TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 9, S 7 -2006

Trang 65
NGHIN CU X L NC THI TH BNG CNG NGH SINH HC
KT HP LC DNG NGC USBF
(THE UPFLOW SLUDGE BLANKET FILTER)
Trng Thanh Cnh, Trn Cng Tn, Nguyn Qunh Nga, Nguyn Khoa Vit Trng
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQG-HCM
(Bi nhn ngy 21 thng 02 nm 2006, hon chnh sa cha ngy 18 thng 04 nm 2006)
TM TT: Kt qu nghin cu cho thy m hnh USBF rt thch hp cho x l nc thi
th. Hiu qu x l COD, BOD
5
, nito v phospho tng ng vo khong 85%, 90%, 94%
and 75%. Bn hot tnh thch nghi rt nhanh vi c tnh ca nc thi v iu kin vn hnh
ca m hnh. Vic kt hp 3 modul trong mt qu trnh x l to ra u im ln trong vic
nng cao hiu qu x l. Vi s kt hp ny s n gin ho h thng x l, tit kim vt liu
v nng lng chi ph cho qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng.
1. T VN
nhim mi trng v ang l mt vn quan trng, h qu ca mt qu trnh pht
trin nng ca cc nc ang pht trin trong giai on cng nghip ha v hin i ha nh
Vit Nam. S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v, qu trnh th
ho v tp trung dn c nhanh chng l nhng nguyn nhn gy nn hin trng qu ti mi
trng nhng thnh ph ln. Hin nay TP. H Ch Minh, nhim nc l mt trong nhng
vn mi trng bc xc li cun s quan tm ca cc nh qun l v cng ng dn c.
Nc thi th khng c x l hoc x l khng y c x thi trc tip vo sng v
knh rch gy nn hin tng nhim ngun nc trm trng.
Hin nay c nhiu phng php khc nhau c s dng trong cng ngh x l nc thi
th. Phng php ng dng cng ngh sinh hc ang c s dng ph bin nht trong hu ht
cc h thng x l cc th. Thng th mt h thng x l c nh gi bi hiu qu ca
vic x l nh kh nng loi b BOD, nito hay phospho, kh nng p dng ca chng nh
gi thnh ca h thng, gi thnh ca mt m
3
nc c x l hay phc tp ca cng ngh
v qu trnh vn hnh, bo dng thit b
Cng ngh lc dng ngc bn sinh hc USBF (Upflow Sludge Blanket Filter) c thit
k da trn trn m hnh ng hc x l BOD, nitrate ho (nitrification) v kh nitrate ha
(denitrification) ca Lawrence v McCarty, Inc. ln u tin c gii thiu M nhng nm
1900 sau c p dng chu u t 1998 tr li y. Tuy nhin, hin nay trn th gii m
hnh ca Lawrence v McCarty c p dng kt hp trn nhiu dng khc nhau ty thuc vo
c im ca mi nc. Cng ngh ny cha c s dng Vit Nam, mc d cng ngh bn
hot tnh c s dng nh mt cng ngh kinh in trong cng tc x l nc thi ph
bin nc ta.
Nghin cu ca chng ti s dng m hnh cng ngh USBF x l nc thi th, l
cng ngh ci tin ca qu trnh bn hot tnh trong kt hp 3 qu trnh Anoxic, Aeration v
lc sinh hc dng ngc trong mt n v x l nc thi. y chnh l im khc vi h
thng x l bn hot tnh kinh in, thng tch ri ba qu trnh trn nn tc v hiu qu x
l thp. Vi s kt hp ny s n gin ho h thng x l, tit kim vt liu v nng lng chi
ph cho qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng. ng thi h thng c th x l nc thi c
ti lng hu c, N v P cao.
2. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. Ni dung nghin cu
Science & Technology Development, Vol 9, No.7- 2006
Trang 66
- Kho st s thch nghi v c tnh ca bn hot tnh trong qu trnh nghin cu vi m
hnh ng ti phng th nghim
- Nghin cu qu trnh kh carbon (COD, BOD), qu trnh trnh loi b nito v photpho
2.2. Phng php nghin cu
2.2.1.M hnh nghin cu

Ch thch:
Cc ch s ch kch thc (cm)
(A) : Mng thu nc u vo; (B) :
Ngn thiu kh; (C) : Ngn hiu kh;
(D) : Ngn USBF; (E) : Cc thanh sc
kh; (G) : ng thu bn; I, II, III: Cc
im ly mu ngn thiu kh, hiu
kh v sau qu trnh x l; IV : v tr
tun hon bn

Hnh 1. S cu to ca m hnh
Cu to ca m hnh (hnh 1): M hnh gm 3 module chnh: ngn thiu kh (anoxic), ngn
hiu kh (aerobic) v ngn lc bn sinh hc dng ngc (USBF). Mng chy trn thu nc
u vo nhm hn ch tc ng ca dng vo i vi ngn thiu kh v tng hiu qu xo trn
gia dng nc thi u vo v bn tun hon. Mng chy trn v thu nc u ra, ng thu
bn, b phn sc kh Cc thit b cn thit bao gm: 1 my bm nh lng bm nc thi
u vo, 1 my bm bn v 1 my thi kh.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca m hnh (Hnh 2): M hnh c thit k nhm kt hp cc qu
trnh loi b carbon (COD, BOD), qu trnh nitrat ho/kh nitrat v qu trnh loi b dinh
dng (N v P). Nc thi c loi b rn, sau , c bm vo mng chy trn thu nc
u vo cng trn ln vi dng tun hon bn. Hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh chy vo
ngn thiu kh. Ngn ny c vai tr nh l ngn chn lc thiu kh (Anoxic Selector) thc hin
hai c ch chn lc ng hc (Kinetic Selection) v chn lc trao i cht (Metabolism
Selection) lm tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt to bng nhm tng cng hot tnh ca
bng bn v km hm s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt hnh si gy vn bn v ni bt. Qu
trnh loi b C, kh nitrat v loi b P din ra trong ngn ny. Sau , nc thi chy qua ngn
hiu kh nh khe h di y ngn USBF. y xy c cung cp nh cc ng cung cp kh
qua mt my bm. Nc thi sau ngn hiu kh chy vo ngn USBF v di chuyn t di ln,
ngc chiu vi dng bn lng xung theo phng thng ng. y chnh l cng on th
hin u im ca h thng do kt hp c lc v x l sinh hc ca chnh khi bn hot tnh.
Phn nc trong c x l pha trn chy trn vo mng thu nc u ra. Mt phn hn
hp nc thi v bn trong ngn ny c tun hon tr la ngn thiu kh.

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 9, S 7 -2006
Trang 67

Hnh 2. S nguyn l hot ng ca m hnh

2.2.2. Theo di m hnh: Qu trnh nghin cu tri qua 2 giai on: Giai on thch nghi
v giai on kho st chnh. Giai on kho st chnh bao gm:
1) Kho st hiu qu x l (H) theo nng bn (X);
2) Kho st H theo nng COD;
3) Kho st H theo thi gian lu nc (HRT) v ti trng (L);
4) Kho st H theo tui bn (SRT).
S liu c x l bng phn mm SPSS.
3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
3.1. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn nc thi ban u
Bng 1. Tnh cht nc thi u vo
Mu COD
(mg/L)

BOD
5
(mg/L)
SS
(mg/L)
NO
2
-N
(mg/L)
NO
3
-N
(mg/L)

Nt
(mg/L)
P
(mg/L)
BOD/
COD
5
BOD
5
/
Nt
1
BOD
5
/
Pt
2
1 650,6 350 3411,4 0,6 0,0 45,6 10,0 0,54 7,7 35,0
2 568,4 395 1541,7 0,0 0,4 33,4 18,0 0,69 11,8 21,9
3 485,6 285 2650,4 0,1 0,1 23,2 20,0 0,59 12,3 14,3
4 515,3 300 9747,4 0,0 0,2 30,2 25,0 0,58 9,9 12,0
5 680,0 350 8668,5 0,0 0,1 26,1 22,0 0,51 13,4 15,9
6 706,0 362 6711,3 0,0 0,0 43,7 25,4 0,51 8,3 14,3
7 600,0 450,00 5904,7 0,1 0,1 33,7 20,1 0,57 10,6 18,9

Ghi ch:
1
Nt: Nito tng,
2
Pt: Phospho tng
Nhn chung nc thi th c cc ch tiu nhim tng i cao, ngun nc thi ny b
nhim nng, vt xa tiu chun TCVN 5945-1995 nhiu ln.
Science & Technology Development, Vol 9, No.7- 2006
Trang 68
Nc thi cha thnh phn hu c cao, d phn hy sinh hc. Cc t l BOD
5
/COD nm
trong khong 0,51 0,69, BOD
5
/Nt khong 7,713,4 v BOD
5
/P khong 12 35. Nc thi
c thnh phn nh vy rt ph hp vi qu trnh x l sinh hc kt hp cng nh ph hp vi
m hnh USBF (Nguyn Xun Nguyn & Phm Hng Hi, 2003, Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).
3.2.Kt qu nghin cu s thch nghi v c tnh ca bn hot tnh qua cc ch s th
tch bn (SVI)
Bn hot tnh khi mang v vn hnh m hnh c mu sc thay i r rt, dn chuyn
sang mu c ph sa. Quan st ng cong lng qua cc ln o ch s th tch bn SVI (Sludge
Volume Index), nhn thy lng bn lng gim i r rt theo thi gian v c dng c trng
(Hnh 3). ng thi SVI gim nhanh xung ti 70 ml/g. iu ny chng t bn hot tnh thch
nghi rt nhanh vi nc thi v m hnh, v nh s kt hp cc qu trnh trong h thng nn
tnh cht ca bn c ci thin ng k.

oththetch bun l ang theo thi gi an
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
t (phut)
S
S
V

(
m
L
/
L
)
Lan 1
Lan 2
Lan 3
Lan 4
Lan 5
Lan 6
Lan 7

Hnh 3. Th tch bn lng ca bn mi mang v,
giai on thch nghi v khi thch nghi
S thay oi SVI trong gi ai oan thch nghi
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
Lan 1 Lan 2 Lan 3 Lan 4 Lan 5 Lan 6 Lan 7
S
V
I

(
m
L
/
g
)


Hnh 4. SVI thay i gim dn v khong ti
u 80-120 ml/g


Cc thng s ng hc K, Y, Kd , Ks v m: Kt qu tnh ton cc thng s ng hc ni
trn cho thy tc s dng c cht ring K = 2,18 ngy
-1
, ngha l 1 g bn hot tnh s tiu
th 2,18 g COD trong mt ngy. Hng s bn tc (h s Monod) KS = 238,73 mg/L ngha l
ti thi im tc tng trng bng tc cc i th nng c cht (COD) bng 238,73
mg/L. H s nng sut s dng c cht cc i Y = 3,3264 mg bn hot tnh/mg COD, c tiu
th 1 mg COD th c 3,3264 mg bn hot tnh c sn sinh. H s ny rt cao chng t kh
nng hp thu c cht ca bn hot tnh l rt ln hay hot tnh ca bn rt mnh. H s tc
phn hy ni bo Kd = 0,078 ngy
-1
c ngha l: trong mt ngy, c 1 g sinh khi c to ra
th 0,078 g b mt i duy tr t bo hay b cht i hay b tiu th bi cc VSV bc dinh
dng cao hn (nh Protozoa). H s ny tng i cao. iu ny c gii thch bng tui
ca nng bn cao. Hn na, phn sinh khi cht i ng vai tr rt quan trng cho h thng
USBF v cung cp ngun carbon v nng lng ni ti cho cc VSV ngn thiu kh khi chng
c tun hon tr li. Tc tng trng ring cc i
max
= 7,9055 ngy
-1
.
Nh vy, bn y c hot tnh rt mnh, vi khun c tc pht trin rt cao. Tt c
nhng c im trn l mang tnh c trng v l c s ng hc chng minh v sao m hnh
USBF li c hiu qu x l cao.

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 9, S 7 -2006
Trang 69
Hico qoa xo Iy COD qoa cac ngan coa bc pban ong
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Th t cac lan quan trac
H
i
e
u

q
u
a

x

l
y
(
%
)
H1
H3
H
H2

Hnh 5. th hiu qu x l COD qua cc ngn ca b phn ng
3.3.Kt qu nghin cu hiu qu x l ca m hnh
3.3.1.Hiu qu x l COD
Hiu qu x l COD tnh theo dng vo cao nht l ngn thiu kh, trung bnh
khong 60% sau l ngn hiu kh, khong 26% (65% COD tnh trc tip dng vo ngn) v
thp nht l ngn USBF, khong 10% (30% COD tnh trc tip dng vo ngn).
Cc hp cht hu c b loi b trong ngn thiu kh l cc dng hu c d b phn
hu sinh hc, b phn hu ngn hiu kh v USBF ch yu l cc dng hu c dng kh phn
hu sinh hc hn . V vy nhu cu oxy cho ngn hiu kh s gim hn do phn ln COD c
loi b trong ngn thiu kh. iu ny chng t u im ca vic kt hp cc ngn phn ng
trong cng mt h thng.
Xt ton h thng, hiu qu x l ti a c th t c l rt cao khong 85% (61,5-
96,0%). Nng COD dng ra c th t t 18,3 40,0 mg/L (t c tiu chun loi A,
TCVN 5945-1995).
3.3.2.Hiu qu x l SS
Hiu qu x l SS cho ton b h thng tng i cao, t 75,5-95% t nng 5,2 mg/L
dng ra,c th t cht lng tiu chun loi A (TCVN 5945-1995). Ti trng thch hp t 2
14 kg SS/m
3
ngy
-1
. Ngoi khong ny, hiu qu x l gim.

3.3.3.Hiu qu x l BOD
5

Hiu qu x l y rt cao, thp nht t 80% v c th t 99,2%. Cht lng cao nht
ca dng ra c th t c l 3 mg/L, t tiu chun loi A (TCVN 5945- 1995). Ngay c khi
ti trng cao ti 4,20 kg BOD
5
/m
3
ngy
-1
hiu qu x l vn kh cao, mc 92,2%.
3.3.4.Hiu qu qu trnh loi b N
Nng nitrit v nitrat (Hnh 15) dng ra t tiu chun loi A (TCVN 5942- 1995).
Nng nitrit v nitrat dng ra t c rt thp chng t qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat
din ra rt trit .


Science & Technology Development, Vol 9, No.7- 2006
Trang 70
Hieu qua x ly BOD5 theo tai trong
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.5
L (kg BOD5/m3/nga y)
H

(
%
)

Quan trac nong o Nitrit va Nitrat dong ra
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2.5 4.9 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.9 7.6 9.5 9.5 10.8 10.9 12.7 19.0 19.0
HkT (b)
N
i
t
r
i
t

b
a
y

N
i
t
r
a
t

d
o
n
g

r
a

(
m
g

N
/
t
)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0
.2
3
0
.0
7
0
.9
0
0
.3
1
0
.1
4
0
.6
8
0
.5
5
0
.8
8
0
.2
9
0
.8
5
0
.7
6
0
.2
3
0
.3
4
0
.1
7
0
.1
7
2
.1
8
F/M
S
k
T

(
n
g
a
y
)
Nitrit
Nitrat
SRT

Hnh 6. Hiu qu x l BOD
5
theo ti trng

Hnh 7. Nng nitrit v nitrat c trong dng ra
Hieu qua loai bo N theo HRT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
HRT (h)
H
(
%
)
Hieu qua x ly P theo tai tro ng
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
L (kg P/m3.nga y)
H
(
%
)

Hnh 8. Hiu qu x l N tng theo thi gian lu n Hnh 9. Hiu qu x l P theo ti trng


Xt hiu qu x l ca qu trnh loi b N: Cht lng dng ra ti a c th t c tiu
chun loi A (TCVN 5945-1995), hiu qu x l c th t ti a 94,3%. Tuy nhin, hiu qu
ny cn ty thuc vo thi gian lu nc, ti trng v tui ca bn.
3.3.5.Hiu qu qu trnh loi b P
Hiu qu ny tng i cao, ti a t 83,17%. Khi hiu qu x l cao nht, cht lng
dng ra c th t 3,08 mg/l (t tiu chun nc loi A, TCVN 5945 1995).
Ti trng P thch hp t 0,030,09 kg P/m
3
/ngy vi hiu sut t c ln hn 75%. Ti
trng ny tng i nh so vi cc ti trng theo cc ch tiu khc. iu ny l do hm lng P
trong nc thi ny tng i nh.
4.KT LUN V NGH
Qua qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti rt ra mt s kt lun v ngh nh sau: M hnh
USBF rt thch hp cho x l nc thi th. Bn hot tnh thch nghi rt nhanh vi c tnh
ca nc thi v iu kin vn hnh ca m hnh. Vic kt hp 3 ngn v kt hp cc qu trnh
x l to ra u im ln trong vic nng cao hiu qu x l. Cht lng nc u ra c th t
tiu chun nc loi A (TCVN 5945 1995).
TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 9, S 7 -2006
Trang 71
TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER BY BIOPROCESS
TECHNOLOGY - UPFLOW SLUDGE BLANKET FILTER (USBF)
Truong Thanh Canh, Tran Cong Tan, Nguyen Quynh Nga, Nguyen Khoa Viet Truong
University of Natural Sciences, VNU-HCM
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a research to use an innovative combined biological
process, upflow sludge blanket filter (USBF), that rapidly and economically remove BOD,
niotogen and phosphorus from domestic wastewater. The USBF design was a continuous flow
system incorporating the aeration zone, clarifier and anoxic zone into a single tank. The
research showed a result of 85%, 90%, 94% and 75% for COD, BOD
5
, nitrogen and
phosphorus removal, respectively. This is concluded that USBF can be used as a simple and
economic method to treat domestic wastewater.


TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. B KHCN & MT, Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam: TCVN 5945-1995.
[2]. Lawrence K.Wang, Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Effective Efficient
Economic State-of The-artan Important Environmental Engineering Process Revolution
State, A report to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 1995.
[3]. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Third edition,
revised by G.Tchobanolous and F.L. Burton, USA, 2003.