CY

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NH NGHA
CY l th v hng lin
thng v khng c chu trnh
RNG l mt th gm p
thnh phn lin thng, trong
mi thnh phn lin
thng l mt cy

Lu : cy khng cha
khuyn v cnh song song.
L thuyt th - chng 2 Nguyn Thanh Sn
2
C
A
B
D
S TN TI NH TREO
nh l: Mt cy T gm N nh vi N > 2 cha t
nht hai nh treo

L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
3
C
A
B
D
E
F
CC NH NGHA TNG NG
Xt th G gm N nh, cc iu sau y tng
ng.
1. th G l cy.
2. Gia hai nh bt k ca G, tn ti duy nht
dy chuyn ni chng vi nhau.
3. G lin thng ti tiu.
4. Thm mt cnh ni 2 nh bt k ca G th G
s cha chu trnh duy nht.
5. G lin thng v c n-1 cnh
6. G khng c chu trnh v c n-1 cnh
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
4
CY TI I
nh ngha: Cho G=(X, E) l mt th lin
thng v T=(X, F) l mt th b phn ca G.
Nu T l cy th T c gi l mt cy ti i
ca G.
Cc tn gi khc: cy khung, cy bao trm, cy
ph

L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
5
C
A
B
D
E
F
S TN TI CA CY TI I
nh l: Mi th lin thng u c cha t
nht mt cy ti i

L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
6
C
A
B
D
E
F
XC NH CY TI I
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
7
Thut ton ta PRIM
Input: th lin thng G=(X, E), X gm N nh
Output: cy ti i T=(V, U) ca G
1. Chn ty v e X v khi to V := { v }; U := C;
2. Chn we X \ V sao cho -e e E, e ni w vi
mt nh trong V
3. V := V {w}; U := U {e}
4. Nu U N-1 cnh th dng, ngc li lp t
bc 2.

XC NH CY TI I
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
8
C
A
B
D
E
F
V = {F, A, B, E, C, D} U = {FA, AB, BE, FC, ED}
CY TI I NGN NHT
nh ngha: Cho G=(X, E)
a) G c gi l TH C TRNG nu mi
cnh ca G c tng ng vi mt s thc,
ngha l c mt nh x nh sau:
L: E |R
e | L(e)
b) TRNG LNG ca mt cy T ca G bng
vi tng trng lng cc cnh trong cy:
L(T) =
(eeT)
L(e)
c) CY TI I NGN NHT l cy ti i c
trng lng nh nht ca G
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
9
MA TRN TRNG LNG
Trong cc thut ton tm cy ti i ngn nht
chng ta c th b i hng cc cnh v cc
khuyn; i vi cc cnh song song th c th
b i v ch li mt cnh trng lng nh
nht trong chng. V vy th c th biu din
bng MA TRN TRNG LNG L
NxN
c qui
c nh sau:
L
ij
= trng lng cnh nh nht ni i n j (nu c)
L
ij
= nu khng c cnh ni i n j
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
10
MA TRN TRNG LNG
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
11
C
A
B
D
E
12
7
15
6
5
5
10
16
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

5 10 6
5 16 5
10 15 7
6 16 15 12
5 7 12
XC NH CY TI I NGN NHT
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
12
Thut ton PRIM
Input: th lin thng G=(X, E), X gm N nh
Output: cy ti i ngn nht T=(V, U) ca G
1. Chn ty v e X v khi to V := { v }; U := C;
2. Chn cnh e c trng lng nh nht trong cc
cnh (w, v) m w e X\V v v e V
3. V := V {w}; U := U {e}
4. Nu U N-1 cnh th dng, ngc li lp t
bc 2.

THUT TON PRIM
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
13
C
A
B
D
E
F
V = {F, C, A, D, E, B} U = {FC, CA, AD, DE, EB}
10
12
9
7
15
6
5
5
10
8
16
Trng lng: 32
THUT TON PRIM - nhp
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
14
C
A
B
D
E
F
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
XC NH CY TI I NGN NHT
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
15
Thut ton KRUSKAL
Input: th G=(X, E) lin thng, X gm N nh
Output: cy ti i ngn nht T=(V, U) ca G
1. Sp xp cc cnh trong G tng dn theo trng
lng; khi to T := C.
2. Ln lt ly tng cnh e thuc danh sch
sp xp. Nu T+{e} khng cha chu trnh th
kt np e vo T: T := T+{e}.
3. Nu T N-1 cnh th dng; ngc li, lp
bc 2.

THUT TON KRUSKAL
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
16
C
A
B
D
E
F
E = {AD, DE, EB, AC, CC, FC, AF, CE, AB, BC, DB}
10
12
9
7
15
6
5
5
10
8
16
Trng lng: 32
THUT TON TA PRIM CI T
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
17
Graph Graph::SpanningTree()
{
//Tm cy khung ca th
}

THUT TON PRIM CI T
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
18
Graph Graph::MST_Prim()
{
//Tm cy ti i ngn nht ca th c trng
}

THUT TON KRUSKAL CI T
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
19
Graph Graph::MST_Kruskal()
{
//Tm cy ti i ngn nht ca th c trng
}

L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
20
TH C GC
nh ngha: Cho th c hng G=(X, E). Ta ni
G l mt TH C GC nu tn ti nh reX
sao cho t r c ng i n v, veX
G
1 G
2
21
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
TH LIN THNG MNH
nh ngha: Cho th c hng G=(X, E). Ta ni
G l TH LIN THNG MNH khi v ch khi
i,jeX lun tn ti ng i t i n j v ng i
t j n i.
G
1
G
2
22
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
TH TA LIN THNG MNH
nh ngha: Cho th c hng G=(X, E). Ta ni
G l TH TA LIN THNG MNH khi v ch
khi i, j e X, -k e X sao cho c ng i t k n
i v c ng i t k n j.
G
1
G
2
Nhn xt: G=(X, E) l th c hng:
G c gc G ta lin thng mnh G lin thng

nh l: vi G=(X, E) l th c hng hu
hn, ta c:
G c gc G ta lin thng mnh

TH TA LIN THNG MNH
23
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
nh ngha: Cho G=(X, E) l th c hng lin
thng. G c gi l cy c hng nu:
a) G khng c chu trnh,
b) G c gc.

CY C HNG (CY NGOI)
24
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
G
1
G
2
Lu :
Chu trnh c th khng quan tm n hng ca cc
cnh.
Cy c hng cng l cy.
Cn phn bit cy trong LTT v cy trong cc gio
trnh khc


CY C HNG
25
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
Cho th c hng G=(X, E) gm N nh. Cc
iu sau y tng ng vi nhau.
1. G l mt cy c hng.
2. -r e X tha v e X, c mt ng i duy nht
t r n v.
3. G ta lin thng mnh ti tiu.
4. G lin thng v c nh r sao cho:
d
-
(r)=0 v d
-
(i)=1, ieX\{r}.
5. G khng c chu trnh v c nh r sao cho:
d
-
(r)=0 v d
-
(i)=1, ieX\{r}.



CY C HNG
CC NH NGHA TNG NG
26
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
6. G ta lin thng mnh v khng c chu trnh.
7. G ta lin thng mnh v c N-1 cnh.
Lu :
r trong cc nh ngha trn l duy nht v c gi l
gc ca cy c hng.
Mi nh ieX c duy nht mt nh j m cnh lin kt
vi (j, i) hng vo i, nh j c gi nh cha ca I.
Nu nh xeX tha iu kin d
+
(x)=0 th x c gi l
l ca cy c hng.

CY C HNG
CC NH NGHA TNG NG
27
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
nh l: Cho G l th c hng.
a) Nu G c cha mt th b phn l cy c
hng th G ta lin thng mnh.
b) Nu G ta lin thng mnh th G c cha mt
th b phn l cy c hng.

Nu G ta lin thng mnh, T l mt cy c
hng l th b phn G th T cng c gi l
cy c hng ti i ca G.

CY C HNG
28
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
nh ngha: Cho th c hng G=(X, E) gm N
nh. Ma trn KIRCHOFF l ma trn K
NxN
c
nh ngha nh sau:

d-(i) nu i=j
K
ij
=
-B
ij
nu i=j
(B
ij
lphn t dng i ct j ca ma trn k)

MA TRN KIRCHOFF
29
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
{
MA TRN KIRCHOFF
30
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
1
2
3
4
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
B
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 1 0 0
0 2 0 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
K
nh l:
Gi s G l th c hng n, N nh, N-1 cnh
c ma trn Kirchoff l K.
Gi K(1, 1) l ma trn c c t ma trn K
bng cch b i dng 1 v ct 1,
khi G l cy ngoi c gc ti nh 1eX khi v
ch khi det K(1, 1)=1.

NH L KIRCHOFF
31
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
NH L KIRCHOFF
32
L thuyt th - Nguyn Thanh Sn
1
2
3
4
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
K
BI TP
1. Chng minh cc nh l tng ng
2. Xc nh s lng cy ti i ca th dng
CY, CHU TRNH S CP, ,
3. Chng minh tnh ng n ca cc gii thut
PRIM, KRUSKAL

GV: Dng Anh c 33