + r + r2 + + rn1 = 1 when 1r |r| < 1

1 rn , r=1 1r

Geometric series:
k=0

rk =

Maclaurin series:
k=0

f (k) (0) k x k!

Taylor series:
k=0

f (k) (a) (x a)k k! a0 + (an cos nx + bn sin nx) 2 n=1 1 bn =

Fourier series for f (x) on [, ]: 1 where an =

f (x) cos nx dx,

f (x) sin nx dx.

Transforms

Laplace transform: L{f (x)} =

0

f (x)esx dt = F (s)

L{1} = L{tn } =

1 s n!

, n a positive integer sn+1 1 L{eax } = sa s L{cos ax} = 2 s + a2 a L{sin ax} = 2 s + a2 L{f (x)} = sF (s) f (0) L{f (n) (x} = sn F (s) sn1 f (0) sn2 f (0) sf (n2) (0) f (n1) (0)

Fourier transform: F{f (x)} =

f (x)eix dt = F ()

F{f (x)} = iF () Inverse Fourier transform: F

1

1 {F ()} = 2

F ()eix d = f (x).