Technology & TrainingTraining to Reduce Unscheduled Events Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events was compiled by the Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams © 1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company Third EditionThe materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company. Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco Production Company, nor any person acting on behaif of either: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information, contained in these materials, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any and all damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process in these materials.TABLE OF CONTENTS Te si Se + TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES i BASIC GEOLOGY .. + CASING PROGRAM DRILLING FLUIDS... sccssnnensnnen |__¢ HYDRAULICS PLANNING... sins PLANNING | HOLE PACK-OFF / BRIDGE ..... DIFFERENTIAL STICKING WELLBORE GEOMETRY |_#_ STUCK PIPE FREEING wsnnnninnnn LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS .. SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS .. PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS i PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES + IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR .. *_ INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN |___+ _ DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: «TOOL FAILURE CAUSES .. + FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION scence + RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION / INSPECTION CHECK LIST... 72 Oo ap DRL STRING FAILURE DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING ... © DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE ... i * BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE 7 + BHA CONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR........ oes 7B © DRILL CREWFIVE SECOND CHECKS oc ccccecnnnne 78 ¢ DRILL STRING CARE / HANDLING PRACTICES .. 80) eesTABLE OF CONTENTS BASIC JAR OPERATIONS. e PUMP OPEN FORCE scraetaniorapayarcas | COCKING / TRIPPING THE JAR ...... 83 DRILLING ACCELERATOR .... 86 JAR RULES / PLACEMENT GUIDELINES . PRIMARY WELL CONTROL SWAB / SURGE PRESSURE .. . 92 SECONDARY WELL CONTROL 95, KICK DETECTION TEAM .. 97 TERTIARY WELL CONTROL —- at OBI KICK DETECTION / GAS BEHAVIOR 18 WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET 47 WELL CONTROL REPORT FORN ... (CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS . STANDARD EQUIPMENT. 2 EQUIPMENT / WELLBORE PREPARATIONS ... soe 122 CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST .....o.ccscscsnsnsnseinininnnne 125) RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES .. . 126 CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST «0... sacacnass FBP * TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS 000.0. 130 | WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS. 131 HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES... 132 HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA 133 HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING .. 194 HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET woscccncninnnn 186 | DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES .... TIGHT HOLE / STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM. LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM .... EQUIPMENT SELECTION / INSPECTION FORM. DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORM ..TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES f WHAT ARE TEAMS '* Two er more people working together © Work teams have a commen goal + Tem members develop “earned trust’ through accountabilty © Teams are soit motivated © Teams are performance motivated MULTIFUNCTIONAL, "TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS © Technical expertise © Functional experience © Problem solving capabitty © Decision making skits © Interpersonal skis = PROBLE! HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS: © Denne me proviem | © Identify primary couse(s) © Develop alternative soluten(s) © Implement action pian. © _Evauate ine ettacivaness of the plan WORKING STYLES COMMAND Decision is mace by leader © CONSULTATIVE Decision is mace by leader wih team inout | * CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team © DELEGATION Decision is delegated down the chain of command WHAT TEAMS DO © IMPROVE WORK QUALITY - More exporise/shils are avaiable | © FLEXIBLE -Respond quickly to change: © CREATIVE - Continously improve work processes © DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS - Better communications * REDUCE PROJECT COST Page 1WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘The study ofthe earth's composition structure and history [An extonsive deprescion inthe earth's eurtace [An estimated 90% cf ie worlds ariings oceurs in offshore and inland bate A laterally contirucus sequence of sediments thats recognizably distinct ‘and mappable Land mass elevated above sea level is weathered and broken down to small ragments Castes) Mecharicaly by water, wind and temperature CCherically by soluble mineras dissolving int the watar Rock fragments (sand, sit, clay) and dissoved chemical compounds (silcates, calcite, iron, etc) are transpored to the basin by gravity, flowing water ard wind The fragments aro ewopt ito the basin where they cattle to the fcer of the basin and form water saturated bede of sand ang cy ‘The walt cf earn successwve secimert layer (overburden) compacts the sediments below Compaction squeezes tne water out cf te secmenis and ‘ack tothe sea, ‘As the wator ie squoozod out the disolvad chemical compounds loft behing| the frogmonts togetho to forn sedimentary rock _GULF OF MEXICO. PERMIAN BASIN TRINIDAD. ‘Sale, sandstene, imestoneicclorte generaly ake up aboLt 99% of sedentary reek, al othorrooks total eniy 3. 1%WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY 4 miccon (rm) Rocks formed rom an accumulation of con wae flay mineral and eit 220 pares ‘SHALE Less than Amerons Less than Rocks formad trom an accumiation of Amirone clay minerals and eateta (calcium carbonate) Aen mirers. Rocks formed from an accumulation of mineral grans (quart). SILTSTONE — Sist G0 microns Sandstone compressive stench ++ 9000 Fs SANDSTONE Sst mae ‘Gieserthan Rocke formed from an accumulation of primarily CONGLOMERATE Cal ‘2mm ‘granule, pebble end boulder size particles Rocks formes from large deposits of primary LIMESTONE | Ls ‘atte (calelm carbonate) and dolomite (calcium magnesia) DOLOMITE Dol chanical CHALK Chk Rocks =| Comoressive strengths: Limestone, +- 20,000 pst Colonie, +- 24,000 psi; Cher, + 69,009 pt weer | )ae Chalk, + 8000 psi Gypsum & Recks composed of minerals that precipitated Arnyerte | {rem golution during the evaporation of water Compreceive strength: Arhyerts4/- 8000 pst SALT | BASEMENT Rock formed fom the coaing ef matton magma VoLcANIcs ‘A lecture inthe rock caused by naturel forces FAULT resulting in falure end asplacemert of the formation along the feult plene on igus hydrocarbon (5.0 te 7-1 pa) cas Gaseous hyocarbon (23 pps average) | waTer | Water (6310 117 pps) Page 3BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN “The percent of void per 100% volume Sedimentary rocks (hale, sandetono, imestone) value of poroaty ‘TYPICAL POROSITY RECUCTION BY. ‘SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION o 8 DEPTH (10007 POROSITY % “The ablity of @ rock to low fluids measured in units of darcies ‘Ar02% that porous does not nlcate that's permeatie (3, shale with 10% porosity may exhibt only moro permeatity Sete 10" darcy) ‘TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION DEPTH (1000) PERMEABILITY (Darces) Page 4WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘A folce imposed to he rock matite measured n pounds a force per square inch of area (pst) Natural sources of rock sress onghate ftom overburden stess, tectonic stress ‘and formation fd pressure “The stress produced by the combined weight of he rocks and formation fics ‘overiaying 2 depth of intrest ‘TYPICAL OVERBURDEN STRESS VERSUS DEPTH DEPTH (1000) ‘Generates bythe force of gravity, tne overburden exerts a verica! siess to he formations. A resulting value of honzonta stress ie ceveloped cepending on rock stifness (as rock sbifness increases. horizontal ese dacreases) “The stress produced by lateral (side fo side) forces in the formation ‘Tectonic stresses are usually very high in mountainous regions. “Tectoni sveseed shale ganeraly produeat an oval shaped wellbore Page §BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN Formation fracture srength s deine by the overburden stress, cementation, fornation pressure ‘and he etrangth ofthe rock type. The flowing comparestne roabve svangih of he erent ‘rook typos (alletes factors considered equal) ‘SANDSTONE SHALE LIMESTONE: (Ot he tree primary rock types, Sandstone generaty exits the lowest compressive and tensile srength "© Generally occur in te ehatlower daptn(< 10,000") « Soft and plable due to high water content SOFT — © Fractur and inaction proscure opproxmately cme (Ductile) * Pitie texure stows fractures to “heat” quickly ' Asscciatec wit ewabbig, los eteulaton, hole ‘wash-out hole packoft ‘© Generally occurs in deeper dopth (10,000 +) HARD Hard and tre ue to low wat content (Brittle) + Fracture pressure higher than njection pressure nite texture prevents tracture trom “healing” '* Associated wih hole pack-offbrage SHALE = General occur nthe shalower dep 5600) = Hign poresy 23% +) UNCON. Hn pemoabity (2 eros +) sot Associated with lost circulation, hole wash-out, SANDSTONE hol paket ‘General occurs in mi io dep depths 4000"*) CON. ___|* Porosity range (26% - 1%) SOLIDATED '» Peimeabiiy ange 2 dares - 10 mliarcles) * Associated wih eforntal sticking, underguage hoe * Lew compressive sirerath * ig potest 40%) SOFT Pesmeabty range (2 eres - 10 mitdarcies) LIMESTONE!) (Chalk) © wi dissovein resh water macs DOLOMITE \sscisied ith ole wash-out, mud cortainaon HARD Han compressive sreng, usualy racked (Britis) Hah porosty 20-40%), Hoh permeadity «Associated wth pack offrdge, los crculator, cereal siceng a Page 6WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY SEES The pressure of he native Muds (water, cl gas) within the pore spaces afte rock Fermation pressure equal te full clumn (surface to dopth of interest) ef formation water NORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH ‘Normal foomation pressure is caculatec: Normal FP = 468 X Verlical Depth, Unless better information is known, 485 psift isa safe world-wide average Formation pressure greater tan the normal pressure expected forthe depth of ierest ‘When pomeabity dope to rear mvs, foraton fice become wapped n Ma pore spaces. Ay rhe compacton Drosioe Nghe herve (Abnorral) formation gressre AGNORMAL /SUBNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH tho gh possure pee cis equoszed out of he shale o the ajacert rravcre (andstone, mettona,e) = Formation prossure less then the norm prossure expected forthe dapth of interest, {Lower-than-normal formation pressure may exist in offshore basins due to ‘production depletion. however, notualy oceuring subnormal pressure fare. In inland bases, rave subnormal pressure is @ common occurrence verge tra itn of er pomeabi PageTBASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN FREER ‘The bed of sedimants in which the oll anc gas was produced (shale, limestone). Compaction squeezes the oll and gas fo the reservoir rock (primary migration) ‘The permeable formation which receives and stores the oil and gas volume of primary migration ‘The elevation in veservoir rock to which the oll ard gas accumulates (secondary migraton) ‘Taps fared as a esi of ping, aig acl faulog of oreaon The lightest uid, gas rises 10 the top ofthe tap. The next heaviest uid, of, accumulates below he gas and then the water ‘Traps formed by the displacoment ofthe reservoir rock along a stross crack wiigh positions tho face of the down-dip soction against impormeable rock Traps formed by a permeable reservoir rock grading to a non-permeable rock or he termination ofa rasorvorr rock SANDSTONE PINCH OUTWELL PLAN CASING PROGRAM SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ‘SECTIONS: FUNCTIONS: Drive or Structural + FROVOEHYORAILE Casing IntecRTY + crn ‘Surface Casing + PROTECT THE WELLBORE * ig Feat Ps + rbkes Intermediate Casing * Fenton nity PROTECT THEFORIATION *Hghetion reset * ean Wilbore rus * tun tm tos Produetion Liner or Casing Page 9SING PROGRAM WELL PLAN iean shale the soat ie ueually the bact comprernice betwoon tho ideal and wha is possitie DATA: [Driven o Rerun) smaruacans [cay be] ‘The structure casing is pressure tested, but due othe shalow depth of the seal, the shoe isnot tested Page 10 ‘he ideal casing goat formation. In the fold, however, the formation eolected for ‘Shoe svength mus! suppor he hyrosltic, circulating and surge pressures and rorde a suficent kek lrance for wel contol safety In some instances, te only solution toa ailing problam may be wo run casing betore the planned shoe dopsh i reached. This could be the next planned easing sving ora contingency iner Casing may be set before or deeper then its planned depth to protect potenti’ production zones. Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avord wash out andlor hele collapse during come ‘As homogeneous os possible. |nterbedded layers of iflerent formation types weaken the rock and introduce the possibilty of permeatiaty * impermeable, Wate oss fom the cement sluty can result in fash-setng of he cement before i isn place I permsaaity is present, th ime leak-cf pressure of the waive Iseameut to estabisn © Lowost Rock Strength: ina! racture giacient assumptions are aces on the weakest ck ype DDepercing onthe depth fe surface sedenerts, he setirg depth of tho pipe may forge Fem less than 100 fet 400 fst + below te mu Ine! eutace ‘To ineure seat intesity the pipe ie hivon lo refusal, indicated ky the number cof hammer biows par foo! (GPF) of penetration, Fer examole, te US Gull coast requires 140 to 160 SPF, in Venezuela, 360 BPF “The planned seting depth ofthe casing may range from 100 feet to 1500 {eet + below the mud lie / surface depending on anticipated hole instability and / or ost circulation problems FUNCTIONS: Washout + Recycling Returns "Diverter system Structural Support + 80? EquipmentWELL PLAN cass PkosR Planned setting dopth dotermined by antcipated hole instabilty, ost ‘reultion problems and te protee rech water eande (land bstec) ‘Surface cosing musi provide suficint fracture strength to alow ering the fest hole interval with sufclent kick tolerance FUNCTIONS: “+ EXTEND HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY PROTECT FORMATIONS: * uenwatersanée ‘CEMENTED BACK * Lowhigh Wottore TO SURFACE OR TO Prossue “HE SHOE Wyden * souumow FoR DRILLING PROBLEMS: asm masse TesreD * Lost cheuation * Fermaten etait ‘SHOE PRESSURE TESTED + SUTINPOSSIBLE a sng is pressure tasted and the shoe i tested to a maximum anticipated press Page 11‘ASING PROGRAM WELL PLAN Planned eeting depth dotormined by minimum desired hick tolerance, ‘anticpotod helo nsiebily, ost ereuiation probleme FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY * SOLUTION FOR DRILLING PROBLEMS: * cemeneD Back * Lastcreation TO PREDETERINED ETH * Formatennstabity * citernt Siking + PROTECT FORMATIONS * LoninignWetbore Pressure * Incompatbie welbore Fite * Productin Zone loan 4+ SHUTAM RECOMMENDED (SettnPreesure Traraton Shae)WELL PLAN SS OA Planned setting depth determined by minimum desied kick tolerance, anteipated hale instabity, oat crculaton problems or protecting production zones, Ifthe tine is contingent on diingproblems, occurrence ofthe probiern Getermines the seting depth FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL CONTROL CAPABILITY + SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC DRILLING PROBLEMS: * Lost cretion CEMENTED BACK * Formation etait TOLNER HANGER * Diferentia Seting PROTECT FORMATIONS: LUNER PRESSURE * Lowihigh Wotbore TESTED Pressure * Incompatible Welbore Flues SHOE PRESSURE . TESTED Production Zone soliton ._ SHUTAN RECOMMENDED “The liner is pressure tested anc the shoe and lnor top teste to a maximum artcipatod praseuro orto leak-ofWELL PLAN casi GRAM Pianned setting depth determined by total depth of the wel (TD) FUNCTIONS: "+ PROMDE WELL l= Bee : + PROVIDEA STABLE * CEMENTED BACK Eee a ate | ta + UNER CASING TE- a . ieee a ; ‘PRESSURE TESTED — | | * PRODUCTION ZONE ISOLATION: * Sohctve Testing * Dual Completions The easing, fo-bock casing, ine and top are tested to a maximum anticipated prossure Page 14