Gim st cht lng truyn tin cho VoIP

in thoi l dch v khng th thiu c trong cuc sng hng ngy. Tuy nhin, ngi dng phi chu chi ph rt cao cho cc cuc gi ng di v c bit l cc cuc gi Quc t. Cng ngh cao trong truyn thng c th khc phc vn ny hay khng? Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) l mt trong nhng cng ngh cho php truyn ting ni qua mng IP, gim chi ph cuc gi, ng thi tn dng c cc th mnh ca mt h thng tch hp mang li. Tn hiu ting ni cn p ng theo thi gian thc. N ch c m bo cht lng vi tr cho php. Tuy nhin, bn thn mng IP ch cung cp dch v vi s c gng tt nht m khng quan tm ti vn thi gian thc cho ting ni sau khi c khi phc. Nh vy vn t ra l lm th no truyn ting ni qua mng IP m vn p ng c yu cu thi gian thc cho ting ni? Giao thc thi gian thc Real-time Protocol (RTP) c ra i nhm gii quyt vn trn. RTP do t chc IETF xut, n m bo c ch vn chuyn v gim st phng thc truyn thng thi gian thc trn mng IP. N cng cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh nh gi cht lng truyn ting ni trong cuc thoi qua VoIP. RTP c hai thnh phn: 1. Bn thn RTP mang chc nng vn chuyn, cung cp cc thng tin v cc gi tin ting ni. 2. Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc RTCP (Real-time Control Protocol) mang chc nng gim st v nh gi cht lng truyn tin. Cc giao thc truyn ti theo phng thc thi gian thc khng phi l mi. Tuy nhin RTP a ra cc c ch tt hn.

1. RTP :

Mt cuc thoi thng thng c chia thnh cc phin bo hiu cuc gi, iu khin cuc gi, tha thun phng thc truyn thng v phin hi thoi. V tr ca RTP ti phin hi thoi. Tr li cch thc truyn ting ni qua mng IP : Qua phin tho thun phng thc truyn thng, cc bn tham gia hi thoi tin hnh m hai cng UDP k nhau, cng chn cho truyn ting ni (RTP), cng l cho truyn cc thng tin trng thi gim st (RTCP). Thng thng, hai cng c chn mc nh l 5004 v 5005. Ti pha pht, ting ni c iu ch thnh dng s ho, qua b CODEC c nn thnh cc gi tin truyn i. Khi i xung tng UDP/ IP, mi gi tin c gn vi mt header tng ng. Header ny c kch thc 40 byte, cho bit a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch, cng tng ng, header RTP v cc thng tin khc :

Chng hn nh ta s dng G.723.1 th mi payload c kch thc 24 byte, nh vy phn d liu cho mi gi tin ch chim 37,5%. Header RTP cho bit phng thc m ha c s dng cho gi tin ny, ch mc gi, nhn thi gian ca n v cc thng tin quan trng khc. T cc thng tin ny ta c th xc nh rng buc gia gi tin vi thi gian. RTP gm 2 phn : Phn c nh di 12 byte. Phn m rng ngi s dng c th a thm cc thng tin khc.

Header RTP cho mi gi tin c dng :

0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0

6 CC

8 M

2 PT

V=2

P X

Sequence number Timestamp

Synchronization Source (SSRC) identifier

Contributing Source (CSRC) identifiers

T1527560-97

Cc gi c sp xp li theo ng th t thi gian thc bn nhn ri c gii m v pht li. RTP h tr hnh thc hi thoi a pht p, n pht p v cho php thay i cc cch thc rt linh hot :

iu ny ht sc quan trng, c bit trong trng hp s thnh vin tham gia hi thoi l nh tit kim ti nguyn mng. a phn hi thoi din ra di hnh thc a pht p. Nu c yu cu phc p gia hai thnh vin th ta la chn cch thc hi thoi n pht p.

RTP cho php s dng cc b trn v b chuyn i. B trn l thit b nhn cc lng thng tin t vi ngun c tc truyn khc nhau, trn chng li vi nhau v chuyn tip theo mt tc xc nh u ra. B chuyn i nhn mt lung thng tin u vo, chuyn i n thnh mt khun dng khc u ra. Cc b chuyn i c ch cho s thu nh bng thng theo yu cu ca dng s liu trc khi gi vo kt ni bng thng hp hn m khng cn yu cu ngun pht RTP thu nh tc truyn tin ca n. iu ny cho php cc bn kt ni theo mt lin kt nhanh m vn m bo truyn thng cht lng cao. Cc b trn cho php gii hn bng thng theo yu cu hi thoi.

2. RTCP :
T cc thng tin cung cp trong RTP cho mi gi tin, ta c th gim st cht lng truyn ting ni trong qu trnh din ra hi thoi. RTCP phn tch v x l cc thng tin ny tng hp thnh cc thng tin trng thi ri a ra cc bn tin phn hi n tt c cc thnh vin. Ta c th iu chnh tc truyn s liu nu cn, trong khi cc bn nhn khc c th xc nh xem vn cht lng dch v l cc b hay ton mng. ng thi, nh qun l mng c th s dng cc thng tin tng hp cho vic nh gi v qun l cht lng dch v trong mng . Ngoi ra, cc bn tham gia c th trao i cc mc m t thnh vin nh tn, email, s in thoi v cc thng tin khc. Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc Real-time Control Protocol (RTCP) c nhim v gim st v nh gi qu trnh truyn tin da trn vic truyn mt cch nh k cc gi tin iu khin ti cc thnh vin tham gia hi thoi vi cng c ch truyn d liu. RTCP thi hnh 4 chc nng chnh : 1. Cung cp c ch phn hi cht lng truyn d liu. Bn gi thng k qu trnh gi d liu qua bn tin ngi gi cho cc thnh vin. Bn nhn cng tin hnh gi li bn thng k cc thng tin nhn c qua bn tin ngi nhn. T vic gim st qu trnh gi v nhn gia cc bn, ta c th iu chnh li cc thng s cn thit tng cht lng cho cuc gi. y l chc nng quan trng nht ca RTCP.

2. Mi ngun cung cp gi tin RTP c nh danh bi mt tn CNAME (Canonical end-point identifer SDES item). RTCP c nhim v cho cc thnh vin bit tn ny. Khi c thnh vin mi tham gia hi thoi th anh ta phi c gn vi mt trng CNAME trong gi tin SDES. 3. Quan st s thnh vin tham gia hi thoi thng qua s thng k cc bn tin. 4. Mang cc thng tin thit lp cuc gi, cc thng tin v ngi dng. y l chc nng ty chn. N c bit hu ch vi vic iu khin cc phin lng, cho php d dng thm bt s thnh vin tham gia hi thoi m khng cn c rng buc no. RTCP nh ngha 5 loi gi tin : SR RR SDES BYE APP Sender Report, bn tin ngi gi Receiver Report, bn tin ngi nhn Source Description items, cc mc m t ngun Thng bo kt thc hi thoi Cung cp cc chc nng ring bit ca tng ng dng

Cc thng tin c cung cp gi tin RTCP cho php mi thnh vin tham gia hi thoi gim st c cht lng truyn tin, s gi tin gi i, s gi tin nhn c, t l gi tin b mt, tr l bao nhiuV vy, cc thng tin ny thng c cp nht mt cch nh k v chim khng qu 5% gii thng cuc gi. Nh vy khng nhng RTP p ng c yu cu thi gian thc cho vic truyn ting ni qua mng IP m cn cho php ta gim st v nh gi cht lng truyn tin cho VoIP. C rt nhiu yu t nh hng ti cht lng dch v (Quality of ServiceQoS) cho VoIP nhng ch yu l do 3 nguyn nhn tr, t l gi tin mt v Jitter. Ti mi thi im din ra hi thoi ta u c th quan st v nh gi cc tham s ny. Tuy nhin, bn thn RTP hot ng trn tng IP m bn cht mng IP l chuyn mch gi, do vy RTP khng can thip c ti cc nguyn nhn trn. Ta khng th iu khin c cht lng dch v qua thoi trn IP m ch gim st v nh gi qua vic s dng RTP. Bin php khc phc hin nay l s dng giao thc gi trc ti nguyn Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) cho VoIP.

Ti liu tham kho :

ITU-T H.323.0.v4 RFC 1889 RTP RFC 1890 RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control Brooktrout Technology White Paper Understanding Latency in IP Telephony

Lin h :
Hong Quang Huy Email : guns@netnam.org.vn