Isaac Newton

Law of Gravitation
While the three laws of motion define a type of mechanics, the Newton's law of gravitation defines the universal force of gravity, whose implications can be studied in the mechanical framework that he created through the laws of motion. The Newton's law of universal gravitation states that

F = G((m1m2)/r^2)
"Every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force along the straight line joining them and is directly proportional to their masses, while inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them."

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Optics

Newton was fascinated with the field of optics and he made many major discoveries in this field too. Some of Newton's discoveries in optics are:

He discovered that white light is composed of component color wavelengths and he demonstrated this with the use of a prism. He predicted the dispersion and aberration of light in telescopes and suggested remedies to correct the same.

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Optics II

Newton promoted the concept of an universal ether through which the light propagates. This was later proved wrong by the special theory of relativity. He also put forward the theory that light is made up of particles, which was later proved wrong by Huygens' wave theory of light.

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Mechanics

Isaac Newton's laws of motion defined the concept of inertia and force. They also revealed the nature of a force. Newton's three laws of motion are as follows:

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Mechanics I

Newton's Law of Inertia: Every object stays in its state of rest or uniform motion, unless disturbed by an external force.

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Mechanics II

Newton's Force Law: The force acting on a body is defined as the rate of change of its linear momentum, with time. F = ma

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Mechanics III

Newton's Action-Reaction Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. F1!2! = -F2!1

Isaac Newton's Discoveries in Mechanics

These three laws together define the effect that the absence or presence of force has on objects. They together defined framework of mechanics, through which the dynamics of forces and their effects could be analyzed.