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BI 8

Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin

MNG IU KHIN V GIM ST

Mc ch yu cu. - Cc ng dng v iu khin cc b ngy cng tr nn li thi v lc hu bi s hn ch v cht lng iu khin, chi ph nhn cng... Gii php v o lng v iu khin tp trung v ang t ra hiu qu trong cc ng dng va v nh, bi gi thnh, cht lng iu khin, tin cy,... - Trong bi ny sinh vin tm hiu c vn c bn v gim st v iu khin thit b t xa theo chun RS485. I. Ni dung Khi gia nhp t chc thng mi Quc t WTO, cc nh doanh nghip trong nc c nhiu thun li v chc chn cng phi i mt vi nhiu kh khn khi phi gia nhp vo t chc ny. Mt trong nhng kh khn l c s vt cht ca ta cn s si, vic lm ch cng ngh ca ta cn yu. Do vy sn phm ca chng ta lm ra tnh cnh tranh s khng cao, hoc khng p ng c cc tiu chun ca cc nc nht l trong lnh vc dc phm, in t, thc phm v ch bin thc phm. c c chng nhn ny, khng th lm th cng ghi chp bng tay vo s sch. M tt c qu trnh ny phi c thc hin bng my tnh c gi l tiu chun GAMP (Good Automated Manufacturing Practices). Cc doanh nghip cng cn phi nng cao hiu sut hot ng, tit kim chi ph sn xut tng tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm trn th trng. Mt trong nhng l do trn lm chng ta phi ngh n vic lp t mng cng nghip tng cng s can thip ca my tnh v cc b iu khin thay th cho con ngi. C nh th cc doanh nghip mi c th ng vng trong qu trnh hi nhp m khng lc hu Mng cng nghip l h thng mng tuyn thng s, truyn bit ni tip, c s dng ghp ni cc thit b cng nghip. Cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip ph bin hin nay cho php lin kt mng nhiu mc khc nhau t cc b cm bin, c cu chp hnh, cc b iu khin, cc trm my tnh iu khin v gim st, cho n cc trm my tnh iu hnh v qun l cng ty. 1. iu khin: S dng Bus trng truyn tin s kt ni cc thit b thuc cp iu khin vi nhau v thit b cp chp hnh. Chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng, dn ng v chuyn i tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit. Bus trng chuyn d liu qu trnh ln cp iu khin x l v chuyn quyt nh iu khin xung c cu chp hnh, v vy yu cu v tnh thi gian thc c t ln hng u. Thi gian phn ng tiu biu nm trong phm vi t 0,1 n vi miligiy. 2. iu khin trung tm. iu khin trung tm l ni tp hp cc my tnh/server ni mng LAN vi nhau v chng c ni n cc b iu khin, cc thit b iu khin ca nh my qua cc ng truyn thng nh Ethernet, RS232, RS485 Cc my tnh ti phng iu khin trung tm ny c ci cc phn mm m nhn cc chc nng sau: I.

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Chc nng gim st v iu khin (HMI Human Machine Interface): chc nng ny gip cc k s vn hnh c th theo di c trng thi ca nh my trn mn hnh my tnh, thit lp cc thng s set-point lp lch chy cho tng b iu khin/thit b m khng cn phi xung sn nh my. Chc nng cnh bo (Alarm): cnh bo bo hiu cho ngi vn hnh cn phi thao tc khn cp cc b phn khng an ton, c nhiu mc cnh bo v chng c th hin trn mn hnh my tnh hoc ci. Chc nng thu thp v lu tr s liu (Database): my tnh s thc hin thao tc lu tr li tt c nhng g xy ra trong h thng theo phng thc chu k (cyclic) hoc s kin (event) theo thi gian thc. Chc nng ny rt quan trng trong nh my, GAMP v ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) s khai thc t c s d liu ny to cc bo co, biu . i vi cc nh my M th d liu ph h phi c lu tr theo lut sau: 6 thng i vi cc cc thc phm c hn s dng l 60 ngy hoc t hn, 1 nm i vi hn s dng t 60 ngy n 6 thng v 2 nm i vi hn t 6 thng n 1 nm. Chc nng bo co, truy vn (Report & Query): cc bo co ny c to t c s d liu ca nh my, quan trng hn c cc bo co ny phi c kh nng tm kim v cp nht kt qu theo thi gian thc, c nh vy cc bo co ny mi gip cc b phn, phng ban c c kt qu trung thc phn ng kp thi i vi nh my nh cht lng sn phm hin ti, lp k hoch cho giai on k tip l cn phi lm g? Chc nng a ra cc th khuynh hng (Trending): chc nng ny gip cc nh qun l, k s vn hnh bit c hiu sut lm vic ca h thng trong qu kh, hin ti d on trong tng lai. Da vo cc trending ny cc k s c th bit cn phi iu chnh khu no nng cao hiu sut lm vic cng nh tit kim nng lng cho nh my. K hoch bo tr bo dng nh k. Chc nng bo mt (Security): gip an ton thng tin trnh cc truy cp tri php lm mt hoc hng thng tin, bo mt s c thit lp cho tng cp, tng ng dng nh k s vn hnh ch c php iu khin nhng khu vc no, thay i cc thng s no? Phng bo tr, bo dng, k ton c truy xut cc c s d liu g trong nh my. 3. iu hnh sn xut. Kt ni cc my tnh vn phng thuc cp iu hnh vi cp iu khin trung tm. Thng tin c a ln trn bao gm trng thi lm vic ca cc qu trnh k thut, h thng iu khin t ng, cc s liu tnh ton, thng k v din bin qu trnh sn xut v cht lng sn phm. Thng tin theo chiu ngc li l cc thng s thit k, cng thc iu khin v mnh lnh iu hnh. iu hnh sn xut khng yu cu nghim ngt v tnh thi gian thc, nhng lng thng tin vi s lng ln ti hng Mbyte. Hai loi mng c dng ph bin trong mc ch ny l Ethernet v Token - Ring, trn c s cc giao thc chun nh TCP/IP v IPX/SPX.

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Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin iu hnh sn xut

Mng x nghip

iu khin trung tm

iu khin trung tm

Bus h thng

iu khin Bus trng

K Van ng c Bm

Cm bin

C cu chp hnh Hnh 4.1: Cu hnh ca mt mng cng nghip 4. Kho st giao thc v cu trc mng s dng. M hnh TCP/IP: M hnh TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) l m hnh cho mng Internet c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Cu trc cc lp ca TCP/IP c mt s im tng ng vi m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnect) nhng c b bt mt s lp. So vi 7 lp ca m hnh OSI, cu trc TCP/IP ch c 4 lp sau y:

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Application

Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin TCP/IP

Presentation

Application

Session Transport Network Data link Physical

Network access

Transport Internet

Hnh 4.2: Cu trc 4 lp ca m hnh TCP/IP so vi m hnh OSI Lp truy xut mng: Network Access Layer. Lp lin mng: Internet Layer. Lp vn chuyn: Transport Layer. Lp ng dng: Application Layer. 4.1. Chc nng ca cc lp: Lp truy xut mng (Network Access Layer): Lp truy xut mng i din cho cc b phn kt ni vt l nh cp, b chuyn i (Adapter), card mng, giao thc kt ni, giao thc truy cp mng. Lp ny c nhim v trao i d liu gia cc my ch v mng. TCP/IP khng nh ngha lp ny m dng cc chun c sn nh IEEE, X25, RS232, ETHERNET,... Lp lin mng (Internet Layer): Chu trch nhim cung cp a ch logic cho giao din mng vt l iu khin vic truyn thng tin gia cc my. Lp ny nhn d liu t lp vn chuyn,

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ng gi thnh cc IP datagram vi cc IP header cha thng tin ca vic truyn d liu, sau chuyn xung lp truy xut mng truyn. Lp ny cng cung cp cc giao thc thng bo li. Lp vn chuyn: Lp vn chuyn c nhim v phn pht d liu ti cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau. Lp ny c hai nghi thc quan trng l TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). n v d liu lp ny l cc bn tin. Lp ng dng: y l lp cao nht, dng truy xut cc dch v trn mng bng cc chng trnh ng dng. Mt chng trnh ng dng s tng tc vi cc nghi thc ca lp ny gi v nhn d liu. Cc dch v trn lp ny gm c: truyn th (SMTP), truyn nhn file (FTP) , truy cp t xa (TELNET) 4.2. Nghi thc Ethernet: Lp truy xut mng trong TCP/IP s dng cc nghi thc mng c sn nh : Ethernet, IEEE 802, X25, Frame Relay, ATM. Trong cc mng LAN, nghi thc c s dng ph bin nht l mng Ethernet. Ethernet: Da trn iu khin a truy cp CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect). Cc chc nng c bn ca Ethernet l: Truyn v nhn cc gi d liu. Gii m cc gi v kim tra a ch trc khi pht cho phn mm lp trn. Kim tra li. iu khin a truy cp CSMA: Trc khi truyn d liu trn mng, mt trm Ethernet phi lng nghe hot ng ca knh truyn. Nu pht hin knh truyn b bn, n s ch m khng truyn. Nu knh truyn trng th n s truyn. Sau bit cui cng ca mt khung truyn trm Ethernet phi i mt khong thi gian nht nh to mt khong cch gia cc khung. Khong cch ny chnh l thi gian cho php cc trm khc c Thc tp cng nhn Trang 53

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Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin

th chim knh truyn. Trong trng hp xy ra xung t (khi c hai trm cng pht hin ra knh trng v truyn d liu ln), trm Ethernet s pht hin ra xung t nh so snh d liu trn ng truyn vi d liu pht. C hai trm s cng ngng pht v ch trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin trc khi pht li. Do thi gian ch pht li ca mi trm l ngu nhin nn c th trnh c vic ti xung t, tuy nhin nu iu ny xy ra, cc trm s phi ch mt ln na vi thi gian ch ngu nhin tng ln gim xc sut ti xung t. nh dang khung Ethernet: Preamble (8 byte) Destination Address (6 byte) Preamble : Gm 8 byte: 7 byte u c gi tr 10101010 c chc nng ng b cho phn cng. 1 byte c gi tr 10101011 bo cho bit bt u ca 1 frame. Destination Address v Source Address: a ch ngun v a ch ch, mi trm Ethernet c gn mt a ch 48 bit c nh. Type : Xc nh loi d liu. Data: Cha d liu nhn c t lp trn.Trng d liu bao gm IP Header, TCP, Header, v d liu. Chiu di ca trng d liu t 46-1500 byte. FCS (Frame Check Sequence): Cho php trm nhn xc nh vic truyn c b li hay khng. 4.3. Kho st Token Ring: Thc tp cng nhn Trang 54 Source Address (6 byte) Type (2 byte) Data (46 >1500 byte) FCS (3byte)

Xng in t Token Ring c 2 loi khung c bn Khung Token: Khung Token c chiu di 3 byte. Start: Byte m u. Access control:Byte iu khin. End :Byte kt thc. Start Khung d liu/lnh:

Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin

Access control

End

Khung d liu/lnh c kch thc thay i ty thuc vo trng thng tin. Khung d liu mang thng tin ca lp trn. Trong khi khung lnh mang thng tin iu khin v khng cha thng tin ca lp trn. Start Access Frame Destination address Source address Data FCS End Frame status

control control Start: M u khung.

Access control : Phn bit khung Token hoc khung lnh /d liu. Frame control : Phn bit loi thng tin iu khin. Destination address: a ch n ca khung. Source address: Ni xut pht ca khung. Data: C kch thc thay i mang thng tin. FCS: Kim tra li khung. End: Kt thc. Frame status: Bo trng thi khung nhn c.

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4.4. c im ca truyn thng RS -232C, RS-422A, RS485. Thong so Chieu dai cap Length(max ) Toc o baud Baud rate Mode Driver No. Receiver Logic 0 Logic 1 Community Cable/signal Methode Phng thc Shotr circuit current RS-232C 15m (50ft) 20Kbs/15m RS-422 1,2km (4000ft) RS-423 1,2km (4000ft) RS485 1,2km (4000ft)

Unbalanced 1 1 +3v -:+25v -3v -:- -25v 2v 1 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 500mA

10Mbs/12m 10oKbs/12m 10Mbs/12m 1Mbs/120m 10Kbs/120m 1Mbs/120m 100Kbs/1,2k 1Kbs/1,2km 100Mbs/1,2 m km Balanced Balanced Balanced Differential Differential Differential 1 1 32 10 10 10 +2v-:-+5v +3.6v-:-+6v +1.5v-:-+5v -2v-:- -5v 1.8v 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150mA -3.6v -:- -6v 3.4v 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150mA -1.5v -:- -5v 1.3v 2 Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex 150mA

Chun RS-232. L chun ca EIA nhm nh ngha giao din vt l ga DTE v DCE (v d nh mt my tnh v mt modem). Chun ny s dng u ni 25 chn, tuy nhin ch c mt s t chn l thc s cn thit cho vic lin kt. V phng din in, chun ny qui nh cc mc logic 0 v 1 tng ng vi cc in th nh hn -3v v ln hi +3v. Tc ng truyn khng vt qu 20Kbs v khonh cch nh hn 15m. Chun RS-232C c th chp nhn phng thc truyn song cng (fulllduplex). Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca RS232C l thi gian chuyn t mc logic ny sang mc logic khc khng vt qu 4% thi gian tn ti ca mt bit. Gi s vi tc truyn 19200 baud th thi gian truyn mc logic phi nh hn 0.04/19200 = 2.1s (iu ny lm gii hn ng truyn, vi tc 19200 baud ta c th truyn xa nht l 50ft "15.24m"). Thc tp cng nhn Trang 56

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Mt trong nhng vn quan trng cn lu khi s dng RS232 l mch thu pht khng cn bng ( n cc ), tc l tn hiu vo v ra c so vi t. Chuan RS 422A. Mt ci tin quan trng ca chun RS232C l chun RS 422A. Chun ny s dng vic truyn d liu sai lch (differential data) trn nhng ng truyn cn bng. Mt d liu sai lch cn hai dy, mt cho d liu khng o (non-inveted) v mt ng cho d liu o (inverted). D liu c truyn trn ng dy cn bng, thng l cp xon vi mt tr u cui. Mt IC li (drver) s bin i cc mc logic thng thng thnh mt cp tn hiu sai lch truyn. Bn nhn s c mt mch chuyn i tn hiu sai lch thnh cc mc logic tng ng khc. Vi chun mi ny, tc cng nh khong cch c ci thin nhiu. Chun RS - 485. Giao tip EIA RS- 485 l mt ci tin ca chun RS422A. c tnh in ca n ging nh chun RS422A. RS485 l mt chun truyn vi sai, s dng hai dy cn bng. Vi RS-485 tc truyn c th t n 10Mbs v chiu di cp c th ln n 1.2km. in p vi sai ng ra t +1.5v >+5v nu l logic 0, mc logic 1 s l -1.5>-5v. Mt c im quan trng ca RS 485 l c th cung cp n 32 trm trn cng mt ng truyn. iu ny cho php to thnh mt mng cc b. Ch c mt trm c chn lm master, cc trm cn li u l slave. Master c quyn truyn bt c lc no, n s ch nh mt slaver bt k giao tip vi n. Slave ch c th truyn sau khi nhn c lnh ca master. Mi slave c mt a ch ring trn ng truyn v s khng c truyn nu khng c yu cu t master. 4.5. Mch chuyn i v mng RS-485. Thng thng cc h vi iu khin c ng truyn thng theo mc TTL,cc thit b u cui khc (DTE) c cng truyn thng l RS-232. c th ni mng cc thit b ny ta phi chuyn t TTL RS-232 sang RS-485. thc hin c chuyn i ny c rt nhiu vi mch trn th trng, nhng h vi mch ca hng MAXIM l ph bin nht hin nay. Tiu biu l MAX485 n chuyn t TTL sang RS-485 v truyn thng tin theo phng php Half-Duplex. Bn trong mi vi mch cha mt b pht v mt b thu.

c im : RS-485 S dng tn hiu in p chnh lch i xng gia hai dy dn A v B, thng tin c a trn cp dy xon i bn song cng (HalfThc tp cng nhn Trang 57

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Bi 8:Mng gim st v iu khin

Duplex).Ngha l ti mt thi im bt k trn ng truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l hoc l nhn. S mng Half-Duplex RS-485.

S mng Full-Duplex RS-485

thc hin kt ni ga my tnh v mch iu khin ta cn qui nh tc v khung d liu ging nhau. V d: Vit chng trnh khi mi Reset mch th P1=05H, P2 = 55H v d liu c gi ln my tnh l 55H. Khi xut d liu t my tnh xung th d liu c a ra P2, P0.
DEM EQU ORG MOV MOV LCALL MAIN: JNB ACALL MOV MOV 31h 000H DEM,#55H P1,#05H START RI,PHAT GetChar DEM,A P2,A

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PHAT: MOV A,DEM MOV P0,A LCALL PUTCHAR LJMP MAIN ;====================================== Start: MOV A,PCON ;Make sure SMOD is off SETB ACC.7 MOV PCON,A ;Set up timer 1 MOV TH1,#0F3h ;4800 baud MOV TMOD,#20h MOV TCON,#40h MOV SCON,#52h ;Set up serial port RET ;========================================================== GetChar:JNB RI,$ ;Wait for receiver flag CLR RI ;Clear receiver flag MOV A,SBUF ;Read character RET ;========================================================== Putchar:JNB TI,$ ;Wait for transmitter flag CLR TI ;clear transmitter flag MOV SBUF,A RET END

Phn thc tp c th Thi cng mch trao i d liu ga mch v my tnh thng qua ng truyn theo chun cng nghip. Gm cc bc: V s khi, s mch v phn tch hot ng ca mch. Vit lu thut ton Vit chng trnh xut nhp d liu ga vi iu khin v my tnh. Trn my tnh vit cc chng trnh con: + Vit chng trnh khi cng tc 4800, 8 bit d liu, 1bit stop. + ng m cng COM. + Nhn d liu t kt hin th. +Xut d liu xung kit iu khin. Trn vi iu khin vit cc chng trnh con: + Vit chng trnh khi cng tc 4800, 8 bit d liu, 1bit stop. + Chng trnh thu, pht d liu. + Nhn d liu t my tnh lu vo vng m. + Ly d liu t vng m trn hin th. + Nhn d liu t ma trn bn phm lu vo vng m bn phm. + Ly d liu t vng m bn phm xut ln my tnh.

II.

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