Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C in Tamil
C in Tamil
1
C++ NJN G
C b M
EP MA. C b EP G
(Programs) (Application
Software) AA. G
G NJ A.
EP G, k O
e A. k
, EP GL Of
A.
G NO k Of
P (Variables) . k
(Data Types) .
O e G EP
P (Control Statements) .
G N J A.
CL bP A.
b C
I CA , G N
O F A A.
F G N .
EP P O N
.
H, C bM, (data),
(operations) HK , Q
J C b FM
.
C++ G N,
J C HC b, Q
1
. , Q HC
b , b Q
A. H
A.
F
P. K O F
O
K A F
J C b F I P
AA. Oe G
, C b N
G A.
O Q, O F,
H , G
C HKA.
- - (object)
A. , O H A.
EP GL
A.
, EH (Calculator) .
G (State), H (Behaviour) A . G ,
c , , CF, P
PA. H , , N,
GF I, G N
A.
FO
F, ,
M
C F
1.1 EH
G NJ EH
A:
- EH
:
Number1,result, operator, Number_backup
:
Additon()
Subtraction()
Erase_Memory()
Display_Result()
,
A .
, PH ,
G .
F
(Encapsulation ) N A.
H F
A.
A , , , , L
G H A
O . M
EP GL
P F A.
GO A E
(Objects) OF.
A
:
:
Accept_Details()
Display_Details()
Update_opening_balance()
Withdrawls()
Deposit()
Date_of_birth char[10]
Name char[15];
Class, sec char[4];
Marks float
:
Accept_Details()
Display_Details()
Total()
Average()
Grading()
1.2 (Polymorphism)
, , ,
E .
J.
:
Draw_Square()
Read side
Drawrequired
lines
Draw_Circle()
Read radius
Draw_Rectangle()
Read length,
breadth Draw
required lines
Draw
Draw_Arc()
Read Start_angle,
End_angle,radius
draw
W :
Draw (side) -
Draw (length, breadth) -
Draw (radius) -
Draw(radius, start_angle, end_angle) -
Draw( ) k A.
. J
k Draw()
P . Draw( ) kO
J O
(Polymorphism) A.
F O
F A.
1.3 K (Inheritance)
(Class) M A G
AA. H
O (Template) . , JKO
MA A. , M
A. M , ,
G-c , C, HK
P. M
. , , N,
A MO
A. , ,
MO . MO
, .
J K Q E
. , , G-c , C,
A , M M
A A. A:
Class animal :
Features :
eyes, skin, habitat, food
Functions :
Reproduction()
living_style()
prey_Style()
Birds:
Young_ones;
Feeding_Style;
Skeleton_hollow;
Mammals
Young_ones
Mammary_glands
Functions:
Parenting();
Functions:
Migration();
Reproduction_style()
1.1 K
M (base class) A.
, M (derived
classes) A. M F I.
K Q
M .
M K (Inheritance)
A.
K M M
IMA. G PJ (Code Reusability)
FA.
GF :
GO,
(Class) M
A.
H O ( O
)
.
O I O
A. (Data Hiding)
(Data Abstraction)
A.
(Function) P (Operator)
F
(Polymorphism) C (Complexity)
A.
K (Inheritance), M
J M
NA. P (Code
Resuability) FA.
O, H
P A F N
A.
1.4 : i c
i c G
. F c OPO
O cK , cK
A GL . G
M: F G c FHO (Taps)
E, FHJ N O cK ,
F cK . FH
. , c
6
1.2 i c
/ G PH M
0 cK A
. E FH ,
FH F, E,
cK P, c A A
P P (Instance Variables)
. FH A:
:
Tap_open, Qty_water,
Water_source
:
Start()
Stop()
1.3 FH
cK A G, FH c
MQA c (Water pipe)
. c FH A
(Building) . c
Q,
F FHO G
P . FE 1.4 -
A.
7
i FK c
t1, t2, t3 A
FH
p1, p2, p3 A
c
:water_pipe
:
Thickness, Length,
Valves
1.4 i c
:
Water_flow()
Valve_Status()
Time_Taken()
cK total_amount F,
t1.water_consumed()+t2.water_consumed+t3.water_consumed()
A. QQ FHJL cK
t1.water_consumed(), t2.water_consumed(),.... P.
t1.water_consumed() P1
N cK
P. t1 FH cK
P1 J bQA. G,
F M A
. O
A. G O A , GL
F M A. , k
H K A.
GF , , A
A
A. I J , GO
O M A.
O H M
GF PH C
.
JC M
I. G
EP GL
________ A.
H ____________________
A.
F O
F____________________________ A
M F
M ___________________
A.
II. W M M O:
1.
2.
F ?
3.
KFL
A?
III. W FE M
G
FK (Data Model) K MA. G
E K I .
EO M: Name, date of birth, language, nativity.
EO E J I
M:
) Stores - date of joining, dept, salary
) Scientist - area of specialisation, current project details, paper presentations
) Technician - height, weight, ailments, risk factor, department, wages
Ramanathan
2
C++ NJ
(Overview of C++)
2.1
C++ N 1980-O F & F
vv (Bjarne Stroustrup) .
C++ (C Hv Hv K )
K vC . ++ C NJ
I P .
O, A ,
F F H P.
P .
M (Tokens) A. M
GL eC Q . M
2.1- A.
M
P PL
2.1 MO
G
P
2.2.1 C
EP NJ GH (Language Compiler)
KA C A.
10
C .
P . C++ NJ
C O 2.1- .
auto
break
case
const
class
continue
default
delete
do
else
enum
for
friend
goto
if
inline
new
operator
private
protected
public
return
signed
sizeof
static
struct
switch
this
unsigned
virtual
while
2.1 C
2.2.2 P (Identifiers)
P, P (Variables) A.
P , F PL A G
PA. PJ F
WP(Underscore) A,
. _test; test; sum12 A
P. P H
P P .
2.2.3 PL (Constants)
PL F M
. PL ,
. PL
F . . F
O (decimal numbers) . (Integers)
I O (floating point) PL .
I O J PH E
e .
12
M K
\a
E L
\b
HQO
\n
F K/ KF
\t
\v
\\
\ () \
\o
\X
\0
FHL
2.2. M K P
2.2.7 P (Operator)
P F M G
PA. P H
O (Operands) e A.
:
RESULT = NUM1+ NUM2
F, NUM1, NUM2 A H. +
M P .
=
FH(assignment) PJ M M F,
RESULT PJ IA. C++ NJ
PO 2.3- .
13
[]
()
*
+
%
<<
==
!=
=
*=
>=
&=
>>
/=
^=
->
<
+=
|=
++
!
size of
>
<=
&&
||
-=
%=
, -#
<<=
##
&
>=
?:
2.3 C++ NJ P
W P C++ N K:
:: .* ->*
# ## A P L (Preprocessor)
F .
P :
W (Arithmatic)
FH (Assignment)
K (Component Selection)
G (Conditional)
(Logical)
(Manipulator)
H P M (Member dereferencing)
G (Memory Management)
L (Preprocessor)
d (Relational)
(Scope Resolution)
(Shift)
(Type Cast)
HO E J
P (Unary) (Binary), (Ternary)
HK.
:
P H .
P H .
P H .
14
&
F
*
++
HG G
2.4()
P
P
+
*
/
%
<<
>>
HG
&
|
^
&&
||
FH =
/=
+=
*=
%=
-=
<<=
>>=
&=
|=
d
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
.
->
::
M
N
eF
Q
FH
FH
FH
A FH
eF FH
N FH
FH
FH
HG FH
HG
FH
MCP
MK
MCP G
MK G
G
GK
K
K
/
P
.*
P M P
G
-> *
P M
?:
P
O
,
FH
2.4() P
15
eF
A
FH
W P, PL/P,
W P
A A, W (arithmatic expressions)
A.
:
a = -5;
a = +b;
a/=5; (a=a/5)
a++; (H I P. a = a+1 G)
a- -; (H P. a = a-1 G)
++a; ( I P. a = a+1 G)
- -a; ( P. a = a-1 G)
a *= 2; (a = a*2 )
a %= 5; (a = a%5)
a = b + pow(x,y); (a = b + xy )
P KJ J GA.
H, P PH
FHA.
(association) A. F .
E PO
2.6 - .
16
P
K
( ), [ ]
H ++,
E-
++,
+, -
E-
*. /. %
E-
+, -
E-
2.6 E PO K
W , W FH
K MA.
5 + 6/3 = 7
5 * 6/3 = 10
17
(5 + 6) /3 =3
k int M 3 .
k float Q, M 3.66 A.
1 + pow (3, 2) = 10
18
1 + pow (3, 2) * [ (3 + 2) (8 - 7) + 2 ] = 55
I, P C NJ C++
NJ A. P
, FH 2.7- .
19
a++
a- F
FH 1 I
a = 5;
c = a++;
:
c = a;
a = a+1;
, c
PJ
F 5 .
++a
a- FH 1 I
a = 5;
c = ++a;
:
a = a+1;
c = a;
,
c-
PJ
.
F 6 .
a --
a- F
FH 1
a=5;
c = a--;
:
c = a;
a = a-1;
c-
F
?
--a
a- FH
F
a = 5;
c = --a;
:
a = a-1;
c = a;
c-
F
?
2.6 I, P
20
2.7- FO PO
F ?
1. a = 5;
b = 5;
a = a+b++;
2. x = 10;
f = 20;
c = x++ + ++f;
PJ
F_____
PJ
F
c-_______
x-_______
f-_______
3. fun=1;
sim=2;
final= - -fun + ++sim-fun- -
PJ
F
fun-_______
sim-______
final-______
2.7 O M
21
d , K (true) (false) A
M . PL 0 (N) (false) F
PA. N F K (true)
P. O Of :
0 (10>20 )
1 (500.45<1005 K. NI F)
1 (99!=99.5 K. NI F)
1 (9==9 K. NI F)
W J F ?
num1=99, num2=20, num3=10 Q
(num1+num2-num3)/5*2<(num1%10) ?
2.8 - d FH:
P
==
5==6
!=
a!=a
>
5>6
M
0
a>A
<
5<6
a<A
>=
a>=z
5>=5
<=
a<=z
5<=6
2.8 d FH
22
d P, W PM
K . , x+y*z< e/f
FH:
2.2.7.3 P (L P)
GO M
P PA. && (AND), || (OR) ! (NOT)
A P .
:
c=5. d=6. choice=y, term=2' (K 1 ,
0 F ).
Result_1 = (c == d) && (choice != term)
Result_2 = (y == Y) || (term != 0')
Result_3 = (c==d) &&(y == Y) || (choice != term)
Result_4 = (c==d) || (y == Y) && (choice != term)
Result_1, Result_2 AP F ?
Result_1- F 0 (); Result_2- F 1 (K)
Result_3- F 1 (K); Result_4- F 0 ()
23
24
F Fh J,
1 K
25
F Fh J,
26
P, d P W
PM K . H
J F P ?
0 -
. num1 F num2-
K Q max- num1 . , max- num2
.
27
W FJ, x PJ
F ?
a = 10;
b = 10;
x = (a<b)? a*a : b%a;
M
A=5
A PJ 5 P 5
F A.
F A
A += 2
A += 2
A = A +2 .
A- J
A=A*4
A- J
A *= 4
F 7.
F 20.
A /= 2
A=A/2
A- J
F 2.
A-=2
A=A2
A- J
F 3.
A %= 2
A- J
A= A%2
F 1.
a=5, b=6, c=7 Q W O F :
a += b*c
c *= a + a / b
b += a % 2 * c
2.9. FH P
28
C++ NJ PO
K G F
2.10- .
P K
I
I
()
[]
H ++, ,
++,
!
+, -
E
E
E
I
I
I
I
* / %
+-
= = !=
&& (AND)
|| (OR)
?:
= *= /= %= +=
-= <<= >>=
&= ^= |=
FH
2.10 P K
(P: C++ N K C P O M
)
29
2.2.8 G P (Punctuators)
G P PH E P
. G P P
2.11- .
G P
C++ A
;
//
P (Comments)
A.
/* */
P A F
P .
{ }
C++ F P
A. P
F P .
[ ]
EJ PH A
(Index) P
.
P P
.
P .
2.11 G P P
30
G G M
P F .
M J HK:
HK 2.2-
:
C++Data
M
C++
Types
User Defined
type
(Structure)
Structure
(Union)
Union
(Class)
Class
(Enumeration)
Enumeration
Integral
type
int
O
Built
- in type
(M)
fundamental)
M
Derived
type
E
Array(Array)
Function (Function)
(Pointer)
Pointer
P
(Reference)
Reference
I
Floating
type
void
float
char
double
2.2 C++ M
31
, W M :
MF
student
P
2.3 M
student M (class)
. P,
O M K K
. K M , M
FJ .
, class student M
F
M M H GL
O F.
G M F
. (Type definition) F
, M P A FA.
:
typedef <M> < M P>;
:
typedef int marks;
typedef char grade;
32
marks, grade A M P
. int, char P :
marks eng_marks, math_marks;
grade eng_grade, math_grade;
F M P A
typedef A. GL O A.
M M.
PO M
M A. int Pf PL
.
:
enum <M P> (F1, F2...... F n );
:
enum working_days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday);
enum holidays (Sunday, Saturday);
working_days, holidays A P
M . (Monday, Tuesday,...) PL
PL F
.
MF W P
PM:
enum <P> P1, P2,.......Pn;
, working_days MF first_workingday,
last_workingday P W PM :
working_days first_workingday, last_workingday;
P working_days F
FO .
first_workingday = Monday;
last_workingday = Friday;
33
first_workingday = 0;
last_workingday = 4;
, P PL O
F PH int PL
.
enum working_days (Monday=1, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday);
F Monday 1 F .
PL 2, 3, 4.... int PL F .
34
auto
static
extern
register
P (local variables) .
PM
F P
. Q,
P
auto .
auto I
PHF.
P
F
P
F
N A. PP
P PM
F
H EP
GF AJ static
F(Modifier)
A. P C
F
A.
P,
GL
O
MP(global variables)
. P
GL .
register F,
PM P
CdM FO (registers)
F GH
A. I
.
void main()
{
auto float ratio;
auto int count;
}
ratio, count A P
main()
.
autoI
void fun()
{
static int x;
x++;
}
void fun()
{
register int i;
}
2.12 I
35
,
char ch = 65;
PM. (65 A F vA F
). E G
A. ch PJ A A.
I M float, double A M
A. I M H F F
F F . (I O PL
P G ).
FHL M (void type) J A:
F FH
P
(generic pointer) PM
, W void.cpp, fun.cpp A C++ GO
:
36
F FH GH A.
main() P sum=fun(a,b)
. sum P return a+b
int FH A.
void M, F FH
GH A. L
A, void M F
A.
M F (modifiers)
A. F GJ AF
M A. signed. unsigned. long. short
A C F . M,
GF , P
F A 2.13- .
37
Type Byte
Range
char
-128 to 127
unsigned char
0 to 255
signed char
-128 to 127
int
-32768 to 32767
0 to 65535
-32768 to 32767
-2147483648 to
2147483647
0 to 4294967295
float
3.4e-38to3.4e+38
double
1.7e-308 to
1.7e+308
long double
10
3.4e-4932 to
1.1e+4932
unsigned int,
unsigned short int
signed int,short int,
2.13 M P F
38
(Pointers)
G K P .
PJ G H
A. EP GF
K . K .
i . K NULL F
A 1, 2, 3 ......... K .
, 640Kb G, NULL A
6,55,356 K . 2.4 .
640KB G
K
Null
1
2
655358
655359
Last Address
C K
2.4 640KB G
G F N , GH,
PK G H W A. P
M GF
A.
, W PM :
char c; int i; float f;
char c - 1
int i - 2
float f - 4
P K
PHA.
, c, i, f A PO G
H 1, 2, 4
. P K
F J PA.
39
M , K (&), F
(*) A P P P .
& P:
int num1=10;
A
2. G num1 A.
3. GF F 10 F A.
PJ (HF )
num1
(HF F)
10
0X8f90f2
num1 PJ G K
// Program 2.1
// to demonstrate use of & operator
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i = 10;
cout << \n Address of the variable... <<&i;
cout << \nValue stored in the variable .. << i;
getch();
}
40
W F :
P: F P (*)
1. P PM .
2. GF F FJ
(F P).
3. P (Unary Operator) .
2.4 P (Variables)
PH FH A
F P A. , W
:
int num;
num = 5;
int num ; n int P
A.
int num;
num = 5;
FH , 5 F num PJ
A A.
G H
P .
41
PJ , , W (underscore)
A . F WP
. Q, WP G
P (internal system variables)
P. (Case Sensitive)
. . CP , K F
F PA. 2.14 - G .
P
K/
H?
A_b
1a_b
H
PJ
WP
.
_Test
Balance$
#one
Include
2.14 P O
2.4.1 PO PM
F F P G
A. P MF J GH
G A. , P
M PH PM .
int q;
float f1, f2;
char name [10], choice;
PM P :
M P
42
PJ
PM . PM.
, GH P K:
side, float, hypotenuse, area A int P
. , float H O
H F .
side int P, hypotenuse, area float
P PM .
PM P :
P PM P PH .
O HK .
43
F (modifier) MF
H P F M A.
FO M:
unsigned F, /F
P P H F F
P FH
PA.
long F PH MF
FK, FH cA.
MF P PM,
F . ,
unsigned int registration_number;
unsigned long int index;
signed char c;
P PM, F
M .
const FA (qualifier) GL F
PJ F A. const
PJ F GH H
F . const FA, H F
P PM M
A.
:
const float pi = 3.14;
44
FA F H
E FH P
M 2.15- :
Data Types
Type
unsigned char
char
enum
unsigned int
short int
int
unsigned long
long
float
double
long double
Length
8 bits
8 bits
16 bits
16 bits
16 bits
16 bits
32 bits
32 bits
32 bits
64 bits
80 bits
Range
0 to 255
-128 to 127
-32,768 to 32,767
0 to 65,535
-32,768 to 32,767
-32,768 to 32,767
0 to 4,294,967,295
-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
3.4 x 10-38to 3.4 x 1038
1.7 x 10-308to 1.7 x 10308
3.4 x 10-4932 to 1.1 x 104932
2.15 F M
P PM
int * iptr;
PJ
P, GH
A (P K )
int A
PA.
int * iptr PM , iptr int
P (pointer variable) .
int F F K iptr
P .
45
PJ PM :
char * cptr
float * fptr
char PM
float
void * vptr
M A
. G
PMA.
PL int F ptr.
(ptr G KJ
int F P )
char * const cp
cp PL . cp-
K P .
2.16 P
P num PJ 10
FH. P A (constructor)
5 F fun PJ .
(Implicit Conversions)
J O GH
A. ,
W F :
float f = 7.6;
int x = f;
46
, x PJ 7 F . float
int M. GH
A.
MF:
P H
P .
F W G:
1.
H long double Q
HJ F long double .
2.
H double Q F double
.
3.
H float Q F float
4.
5.
6.
H unsigned int Q F
unsigned int .
47
P: sizeof P.
MF M (M F GF
) O M .
Output
Sizeof
Sizeof
Sizeof
Sizeof
Sizeof
48
1.
MJ
10
ld*d
ld P long
double
JL
F
long double
.
2.
d*f
------
JL
F
double
.
3.
4.
4
4
f*l
uli*f
5.
ui*i
P A
P H PO K FA. ,
P M ,
PJ K . ,
int *iptr, num1;
num1 = 10;
iptr = &num1; // PJ
FH
W FH H:
int * iptr;
float num1 = 10.5;
iptr = &num1; // int iptr PJ
float PJ K
H F A.
P PJ M F
.
49
(Type Cast):
PJ F FH M P
PA (float)7
7 F float A.
P FH M
PH A. :
(< >) <P/F>
,
< > (P/F)
, O M
K.
x = 8% 7.7;
GH (compilation)
H F . , % eF P
int M FO . H
,
x = 8% (int) 7.7;
x- F F ?
float x;
x = 7 / 3;
x- F F ?
float x;
x = 7.0 / 3.0;
x- F F ?
float x;
x = (float) 7 / 3;
x- F F ?
float x;
int a = 7 , b = 3;
x = a/b;
x- F F ?
float x;
int a = 7 , b = 3;
x = a/ (float) b;
x- F F ?
2.18 x- F P
50
JC M
1. W O FH K bQ:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
a + pow(b, c) * 2
a || b && c
a<b && c || d > a
(c>=50) || (!flag) && (b+5 == 70)
(a+b) / (a-b)
(b*b) 4 * a * c
2. W GO H :
# include <iostream.h>
void main()
b.
# include <iostream.h>
void main()
a.
float f = 10.0;
float f = 10.0;
x = 50;
cout << x << f;
x = 50;
cout << x << f;
}
c.
# include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,k,I;
x = y + kI;
cout << x;
}
51
3. GO Of ?
4. W C++ N FH:
a=5, b=3, d=1.5, int c, float f .
a.
f = a+b/a;
b.
c = d * a+b;
c.
x = a++ * d + a;
d.
y = a b++ * b;
e.
52
x = 10, y = 5, z = 11 ( )
x = 10, y = 10, z = 10
x = 9, y = 10, z = 2
5. W G, G P F
C++ F :
x = 30 Q f = 0.5 f = 5
x> = 60 Q fn = 0.9 .7
6. P ?
7. P M PJ K F name
P PM P F .
53
Ramanathan
3
(Basic Statements)
C++ NJ (Basic Statements) M
(tokens) F A. C++ N
HK:
k/ Of (Input / Output)
PM (Declaration)
FH (Assignment)
(Control Structures)
(Function Call)
O F (Object Message)
FH (Return)
3.1 k / Of
F
OJ EP GL P
. PO F N
. , FH
. F .
N, GL F k
. G A , M N
k cin (C- K
) A. cin C++ NJ
(Object). k
(Standard Input Stream) AA. k ,
k M JL
PA. cin k OL
. P H . cin P
PM istream.h H (Header file)
. k/Of
istream.h, ostream.h A O
C PMO GA. istream, ostream A
iostream.h
.
54
, O
PM
.
-L P F,
H GL .
-L P # P .
, E GH
A.
L P #include<iostream.h>
. , iostream.h
H GL GH
A. cin/cout A
F Q, iostream.h
H GL .
C : iomanip.h, stdio.h, ctype.h,
math.h, fstream.h H.
>> P (extraction)
(get from) P . P,
OL (stream object) F ,
PJ F. , W
:
float temperature;
cin >> temperature;
P (>>), k cin-L
M , temperature PJ F
A. P ,
F k JL , K
PO F . , temperature, humidity
A P k ,
cin >> temperature >> humidity;
.
cout (C- K ) O
f (Object) .
Of F C A.
55
Of FF (redirect) .
<< P M (insertion) (put to)
P . P PJ
F O F . ,
W :
int marks = 85;
cout << marks;
cout << \n Marks obtained is : << marks;
marks PJ I F cout
H . marks- F FJ .
cout << \n Marks obtained is : <<marks;
, F PJ F
F H. , Of P
, M J
OJ .
C :
cout << \n The sum of the variables a,b .. << a+b;
cout << a+b << \t << a-b << \t << a/b;
cout << \n The difference of numbers . << a-b
<< \n The sum of two numbers . << a+b;
56
G . C++ G A HK
:
P, O PM
main() .
HIP G H, G
main() . P,
GL H , H A
.
3.3
(Declaration Statements)
GL P P
M .
int *iptr;
// int PMA.
A- P
M.
*iptr = 5; // 5 F A. G
H GA.
PJ PM, PJ
PA. , int *iptr;
PM . iptr int
P P K .
P, F FK G
A.
M, P,
, P PM
PM A. HK 2.3-
M P G .
P PM, G A Q,
PM (definition) .
,
int num;
PM P . ,
57
A. , M F G
MA. W F :
int num; // int PJ PM .
num = 5; // F 5 A.
G W O K
Qb? char, int, float
MO P PM G
MA.
PM PJ PA.
PH M A.
P GF K
A.
C P PM G
MA.
P PM
F. G W
A. new P G
W .
3.4 FH (Assignment Statements)
FH , FH P
J F PJ A. =
FH P . , PO
FH :
num = 5;
total = english+maths;
sum += class_marks;
FH , C++ GH,
J M, PJ M P
A. 2.4.2. - HKM M / O
G .
58
-1 :
1.
2.
-2:
k , Q
1 , Q
OJ G 1- .
H K GA.
k , A
F, J
F G .
F eF A Q M=ODD
59
, eF M Q M=EVEN M
A HKA.
, GL FJL
F G
A.
A
J, bQ (Decision Making Statements),
(Looping Statements) . bQ
(Selection Statements) . C++ NJ
W F
A.
Control Structures
Selection
if .. else
3.5.1
Loop
Exit Control
Do
d .. while () loop
switch
Entry Control
For(;;)
f
While
() loops
w
(Selection Statements)
GL G J bQ (Decision),
GL F A.
C++ NJ bQ O
A. I A, N
A if... else... . bQ
switch, PJ F J, A
60
HK A HKM F G
NA.
if : bQ O I O.
O A:
if (N)
if..else (N)
if (G/ )
{
if (G/ )
// F-1
}
else
{
// F
}
// F-2
}
61
GL, G K
The given.... F, . GL ,
cout<<\n The given... G
getch() MM.
W G (Program 3.3) if.. else... MA:
// Program 3.3
// Demonstrates the use and syntax of if else statement
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
cout << \nEnter a number ;
cin >> a;
if ( a%2 == 0)
cout << \nThe given number << a << is even;
else
cout << \nThe given number << a << is odd;
getch();
}
GL, K
The given number 10 is even F .
else- .
62
if H G /
EJ :
branch P G .
int branch = 10 > 20;
if (branch)
{
// F-1;
}
else
{
// F-2;
}
N (Zero) K
, if(1) G .
if (1)
{
// F-1;
}
else
{
// F-2;
}
G . J F
>0 - FHJ, F-1 G.
F-2 G.
if ( a % 2 )
{
// F-1;
}
else
{
// F-2;
}
63
W G A F
P ?
// Program - 3.4
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int count = 1;
if (count > 0)
{
cout << \nNegating count ....;
count *= -1;
}
else
{
cout << \nResetting count ...;
count *= 1;
}
getch();
}
G A Negating count... F
. count F -1- H else-
H F M
?
F: if...else H if- W
F GJ, else F G
. if F G else
F G.
N if..else...
H G J
PH F G.
64
1.
?
G H
P
. K :
if a> b
cout << True;
if (a>b)
cout << True;
2.
if ( a > b)
a- -;
cout<<\nVariable is decremented;
else
a++;
cout << Variable is incremented ..
G H, Misplaced
else H
F .
F
H O
P
.
K :
If ( a> b)
{
a--;
cout<<\nVariable is
decremented;
}
else
{
a++;
cout << Variable is
incremented .. }
3.
G H
O, if
P
M. GH,
Misplaced else H
. K :
if (a > b);
cout << Greater..;
else
cout << Lesser ..;
if (a > b)
cout << Greater..;
else
cout <<Lesser ..;
3.1. if
65
3.2.2- E G
if F :
F 90-
H A G
2.
F 90- H A
G . B .
3.
E 30 A.e- Q
if
E 31-L 40 A.e. Q
Moderate - accelerate by 10 kmph ,
Good- be careful..
F FJ .
3.2. if
H if : if..else H if
. W if..else
H .
(-1)
(-2)
-1;
-2;
-3;
H if..else H,
else- , else- if
66
,
if (grade = = A)
if (basic > 5500)
incentive = basic * 10/100;
else
incentive = basic * 5/100;
else
cout << Try to attain Grade A;
F :
switch : AHK . GJ
J, O
. A:
67
switch ()
switch (remainder)
{
case 1 : F-1;
{
case 1 : cout << remanider 1;
break;
break;
case 2 : F-2;
break;
break;
case 3 : F-3;
break;
default :F-4;
}
W G, switch P MA:
// Program - 3.5
// to demonstrate the use of switch statement
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, remainder;
cout << \nEnter a number ...;
cin >> a;
remainder = a % 3;
switch (remainder)
{
case 1 : cout << \nRemainder is one;
break;
case 2 : cout << \nRemainder is two;
break;
default: cout << \nThe given number is divisible by 3;
break;
}
getch();
}
68
G,
a = 4 eF
Remainder is one
1 Q,
a = 5 eF
Remainder is two .
2 Q,
a = 3 3- Q,
The given number is divisable by 3 .
Q,
F FJ .
W GL Of A
A?
// Program - 3.6
// to demonstrate the use of switch statement
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int rank = 1;
char name[] = Shiv;
switch (rank)
{
case 1: cout<<\n<<name<<secured 1st rank;
case 2: cout<<\n<<name<<secured 2nd rank;
}
getch();
}
GL Of :
Shiv secured 1st rank
Shiv secured 2nd rank
case 1, case 2 A F
KA? Program-3.5 Program- 3.6 A
GO F H .
Program- 3.6- M KA? .
break M. FL P ?
69
FJ FJ break
. , GJ J
M G case- A
case-O F K G.
(Program - 3.6) case 1-
A. F G
A. F break case 2-
F K GA.
PH case- F
G switch M
O, FJ FJ break
.
W swich H.
:
1.
2.
float value;
switch (value)
{
case 1.5 : cout << \n
<< value 0.5;
case 2.9 : cout << \n
<< value + 0.1;
}
switch() P
float
H H.
,switch-
J F,
(char, enum, int)
PL
.
HA.
70
3.
case 1 to 2
. case-
switch (rank)
{
case 1 to 2 : cout << \n
<< Best rank;
break;
case 3 to 4 : cout << \n
<< Good rank;
}
F
.
PH
F
F
Q, G
F
.
switch (rank)
{case 1 :
case 2 : cout << Best rank;
break;
case 3 :
case 4 :
cout << Good rank;
break;
}
3.5.2. (Loops)
, F PH F
F GA. , W Program - 3.7-
:
// Program - 3.7
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
F
G KF
G
void main()
{
int i = 1;
loop_start:
if (i < 6)
{
cout << i <<\t;
i = i + 1;
goto loop_start;
}
}
F F G
F
GL , F
F G
FJ
.
71
G A, if P W
F 5 G, 1 5 J
FJ .
Program- 3.7 A:
1. i P PM FHA.
2. i < 6 d KFA.
3. G K Q F (cout<<i;i=1;)
GA. GL e loop_start
A (goto loop_start).
d J G J
F F F A. i P,
P PHA. ,
F F F G i- F
A.
, F, F,
F . G
KA. J, GL , A
F e e FHM, F F G
A. W G :
//Program - 3.7 A
void main()
{
int i = 6;
loop_start:
if (i < 6)
{
cout << i << \t;
i = i + 1;
goto loop_start;
}
cout << i;
}
//Program - 3.7 B
void main()
{
int i = 6;
loop_start:
{
cout << i << \t;
i = i + 1;
if (i < 6)
goto loop_start;
}
cout << i;
}
72
GO Of G
Al?
Program-3.7A, 6 FJ .Program-3.7B, 7 .
GL, (cout<<i; i=i+1;) A H G
. G
M. H G KA. i- F
7 GL loop_start I
M. FL P ?
A FJ FJ G
J, F
GM.
G ,
, -F (Program3.7A), O-F
(Program - 3.7B) HK.
A , A:
1. G PJ F A.
2.
A F GA.
3.
G PJ F IA.
4.
G P, d J KF
A. d J F J
, FJ ,
M O.
C++ NJ, :
1) for()
2) while()
3) do..while()
73
do...while() :
:
do
{
F;
} while <(G)>
W G :
// Program - 3.8
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print the square of numbers
// between 2 to 5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int num = 2;
do
{
cout << num * num << \t;
num += 1;
}while (num < 6);
getch();
}
Program -3.8 GL J W M M
:
) :
1. P
2. A FJ
3. KF
) G?
) GL Of ?
) ?
74
M:
) 1. P num
2. A F :
cout<<num*num<<\t;
num += 1;
3. (num<6) KF
)
) 4 9 16 25
) O-F
A G :
1. A A.
2. num- F FJ A.
3. PJ F 1 IA.
4. G FA. M
J G-2 A.
5. A.
do..while(G) O - F
. , G , A F
F . G
J . :
int ctr = 5, sum = 0;
do
{
}while(ctr);
75
W GO Of ?
. O G
K . Snippet A-J i- F
10- M . Snippet B-J choice- F
1 G K A MA.
F G K G
I A. A F
PJ F I/H
G .
76
while() :
-F . :
while <(condition)>
{
F;
}
while() P F K M
A FJ G
. F J F
. do..while() A M G while()
F e . (Program-3.9).
// Program - 3.9
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print the square of numbers
// between 2 to 5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int num = 2;
while (num < 6)
{
cout << num * num << \t;
num += 1;
}
getch();
}
A FJ
F F
G
.
:
1. num PJ 2 F
A.
2. num<2 F FH, M K
G-3 A.
3. num PJ FH ,
FJ A.
4. num PJ F IA.
5. GL G-2 A.
6. A.
77
G Program- 3.10- J W M
M O.
//Program-3.10
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int x = 3, y = 4, ctr = 2,res = x;
while(ctr <= y)
{
res *= x;
ctr += 1;
}
cout << x to the power of y is : << res;
getch();
}
) 1. GL
P ?
2. A F ?
3. KF ?
) GA?
) GL O ?
) F
?
M:
) 1. P ctr
2. res *= x; ct +=1;
3. ctr <=y
)
) 81
) - F
78
W G Program-3.11- Of ?
G k y, y, y, y, n :
// Program - 3.11
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int counter = 0;
char choice = y;
while (choice == y)
{
cout << Continue <y/n> ...;
cin >> choice;
counter = counter + 1;
}
cout << \The loop is executed ..
<< counter << times;
getch();
}
W G H. P H
P. G K H F:
//Program - 12 A
//Program - 12 A
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
//to print numbers between 5&10
void main()
{
int start = 5, end = 10;
while (start <= end)
cout << start++;
getch();
}
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
//to print numbers between
5&10
void main()
{
int start = 5, end = 10;
while (start >= end)
cout << start++;
getch();
}
79
//Program 13 A
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print numbers between
10&5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int start = 5,end = 10;
while (start <= end)
cout << start--;
getch();
//Program
13 B
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print numbers between 10&5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int start = 5,end = 10;
while (start <= end)
cout << end--;
getch();
}
}
//Program 14 A
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print numbers
between 1 & 5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int start = 1;
while (Start <=5)
cout << start++;
getch();
}
//Program 14 B
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// to print numbers
between 1 & 5
void main()
{
clrscr();
int start = 1;
while (1)
cout << start++;
getch();
}
for() :
. PH
G A. :
for ( F; F G; I)
{
F;
}
for(;;) :
1.
2.
GL L AQ ,
PJ F .
G KF. G K Q A
F .
A.
80
3. A F e G
PJ F I, e G
KF.
4. G .
W G for(;;) A M:
//Program - 3.15
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, fact = 1;
for(i = 1; i < 6; i++)
fact *= i;
cout << \nThe factorial of the number is .. <<fact;
}
PJ FH,
A F L
,
.
A F
G
KF.
G KF
PJ F I.
81
W G . P Of
? F .
// Program 3.16
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
Of:
10
void main()
{
int ctr = 10;
for(; ctr >= 6; ctr)
cout << ctr << \n;
}
9
8
7
6
// Program 3.17
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
for(int i=2,fact =1;i<6;fact*=i,i++);
cout <<\nThe factorial .. << fact;
getch();
}
Of:
The factorial.. 120
for() P FH I FJ
, Qb?
H J K. for( )
A F P .
O HK . W A
FJ Of ?
void main()
{
for (int i = 1, j = 0 ; i < 8,j<3;i++,j++)
cout << I << \t;
for (int i = 1, j = 0 ;j < 3,i < 8;i++,j++)
cout << i << \t;
}
82
Of :
1 2 3 // j < 3 .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // j< 8
. O P
F G
. G (
) K
.
G && ||
P .
// Program 3.18
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int sum =0, ctr = 1;
for(;ctr <= 5;)
{
sum += ctr;
ctr = ctr + 1;
}
cout << \nSum : << sum;
getch();
}
// Program 3.19
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int sum =0, ctr = 1;
char ch =y;
for(;ch == y;)
{
sum += ctr;
ctr++;
cout <<\nContinue <y/n> ? ;
cin >> ch;
}
cout << \nSum : << sum;
cout << \nChoice : << ch;
getch();
}
Of
:
sum : 15
FH
I
for()
M
Qb?
Continue
Continue
Continue
Continue
sum:10
Choice :
<y/n>
<y/n>
<y/n>
<y/n>
?
?
?
?
y
y
y
n
F for()
G
F bQ
Qb?
W G FJ H ?
int ctr, sum = 0;
for (ctr =1; ctr <5; ctr++);
sum += ctr;
cout << sum;
Of 5 .
KA? for() O .
, sum + = ctr , A F
M.
83
W GFO Of ?
FJ PJ
F e e 1 A
MA. Of
1 . ,
M AM.
G
int F
-32768, +32767
A
F
. M
AM.
3.5.3. continue
A FJ continue , A
C . A FJ continue
H G.
//Program 3. 20
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
for() A I
F .
void main()
{
int i = 1,sum = 0;
for(;i<10;i++)
{
if( i % 2 == 0)
{
sum += i;
continue;
}
cout <<i;
}
cout << \nSum of evennos..<<sum;
getch();
}
84
O continue M W :
3.5.4. break
KF G , A
GA. C GO, KF G
PH F A
. , Program - 3.21- :
//Program - 3.21
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
int search_item = 7;
for(int x=0; x<9;x++)
{
if (a[x] == search_item)
{
cout << \nItem found at position .. << x;
break;
}
}
cout << \n << value of index position is .. << x;
getch();
}
85
Of :
Item found at position .. 6
Value of index position is..6
break , GL
O A.
x - F 6 -
, break
A PA.
break AM
O .
break AM
.
H (Nested Loops)
A FJ H
. W G Program- 3.22- .
// nesting of loops Program- 3.22
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
int j = 1;
while(j <= i)
{
cout << * ;
j++;
}
cout << \n;
}
getch();
}
86
Of:
*
* *
* * *
O A:
H O A:
for ..loop
while loop
i = 1
G 1 ( j<= I)
i = 2
G ( j = 1 .. 2)
i = 3
G ( j = 1.. 3)
W GL Of ?
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i = 1, j = 1;
while(i <= 3)
{
cout << \n;
for(i=1;i<=j;i++)
cout << *;
i++;
j++;
}
getch();
}
Of?
87
H MF:
1. O-, - P
. H
.
2. - O-A F
F .
3.6 G
EP NJ F, G
NJ G A. G NJ
G P (Source Code) A. P
F K M N . F
N M G (Object file) A.
GH (Compilers) PJL
A. GH , P
JL F N N G
. GH, NJ ( )
KA. HJ PJL
A.
, G (executable file)
A. O K 3.1- .
3.1 G
88
JC M:
1. W PM K, H PH.
H Q, .
PM
K/H
int A; a;
char name(10);
float f, int;
double d, float f;
int 1choice, _2choice
2. W GL H FF, K G :
3. W PM
F :
) 8/3 W M F .
) Emp_Name PJ Kalam
FH.
) Y-yes, N-no PH KI k
.
4. W G FO H :
)
int a = 10; b = 5;
if a > b
cout << a;
89
) char option = Y;
do while option == y
{
cout << * ;
.................
}
) do
{
cout << * ;
}while (cout << \n Continue <y/n> ...; cin >> ch; ch == y);
5. W G/ GFO Of
?
// 5 a.
# include iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// 5 b.
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int feet;
const int inch_conversion = 12;
clrscr();
cout << \nEnter feet ;
cin >> feet;
cout << \nConverted
to inches
<< feet * inch_conversion;
}
void main()
{
int i = 1, sum = 0;
clrscr();
while(i++ <= 5)
{
cout << \n << i;
s += i;
}
cout << \nValue of the
variable i after
executing the
while loop ..
<< i << \nSum:
<< s;
}
90
// 5 d
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 1, sum = 0;
clrscr();
for(i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
cout << \n << i;
sum += i;
}
cout << \n << i << \t << sum;
for(i = 1; i <= 5; ++i)
{
cout << \n << i;
sum += i;
}
cout << \n << i << \t << sum;
}
// 5 c
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 1, sum = 0;
clrscr();
while(++i <= 5)
{
cout << \n << i;
sum += i;
}
cout << \n << i << \t << sum;
getch();
}
//5e
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// 5 f
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 1, j = 1;
clrscr();
do
{
while (j<=i)
{
cout << #;
j++;
}
cout << \n;
i++;
j = 1;
} while(i<= 5);
getch();
}
void main()
{
int num = 1784, s= 0, d = 0, x;
x = num;
clrscr();
for(;num > 0;)
{
d = num % 10;
s += d;
num = num / 10;
}
cout << \nThe sum of digits of
<< x << is :
<< s;
getch();
}
//5 g
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
for(int i = 1,s = 0; ; i++)
{
if (i%2 == 0)
continue;
s += i;
if ( i > 9)
break;
}
cout << \nThe sum is .... <<
s;
getch();
// 5 h
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
for(int i = 1,x = 0;i <= 5; i++)
x = x + i%2==0 ? i*1 : i * -1;
cout << x;
getch();
}
91
//5 j
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
//5 k
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
do
{
cout << \ndo loop ...;
} while (0);
getch();
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i = 0;
for(i = -5; i >= 5; i)
cout << Bjarne Stroustrup;
cout << \nReturning to Edit Window..;
getch();
}
//5 l
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
// 5 m
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{ int day = 3;
switch (day)
{
case 0 : cout << \nSunday ..;
case 1 : cout << \nMonday ..;
case 2 : cout << \nTuesday ..;
case 3 : cout << \nWednesday .. ;
case 4 : cout << \nThursday ..;
case 5 : cout << \nFriday ..;break;
case 6 : cout << \nSaturday ..;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int month = 5;
if (month++ == 6)
cout << \nMay ...;
else if (month == 6)
cout << \nJune ...;
else if (month == 5)
cout << \nMay again ..;
}
// 5 n
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int bool = 2,b =4;
while(bool)
{
cout << bool << \t << ++b << \n;
bool;
b;
}
getch();
}
92
6. G :
) a , b . ab P. (while()
).
) E (factorial)
P. (for() ).
) n C P.
C : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 18, 20, 32, ...
)
W E Of . (Q
Q G )
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
A
B
7. F F k , W
F OJ. switch() .
) day 1 Q, 1st day in the month OJ.
) day 2/22 Q, 2nd / 22nd day in the month OJ
) day 3/23 Q 3rd / 23rd day in the month OJ.
)
OJ.
93
Ramanathan
(Functions)
4.1
C++ GO F
(Functions) . GL F M
A. G O main()
. ,
GL c A.
PJ A.
94
Program - 4.1 GL A
F F . Program-4.2 GL
fact (int num)
. , W J A:
G PJ (fact( )
)
P Q G (Compiling)
G
A .
P F
:
95
,
P
A. GL
A.
return
//Program -4.4
# include <iostream.h>
void fun (char name [ ]) ;
(P PM)
void main ( )
{
char n [ ] = { C++ programming.};
fun (n);
}
P
GH W
A:
1. O (arguments) E P
M-(char name[]) ).
2. FH FH M.(
fun() P M void
, FH F
. Program-4.2 - e . fact()
FH M int .
96
M :
<M> <P > <>;
:
void fun(char);
int max(int, int);
int max(int a, int b);
M , P
K GH .
P PM ,
(Template) A.
, K
, FH F K
F GH F
A. FH M
M Q, GH, H
GH .
int max (int, int) K?
PMH, O FK P.
PH I. M
PH P F (place holders)
PHA.
P J O (P)
A. , P
A.
void fun(char name[ ])
{
cout<<name;
}
int fact(int num)
{
int f =1;
for(int a = 1;a <= num; a++)
f *= a;
return f;
}
name, num
A P
.
97
4.3 P
P PH, P
L . , . P
O HK H
P . :
// Program - 4.5
# include <conio.h>
# include <iostream.h>
(Formal Parameters)
(Actual Parameters)
P :
int add(int, int)
{
...............
return a+b;
}
A.
void main()
{
......................
sum =add(x1,x2);
cout<<sum;
}
98
4.4 P H
P , (Arguments)
(Parameters) K
A.
PL P PL
P O
N A.
C++ NJ , J
.
F (Call by value)
P (Call by reference)
main()
add()
x1 = 5
a=5
x2 = 7
b=7
sum =
Assume address of the variables :
x1 = Oxf1
x2 = Oxf3
a = Oxf7
b = Oxf9
sum = Oxf6
99
address
Oxf1
Oxf2
Oxf3
Oxf4
Oxf5
Oxf6
Oxf7
Oxf8
Oxf9
data
5
7
12
5
7
x1, x2 A,
a, b A G HO
Qb? , F
J, , PL,
P .
// Program - 4.6
// To exchange values
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
# include <iomanip.h>
void swap (int n1, int n2)
{
int temp;
temp = n1;
n1 = n2;
n2 = temp;
cout << \n<<n1<<\t<<n2<<\n;
}
void main ( )
{
int m1 = 10, m2 = 20;
clrscr ( );
cout <<\n Values before invoking swap
<< m1 << \t << m2;
cout << \n Calling swap..;
swap (m1, m2);
cout << \n Back to main.. Values are
<< m1 << \t << m2;
getch ( );
}
Of:
Values before invoking swap
Calling
20
10
20
10
20
swap ..
10
100
m1, m2 A PO F P, main()
P HFLM. E b?
F H,
, M
MO F P A. O
F F PO A.
, PO
, O HFLF.
F J, O
O HF
LF.
101
void main ( )
{
int m1 = 10, m2 = 20;
clrscr();
cout<<\nValues before swap call
<< \t << m1 << \t << m2;
swap(m1,m2);
cout<<\n Calling swap..;
cout<<\n Back to main.Values are
<< \t << m1 << \t<< m2;
getch ( );
}
Of:
Values before invoking swap
Calling
20
10
20
20
10
swap ..
10
O
O HFL. , P
O G
A.
W M :
main()
swap()
m1=10
m2=20
n1=10
n2=20
temp
m1, m2 A PO G K
Oxf4 .
m1 = Oxf1 = 10
m2 = Oxf4 = 20
102
Oxf1,
O P (reference)
M:
m1 = 10;
n1 , m1- P ,
int &n1 = m1;
PH. , m1- n1 .
, m1, n1 G H PA.
, O ,
n1 = m1 = Oxf1 = 10
n2 = m2 = Oxf4 = 20
.
K
10
20
20
10
, O
O FL.
P J, O
O HF
L.
W G A :
// Reference variables
// Program -4.8
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int num1 = 10, & num2 = num1;
num2 ++;
cout << num1;
}
103
GL Of 11 A.
PH M num1, num2 A P
G H A.
, num1- num2- HFLA.
MF
1. F J PL, P
J M
H .
,
int add (int n1, int n2)
P :
x = add (5, 10);
x = add (a1, a2) [a1, a2 A int P]
2. P J ,
PO M H .
,
P ,
H.
104
// Program - 4.9
//To print 5 stars per row and 5 such rows
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void fun_starts(int &i)
{
int j = 5;
for (i= 1; i <= j; i++)
cout << <<*;
}
void main()
{
int mi = 1;
clrscr( );
for (; mi<= 5; mi++)
{
cout << \n;
fun_starts (mi);
}
getch();
}
G, PJ PH Of
KA? G,
*****
K M . K M .
: i P mi PJ P (reference)
. G i- F 6
AMA. mi- F 6 AM. , main() -
for( ) A.
105
:
// Program - 4.10
// formal parameters with default values
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
float power (float n, int p = 1)
{
float prd = 1;
for (int i = 1; i<= p; i++)
prd *= n;
return prd;
}
void main ( )
{
clrscr ( );
int x = 4, b = 2;
cout << \n Call statement is power(b, x)...
<< power (b, x);
cout << \n Call statement is power(b)..
<< power (b);
getch ( );
}
Of:
Call statement is power (b,x)
Call statement is power(b)
power(b, x)
:
n = b,
...
...
16
2
P FH
p=x
power (b) P, n PJ
2 F .
p PJ Q F 1 .
106
P:
PJ FH M Q F
.
P P C M
M
Q N A.
Q F M
L F . L
F, M .
W G A :
//Program - 4.11
# include <iostream h>
# include <conio.h>
int area (int side1 = 10, int side2=20)
{
return (side1 * side2);
}
void main( )
{
int s1 = 4, s2 = 6;
clrscr( );
cout << area (s1, s2) << \n;
cout << area (s1) << \n;
cout << area (s2) << \n;
getch( );
}
Of:
24
80
120
PJ FH:
H:
side1 = s1, side2 = s2
2 H:
side1 = s1, side2 = 20
3- H:
side1 = s2, side2 = 20
107
W GL Of ?
// Program - 4.12
// arguments with default values
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void print (int times, char ch = * )
{
cout << \n;
for (int i = 1, i < = timers; i ++)
cout << ch;
}
void main ( )
{
clrscr ( );
print (50);
print (A, 97);
print ( );
}
M:
print (50)
times
50 F
. , 50 * OJ.
times PJ A F
. (char F int F
). times- 65
F .
108
97 F ch- . ,
int F char F .
ch- a .
,
J .
a 65 .
-
print()
Q (default)
F . ,
* P, 50 .
4.5 FH FH
F FH void PM
A. P PM M O
PHMQ, P int
. ,
int add (int, int);
add (int, int);
O FH F int .
C++ NJ Q FH M
int .
W :
K
FH
float
char choice ( )
char
char * success ( )
pointer to character
double
109
4.5.1 P FH
P P:
// Program - 4.13
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int i = 5;
int &count = i ;
cout << \nCount: << count;
count ++;
cout << \ni: << i;
getch ( );
Of:
Count : 5
i:6
count P, 5 F ?
count PJ F I i- F F
K? count i A P GF M
. , PJ
P PJ FL.
J, W GL Of
P:
110
// Program - 4.14
# include <iostream h>
# include <conio.h>
int &maxref (int &a, int &b)
{
if (a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
void main ( )
{ int x = 20, y = 30, max = 0;
max = maxref (x,y);
cout << /n Maximum is:<< max;
}
Of:
Maximum is : 30
111
Of:
Value of x is : 20
Value of y is : -1
P:
1.
PH FH P
FH P .
2.
, y- -1 . ,
maxref() , b P
P FH main() P b-
P y . , FH P
b . -1 .
3.
P P
P
. ,
int & maxref (int a, int b);
H, GH H A.
a, b A PO maxref ()
P .
4.6 inline
O
L:
G PJ , G
C ; GL c
.
I, P
, GH
, H F
A. G (stacks)
A GH .
, FH, A
QC C I
A. GL
A. C GO, P CP
( EJ ) ,
112
GH IF,
P GH Fh M. F,
P FL A. inline
A.
inline GL
O. GH (compiling time)
P
F GL M. inline
, F G
.
W :
// Program - 4.16
// inline functions
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int inches = 45;
cout << convert_feet(inches);
getch();
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int inches = 45;
cout << inches * 12;
getch();
}
, convert_feet (inches)
, return P (inches * 12)
Fh .
P inline PM Q,
Program-4.16- P H inline
C .
P: inline C, GH
K . C O GH, K
EM F.
113
4.7 PO
(scope) MF
PJ A (accessibility)
PA. C++ NJ .
:
1. (Local scope)
2. (Function scope)
3. (File scope)
4. (Class scope)
P, F (Block) A.
PJ
F .
P PM F
OJL .
114
G G
, GH H
F .
Error in line no. 13
The variable temp is not accessible
PO
F
. P F
P NA.
P PM
F O PF.
F O P
F.
P PM F
G.
GL F ,
P A.
O NA.
Program- 4.19 GL P .
P PH.
115
// Program - 4.19
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{
int flag = 1; a = 100;
while (flag)
{
int x = 200;
if (a > x)
{ int j;
------}
else
{ int h;
-----}
}
}
x: while( ) F
1. x
2. j
j : if ( a > x ) { }
F
3. k
k :else { } F
116
// Program - 4.20
// To demonstrate the scope of a variable
// declared at file level
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
int i = 10;
void fun()
{
cout << i;
}
void main()
{
cout << i;
while (i)
{
......
......
}
}
O . W G .
num P main()-
, O
PM
Qb? :: num
int num = 15;
PH A
m ? ::
void main()
bQ
{
P A.
clrscr();
F PM
int num = 5;
P PH
num = num + ::num;
P A.
cout << num << \t <<++::num;
getch();
P K
}
G GO
P .
// Program - 4.21
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
117
4.7.5
6- P M.
JC
1. MO J W
.
()
Procedural -fuction()
- , F FH
.
M:
void Procedural-function (void);
, void Procedural-function( );
()
Manupulative-function()
- double , int F
FH .
M
(i) int Manipulative-function(double) ;
(ii) int Manipulative-function(double d);
(iii) Manipulative-function (double)
()
fun-default()
- . Q
int F . float F.
F FH.
M:
void fun-default (float, int num = 10);
118
()
return-reference-fun()
- int , int P
FH.
M:
int & char-reference-fun(int&, int&);
()
multi-arguments()
- float .
pi-J F.
P . F FH.
M:
void multi-arguments (float const pi, float & a);
2. W O H :
. float average (a, b);
. float prd (int a, b);
. int default -arg (int a=2, int b);
. int fun (int, int, double = 3.14);
. void strings(char[ ]);
3. W P
main() P .
void line (int times, char ch)
{
cout << \n;
for (int i =1; i <=times; i++)
cout << ch;
cout << \n;
}
119
4. GL PO
PH:
M:
# include <iostream.h>
float a, b ; void f1 (char);
a,b -
int main ( )
{
ch -
-main()
char ch;
............
{
- F
int i = 0;
...........
}
}
void f1(char g)
x, y, g -
- f1()
short x, y ;
...............
5. W GO H :
) include <iostream.h>
xyz (int m, int n)
{
M:
P F
m P
PM .
int m = 10;
n = m * n;
return n;
}
void main( )
{
cout << xyz(9, 27);
}
120
# include <iostream.h>
void xyz ( );
void main ( )
{ int x = xyz ( ) ; }
void xyz ( )
{ return \0 ; }
# include <iostream.h>
void counter (int & a)
{ ++ a;}
void main ( )
{counter (50); }
6.
M:
void PM
P return
. ,
,
J F
.
M:
, P
F
M H
.
W GO Of ?
. # include <iostream.h>
M : 101
121
. # include <iostream.h>
divide (int v)
{ return v / 10;}
void main( )
{ int val = -1;
val = divide (400) = = 40;
cout << \In Val. << val;
M : 1
# include <iostream.h>
int incre (int a)
M : 10
{ return a++; }
void main( )
{
int x = 10;
x = incre (x);
cout << x;
# include <iostream.h>
# include <iostream.h>
void line( )
{
static int v = 5;
int x = v - -;
while (x)
{cout << * ; x --;
}
cout << \n;
}
void main( )
{ clrscr( );
for (int i = 1; i < = 5; i ++)
line( );
getch( );
}
M :
*****
****
***
**
122
. # include <iostream.h>
M :
Val : 50
first (int i)
{ return i++; }
second (int x)
{ return x ; }
void main ( )
{
int val = 50;
val = val * val/val
val = second (val);
val = first (val);
cout << \n Val: << val;
}
7. G :
()
.
()
()
char odd-even-check(int) P .
, Q E ,
O M . P
A, K F OJ main() P
F .
()
int prime(int) P .
, Q 1,
-1 M . P
A, K F OJ main() P
F .
123
Ramanathan
5
M - E
(Structured Data Type - Arrays)
5.1.
C++ NJ E M M .
M F .
F , FJ
A E .
, W G :
1. O FJ K
P:
)
FJ H, d
:
if (a > b)
max = a;
else
max = b;
FJ H, d
:
if (a > b) && (a > c)
max = a;
else if (b > c)
max = b;
else
max = c;
124
FJ H, d
:
if (a > b && a > c && a > d)
max = a;
else if (b > c && b > d)
max = b;
else if (c > d)
max = c;
else
max = d;
E F d F
Qb? N
HP, F O
F I.
, W F :
int a [4] = { 10, 40, 30, 20}; max = 0 ; i = 0;
for (; i < 4; i ++)
if a [i] > max
max = a [i] ;
cout << \n The largest number is << max;
F, O L
K bQA. , 10, 40, 30, 20 A O
40 OJA. if Am? F
O , M O
F E PM.
, E M PO F
. EJ PH .
125
EJ :
1)
K: PH EJ
.
2)
K: PH EJ, K
E .
EJ
5.1 K E
EJ E (positive)
.
int num_array[5];
PMH , num_array F
K E . EJ
EJ , EJ H (position)P . ,
num_array[3] = 99;
, EJ H 99- A.
num_array EJ , [3] W (Subscript)
(position) .
num_array- G 10 .
F int . ( int F 2
. 5 x 2 = 10 ).
126
G W :
num_array - EJ
0
W
F
( )
3
99
EJ W 0- M . num_array
E PJ W 0 ML 4 .
num_array[5] H, W
0 4 . E PMH K H :
i) int array [100];
ii) float exponents [10];
iii) char name [30];
iv) const i = 10;
double val [i];
v) int days [ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7};
iv)- , val EJ E
i PL PH. (v)- ,
days EJ E 7
. A A? , {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7} FH P bQA. 7
EJ bQA. , Program - 5.1
. EJ G
MA.
E :
cin >> number[4]
EJ
F A.
cout<< number[subscript] subscript- PH
H FJ .
number[3] = number[2]
H
EJ H .
number[3] ++
H
F I.
number [++a] = 10
++a - PH E H
10 F .
127
W G A Of :
// Program - 5.1
// arrays and basic manipulations on
// arrays
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
int a[5],ctr = 0, sum;
void main()
{
for(;ctr<5;ctr++)
{
cout << \nEnter value ..;
cin >> a[ctr];
}
// generating sum of all the elements
// stored in array
for(ctr = 0, sum = 0; ctr<5;ctr++)
sum+= a[ctr];
clrscr();
// display values stored in array
for(ctr = 0; ctr < 5; ctr++)
cout <<\t << a[ctr];
cout << \nSum of the elements ... << sum;
getch();
}
128
// try out
// Program 5.2
Of:
abcdeffedcba
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
char ch [ ] = {a, b, c, d, e, f};
void main ( )
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << ch[ i];
for (j=4; j>=0; j)
cout << ch [j];
getch();
}
// try out
// Program - 5.3
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int even [3] = {0, 2, 4}; int reverse [3];
for (int i=0, int j = 2; i<3; i++, j )
reverse [j] = even [i];
clrscr ( );
for (i=0; i<3, i++)
cout \t << even [i] << \t << reverse [i] << \n;
getch ( );
}
Of:
0
129
// try out
//Program - 5.4
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int x[5] = {1,2,3,4,5}, y [5] = {5,4,3,2,1},
result [5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 };
int i= 0;
while (i++ < 5)
result [i] = x [i] - y [i];
clrscr ( );
cout << \n The contents of the array are: \n;
i = 0;
do
{
cout << \t << x [i]
<< \t << y [i]
<< \t << result [i]<<\n;
i++;
} while (i<5);
getch ( );
}
Of:
The contents of the array are:
1
-1
-2
130
//Try out
//Program - 5.5
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int vector[] = {2, 4, 8, 10, 0};
for(int i=4; i>2; i)
vector [i]= vector[i-1];
clrscr();
cout << \n Elements of array before insertion \n;
for (i= 0; i<5; i++)
cout << vector[i];
vector [2] = 6;
cout << \n Elements after insertion \n;
for (i= 0; i<5; i++)
cout << vector[i];
getch();
}
Of:
Elements of array before insertion
248810
Elements after insertion
246810
EJ
K . K (sorting) A.
5.3 (Strings)
, F (literals) A.
K char E A. E
PM PM . ,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
131
132
k K V N Perumal , name- K
. K- O
M F .
name- F K.V.N.Perumal k , name-
)
K.V.N.Perumal .
FH O
Q, stdio.h H gets()
P . k
istream- getline()- .
:
gets()
getline()
: cin.getline(char *, O E, P);
F FJ N
:
1. cout <<name; - H PO F OJ
2. cout.write (pincode, 7); cout.write (pincode, sizeof(pincode));
write() Of ostream-
. M
, M O
(object/instance) . write() P
F ,
O E. :
//Program - 5.7
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char name[ ] = Tendulkar;
int i=1;
while (i<10)
{
cout.write (name, i);
cout << \n;
i++;
}
getch();
}
133
Of:
T
Te
Ten
Tend
Tendu
Tendul
Tendulk
Tendulka
Tendulkar
string.h H ,
O M 5.1- :
strlen()
strlen(char*)
1
FH
F
F O
E . (.):
char name[ ] = Lasya;
strlen(name),5 M .
strcpy()
strcpy(char *, F
char*)
(.)
strcpy(name, petname)
strcmp()
strcmp(char*, H,
char*)
G Q,
0 M .
K
H1
M . H H 1 M A. (-)
strcmp (Abc, Abc) 0
M . strcmp (Abc, abc)
-1 M.
strcmp ( abc, Abc) 1
M .
5.1.
134
K char E
. :
// Program - 5.8
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char name[] = Pascal, reverse[7];
int i= 0;
while (name[i] != \0)
i++;
reverse[i] = \0;
i;
int j = 0;
while (i>= 0)
reverse [i] = name [j++];
cout << \n The contents of the string are: << name;
cout << \n The contents of the reversed string ...
<< reverse;
getch();
}
W GL Of ?
//Program - 5.9
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
main()
{
char word[] = test;
int i=0, k = 4, j = 0;
clrscr();
while (i < 4)
{
j = 0;
while (j<=i)
cout << word [j++];
cout << \n;
i++;
}
return 0;
}
135
0,1
0,2
0,3
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
int marks[3] [4] = {90, 70, 80, 0, 75, 95, 65, 0, 80, 90, 90, 0};
K E,
0
90
70
80
75
95
65
80
90
90
.
P:
K EJ E, A/
EO .
marks E 12 (3x4)
.
E P W (subscripts)
0-M A. A P W 0
2 , 0 3 .
K EJ marks[ A] [ ]
PH. ,
marks [0] [3] = marks[0] [0] + marks[0] [1] + marks[0] [2];
, AJ F,
90, 70, 80 AP A.
136
K E PMA:
< M > < E> [< A>] [< >];
:
1. int a[3] [2] - a E 3 A, 2
.
2. cons int i = 5;
float num [i] [3]; - num K 5
A, 3 .
5.4.1. K EO G H
K EJ GF C
HO FA. O F
W P A.
1. A K: A - (row - major)
2. K: - (column - major)
137
:
int sales[2][4] EJ A:
A- K
0,0
0,1
1- A
0,2
0,3
1,0
1,1
2- A
1,2
1,3
- K
0,0
1-
1,0
0,1
2-
1,1
0,2
3-
1,2
0,3
4-
1,3
sales[1][0] H A-
KJ, - KJ Qb?
138
K EJ G
AA:
E x G .
, int sales[2][4] EJ
AA:
E = A x = 2 x 4 = 8
8 x 2 ( int F 2 )
= 16
float num [4][6] EJ ?
M :
4 x 6 x 4 = 96
W E :
int num[4][3] = {78, 7, 6, 4, 5, 8, 9, 7, 6, 1, 2, 3};
num
2
3
9
1
7
2
6
3
num J I FO F
139
M:
num[0][1] - (7)
num[1][1] - (5)
num[2][0] - (9)
num[3][1] - (2)
W PM EO, O E
bQ:
) int array[10] [12];
M : 120
M : 6
(A-3, -2)
F E PM,
K PH I.
, E H
. EJ PH
. K PH J.
E P
A. , EJ , GF E
FJ K PA. H P
O P. EJ
PH, K H
A (P ).
140
// Program - 5.10
#include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void accept (int s[3][4], int &total)
{
int r = 0, c = 0;
for (; r < 3; r++)
{
cout << \n Month: << r+1;
for (c = 0; c < 4; c++)
{
cout << \n << c+1 << Quarter..;
cin >> s[r][c];
total += s[r][c];
}
}
}
void display (int d[3][4], int total)
{
int r, c;
clrscr ( );
cout << \nSales figures for 3 months & their
respective quarters..;
for (r = 0; r < 3; r++)
{
cout << \n Month ... << r+1;
for (c = 0; c < 4; c ++)
cout << \t << d[r][c];
}
cout << \n Total sales .. << total;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int sales[3][4], t = 0;
accept(sales,t);
display(sales,t);
getch();
}
141
W G :
// Program - 5.11
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void accept(int a)
{
cout << \n Enter a number ..;
cin >> a;
}
void display(int a)
{
cout << \n << a;
}
void main()
{
int num [2][2] ={{0,0},{0,0}}, r = 0, c = 0;
clrscr ( );
for (; r < 2; r++)
for (; c < 2; c++)
accept(num[r][c]);
clrscr();
for (r = 0; r < 2; r++ )
for (c = 0; c < 2; c++)
display (num[r][c]);
getch();
}
accept() P k 1, 2, 3, 4 A F
. M:
0
0
0
0
A. num EJ O 1, 2, 3, 4 A F
M E b?
, void accept() P
QQ H A. , F
. P
F .
142
P:
EJ EJ K PA.
, GL accept() P P
. 1, 2, 3, 4 k , Of,
1
2
3
4
5.4.2. E (Matrix)
E m x n m AO n
O E M . E
K E .
Program-5.12 G E F
k E O G (equality)
KF M A.
5.5. O E
O E K char E . E
H (A E) O
E P.
(
E) O c P. :
char day-names [7] [10]
{Sunday,
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday};
EJ O F 5.1-
.
143
//Program - 5.12
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void accept(int mat[3][3])
{
clrscr();
int r = 0, c = 0;
for (; r < 3; r++)
{
cout << \n Enter elements for row.. << r;
for (c=0; c < 3; c++)
cin >> mat[r][c];
}
}
void main()
{
int m1[3][3], m2[3][3];
accept (m1);
accept (m2);
int i=0, j = 0, flag = 1;
for (; i < 3; i++)
{
for (; j < 3; j ++)
if (m1[i][j] != m2[i][j])
{
flag = 0;
break;
}
if (flag == 0)
break;
}
if (flag)
cout << \n The matrices are equal ...;
else
cout << \n The matrices are not equal..;
getch();
}
144
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
S
M
T
W
T
F
S
1
u
o
u
e
h
r
a
2
n
n
e
d
u
i
t
3
d
d
s
n
r
d
u
4
a
a
d
e
s
a
r
5
y
y
a
s
d
y
d
6
\0
\0
y
d
a
\0
a
\0
a
y
y
\0
\0
\0
day-names [0]
day-names [1]
day-names [2]
day-names [3]
day-names [4]
day-names [5]
day-names [6]
5.1 GF EJ
EJ QQ day-names[0]
(A ) PH . F
PH EJ Q
day-names[0][5] (A/
) PH .
F FJ P (null
character - \0) I (optional). M
C++ GH .
JC M
1. W H ?
)
int a[5.5];
- EJ K .
EM F
. Q, eF
O 0 F M.
)
float num[A];
145
- EJ K O PM
. F, A P F
A. ,
float num[A] ,
const A=10; float num[A];
P .
)
EJ K MM.
K .
,
char a[ ] [6] = {one, two, three};
P .
)
char ch[1] = s;
-char E PM Q,
char ch[2] = s;
PM. char E PM
Q,
char ch[1] = {s};
PM .
)
PH. ,
char test [4];
strcpy(test, abc);
F, PJ .
146
-E PM FH NJ.
int num1[5], num2[10], num3[15];
PM.
FH JH QQ
.
)
int num[3];
cout << num;
cin >> num;
- E k/ Of
FJ.
.
cout << num [1];
cin >> num[2];
.
)
,
int roaster = 10; ,
int roaster [ ] = {1,2,3,4} ;
.
2. W FHH EJ
?
)
M:
)
147
3. W GO Of ?
)
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
M: END
{
char ch [ ] = END;
cout << ch;
}
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{
int a [ ] = {1,2,3,4,5};
for (int i = 0, i < 4, i++)
a[i+1] = a[i];
for (i= 0; i<5; i++)
cout << \n << a[i];
}
M:
EJ :
a[0] = 1, a[1] = 2, a[2] = 3, a[3] = 4, a[4] = 5
for() ,
i = 0 : a[1] = a[0]
i = 1 : a[2] = a[1]
i = 2 : a[3] = a[2]
i = 3 : a[4] = a[3]
148
, Of,
1
1
1
1
1
.
)
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
char name[ ] = Jerry; int k=5;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++, k )
name [k] = name[i];
cout << name;
getch( );
}
M:
for() ,
i = 0 : k = 5, name[5] = name[0];
i = 1 : k = 4, name[4] = name[1];
i = 2 : k = 3, name[3] = name[2];
, Of, JerreJ A.
4. G :
1)
F . E
O F M .
149
2)
10 F F int E
PM. EJ KI
F . F H KJ
FJ.
3)
word PJ (char E) KI
. while() switch()
A F K J
(vowels) A M OJ. ,
char word[ ] = The Vowel count AEIOU aeiou;
Vowel count is 14
4)
MATRIX[3][3] E .
M O F P
OJ.
5)
F k . E
sum-matrix[4][4] EJ
F, OJ.
:
matrixA
matrixB
sum-matrix
1234
5678
9876
5432
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10
9123
4567
1987
6543
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10
150
Ramanathan
6
(Classes and Objects)
6.1 -
C++ NJ I A .
C++ N A vv N L
C (C with Classes)
A , M A FA.
M , F
M F N
FA.
F N A.
class student
{
char name[30];
int rollno, marks1, marks2, total_marks;
}
OA.
, student MK .
N (methods) . ,
O e G ( F
k , W )
A.
P,
A.
6.2
M F :
1) PM
2) M
151
// Program - 6.1
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
class student
{
private :
char name[30];
int rollno, marks1, marks2 ,total_marks;
protected:
void accept()
{
cout<<\n Enter data name, roll no, marks 1 and
marks 2.. ;
cin>>name>>rollno>>marks1>>marks2;
}
void compute()
{
total_marks = marks1+ marks2;
}
void display()
{
cout<<\n Name <<name;
cout<<\n Roll no <<rollno;
cout<<\n Marks 1.. <<marks1;
cout<<\n Marks 2.. <<marks2;
cout<<\n Total Marks.. << total_marks;
}
public:
student()
{
name[0]=\0';
rollno=marks1=marks2=total_marks=0;
cout<<\n Constructor executed ... ;
}
void execute()
{
accept();
compute();
display();
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
student stud;
stud.execute();
}
152
PMH :
class class-name
{
private:
variable declaration
function declaration
class student
{ private;
char name [10];
int rollno, marks1, marks2, total_marks;
protected:
variable decl.
function decl.
protected:
void accept( );
void compute( );
void display( );
public:
variable decl.
function decl.
};
public:
student( );
void execute( );
};
class C ,
class A.
M F O P
O A.
M F P O
PM .
M F A H
(O C) : private, public,
protected.
private A PH I.
M A PHM Q
M private
F.
private PM
.
protected PM
, M J
M .
public PM
O .
153
M
(friend functions) C C
.
protected
M
O .
public
M
IP O O
.
6.4
.
M
P PA.
M P E GA
PA. N (methods) ,
(attributes) .
, Program-6.1- student
6.1- . A (constructors), NH
(destructors) Q C
. A/NH P 8- MK
.
154
student
M P student
(tag) .
name, rollno,
marks1,marks2, total_marks
accept()
compute()
display()
execute()
student()
stud
student M (instance)/
(object) / P (variable)
6.1 Program- 6.1 student
6.5
student stud;
PM . P stud
student M (instance) (object)
.
H, MF P
PM . stud student P. student
class M. C++ NJ P
(objects) PA. MO
P PM M PM
A. A O P
, PO PH .
6.1
155
6.6
M O P
. , student M execute() P
:
O P
O
M private M
, C C
.
student M name, marks1,
marks2, total_marks A , accept(), display(), compute()
A .
O PM , private protected
,
.
public PM
M .
stud.execute();
. , execute()
public PM . ,
O PM stud
. , stud.accept(), stud.compute(), stud.display(),
stud.marks1- , G H
not accessible H F .
E M Program- 6.2
. F , P,
A P .
sum P public A , s
A.
156
//Program - 6.2
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
class add
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
int sum;
void getdata()
{
a=5;
b=10;
sum = a+b;
}
};
void main()
{
add s;
s.getdata();
cout<<s.sum;
}
6.7 M
class add
{
int a,b;
public:
add()
{
a = 0;
b = 0;
}
void display();
};
void add::display()
{
int sum;
sum = a+b;
cout<<sum;
}
N-1
N-2
157
.
:
P
/
P
F . P
P.
158
M private
. H .
P
. O P J.
( O H
A).
, C++
. H .
FH F, M
.
static .
6.8 G W
H F
GF
A.
P F ,
QQ G F. P
G QQ
A.
. , O P
F .
W PM :
class product
{
int code, quantity;
float price;
public:
void assign_data();
void display();
};
void main()
{
product p1, p2;
}
159
F assign_data(), display() A
GF M FJ A. p1, p2
A M FJ
.
p1, p2 A O G W :
G W
p1
p2
6.2 G W
M , Program- 6.3- M
, H
.
6.9 static
M static F O
. static
M ,
0 F . H
FHF.
GF, P
( F F). M
H GF
AA.
A
. , G
.
static P G
(Program-6.4):
160
// Program - 6.3
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class product
{
int code, quantity;
float price;
public:
void assign_data( int c, int q, float p)
{
code = c;
quantity = q;
price = p;
}
void display()
{
cout<<\n Code : <<code;
cout<<\n Quantity :<<quantity;
cout<<\n Price : << price;
}
};
void main()
{
product p;
p.assign_data( 101, 200, 12.5);
p.display();
}
161
// Program - 6.4
// To demonstrate the use of static member variables
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class simple_static
{
int a,b,sum;
static int count;
public:
void accept()
{
cout<<\n Enter values.. ;
cin>>a>>b;
sum = a+b;
count++;
}
void display()
{
cout<<\n The sum of two numbers <<sum;
cout<<\n This is addition <<count;
}
};
static_simple.count = 0;
void main()
{
simple_static p1,p2,p3;
p1.accept();
p1.display();
p2.accept();
p2.display();
p3.accept();
p3.display();
}
162
Of:
Enter values 10 20
The sum of two numbers 30
This is addition 1
Enter values 5 7
The sum of two numbers12
This is addition 2
Enter values.. 9 8
The sum of two numbers 17
This is addition 3
static P count 0
FHA. O
A count- F IA.
accept() count- F
I 3 F A.
count- A,
count- F 3 A. , 6.2- M.
163
6.10 O E
W , G
W :
class product
{
int code,quantity;
float price;
public :
void assign_Data();
void display();
} p[3];
void main()
{
p[0].assign_Data();
p[0].display();
}
code
quantity
price
p[0]
code
quantity
price
p[1]
code
quantity
price
p[2]
JC M
I. H P F:
class x
{
public:
int a,b;
void init()
{
a =b = 0;
}
int sum();
int square();
};
int sum()
{
return a+b;
}
164
int square()
{
return sum() * sum()
}
M:
simple s;
s.num1=s.num2=0;
s.accept();
display();
165
M:
1) sum PJ PMH F
.
2) num1, num2 A P private
main()- L .
3) s.accept() . protected
.
4) display() P O
.
III.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class item
{
private:
int code,quantity;
float price;
void getdata()
{
cout<<\n Enter code, quantity, price ;
cin>>code>>quantity>>price;
}
public:
float tax = 0;
void putdata()
{
cout<<\n Code : <<code;
cout<<\n Quantity : <<quantity;
cout<<\n Price : <<price;
if( quantity >100 )
tax = 2500;
else
tax =1000;
166
GL J W G
:
i-
G
W
IV.
1)
private
public
W employee
:
employee M private :
empno -
ename - 20
basic - float
netpay, hra, da - float
calculate()- basic+hra+da A float
F FH .
employee M public :
havedata() - empno, ename, basic, hra, da - A F
k , calculate() P
netpay- A .
dispdata() - FJ
.
2)
W math
:
private :
num1, num2, result - float
init() - num1, num2, result AP 0
FH.
167
protected :
add() - num1, num2 ,
result- .
prod() - num1, num2 A,
result- .
public :
getdata() - num1, num2 A F
menu() 1. Add...
2. Prod...
(menu) .
1 add() P, 2-
prod() P F, result- FJ
.
168
Ramanathan
(Polymorphism)
7.1
polymorphism , (poly-many, morph-shapes)
A. IN A. C++
NJ, , EI (function overloading),
P EI (operator overloading) AP G
A. J EI (overloading) ,
PA.
, EI Q
P PA. G
K EI C++ NJ O
.
// F E
// F E
// F E
O P
, K ( )
.
float area(float radius);
float area(float half, float base, float height);
float area(float length, float breadth);
169
Program-7.1- . O
F A area() P
F :
// Program - 7.1
// to demonstrate the polymorphism - function overloading
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
float area ( float radius )
{
cout << \nCircle ;
return ( 22/7 * radius * radius );
}
float area (float half, float base, float height)
{
cout << \nTriangle ..;
return (half* base*height);
}
float area ( float length, float breadth )
{
cout << \nRectangle ;
return ( length *breadth );
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
float r,b,h;
int choice = 0;
do
{
clrscr();
cout << \n Area Menu ;
cout << \n 1. Circle ... ;
cout << \n 2. Traingle ...;
cout << \n 3. Rectangle ... ;
cout <<\n 4. Exit ... ;
cin>> choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1 :
cout << \n Enter radius ... ;
cin>>r;
cout<<\n The area of circle is ...
<< area(r);
getch();
break;
case 2:
cout<< \n Enter base, height ... ;
cin>>b>>h;
cout<<\n The area of a triangle is...
<< area (0.5, b, h);
getch();
break;
case 3:
cout<< \n Enter length, breadth.. ;
cin>>h>>b;
cout<<\n The area of a rectangle is ...
<< area(h,b);
getch();
break;
}
}while (choice <=3);
}
170
O Qb? :
float area(float radius);
float area(float half, float base, flaot height);
float area(float length, float breadth);
area() O
GAl? , P
O EJ A.
M , F ,
F .
float
. F.
M .
O E . O
E H P M P
.
W O EI
O H P ?
?
:
H :
E
J
.
H.
EIH A?
GH, IC (Best Match)
HA. F G
H
I K
.
171
I K Q,
P .
,
,
.
char M int/float/double .
int M char/float/double .
float M int/double/char .
Program-7.1 GL area() P
W Q M ?
area (5.0)
area (0.5, 4.0, 6.0)
area(3.0, 4.5)
172
Of
EIH MF
1)
2)
3)
4)
EI O E
J, P O .
EI FH M
, .
EI O Q ,
O L F C++ GH
F .
H
.
PM, W HQ
.
void fun ( char a, int times)
{
for (int i=1; i<=times;i++)
cout<<a;
}
void fun( char a= *, int times )
{
for(int i=1;i<=times;i++)
cout<<a;
}
void fun( int times)
{
for(int i=1; i<=times ;i++)
cout<<@;
}
void main()
{
fun ( +, 60);
fun(60);
}
173
G G H
:
conflict between fun(char a, int times) and fun(char a = *, int times)
conflict between fun(char a = *, int times) and fun (int times)
fun (+, 60) fun(char a, int times)
fun(char a = *, int times) A .
O
P EI . ,
, O E M
J .
, (int/float/double) , M sum
PJ E F .
, W :
name = first_name + last_name;
174
W :
// Program -7.2 OPERATOR OVERLOADING
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
class strings
{
char s[10];
public :
strings()
{
s[0] = \0;
}
strings(char *c)
{
strcpy(s,c);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
strings s1(test),s2( run\0);
char *concatstr ;
concatstr = s1 + s2;
cout <<\nConcatenated string ...
<< concatstr;
getch();
}
};
concatstr = s1 + s2;
P.
char * operator + (strings x1)
, + P E
. x1
M A. M:
x1
strings
M .
s1, s2 A
strings
. M
+
P .
concatstr = s1 + s2;
175
7.1, P P F
H MA.
7.1 P F
P EI A:
M EI
P .
P
. (friend
functions) . (
L ).
P F
PJ . ,
GL + P
P . GL +
P
E . GH,
PJ
A. ,
P F
A.
15 FJ . (+-
).
176
concatstr = s1 + s2;
P EIH :
F M
A M EI
PJ F .
FJ PM .
GP
J P P
.
M PO O
W MA.
M O F F (negative value)
P - P Program - 7.3
MA.
// Program - 7.3
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
class negative
{
int i;
public :
void accept()
{
cout << \nEnter a number ...;
cin >> i;
}
void display()
{
cout << \nNumber ...<<i;
}
177
void operator-()
{
i = -i;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
negative n1,n2;
n2.accept();
-n2;
n2.display();
getch();
}
sum = - num1;
F, P - P ,
M void operator-() F
(Negative) A.
W G . M M :
// Program 7.4
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
class distance
{
int feet,inches;
public :
void distance_assign(int f, int i)
{
feet = f;
inches = i;
}
void display()
{
cout << \nFeet
: << feet
<< \tInches : << inches;
}
distance operator+(distance d2)
{
distance d3;
d3.feet = feet + d2.feet;
d3.inches = (inches + d2.inches) % 12;
d3.feet += (inches + d2.inches)/12;
return d3;
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
distance dist_1,dist_2;
dist_1.distance_assign(12,11)
dist_2.distance_assign(24,1);
distance dist_3 = dist_1 + dist_2;
dist_1.display();
dist_2.display();
dist_3.display();
getch();
}
178
1.
EI P .
2.
EI P F
.
3.
EI PJ
HO ?
4.
EI P P
F .
EI +=, -=
MA.
A Program-7.5
//Program-7.5
// operator overloading
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
class library_book
{
char name[25];
int code,stock;
public :
void book_assign(char n[15],int c,int s)
{
strcpy(name,n);
code = c;
stock = s;
}
void display()
{
cout <<
cout <<
cout <<
cout <<
}
\n
\n
\n
\n
179
class library_cdrom
{
char name[25];
int code,stock;
public :
void cdrom_assign(char n[15],int c,int s)
{
strcpy(name,n);
code = c;
stock = s;
}
void display()
{
cout <<
cout <<
cout <<
cout <<
}
\n
\n
\n
\n
CD
1.
2.
3.
void main()
{
library_book book;
library_cdrom cdrom;
book.book_assign(Half Blood Prince,101,55);
cdrom.cdrom_assign(Know your Basics,201,50);
char choice,borrow;
do
{
cout << \nBook,cdrom,exit<b/c/e> ...;
cin >> choice;
if (choice != e)
{
cout << \nBorrow/Return <b/r> ...;
cin >> borrow;
}
180
switch (choice)
{
case b:
switch (borrow)
{
case b : book += 1;break;
case r : book -= 1;break;
}
book.display();
break;
case c :
switch (borrow)
{
case b : cdrom += 1;break;
case r : cdrom -= 1;break;
}
cdrom.display();
break;
case e : cout << \nTerminating ..;
break;
}
} while (choice != e);
getch();
}
F , +=, -= A P
F EJ I O I,
Qb?
book += 1;
book -= 1;
cdrom += 1;
cdrom -= 1;
P F
P EI A.
181
P E I MF:
PO EI C
. :
P EI
. F P .
EI P A H
M
.
PJ P
. , PJ
. P
E .
EI P P H
P
A.
P
EI, O
.
JC M
I.
W E G EI
G :
) O K P
) O K P
M: max(int, int), max(int, int, int)
182
II.
W E EI F
:
) float PJ F I
) char PJ F I
M: - float incr(float), char incr(char)
III. EI W E G
C++ NJ G :
) x, y A int Q, xy F P.
) x, y A float Q, xy F P.
M: int power(int, int), float power (float, float)
IV. P EIH ?
V. EI P F H
G L.
VI. EI P L.
VII. complex_numbers M
G . F,
F
. W G , complex_numbers
F c1, c2
main() P F .
class complex_numbers
{
float x;
float y;
public :
void assign_data(float real, float imaginary);
void display_Data();
complex_numbers operator +(complex_numbers n1);
}
183
Ramanathan
8
A NH
(Constructors and Destructors)
8.1
M (instance) ,
A (constructor) C A. A
(class object) AA , O F A.
O NH (destructor)
C A. A, NH A
M .
F FH F.
M .
8.2 A (Constructors)
// Program - 8.1
// to determine constructors and destructors
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class simple
{
private:
int a,b;
public:
simple()
{
a= 0 ;
b= 0;
cout<< \n Constructor of class-simple ;
}
~simple()
{
cout<<\n Destructor of class simple .. ;
}
void getdata()
{
cout<<\n Enter values for a and b... ;
cin>>a>>b;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<\nThe two integers .. <<a<<\t<< b;
cout<<\n The sum of the variables .. << a+b;
}
};
void main()
{
simple s;
s.getdata();
s.putdata();
}
184
G J s
simple() A, A.
s- , GL
~simple() NH A.
GL Of :
Constructor of class - simple ..
Enter values for a & b 5 6
The two integers.. 5 6
The sum of the variables.. 11
Destructor of class - simple
8.3 AJ
1) O O F
A.
2) GF A.
A. , A GH
A (compiler generated constructors) PH.
, A E
P A A A.
PM,
A A.
185
// Program - 8.2
// To demonstrate constructor overloading
# include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class add
{
int num1, num2, sum;
public:
add()
{
cout<<\n Constructor without parameters.. ;
num1= 0;
num2= 0;
sum = 0;
}
add ( int s1, int s2 )
{
cout<<\n Parameterized constructor... ;
num1= s1;
num2=s2;
sum=NULL;
}
add (add &a)
{
cout<<\n Copy Constructor ... ;
num1 = a.num1;
num2 = a.num2;
sum = NULL;
}
void getdata()
{
cout<<Enter data ... ;
cin>>num1>>num2;
}
void addition()
{
sum=num1+num2;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<\n The numbers are..;
cout<<num1<<\t<<num2;
cout<<\n The sum of the numbers are.. << sum;
}
};
void main()
{
add a, b (10, 20) , c(b);
a.getdata();
a.addition();
b.addition();
c.addition();
cout<<\n Object a : ;
a.putdata();
cout<<\n Object b : ;
b.putdata();
cout<<\n Object c : ;
c.putdata();
}
186
Of:
Constructor without parameters.
Parameterized Constructor...
Copy Constructors
Enter data .. 5 6
Object a:
The numbers are 5 6
The sum of the numbers are .. 11
Object b:
The numbers are 10 20
The sum of the numbers are 30
Object c:
The numbers are 10 20
The sum of the numbers are .. 30
A A
A. A , int PL
P PM .
P: char, float, double .
F int M
.
add(int s1, int s2)
A W O :
1)
P
H.
: void add : : outdata (add x);
2)
FH
.
: add getdata();
3)
P A H
.
: add a; b(a);
W G (Program - 8.3) A
A MA:
187
// Program 8.3
// To demonstrate constructor overloading
# include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class add
{
int num1, num2, sum;
public:
add()
{
cout<<\n Constructor without parameters.. ;
num 1 = 0;
num 2 = 0;
sum
= 0;
}
add ( int s1, int s2 )
{
cout<<\n Parameterized constructor... ;
num1= s1;
num2=s2;
sum=NULL;
}
add (add &a)
{
cout<<\n Copy Constructor ... ;
num1= a.num1;
num2=a.num2;
sum = NULL;
}
void getdata()
{
cout<<Enter data ... ;
cin>>num1>>num2;
}
void addition(add b)
{
sum=num1+ num2 +b.num1 + b.num2;
}
add addition()
{
add a(5,6);
sum = num1 + num2 +a.num1 +a.num2;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<\n The numbers are..;
cout<<num1<<\t<<num2;
cout<<\n The sum of the numbers are.. << sum;
}
};
188
void main()
{
clrscr();
add a, b (10, 20) , c(b);
a.getdata();
a.addition(b);
b = c.addition();
c.addition();
cout<<\n Object a : ;
a.putdata();
cout<<\n Object b : ;
b.putdata();
cout<<\n Object c.. ;
c.putdata();
}
A A
Qb?
Program - 8.3 GL W A
A:
189
add c(b); // b H
A.
addition()
P HA.
a.addition(b); // b
b = c.addition(); // addition()
FHA.
addition() P E
I (overloaded). GL F PM
EI P.
8.5
A MF:
1) AJ M .
2) A, O
3) A , EI .
4) A , GH
A A .
5) , A
. F.
8.6 NH (Destructors)
NH , , A
G F MM
. M .
, ~ P K .
190
:
class simple
{
...............
...............
public :
~simple()
{
................
}
}
8.7
NH MF:
1) NHJ , ~
P M
.
2) NH, .
3) NH, F FH .
4) NHJ EI . ,
M NH .
5) , NH ,
GH NH A
.
6) GL O
, NH
. F.
191
JC M:
W G :
M
NH
1.
(scope) PM ?
2. EI F?
3. A?
....
4. ?
II W GF H ?
class simple
{
private:
int x;
simple()
{
x = 5;
}
};
class simple
{
private:
int x;
public:
simple(int y)
{
x = y;
}
};
void main()
{
simple s;
}
class simple
{
private:
int x;
public:
simple(int y)
{
x = y;
}
simple(int z=5)
{
x = z;
}
};
void main()
{
simple s(6);
}
192
Ramanathan
9
K
(Inheritance)
9.1
G NJ F
K (Interitance) . K
O J F
. , (base classes)
, M (derived classes)
A. M , M
K MA. IP, M
M N
FK . K
J I P .
K H K N
A. , (Parent)
MI K A.
9.1 K
193
9.2 KF
K W OA:
1) G PJ (Reusability of Code);
GF
A. P
F, A
F . G
A.
2) G P A (Code Sharing);
M N(methods) M
A .
3) F (Consistency of Interface);
K N
N FK
A. 1- , M
, N, M, , A A
M
. M
.
9.3 M
ML H MJ
A. M
M K A.
M , W
MF H :
) class C .
) class , M
M .
) O (:) .
)
private, public protected A
A MA PH
.
) M PH .
) M K
, N .
194
// Program - 9.1
#include< iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class add
{
int sum;
protected:
int num1, num2;
public:
add()
{
num1 = num2 = sum = 0;
cout<<\n Add constructor .. ;
}
accept()
{
cout<<\n Enter two numbers .. ;
cin>>num1>>num2;
}
plus()
{
sum = num1 + num2;
cout<<\n The sum of two numbers is .. << sum;
}
};
class subtract :public add
{
int sub;
public:
subtract()
{
sub = 0;
cout<<\n Subtract constructor .. ;
}
minus()
{
add::accept();
sub= num1-num2;
cout<<\n The difference of two numbers are ...
<< sub;
}
};
195
void main()
{
subtract s;
int choice = 0;
cout<<\n Enter your choice ;
cout<<\n1. Add..\n2. Subtract ..;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
s.accept();
s.plus();
break;
case 2:
s.minus();
break;
}
}
Program -9.1- add . subtract
M . M
:
class < > : < A> < M >
{
M M ;
M M ;
}
Program- 9.1- substract M
:
G/ A
M
M
M
M
P
196
9.4 G / A H
(Visibility Mode / Accessibility Specifier)
KF PH Q, M
M M
, F .
, A (accessibility) A. private, public, protected
A H . A
H G (visibility mode) .
Q G private . M
M, O
A 9.1 MA.
private
protected
M
private
protected
public
K
F.
G.
private A
N
A.
protected
protected
N
A.
A.
public
private
protected
public
N
A.
N
A.
A.
9.1 M M O
A
197
private A M
, M public protected ,
M M private GA.
protected A M
, M protected public ,
M M protected GA.
public A M
, M protected , M
M protected , public public
GA.
public, protected, private
M M private
M M K
F. M M
G. .
Program -9.1- add, subtract A PM
class add
{
private:
int sum;
protected :
int num1, num2;
public:
add();
accept();
plus();
};
class subtract : private add
{
int sub;
public:
subtract();
minus();
};
198
subtract N ,
:
int num1 & num2 - subtract- private
accept(), plus() - subtract- private
O A 9.2-
.
M A (constructors), M
M N F. , M
M (instance) L
A.
199
class subtract
II
III
private:
private:
private:
sub
num1
num2
accept()
plus()
public:
subtract()
minus();
private mode
of inheritance
sub
protected:
num1. num2
accept();
plus();
public:
subtract()
minus()
protected mode
of inheritance
sub
protected:
num1. num2
public:
accept();
plus();
subtract()
minus();
public mode
of inheritance
9.2 O A
Program - 91- PM .
GL J W G :
M
N/
add
subtract
9.3 O /
A:--------------------, ----------------------.
200
9.5 KF
M F
M . KF : N
K, N K, G K, K,
K.
1) N K (Single Inheritance)
M
N K .
Base
class - Employee
- E
M
Derived
Class -
Manager
-
2) N K (Multiple Inheritance)
OL
M N K
.
Base
Class:
K
Address
Base
class:
Office
M
Derived
Class - :
Manager
201
3) G K (Multilevel Inheritance)
M
M G
K .
M :
M :
Program - 9.2 GL Of ?
202
// Program - 9.2
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class base
{
public:
base()
{
cout<<\nConstructor of base class... ;
}
~base()
{
cout<<\nDestructor of base class.... ;
}
};
class derived:public base
{
public :
derived()
{
cout << \nConstructor of derived ...;
}
~derived()
{
cout << \nDestructor of derived ...;
}
};
class derived2:public base
{
public :
derived()
{
cout << \nConstructor of derived2 ...;
}
~derived()
{
cout << \nDestructor of derived2 ...;
}
};
void main()
{
derived2 x;
}
203
Of:
Constructor of base class
Constructor of derived .
Constructor of derived2
Destructor of derived2
Destructor of derived
Destructor of base class ..
A, K O KJ
A. , M
A F M J.
NH H KJ .
H M
F
(Abstract Classes) A. , F O
.
JC M
1)
W ,
-4,5,6 A G :
class node
{
int x;
void init();
public:
void read();
protected:
void get();
};
class type : public node
{
int a;
public:
void func1();
protected:
int b;
void getb();
}
204
O A
private
protected
public
type M
N
type M
4 type
statement
M
O A
private
protected
public
statement
M N
statement
M
5 statement
type
statement
-6
205
2)
W GL H , :
#include<iostream.h>
class A
{
private :
int a1;
public:
int a2;
protected:
int a3;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
void func()
{
int b1, b2 , b3;
b1 = a1;
b2 = a2;
b3 = a3;
}
};
void main()
{
B der;
der.a3 = 0;
der.func();
}
3)
W PM . W M
M :
class vehicle
{
int wheels;
public:
void inputdata( int, int);
void outputdata();
protected :
int passenger;
};
206
heavy.vehicle M
M PH.
. displaydata() A
PH.
. bus M , A
PH.
outputdata() P, heavy_vehicle M
.
?
4.
W GL Of ?
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class student
{
int m1, m2, total;
public:
student ( int a, int b)
{
m1 = a;
m2 = b;
cout<<\n Non parameterized constructors..;
};
}
207