MC LC

MC LC.................................................................................................... 1 LI M U .............................................................................................. 2 1.Nhiu trng................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Khi nim v nhiu trng ................................................................... 3 1.2. Cc php biu din ton hc ca nhiu trng..................................... 4 1.3. Ph cng sut ca nhiu trng c bng tn gii hn: ......................... 4 2. Nhiu lin k t ISI (Inter symbol interference) ...................................... 6 2.2. Cc bin php khc phc nhiu ISI.................................................... 7 2.2.1. B lc cos nng: .......................................................................... 7 2.2.2. B lc ngang p khng: ............................................................... 9 3. Nhiu lin knh ICI (Interchannel Interference)..................................... 11 3.1. Nhiu lin knh ICI.......................................................................... 11 3.2.Nhiu xuyn knh trong OFDM knh thng tin di ng................ 12 3.2.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................. 12 3.2.2. OFDM knh thay i theo thi gian ....................................... 13 3.2.3. Phn tch nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) .............................................. 15 3.2.4 Kt lun. ..................................................................................... 19 3.3.ISI v ICI trong h thng FDM......................................................... 19 4. Nhiu ng knh (Co-Channel Interference) ......................................... 23 4.1. Khi nim chung .............................................................................. 23 4.2.Ti s dng tn s ............................................................................. 24 4.2.1.Khi nim ti s dng tn s ...................................................... 24 4.3.Cc mu ti s dng tn s ............................................................... 29 4.3.1. Mu 3/9...................................................................................... 29 4.3.2.Mu 4/12..................................................................................... 30 4.3.3.Mu 7/21..................................................................................... 31 4.3. Nhn xt........................................................................................... 31 4.3.1. So snh gia cc mu s dng tn s: ....................................... 31 4.3.2. Dung lng v t s C/I. ............................................................ 31 5. Nhiu a truy nhp (Multiple Access Interference)................................ 32 KT LUN................................................................................................ 37

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LI M U
Nhiu l mt vn rt quan trng trong thng tin di ng, nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu, khi x l tn hiu v khi truyn tn hiu tn hiu lm gy mo tn hiu hoc xut hin cc tp m trong cc thit b ti to li tn hiu V vy ta phi gim st c chng v tm bin php khc phc tn hiu nhiu n mc ti a tng cht lng ca ca tn hiu. Bi tiu lun di y s trnh by mt cch ngn gn l thuyt v 05 loi nhiu trong thng tin di ng. Nm vng l thuyt v nhiu v tm hiu, nghin cu cc bin php khc phc chng s gip mng thng tin di ng nng cao cht lng, hiu qu. B cc ca bi tiu lun gm c 05 phn, tng ng vi 05 loi nhiu, l: 1.Nhiu trng ( White Gaussian Noise) 2.Nhiu xuyn m ( Intersymbol Interference) 3.Nhiu xuyn knh ( Interchannel Interference) 4.Nhiu ng knh ( Cochannel Interference) 5.Nhiu a truy nhp ( Multiple access Interference). Nhm chng ti xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Vn c hng dn, gip chng ti hon thnh bi tiu lun ny.

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1.Nhiu trng
1.1. Khi nim v nhiu trng Nhiu trng l qu trnh xc xut c mt ph cng sut phng( khng i ) trn ton b di tn

Nhiu trng l mt loi nhiu c hm mt xc sut tun theo phn b Gauss. Nhiu trng c th do nhiu ngun khc nhau gy ra nh thi tit,do b khuch i my thu,do nhit ,hay do con ngi.Tn hiu thu do vy c vit li nh sau: y(t)=x(t)*h()+n(t)
n(t)

x(t)

h( ) H(j )

y(t)

+
Tn hiu thu

Tn hiu pht M hnh knh

Hinh 1. Mi trung truyn dn vi s c mt ca nhiu trng

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1.2. Cc php biu din ton hc ca nhiu trng V mt ton hc,ngun nhiu trng n(t) c th m hnh bng mt bin xc sut Gauss vi gi tr k vng =0 v lch chun l 2 =E[x]=0 2 =E[(x- )2]

Hnh 2. Hm phn b Gauss Do k vng bng khng nn lch chun cng bng phng sai ca bin ngu nhin x. C th hn nhiu trng c cng sut khng i 2 1.3. Ph cng sut ca nhiu trng c bng tn gii hn: V mt l thuyt ,nhiu trng c bng tn v hn v cng sut nhiu l u n mi tn s .V mt thc t khng c h no c bng tn v hn m b gii hn mt bng tn no . Do vy mt ph cng sut ca nhiu cng b gii hn nh hnh 3

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Hnh 3. Mt ph cng sut nhiu hnh trn ta gi s l h thng c bng tn gii hn B = 2g vi chu k ly mu l ta.. Mt ph cng sut ca nhiu nh hnh1 c vit li nh sau:

Tt c cc bin ngu nhin u khng tn ti php bin i Fourier m ch tn ti hm t tng quan v hm mt cng sut,trong hm mt cng sut l php bin i Furie ca hm t tng quan. phng trnh trn nn(j) l hm mt cng sut nhiu cn nn() l hm t tng quan ca nhiu vi nh ngha : nn() = E[n(t)n(t+ )] = 2 si g Theo phng trnh hm t tng quan l bin i Furie ngc ca hm mt ph cng sut.Do hm mt ph cng sut c dng hnh ch nht nh hnh 1, kt qu bin i Furie ngc ca hm hnh ch nht cho ta hm s Si(). Cng sut ca nhiu c th tnh c bng c t hm mt cng sut nhiu hoc hm t tng quan ca nhiu nh sau: Pn=E[n2(t)] = nn(0) =1/2
+

nn(j)d = 2

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Khi t s tn hiu trn tp m c tnh theo cng thc sau: SNR=Ps/Pn Vi Ps l cng sut tn hiu c ch.T s ny quyt nh cht lng tn hiu v dung lng knh

2. Nhiu lin k t ISI (Inter symbol interference)

Hnh 4. M hnh gy nhiu

Trong mi trng truyn dn a ng, nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) gy bi tn hiu phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t cc hng khc nhau t pht n thu l iu khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm bin dng hon ton mu tn hiu khin bn thu khng th khi phc li c tn hiu gc ban u. Cc k thut s dng tri ph trc tip DS-CDMA nh trong chun 802.11b rt d b nh hng bi nhiu a ng v thi gian tr c th vt qu khong thi gian ca mt k t. OFDM s dng k thut truyn song song nhiu bng tn con nn ko di thi gian truyn mt k t ln nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, OFDM cn chn thm mt khong bo v (guard interval - GI), thng ln hn thi gian tr ti a ca knh truyn, gia hai
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k t nn nhiu ISI c th b loi b hon ton.2.1. c im:Di thng tuyt i ca cc xung nhiu mc nh phng l v hn. Nu cc xung ny c lc khng ng khi chng truyn qua mt h thng thng tin th chng s tri ra trn min thi gian v xung cho mi k hiu s chn vo cc khe thi gian bn cnh gy ra nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI).ISI l hin tng nhiu lin k hiu. ISI xy ra do hiu ng a ng, trong mt tn hiu ti sau s gy nh hng ln k hiu trc . Chng hn nh hnh 4 pha trn, ta thy r tn hiu phn x (reflection) n my thu theo ng truyn di hn so vi cc tn hiu cn li. 2.2. Cc bin php khc phc nhiu ISI Trong cc h thng n sng mang, ISI l mt vn kh nan gii. L do l rng bng tn t l nghch vi khong thi gian k hiu, do vy, nu mun tng tc truyn d liu trong cc h thng ny, tc l gim khong k hiu, v hnh chung lm tng mc tri tr tng i. Lc ny h thng rt nhy vi tri tr. V vic thm khong bo v kh trit tiu ht ISI. gim nhiu xuyn m ngi ta phi lm th no hn ch di thng m vn khng gy ra ISI. Khi di thng b gii hn, xung s c nh trn thay v nh phng. Mt trong nhng phng php loi b nhiu ISI l dng b lc cos nng v b lc ngang p khng (phng php Nyquist I).
2.2.1. B lc cos nng: mk (t-kT)
Ngun s ak To xung T() Lc pht s(t) n(t) R() Lc thu

Quyt nh

mk Nhn tin

s(t)

Hnh 5. S b lc cos nng

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Tn hiu t ngun gm c M phn t, song chng ta hn ch ch kho st trng hp khi cc phn t si(t) ca tp tn hiu ch khc nhau v bin , tc l ta s hn ch ch xt h thng iu ch bin xung PAM. Thc t h thng ny c th xem nh gn cho mi mt tin mk mt hng s akm bin ca xung u ra ca b to xung s c nhn vi n. Ta hy gi s rng b to xung cho ra cc xung Dirc ti cc thi im t=kTs. Cc xung dng dirac ny, c bin thay i tu theo s thay i cc gi tr mk, qua b lc T() s ti knh truyn. Phn my thu trn hnh 2.2 l my thu ti u, thu lc phi hp, mch quyt nh thc hin ly mu v so ngng. Hm truyn tng cng ca h thng (c tnh tn s tng cng ca h thng) l tch ca hai c tnh ca hai b lc pht v thu C()=T().R(). By gi chng ta s tm kim lp cc c tnh lc C() sao cho vic truyn chui tn hiu qua h thng s khng c ISI. Vic truyn c coi l khng c ISI nu vo thi im quyt nh tn hiu ly mu th k, ch c phn ng xung ca tn hiu th k l khc khng cn phn ng ca cc tn hiu khc u bng khng. Theo nh l Nyquist, rng bng tn truyn dn nh nht c th truyn c khng mo tn hiu bng gc l B=1/2.T. rng bng y c ngha l di tn m ngoi n gi tr hm truyn ng nht bng khng. Tn s 1/2T c gi l tn s Nyquist. Do vy chng ta s xt cc c tnh lc c rng thng tn ti thiu l 1/2T (hay /T tnh theo tn s gc). Trc tin ta hy xem xt trng hp C() l c tnh ca b lc thng thp l tng, tc l p tuyn pha ca b lc th tuyn tnh cn p tuyn bin |C()| c dng:

1; C ( ) = 0;

0 0

> 0

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B lc ny c phn ng xung l:

c (t ) =

sin 0 t 0t

C gi tr cc i bng 1 ti t=0 v c gi tr bng 0 to t=k/0. Gi s rng u vo b lc l tng ny c tn hiu c to bi b to xung nh trn hnh 2.2, tc l tn hiu li vo b lc T()c cho bi:
s(t) =
k =-

a (t kT )
k

Trong trng hp ny, phn ng xung u ra s khng gy nn ISI nu tn s ct ca b lc l f0=0/2=1/2T. Do n gin trong tnh ton, hm s cong dng cosine thng a c s dng phn tch cc b lc ny. Hm truyn tng cng khi c dng: V phn ng xung c dng:
c(t ) = sin t / T cos t / T t / T 1 4 2t 2 / T 2

Hm truyn lin tc th c bin gn sng suy gim theo lu tha 3 ca bin t. Do vy ngay c khi ng b khng l tng th gi tr ca phn ng xung u ra ca cc b lc ny s b chn. Do , ISI s nh ngay c khi ng b khng l tng.
2.2.2. B lc ngang p khng:

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tm=mT+t Ngun s liu B lc pht Knh truyn B lc cn bng knh V(tm) V(t)

Hnh 6. V tr b lc cn bng knh. Theo hnh 6 ta c p ng tn s ca ton h thng t pht n thu l H0(f)= HT(f). Hc(f)HE(f) Vi p ng xung tng hp h0(t)= f -1 [H0(f) ] tho mn iu kin khng c nhiu lin k hiu ISI th

k H 0 f + = const T
Tn s ly mu tn hiu bn thu l 1/T. Theo th mt cn bng l tng zero- ISI n gin l mt b lc nghch o p ng tn s ca bn pht v knh truyn. B lc o ny thng c xp x bi mt b lc FIR nh hnh v di

C-N

C-N+1

C0
Hnh 7. B lc cn bng knh

CN

tm Pcq(t)

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p ng xung ca b lc cn bng knh l:

h E (t) =

n =- N

C (t nT )
n

p ng tn s tng ng l:

H E (f) =

n =- N

C e
n

j 2nTf

Vn ca b lc o chnh l la chn cc h s ca b lc sao cho xp x c iu kin zero- ISI. Trong mi trng truyn dn a ng, nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) gy bi tn hiu phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t cc hng khc nhau t pht n thu l iu khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm bin dng hon ton mu tn hiu khin bn thu khng th khi phc li c tn hiu gc ban u. Cc k thut s dng tri ph trc tip DS-CDMA nh trong chun 802.11b rt d b nh hng bi nhiu a ng v thi gian tr c th vt qu khong thi gian ca mt k t. OFDM s dng k thut truyn song song nhiu bng tn con nn ko di thi gian truyn mt k t ln nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, OFDM cn chn thm mt khong bo v (guard interval - GI), thng ln hn thi gian tr ti a ca knh truyn, gia hai k t nn nhiu ISI c th b loi b hon ton.

3. Nhiu lin knh ICI (Interchannel Interference)

3.1. Nhiu lin knh ICI Nhiu xuyn knh gy ra do cc thit b pht trn cc knh lin nhau

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Hnh 8 Nhiu lin knh thng xy ra do tn hiu truyn trn knh v tuyn b dch tn gy can nhiu sang cc knh k n. loi b nhiu xuyn knh ngi ta phi c khong bo v (guard band) gia cc di tn. 3.2.Nhiu xuyn knh trong OFDM knh thng tin di ng
3.2.1. Gii thiu

Trong phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM), bng thng truyn c chia thnh nhiu knh nh, v c truyn song song vi nhau. Do , gii hn ca k t tng ln v nhiu lin k t (ISI) gy ra mi trng fading theo thi gian b loi b. Tuy nhin, vi nhng gii hn k t di hn, nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) gy ra bi Doppler knh thng tin di ng li tng ln. Hiu ng Doppler c nh hng n h thng OFDM. y, chng ta nhn c gii hn ca ICI, tnh ton d dng hn v hu ch hn. Gii hn bao gm c gii hn chung v ring. Gii hn chung ch ph thuc vo tn s Doppler ln nht ( f d ) v
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thi gian k t ( Ts ). Gii hn ring cng ph thuc vo bin ca ph Doppler.

3.2.2. OFDM knh thay i theo thi gian

Gi s tn hiu OFDM min thi gian l

x ( t ) = s [ k ]e j 2 fk t vi 0 t Ts
k

(3.1)
f = 1 . Ts

Vi f k = f 0 + k f l tn s ca k knh con (subchannel) v

Tn hiu truyn qua k (knh con), s[k], c coi l c lp vi cc knh con khc. Tn hiu nhn c, sau khi truyn qua knh thay i theo thi gian vi p ng xung h(t , ) , l:

x ( t ) = h ( t , ) x ( t ) d
Vi nhiu knh (channel noise) v nhiu ng knh (co-channel interference) khng tnh ti. Trong iu kin fading phng, p ng xung knh c th t l:
h ( t , ) = ( t ) ( )

Tn hiu nhn c s l:
x (t ) = (t ) x (t )
~

( t ) l qu trnh wide-sense stationary stochastic vi dy s 0 v bin n

v. Vi ph Doppler nguyn thy, mt ph ca ( t ) l:

1 f d PJ ( f ) = 0 1 1 1 fd
2

if f < f d

tn s Doppler ln nht : f d . C 2 trng hp ph Doppler u ng dng v c 2 kiu ng dn. (path). l:

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 1 if f < f d Pu ( f ) = 2 f d 0

V
Pt ( t ) = 1 ( f + f d ) + ( f f d ) 2

Hm tng quan ca ( t ) , nh ngha l rJ ( ) = E { ( t + ) * ( t )} D dng suy ra r ( ) = F 1 {P ( f )} Hm tng quan c th biu din 3 dng nh sau: Thng thng (classical) rJ ( ) = J 0 ( 2 f d ) ng dng (Uniform) ru ( ) = sin c ( f d ) Hai ng (Two-path) rt ( ) = cos ( 2 f d )
sin ( x ) . Cn x

Vi J 0 l hm Bessel dy s 0 ca dng u tin v sin c ( x ) =

ch l dng hai ng tng ng vi h thng OFDM c tn s f d (Hz) c nh. Vi knh fadinh thi gian phn tn,
h ( t , ) = i ( t ) ( i )
i

V x ( t ) = i ( t ) x ( t i )
i

(3.3)
i l tr ca dy i v i ( t ) l bin phc tng ng. y, chng ta gi s

qu trnh phc stochastic ca i ( t ) l c lp vi I, nhng c cng thng s. Thm vo , ta cng gi s nng lng mc bnh thng:

E { (t )
i i

} =1

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3.2.3. Phn tch nhiu xuyn knh (ICI)

Tn hiu c iu ch li c th bao gm c tn hiu nhn c x ( t ) l:

1 s [ m] = Ts
~

Ts

j 2 f t x ( t ) e m dt 0

(3.4)

n gin, s hi nhp (intergration) s dng thay th hm chuyn i Fourier ri rc (DFT). Bi vy, kt qu s bao gm c phn a vo trng hp s song mang khng xc nh. Tuy nhin, so snh vi trng hp s sng mang xc nh th s sai khc l khng ng k. a.Tnh ton chnh xc n gin, u tin chng ta nhn c bin ICI cho knh fading phng, v sau m rng kt qu cho mi trng c tn s bt k khc. T (3.1), (3.2) v (3.4), tn hiu c iu ch li tr thnh:
T

1 s s [ m] = ( t ) s [ k ] e j 2 fk t e j 2 fmt dt Ts 0 k
~

1 Ts = ( t ) e j 2 ( fm fk ) t dt s [ k ] k Ts 0
= a0 s [ m ] + am k s [ k ]
mk

(3.5)

14243
ICI

Vi al c nh ngha l:
1 s al = ( t ) e j 2 t ft dt Ts 0
T

(3.6)

a0 biu din s suy gim v pha ca tn hiu mong mun, cn vi biu

din h s khuch i knh ca tn hiu nhiu. Vi thi gian bt k trn knh, al 0 , v ra kt qu ca ICI. Nng lng ca ICI c nh ngha l:
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PICI = E

a s [m l ]
l 0 l

Vi OFDM c s sng mang con khng xc nh, PICI c th biu din thng qua hm tng quan r ( ) l:
PICI =

(1 x ) (1 r (T x ) ) dx
s

(3.7)

Hoc thng qua mt ph Doppler:

PICI = 1

f d

P ( f ) sin c ( fT ) df
2 s

fd

(3.8)

C (7) v (8) u cho OFDM vi s sng mang con xc nh, ta c th thy ch c sai s rt nh, ta c th dng cho OFDM vi s sng mang xc nh. Do , cng thc (7) v (8) c th dung tnh gn chnh xc nng lng ICI cho OFDM vi s sng mang xc nh. Bit mi hm tng quan trong min thi gian ca knh thay i theo thi gian, ta c th tnh nng lng ca ICI dng cng thc (3.7). Biu din theo kiu thng thng:
1

PICI = 1 (1 x ) J 0 ( 2 f d Ts x ) dx (3.9)
1

Biu din theo kiu ng dng v kiu 2 ng:

PICI = 1 1 cos(2 f d Ts ) 2 f d Ts Si (2 f d T ) s 2 ( f d Ts )
2
2

(3.10) (3.11)

V PICI = 1 sin c

( f d Ts )

b. Gii hn S dng cc cng thc pha trn, nng lng ICI c th tnh chnh xc. Tuy nhin, cc cng thc tnh chnh xc kh phc tp v khng d
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dng. Hn na, trong nhiu trng hp, hm tng quan theo min thi gian chnh xc hay ph cng sut l khng th tnh. y, chng ta nhn c gii hn trn v di v gii hn chung ca cng sut ICI. Nhng gii hn ny t phc tp hn v d tnh ton hn. u tin, a 1 r (Ts x ) (3.7) vo ph cng sut, P(f), ta c:
1 r (Ts x) =

f d

P ( f ) (1 e

fd

j 2 fTs x

) df = 2 P ( f ) (1 cos ( 2 fTs x ) ) df
0

fd

D thy
1 2 1 4 1 1 cos 2 2 24 2

Hn na,

1 r (Ts x )
Vi i=1, 2 ..c nh ngha l
k =
1 f
2k d fd

1
2

( 2 f d Ts )
2 f
fd

x2

fd

f 2 k P ( f )df =

2k d 0

2k

P( f )df

Hng s 1 v 2 d dng tnh ton v a ra kt qu nh bng 1. Thay vo bt ng thc (7), chng ta tnh c gii hn ca cng sut ICI.

PICI
V

1
12

( 2 f d Ts )
PICI

2
360

( 2 f d Ts )
2

(3.12) (3.13)

1
12

( 2 f d Ts )

Nu khng bit ph Doppler, 1 v 2 cng c th tnh uowcj thng qua cch tnh gn ng khc. V d, c th chng minh nh sau:
E

(k )

(t )

} = ( 2 )

2k

fd

fd

f 2 k P ( f ) df

Vi ( k ) ( t ) =

d k (t ) . Suy ra: dt k
17

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k =

E (

k)

(t )
2k

( 2 f d )

Cch tnh c phn n gin hn khi lin quan n ph Doppler.

Bng 1 T nh ngha 1 , r rng 1 1 . Thc t, cng vi (3.13), ta c th tnh gii hn trn ca cng sut ICI, ch ph thuc vo f d Ts ,
PICI

1
12

( 2 f d Ts )

(3.14)

Gii hn trn c th dung cho h thng OFDM vi ph Doppler, bao gm h thng OFDM vi tn s off-set. Bi v 1 thng nh hn 1 nn gii hn trn rng hn gii hn (3.13). Tuy nhin, (3.14) d tnh ton hn v ch ph thuc f d Ts . Vi dng hai dng, 1 = 1 v gii hn chung cng l gii hn hp. Nh ni trn, chng ta c gii hn chung v ring cho knh fading phng. h thng OFDM knh fading thi gian phn tn, thng th ta s gi s rng phn m rng theo chu k c thm vo gia k t OFDM trnh nhiu xuyn khi. Vi gi thuyt , ta s c
al =
i

e j 2 l f i s j 2 l ft dt i ( t )e Ts 0

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Bi v i ( t ) c lp vi I v c cng thng k, E al

{ } ging vi c knh
2

phng v knh fading phn tn. Hn na, cng thc chnh xc tnh PICI v gii hn khc cng c th tnh knh phn tn.
3.2.4 Kt lun.

i su vo tnh chnh xc cc gii hn, chng ta so snh gii hn trn v gii hn di v gii hn chung vi gi tr chnh xc ca cng sut ICI ( PICI ). Ch rng vi kiu hai ng, gii hn trn v di l xc nh. Gii hn ring rt gn tnh chnh xc PICI . Khi thit k h thng OFDM, nu chu k ca k t, Ts, phi c chn f d Ts rt nh, do nh hng ca ph Doppler s khng ng k. 3.3.ISI v ICI trong h thng FDM Trong h thng a sng mang (FDM), vn v a ng v fading la tn c gi quyt. Tn hiu c chia thnh N dng song song v truyn trn N sng mang con vi tc nh hn. tit kim bng thng, ngi ta a vo h thng OFDM, trong cc sng mang con l trc giao ln nhau, tc l cho php cc sng mang con ny chng ph, nh vy tng c hiu qu s dng ph.

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Hnh 9 Cc sng mang con c di tn hp, khong k hiu di hn nn tr a ng tng i l nh. Do vy, kh hon ton nhiu do a ng, ngi ta thm vo k hiuOFDM mt khong bo v. Khong ny c th l khong trng. Tuy nhin, mt vn mi li ny sinh. l hin tng nhiu lin knh (ICI) gia cc sng mang con ca OFDM. Nguyn nhn vn hiu ng a ng, cng thm v khong bo v trng. ICI sinh ra do s chng ph gia cc sng mang, gy ra xuyn m. Trong cc h thng n sng mang, ICI thng xut hin cc h thng lm vic ti cc di tn k nhau. Trong cc h thng ny, ngi ta thng a vo gia c di tn lm vic mt khong ph nhm trnh xuyn m. Trong h thng OFDM ni trn, ph cc sng mang con vn chng ln nhau, tuy nhin vn khng gy xuyn m, l do cc sng mang con l trc giao nhau theo ngha ton hc. S trc giao ny s mt i nu trong khong k hiu ( chnh xc hn l trong khong tch phn FFT) c

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mt (hay nhiu) sng mang con khng tn ti chnh xc mt s nguyn ln chu k.

Hnh 10 Khi , ngi ta thay khong bo v trng bng khong bo v lp, tc l m rng chu k mu tn hiu

Hnh 11

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H thng OFDM do vy rt c k vng cho cc ng dng a hnh phc tp, nh cc thnh ph (vi nhiu nh cao tng) hay vng nng thn(nhiu i ni). Theo mnh bit th k thut ny hin c trong cc chun pht thanh s (DAB), truyn hnh s (DVB), IEEE802.11a,g v IEEE802.16 vi tc truyn d liu rt hp dn, c th ln ti 54Mbps thay v 11Mbps nh trong CDMA. Tuy nhin, vn trin khai h thng ny cn gp kh nhiu kh khn, ch yu l do vn chi ph lp t, v hin ti cng khng c nhiu ng dng i hi tc truyn d liu qu cao, cn vi cc ng dng thp hn, cc h thng hin nay qu cung cp dch v. Nhiu la chn tn s cng l mt vn gy nh hng ln n cht lng truyn thng tn hiu. Tuy nhin, OFDM cng mm do hn CDMA khi gii quyt vn ny. OFDM c th khi phc li knh truyn thng qua tn hiu dn ng (Pilot) c truyn i cng vi dng tn hiu thng tin. Ngoi ra, i vi cc knh con suy gim nghim trng v tn s th OFDM cn c mt la chn na gim t l li bit l gim bt s bt m ho cho mt tn hiu iu ch ti tn s . Do vy, OFDM khng phi khng c nhc im, l n i hi kht khe v vn ng b v s sai lch v tn s, nh hng ca hiu ng Doppler khi di chuyn v lch pha s gy ra nhiu giao thoa tn s (Intercarrier interference - ICI) m kt qu l ph b s trc giao gia cc tn s sng mang v lm tng t s bt li (BER). Tuy nhin OFDM cng c th gim bt s phc tp ca vn ng b thng qua khong bo v (GI). S dng chui bo v (GI) cho php OFDM c th iu chnh tn s thch hp mc d vic thm GI cng ng ngha vi vic gim hiu qu s dng ph tn s. Ngoi ra OFDM chu nh hng ca nhiu xung, c ngha l mt xung tn hiu nhiu c th tc ng xu n mt chm tn hiu thay v mt s k t nh trong CDMA v iu ny lm tng t l li bit ca
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OFDM

so

vi

CDMA.

4. Nhiu ng knh (Co-Channel Interference)

4.1. Khi nim chung Nhiu ng knh xy ra khi c hai my pht trn cng mt tn s hoc trn cng mt knh. My thu iu chnh knh ny s thu c c hai tn hiu vi cng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu so vi hai my pht.

Hnh 12: Nhiu ng knh Nhiu ng knh thng gp trong h thng thng tin s cellular, trong tng hiu sut s dng ph bng cch s dng li tn s. Nh vy c th coi nhiu ng knh trong h thng cellular l nhiu gy nn do cc cell s dng cng 1 knh tn s. Nhiu ng knh lin quan ti vic s dng tn s. C th v d trong mng GSM: Trong mng GSM, mi trm BTS c cp pht mt nhm tn

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s v tuyn. Cc trm thu pht gc BTS ln cn c cp pht cc nhm knh v tuyn khng trng vi cc knh ca BTS lin k. c trng cho loi nhiu ny l t s sng mang trn nhiu (C/I). T s ny c nh ngha l cng tn hiu mong mun trn cng tn hiu nhiu sau lc cao tn v n th hin mi quan h gia cng tn hiu mong mun so vi nhiu ng knh t cc BTS khc. C/I = 10log (Pc/Pi) Yu cu l C/I <=12dB. Trong : Pc l cng sut tn hiu thu mong mun. Pi l cng sut nhiu thu c.

Mt s gii php hn ch loi nhiu ng knh trong cc h thng cellular nh sau: Khng th dng b lc loi b giao thoa ny do cc my pht s Ch c th ti thiu ha nhiu ng knh bng cch thit k mng

dng cng mt tn s. cellular ph hp. Tc l thit k sao cho cc cell trong mng c s dng cng nhm

tn s khng nh hng ti nhau=>khong cch cc cell cng tn s phi ln. 4.2.Ti s dng tn s
4.2.1.Khi nim ti s dng tn s

Mng t bo hot ng trn nguyn tc phn chia vng ph sng dch v thnh cc phn vng hoc t bo, c ring mt tp hp ti nguyn hoc knh ngi s dng mng truy nhp.

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Thng thng, cc vng ph sng t bo c xy dng theo cu trc t bo lc gic. Mng t bo b gii hn v bng thng hot ng trn nguyn l ti s dng tn s. iu ny cho thy, cng mt nhm tn s c s dng li trong cc t bo m c gi khong cch vi nhau mt khong c ly ln sao cho khng gy tc hi ln nhau m th hiu s giao thoa ng knh. i vi mt cu trc t bo lc gic, ta c th co gn cc t bo thnh cm m bo khng c hai t bo ln cn no dng chung mt tn s.

Hnh 13: M hnh ti s dng tn s S dng li tn s l vic cp pht cng mt nhm tn s v tuyn ti cc v tr a l khc nhau trong mng m khng lm nh hng n cht lng kt ni ti giao din v tuyn do nhiu ng knh v nhiu knh ln cn gy nn. a. Nguyn l ti s dng tn s Mt h thng t ong lm vic da trn vic s dng li tn s. Nguyn l c bn khi thit k h thng t ong l cc mu s dng li tn s. Tng bng thng c trn mng c phn chia gia cc t bo trong mt cm. Cm ny sau c th c s dng xc nh s cuc gi c th c

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h tr trong mi t bo. Bng vic gim s lng cc t bo trong mt cm, dung lng ca h thng c th tng ln, v c th c thm nhiu knh hn trong mi t bo. Tuy nhin mi ln gim kch thc cm s gy nn mt ln gim khong cch s dng lp tn, do vy, h thng rt c nguy c tr thnh giao thoa ng knh. Theo nh ngha s dng li tn s l vic s dng cc knh v tuyn cng mt tn s mang ph sng cho cc vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi cch nhau mt c ly ln mi nhiu giao thoa ng knh (c th xy ra) chp nhn c. T s sng mang trn nhiu C/I ph thuc vo v tr tc thi ca thu bao di ng do a hnh khng ng nht, s lng v kiu tn x. Phn b t s C/I cn thit h thng xc nh s nhm tn s F m ta c th s dng. Nu ton b s knh quy nh N c chia thanh F nhm th mi nhm s cha N/F knh. V tng s knh N l c nh nn s nhm tn s F nh hn s dn n nhiu knh hn mt nhm v mt i trm. V vy, vic gim s lng cc nhm tn s s cho php mi i trm tng lu lng nh s gim s lng cc i trm cn thit cho ti lu lng nh trc. Ta bit rng s dng li tn s cc cell khc nhau th b gii hn bi nhiu ng knh C/I gia cc cell nn C/I s l mt vn chnh cn c quan tm. D dng thy rng, vi mt kch thc cell nht nh, khong cch s dng li tn s ph thuc vo s nhm tn s N. Nu N cng ln, khong cch s dng li tn s cng ln v ngc li. b. Cc thng s ti s dng tn s Vic s dng lp tn s c th c xc nh theo phng trnh sau cho mi kch thc cm t bo:

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Trong : D l khong cch trung bnh s dng lp tn. R l bn knh t bo. N l kch c cm.

Hnh 14: Khong cch ti s dng tn s Cc mu ti s dng tn s c k hiu tng qut : mu M/N Trong : M= tng s site / cluster N = tng s cell / cluster l . Trong mt mi trng tn x di ng mt t, cng cng sut my thu c ti mt khong R t thit bj pht lin quan n biu thc sau: H s s dng li tn s: 1/N => Mi cell c cp pht 1/N tng s knh tn s v tuyn trong 1 cluster

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Trong thng ly bng 4.

l mt hng s lin quan ti mi trng mt t,

i vi mt cu hnh gm 7 t bo s dng lp tn, t s sng mang giao thoa xy ra do mt my mobile trong vng 6 t bo nm trong khong cch D so vi my mobile s dng lp tn ti thiu, ngha l, bn ngoi vnh ai th nht ca mu cm t bo s dng lp tn, c cho bi phng trnh: = =

q: l tham s suy gim giao thao ng knh, c cho bi phng trnh:

Biu thc trn gi thit rng cng sut pht ra bi tt c cc t bo l tng ng v s giao thao ng knh tn hiu nhn c t cc t bo hot ng da trn cng loi tn s ti vnh ai th hai ca cm t bo c th c lc b. Do vy, i vi , mt mu cm 7 t bo c th cho

mt t s C/I l 18dB. gim thiu hiu ng ca vic giao thoa ng knh, s dng cc k thut iu khin cng sut ti im u cui mobile v trm c s m bo cht lng dch v Ngoi ra ta cn c cng thc tnh C/I ti my di ng MS nh sau:

Trong x l h s truyn sng.

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4.3.Cc mu ti s dng tn s
4.3.1. Mu 3/9

Mu ti s dng tn s 3/9 c ngha cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 9 nhm n nh trong 3 v tr trm gc. Mu ny c khong cch gia cc i ng knh l D = 5.2R.

Hnh 15 Cc tn s mu 3/9 n nh tn s A1 1 10 19 28 37 B1 2 11 20 29 38 C1 3 12 21 30 39 A2 4 13 22 31 40 B2 5 14 23 32 C2 6 15 24 33 A3 7 16 25 34 B3 8 17 26 35 C3 9 18 27 36

Thng thng cm 9 cell c t s C/I khong 9dB. Vi t s ny, cc my di ng c th hot ng c nh vic GSM cung cp cc phng php o lng c bit c th lm gim nh hng ca nhiu. Cc

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phng php o lng ny gm nhy tn, iu khin cng sut v truyn dn gin on.
4.3.2.Mu 4/12

Mu s dng li tn s 4/12 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 12 nhm tn s n nh trong 4 v tr trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh khi D = 6R. Cc tn s mu 4/12. n nh tn s A1 1 13 25 37 B1 2 14 26 38 C1 3 15 27 39 A2 4 16 28 40 B2 5 17 29 C2 6 18 30 A3 7 19 31 B3 8 20 32 C3 9 21 33 A4 10 22 34 B4 11 23 35 C4 12 24 36

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i l 4 sng mang. Trong mu 4/12 s lng cc cell D sp xp theo cc cch khc nhau nhm phc v cho cc cell A, B, C. Hiu qu ca vic iu chnh ny l m bo hai cell cnh nhau khng s dng hai sng mang lin nhau (khc vi mu 3/9). Hn na, s dng mu ny cng m bo cc cell s dng cc sng mang ging nhau c phn cch bi khong cch ti s dng. Trong phn trc, chng ta bit rng cm 12 cell c t s C/I khong 12dB. y l t s thch hp i vi h thng GSM v nh vy vic s dng k vng tn s, iu khin cng sut ng, truyn dn gin on thc cht khng cn thit.

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4.3.3.Mu 7/21

Mu 7/21 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 21 nhm n nh trong 7 trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh D = 7.9R. Cc tn s mu 7/21: mi cell ch c phn b ti a 2 sng mang. n nh tn s A 1 1 B 1 2 C 1 3 D 1 4 E 1 5 F 1 6 G 1 7 A 2 8 B 2 9 C 2 D 2 E 2 F 2 G 2 A 3 B 3 C 3 D 3 E 3 F 3

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4.3. Nhn xt
4.3.1. So snh gia cc mu s dng tn s:

Khi s nhm tn s tng N/21, N/12, N/9, ngha l s tn s c th dng cho mt i trm tng th khong cch gia cc i ng knh D s gim 7.9R, 6R, 5.2R. iu ny ng ngha vi nhiu trong h thng cng s tng ln. Vi s nhm tn s tng th s thu bao c phc v cng s tng ln. Nh vy, vic la chn mu s dng li tn s phi da trn cc c im a l vng ph sng, mt thu bao ca vng ph sng v tng s knh N ca mng. Mu 3/9: s knh trong mt cell l ln, tuy nhin kh nng nhiu cao. Mu 4/12: s dng cho nhng vng c mt lu lng trung bnh. Mu 7/21: s dng cho nhng khu vc mt lu lng thp. M hnh ny c p dng cho vng c mt my di ng cao.

4.3.2. Dung lng v t s C/I.

Vi tng s knh m ti nguyn h thng cho php l M knh, nu chia u cho N nhm knh th s c s knh trong mt nhm knh hay mt cell l M/N. T y ta s tnh ton c dung lng phc v ng vi cp

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phc v GOS nht nh qua bng Erlang. Nh nhn xt trn, s nhm tn s cng nh th s lng knh trn mt nhm cng ln v s thu bao c th c phc v cng cao, ngha l phn nh hiu qu trung k tt hn. Nhng N nh li cho t s C/I nh, nhiu ng knh tng. Vi N cho trc, th dung lng trn mt cell s l c nh. Nh bit, khu vc cell t l thun vi bnh phng bn knh cell. Do vy, mt dung lng trong mt n v din tch l t l nghch vi khu vc cell. Vy nu ta chia cell nh c bn knh bng cell c th vi N cho trc dung lng s tng ln 4 ln. Tuy nhin, trnh nhiu ng knh th khng th lun s dng cng mt nhm tn s cho cc cell nh v iu nny s l gim i u im ca vic gim kch c cell s lm gim cht lng.

5. Nhiu a truy nhp (Multiple Access Interference).

Nhiu a truy nhp l nhiu do cc tn hiu ca cc user giao thoa vi nhau,l yu t nh hng trc tip n dung lng ca h thng

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Trong cc h thng a truy nhp: TDMA: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian Trong TDMA l s giao thoa ca cc tn hiu khe thi gian ny vi khe thi gian khc do s khng hon ton ng b gy ra Ngi ta phi c khong bo v (guard time) gim xc sut ngi dng b giao thoa nhng cng ng thi lm gim hiu sut s dng ph FDMA: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s Cc hiu ng Doppler lm dch ph tn s dn n c s giao thoa gia cc di tn con Guard band gim xc xut giao thoa gia cc knh k nhau =>gim hiu sut s dng ph CDMA: a truy nhp phn chia theo m Trong CDMA ngi ta s dng tnh trc giao ca m nn hu nh khng c nhiu gia cc user. DS CDMA: a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip.

Theo nhng nghin cu gn y, phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence Code Division Multiplexing Access) da vo vic tri ph dng d liu bng cch s dng mt m tri ph c n nh cho mi ngi s dng trong min thi gian.Kh nng gim thiu nhiu a truy nhp MAI (Multiple Access Interference) da vo tnh tng quan cho ca m tri ph. Trong trng hp truyn a ng i hi rt kht khe ca vin thng di ng, kh nng phn bit mt tn hiu thnh phn t nhiu thnh phn khc trong tn hiu thu tng hp c cung cp bi tnh t tng quan ca m tri ph. My thu RAKE c cha nhiu b tng quan, mi b tng quan c ni vi mt dng dn c kh nng phn gi khc nhau. V vy hot ng ca h thng DS-CDMA s ph thuc nhiu vo s lng ngi s dng thc t, c trng ca knh v s lng cc nhnh c dng trong my thu RAKE.
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Cng v l do ny m dung lng ca h thng s b hn ch do nhiu ni (self-interference) v MAI m nguyn nhn l s cha hon chnh ca tnh t tng quan cng nh tnh tng quan cho ca m tri ph. iu ny gy ra kh khn cho h thng DS-CDMA trong vic s dng y nng lng tn hiu thu b phn tn trong min thi gian.

b(t )

s (t )

c(t )
b (t ) =
i =

2 P cos(c t )

b p (t iT )
i T

s(t ) = 2Pb(t )c(t ) cos(ct )

j

c (t ) =

j =

pTc (t jTc )

b(t ) (t
c(t ) = + 1 1 1 + 1

+1 1 +1 1

b(t )c(t )

Hnh 16

s (t )

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 kh MAI ngi ta thng dng cc phng php trc giao nhng trn thc t khng th c s trc giao hon ton. Do MAI vn tn ti trong cc h thng a truy nhp.

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KT LUN
Trn y nhm trnh by mt cch c bn 05 loi nhiu trong thng tin di ng, l Nhiu trng ( White Gaussian Noise) Nhiu xuyn m ( Intersymbol Interference) Nhiu xuyn knh ( Interchannel Interference) Nhiu ng knh ( Cochannel Interference) Nhiu a truy nhp (Multiple access Interference) Trc nhu cu ngy cng ln v thng tin lin lc ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring, vic nghin cu p dng cc cng ngh tin tin cng nh tm kim cc gii php mi nhm nng cao v cht lng- dung lng cng nh cc loi hnh dch v thng tin lin lc c ngha ht sc quan trng v thit thc.

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